Calculus without

Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Calculus without Limits: Introduction

Why do formal
the Theory mathematics?

How proof varies

A Critique of Formal Mathematics with logic
Part 2: The Choice of Logic Underlying Proof How logic varies
with physics

How logic varies

with culture
C. K. Raju Summary and
Conclusions

Inmantec, Ghaziabad
and
Centre for Studies in Civilizations, New Delhi
 Calculus without
Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Calculus without Limits: Introduction

Why do formal
the Theory mathematics?

How proof varies

A Critique of Formal Mathematics with logic
Part 2: The Choice of Logic Underlying Proof How logic varies
with physics

How logic varies

with culture
C. K. Raju Summary and
Conclusions

Inmantec, Ghaziabad
and
Centre for Studies in Civilizations, New Delhi
 Calculus without
Outline Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap
Recap Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
Introduction
How proof varies
with logic

Why do formal mathematics? How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

How proof varies with logic with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
How logic varies with physics

How logic varies with culture

Summary and Conclusions

 Calculus without
Recap Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction
I Calculus with limits enormously difficult to teach. Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Recap Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction
I Calculus with limits enormously difficult to teach. Why do formal
mathematics?
I Standard calculus books do not teach the precise How proof varies
d
definition of limits, dx , ex etc. with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Recap Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction
I Calculus with limits enormously difficult to teach. Why do formal
mathematics?
I Standard calculus books do not teach the precise How proof varies
d
definition of limits, dx , ex etc. with logic

How logic varies

I Teach calculus as a bunch of rules to be used without with physics

questiona useless skill for symbolic manipulation How logic varies

with culture
can be better done by low-cost machines. Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Recap Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction
I Calculus with limits enormously difficult to teach. Why do formal
mathematics?
I Standard calculus books do not teach the precise How proof varies
d
definition of limits, dx , ex etc. with logic

How logic varies

I Teach calculus as a bunch of rules to be used without with physics

questiona useless skill for symbolic manipulation How logic varies

with culture
can be better done by low-cost machines. Summary and
Conclusions
I Why teach humans to behave like low-cost
machines?
 Calculus without
Recap Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction
I Calculus with limits enormously difficult to teach. Why do formal
mathematics?
I Standard calculus books do not teach the precise How proof varies
d
definition of limits, dx , ex etc. with logic

How logic varies

I Teach calculus as a bunch of rules to be used without with physics

questiona useless skill for symbolic manipulation How logic varies

with culture
can be better done by low-cost machines. Summary and
Conclusions
I Why teach humans to behave like low-cost
machines?
I Limits required since visual intuition denied. But
calculus texts rely heavily on visual intuition.
 Calculus without
Recap 2 Limits

Axioms and definitions arbitrary C. K. Raju

Recap
I Limits depend upon R. But why R? Why not Introduction
something larger? Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Recap 2 Limits

Axioms and definitions arbitrary C. K. Raju

Recap
I Limits depend upon R. But why R? Why not Introduction
something larger? Why do formal
mathematics?
I Rconstructed using set theory. But set theory How proof varies
probably inconsistent since it requires 2 standards of with logic

proof, one for mathematics, and one for How logic varies
with physics
metamathematics. How logic varies
with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Recap 2 Limits

Axioms and definitions arbitrary C. K. Raju

Recap
I Limits depend upon R. But why R? Why not Introduction
something larger? Why do formal
mathematics?
I Rconstructed using set theory. But set theory How proof varies
probably inconsistent since it requires 2 standards of with logic

proof, one for mathematics, and one for How logic varies
with physics
metamathematics. How logic varies
with culture
I  definition of derivative and Reimann integral had
Summary and
to be abandoned in favour of Schwartz theory and Conclusions

Lebesgue for applications of calculus to physics.

 Calculus without
Recap 2 Limits

Axioms and definitions arbitrary C. K. Raju

Recap
I Limits depend upon R. But why R? Why not Introduction
something larger? Why do formal
mathematics?
I Rconstructed using set theory. But set theory How proof varies
probably inconsistent since it requires 2 standards of with logic

proof, one for mathematics, and one for How logic varies
with physics
metamathematics. How logic varies
with culture
I  definition of derivative and Reimann integral had
Summary and
to be abandoned in favour of Schwartz theory and Conclusions

Lebesgue for applications of calculus to physics.

I However, Schwartz theory incomplete: lacks notion
of product of distributions (required for physics).
 Calculus without
Recap 2 Limits

Axioms and definitions arbitrary C. K. Raju

Recap
I Limits depend upon R. But why R? Why not Introduction
something larger? Why do formal
mathematics?
I Rconstructed using set theory. But set theory How proof varies
probably inconsistent since it requires 2 standards of with logic

proof, one for mathematics, and one for How logic varies
with physics
metamathematics. How logic varies
with culture
I  definition of derivative and Reimann integral had
Summary and
to be abandoned in favour of Schwartz theory and Conclusions

Lebesgue for applications of calculus to physics.

I However, Schwartz theory incomplete: lacks notion
of product of distributions (required for physics).
I No general rule available for choosing between
different definitions and axiom sets: only way is to
rely on Western mathematical authority.
 Calculus without
Universal math Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction
I Mathematics has long been regarded in the West as
Why do formal
universal; not merely global, but universal. mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions

1
Christiaan Huygens, The Celestial Worlds Discoverd: or
Conjectures Concerning the Inhabitants, Plants, and Productions of
the Worlds in the Planets, London, 1698, p. 86.
 Calculus without
Universal math Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction
I Mathematics has long been regarded in the West as
Why do formal
universal; not merely global, but universal. mathematics?

I This thought is captured in the following remark from How proof varies
with logic
Huygens1 How logic varies
with physics
no matter how inhabitants of other planets
How logic varies
might differ from man in other ways, they with culture

must agree in music and geometry, since Summary and

Conclusions
[music and geometry] are everywhere
immutably the same, and always will be so.

1
Christiaan Huygens, The Celestial Worlds Discoverd: or
Conjectures Concerning the Inhabitants, Plants, and Productions of
the Worlds in the Planets, London, 1698, p. 86.
 Calculus without
Modified claim Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I This claim modified with advent of formal mathematics?
mathematics. How proof varies
with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Modified claim Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I This claim modified with advent of formal mathematics?
mathematics. How proof varies
with logic
I Arbitrariness in axioms (for R) or definitions (of How logic varies
derivative) are easy to understand, and formal math with physics

How logic varies

accepts this arbitrariness. with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Modified claim Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I This claim modified with advent of formal mathematics?
mathematics. How proof varies
with logic
I Arbitrariness in axioms (for R) or definitions (of How logic varies
derivative) are easy to understand, and formal math with physics

How logic varies

accepts this arbitrariness. with culture

I Not permitted in practice (paper with different notion Summary and

Conclusions
of derivative not likely to be published).
 Calculus without
Modified claim Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I This claim modified with advent of formal mathematics?
mathematics. How proof varies
with logic
I Arbitrariness in axioms (for R) or definitions (of How logic varies
derivative) are easy to understand, and formal math with physics

How logic varies

accepts this arbitrariness. with culture

I Not permitted in practice (paper with different notion Summary and

Conclusions
of derivative not likely to be published).
I But allowed in principle that theorems may not be
universal, and will vary with axioms
 Calculus without
Proof: the key concern of formal Limits

mathematicians C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I The job of a formal mathematician is to prove How proof varies
with logic
theorems.
How logic varies
with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Proof: the key concern of formal Limits

mathematicians C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I The job of a formal mathematician is to prove How proof varies
with logic
theorems.
How logic varies
I A theorem is the last sentence of a proof. with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Proof: the key concern of formal Limits

mathematicians C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I The job of a formal mathematician is to prove How proof varies
with logic
theorems.
How logic varies
I A theorem is the last sentence of a proof. with physics

How logic varies

I So a formal mathematician is concerned with proof. with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Proof: the key concern of formal Limits

mathematicians C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I The job of a formal mathematician is to prove How proof varies
with logic
theorems.
How logic varies
I A theorem is the last sentence of a proof. with physics

How logic varies

I So a formal mathematician is concerned with proof. with culture

Summary and
I A proof connects axioms to theorems. Conclusions
 Calculus without
Proof: the key concern of formal Limits

mathematicians C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I The job of a formal mathematician is to prove How proof varies
with logic
theorems.
How logic varies
I A theorem is the last sentence of a proof. with physics

How logic varies

I So a formal mathematician is concerned with proof. with culture

Summary and
I A proof connects axioms to theorems. Conclusions

I Today the claim is that proof is universal.

 Calculus without
Proof: the key concern of formal Limits

mathematicians C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I The job of a formal mathematician is to prove How proof varies
with logic
theorems.
How logic varies
I A theorem is the last sentence of a proof. with physics

How logic varies

I So a formal mathematician is concerned with proof. with culture

Summary and
I A proof connects axioms to theorems. Conclusions

I Today the claim is that proof is universal.

I If axioms change, theorems will change, but the
connection of axioms to theorems will not change.
 Calculus without
Universality of proof Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I It is believed that proof represents a higher form of How proof varies
truth: necessary truth. with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Universality of proof Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I It is believed that proof represents a higher form of How proof varies
truth: necessary truth. with logic

How logic varies

I On Tarski-Wittgenstein (possible-world) semantics with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Universality of proof Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I It is believed that proof represents a higher form of How proof varies
truth: necessary truth. with logic

How logic varies

I On Tarski-Wittgenstein (possible-world) semantics with physics

How logic varies

I the axioms of a theory may be true in some worlds with culture
and false in others: they constitute contingent truth. Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Universality of proof Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I It is believed that proof represents a higher form of How proof varies
truth: necessary truth. with logic

How logic varies

I On Tarski-Wittgenstein (possible-world) semantics with physics

How logic varies

I the axioms of a theory may be true in some worlds with culture
and false in others: they constitute contingent truth. Summary and
Conclusions
I However, a necessary truth is always true; it is true in
all possible worlds.
 Calculus without
Definition of proof Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic
I A proof is a sequence of statements A1 , A2 , . . . , An
How logic varies
where each Ai is with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Definition of proof Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic
I A proof is a sequence of statements A1 , A2 , . . . , An
How logic varies
where each Ai is with physics
I either an axiom, How logic varies
with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Definition of proof Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic
I A proof is a sequence of statements A1 , A2 , . . . , An
How logic varies
where each Ai is with physics
I either an axiom, How logic varies
with culture
I or follows from one or more preceding Aj s by means
Summary and
of a rule of reasoning. Conclusions
 Calculus without
Example of rules of reasoning Limits
C. K. Raju
I In the sentence calculus, the only rule of reasoning
used is modus ponens. Recap

Introduction
AB Why do formal
mathematics?
A How proof varies
with logic
B How logic varies
with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Example of rules of reasoning Limits
C. K. Raju
I In the sentence calculus, the only rule of reasoning
used is modus ponens. Recap

Introduction
AB Why do formal
mathematics?
A How proof varies
with logic
B How logic varies
with physics
I The predicate calculus usually involves some more How logic varies
rules of reasoning. E.g., the rule of generalisation. with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
A(x)
(x)A(x)
 Calculus without
Example of rules of reasoning Limits
C. K. Raju
I In the sentence calculus, the only rule of reasoning
used is modus ponens. Recap

Introduction
AB Why do formal
mathematics?
A How proof varies
with logic
B How logic varies
with physics
I The predicate calculus usually involves some more How logic varies
rules of reasoning. E.g., the rule of generalisation. with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
A(x)
(x)A(x)
I or the rule of instantiation
(x)A(x)
A(a)
 Calculus without
2-valued logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap
I The rule of reasoning in sentence calculus (modus Introduction
ponens) Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
2-valued logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap
I The rule of reasoning in sentence calculus (modus Introduction
ponens) Why do formal
mathematics?
I assumes the definition of as in 2-valued logic.
How proof varies
with logic

How logic varies

p p q p q p q p q with physics

p/q - TF TF TF TF How logic varies

with culture
T F TF TT TF TF Summary and
F T FF TF TT FT Conclusions

Table: Truth tables for 2-valued logic

 Calculus without
Proof by contradiction Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

I This definition of leads naturally to proofs by with logic

contradiction. How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Proof by contradiction Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

I This definition of leads naturally to proofs by with logic

contradiction. How logic varies

with physics
I Since A A is always false How logic varies
with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Proof by contradiction Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

I This definition of leads naturally to proofs by with logic

contradiction. How logic varies

with physics
I Since A A is always false How logic varies
with culture
I and a false statement always implies any statement Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Proof by contradiction Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

I This definition of leads naturally to proofs by with logic

contradiction. How logic varies

with physics
I Since A A is always false How logic varies
with culture
I and a false statement always implies any statement Summary and
Conclusions
I A A B is always true.
 Calculus without
3-Valued logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap
I The situation is different with 3-valued logic.
Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
3-Valued logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap
I The situation is different with 3-valued logic.
Introduction
I The connectives may now be defined as follows. Why do formal
mathematics?
p p q p q p q p q How proof varies
p/q - T I F T I F T I F T I F with logic

How logic varies

T F T I F T T T T I F T I F with physics
I I I I F T I I T T I I T I How logic varies
with culture
F T F F F T I F T T T F I T
Summary and
Conclusions
Table: Truth table for 3-valued logic. This table is read
exactly like an ordinary truth table, except that the
sentences p and q now have three values each, with I
denoting indeterminate (and T and F denoting true and
false as usual). With this system, p p does not
remain a tautology.
 Calculus without
Proof with 3-valued logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I Other definitions are possible (but wont go into mathematics?

How proof varies

those). with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Proof with 3-valued logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I Other definitions are possible (but wont go into mathematics?

How proof varies

those). with logic
I Note that A A is not always false. How logic varies
with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Proof with 3-valued logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I Other definitions are possible (but wont go into mathematics?

How proof varies

those). with logic
I Note that A A is not always false. How logic varies
with physics
I If A has the value I A has the value I, and so has How logic varies
with culture
A A
Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Proof with 3-valued logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I Other definitions are possible (but wont go into mathematics?

How proof varies

those). with logic
I Note that A A is not always false. How logic varies
with physics
I If A has the value I A has the value I, and so has How logic varies
with culture
A A
Summary and
I Thus proofs by contradiction fail. Conclusions
 Calculus without
Proof with 3-valued logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I Other definitions are possible (but wont go into mathematics?

How proof varies

those). with logic
I Note that A A is not always false. How logic varies
with physics
I If A has the value I A has the value I, and so has How logic varies
with culture
A A
Summary and
I Thus proofs by contradiction fail. Conclusions

I Theorems proved using 2-valued logic are not

theorems with 3-valued logic.
 Calculus without
Proofs vary with logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

I Proofs vary with the logic used. with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Proofs vary with logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

I Proofs vary with the logic used. with logic

How logic varies

I A mathematical proof is NOT some special sort of with physics

truth as has been believed. How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Proofs vary with logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

I Proofs vary with the logic used. with logic

How logic varies

I A mathematical proof is NOT some special sort of with physics

truth as has been believed. How logic varies

with culture
I Theorems vary with both choice of axioms and Summary and
Conclusions
choice of logic.
 Calculus without
Quasi truth-functional logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I The situation is worse with quasi truth functional (qtf) mathematics?

How proof varies

logic with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Quasi truth-functional logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I The situation is worse with quasi truth functional (qtf) mathematics?

How proof varies

logic with logic

I Here even truth tables are not possible. How logic varies
with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Quasi truth-functional logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I The situation is worse with quasi truth functional (qtf) mathematics?

How proof varies

logic with logic

I Here even truth tables are not possible. How logic varies
with physics
I Here it is possible that A A may be actually true. How logic varies
with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Quasi truth-functional logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I The situation is worse with quasi truth functional (qtf) mathematics?

How proof varies

logic with logic

I Here even truth tables are not possible. How logic varies
with physics
I Here it is possible that A A may be actually true. How logic varies
with culture
I As in the mundane statement A person is both good Summary and
and bad. Conclusions
 Calculus without
Quasi truth-functional logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I The situation is worse with quasi truth functional (qtf) mathematics?

How proof varies

logic with logic

I Here even truth tables are not possible. How logic varies
with physics
I Here it is possible that A A may be actually true. How logic varies
with culture
I As in the mundane statement A person is both good Summary and
and bad. Conclusions

I Definitions of connectives may be easier understood

semantically.
 Calculus without
Semantics of QTF logic Limits
p C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

p with logic

How logic varies

e- with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions

e+

Figure: Quasi truth-functional world.top figure shows a QTF

world, corresponding to to two 2valued logical worlds (at a
single instant of time). QTF logic may arise in quantum
mechanics as shown by the Feynman diagram below.
 Calculus without
QTF logics and quantum mechanics Limits

Outline C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I QTF logics may actually arise in quantum How proof varies
with logic
mechanics.
How logic varies
with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
QTF logics and quantum mechanics Limits

Outline C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I QTF logics may actually arise in quantum How proof varies
with logic
mechanics.
How logic varies
I Hilbert space axioms for quantum mechanics are with physics

based on quantum logic. How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
QTF logics and quantum mechanics Limits

Outline C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I QTF logics may actually arise in quantum How proof varies
with logic
mechanics.
How logic varies
I Hilbert space axioms for quantum mechanics are with physics

based on quantum logic. How logic varies

with culture
I For an account of quantum logic see my article Summary and
Conclusions
Quantum mechanical time arxiv.org:0808.1344.
 Calculus without
QTF logics and quantum mechanics Limits

Outline C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I QTF logics may actually arise in quantum How proof varies
with logic
mechanics.
How logic varies
I Hilbert space axioms for quantum mechanics are with physics

based on quantum logic. How logic varies

with culture
I For an account of quantum logic see my article Summary and
Conclusions
Quantum mechanical time arxiv.org:0808.1344.
I For a formal proof that QTF logic implies quantum
logic, see my book (appendix to chp. 6b).
 Calculus without
Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Schrodingers cat Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

I With QTF logic it is possible for Schrodingers cat to with logic

be both alive and dead How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Schrodingers cat Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

I With QTF logic it is possible for Schrodingers cat to with logic

be both alive and dead How logic varies

with physics
I at one instant of time. How logic varies
with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Schrodingers cat Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

I With QTF logic it is possible for Schrodingers cat to with logic

be both alive and dead How logic varies

with physics
I at one instant of time. How logic varies
with culture
I Thus, the paradoxes of quantum mechanics are Summary and
Conclusions
neatly resolved.
 Calculus without
Can physics decide logic? Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I Formal mathematics is purely metaphysical. mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Can physics decide logic? Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I Formal mathematics is purely metaphysical. mathematics?

I We saw that the appeal to the empirical was How proof varies
with logic
disallowed in Elements 1.1. How logic varies
with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Can physics decide logic? Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I Formal mathematics is purely metaphysical. mathematics?

I We saw that the appeal to the empirical was How proof varies
with logic
disallowed in Elements 1.1. How logic varies
with physics
I Therefore, formalism cannot appeal to the empirical
How logic varies
to settle the question about logic. with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Can physics decide logic? Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I Formal mathematics is purely metaphysical. mathematics?

I We saw that the appeal to the empirical was How proof varies
with logic
disallowed in Elements 1.1. How logic varies
with physics
I Therefore, formalism cannot appeal to the empirical
How logic varies
to settle the question about logic. with culture

I However, the argument about quantum mechanics Summary and

Conclusions
shows that quantum logic is not 2-valued.
 Calculus without
Can physics decide logic? Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
I Formal mathematics is purely metaphysical. mathematics?

I We saw that the appeal to the empirical was How proof varies
with logic
disallowed in Elements 1.1. How logic varies
with physics
I Therefore, formalism cannot appeal to the empirical
How logic varies
to settle the question about logic. with culture

I However, the argument about quantum mechanics Summary and

Conclusions
shows that quantum logic is not 2-valued.
I Thus, even an appeal to the physical world does not
ensure 2-valued logic.
 Calculus without
Is logic culturally universal? Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic

I Physics does not support 2-valued logic. How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Is logic culturally universal? Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic

I Physics does not support 2-valued logic. How logic varies

with physics
I Is 2-valued logic culturally universal? How logic varies
with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Is logic culturally universal? Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic

I Physics does not support 2-valued logic. How logic varies

with physics
I Is 2-valued logic culturally universal? How logic varies
with culture
I No. Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Buddhist logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

I The Buddha in the Brahmajala sutta assumes a logic Why do formal

mathematics?
of four alternatives (catuskot.):2 How proof varies
with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions

2
Digha Nikaya, e.g., trans. Maurice Walshe, Wisdom publications,
Boston, pp. 8081
 Calculus without
Buddhist logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

I The Buddha in the Brahmajala sutta assumes a logic Why do formal

mathematics?
of four alternatives (catuskot.):2 How proof varies
I p : The world is finite with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions

2
Digha Nikaya, e.g., trans. Maurice Walshe, Wisdom publications,
Boston, pp. 8081
 Calculus without
Buddhist logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

I The Buddha in the Brahmajala sutta assumes a logic Why do formal

mathematics?
of four alternatives (catuskot.):2 How proof varies
I p : The world is finite with logic

I not-p: The world is infinite How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions

2
Digha Nikaya, e.g., trans. Maurice Walshe, Wisdom publications,
Boston, pp. 8081
 Calculus without
Buddhist logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

I The Buddha in the Brahmajala sutta assumes a logic Why do formal

mathematics?
of four alternatives (catuskot.):2 How proof varies
I p : The world is finite with logic

I not-p: The world is infinite How logic varies

with physics
I both p and not-p: The world is both finite and infinite
How logic varies
with culture

Summary and
Conclusions

2
Digha Nikaya, e.g., trans. Maurice Walshe, Wisdom publications,
Boston, pp. 8081
 Calculus without
Buddhist logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

I The Buddha in the Brahmajala sutta assumes a logic Why do formal

mathematics?
of four alternatives (catuskot.):2 How proof varies
I p : The world is finite with logic

I not-p: The world is infinite How logic varies

with physics
I both p and not-p: The world is both finite and infinite
How logic varies
I neither p nor not-p: The world is neither finite nor with culture
infinite Summary and
Conclusions

2
Digha Nikaya, e.g., trans. Maurice Walshe, Wisdom publications,
Boston, pp. 8081
 Calculus without
Buddhist logic Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

I The Buddha in the Brahmajala sutta assumes a logic Why do formal

mathematics?
of four alternatives (catuskot.):2 How proof varies
I p : The world is finite with logic

I not-p: The world is infinite How logic varies

with physics
I both p and not-p: The world is both finite and infinite
How logic varies
I neither p nor not-p: The world is neither finite nor with culture
infinite Summary and
Conclusions
I (Even natural language allows a person to be both
good and bad.)

2
Digha Nikaya, e.g., trans. Maurice Walshe, Wisdom publications,
Boston, pp. 8081
 Calculus without
Jain logic of Syadavada Limits

Logic of 7-cases C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

I Syad asti. (Perhaps it is.) Why do formal

mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Jain logic of Syadavada Limits

Logic of 7-cases C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

I Syad asti. (Perhaps it is.) Why do formal

mathematics?
I Syad nasti. (Perhaps it is not.) How proof varies
with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Jain logic of Syadavada Limits

Logic of 7-cases C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

I Syad asti. (Perhaps it is.) Why do formal

mathematics?
I Syad nasti. (Perhaps it is not.) How proof varies
with logic
I Syad asti nasti ca.(Perhaps it both is and is not.) How logic varies
with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Jain logic of Syadavada Limits

Logic of 7-cases C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

I Syad asti. (Perhaps it is.) Why do formal

mathematics?
I Syad nasti. (Perhaps it is not.) How proof varies
with logic
I Syad asti nasti ca.(Perhaps it both is and is not.) How logic varies
with physics
I Syad avaktavya. (Perhaps it is inexpressible.) How logic varies
with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Jain logic of Syadavada Limits

Logic of 7-cases C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

I Syad asti. (Perhaps it is.) Why do formal

mathematics?
I Syad nasti. (Perhaps it is not.) How proof varies
with logic
I Syad asti nasti ca.(Perhaps it both is and is not.) How logic varies
with physics
I Syad avaktavya. (Perhaps it is inexpressible.) How logic varies
with culture
I Syad asti ca avaktavya ca. (Perhaps it is and is
Summary and
inexpressible.) Conclusions
 Calculus without
Jain logic of Syadavada Limits

Logic of 7-cases C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

I Syad asti. (Perhaps it is.) Why do formal

mathematics?
I Syad nasti. (Perhaps it is not.) How proof varies
with logic
I Syad asti nasti ca.(Perhaps it both is and is not.) How logic varies
with physics
I Syad avaktavya. (Perhaps it is inexpressible.) How logic varies
with culture
I Syad asti ca avaktavya ca. (Perhaps it is and is
Summary and
inexpressible.) Conclusions

I Syad nasti ca avaktavya ca. (Perhaps it is not and is

inexpressible.)
 Calculus without
Jain logic of Syadavada Limits

Logic of 7-cases C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

I Syad asti. (Perhaps it is.) Why do formal

mathematics?
I Syad nasti. (Perhaps it is not.) How proof varies
with logic
I Syad asti nasti ca.(Perhaps it both is and is not.) How logic varies
with physics
I Syad avaktavya. (Perhaps it is inexpressible.) How logic varies
with culture
I Syad asti ca avaktavya ca. (Perhaps it is and is
Summary and
inexpressible.) Conclusions

I Syad nasti ca avaktavya ca. (Perhaps it is not and is

inexpressible.)
I Syad asti nasti ca avaktavya ca. (Perhaps it is, is
not, and is inexpressible.)
 Calculus without
Is mathematics secular? Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic
I Mathematics used for practical calculations is How logic varies
secular. with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Is mathematics secular? Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic
I Mathematics used for practical calculations is How logic varies
secular. with physics

How logic varies

I But if mathematics is about proof using 2-valued logic with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Is mathematics secular? Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic
I Mathematics used for practical calculations is How logic varies
secular. with physics

How logic varies

I But if mathematics is about proof using 2-valued logic with culture

I Then it is culturally biased. Summary and

Conclusions
 Calculus without
Summary and conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I Limits lack practical value. How proof varies
with logic

How logic varies

with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Summary and conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I Limits lack practical value. How proof varies
with logic
I In fact they have negative practical value: for they
How logic varies
make calculus teaching difficult. with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Summary and conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I Limits lack practical value. How proof varies
with logic
I In fact they have negative practical value: for they
How logic varies
make calculus teaching difficult. with physics

How logic varies

I Calculus with limits advocated on grounds of rigor. with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Summary and conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I Limits lack practical value. How proof varies
with logic
I In fact they have negative practical value: for they
How logic varies
make calculus teaching difficult. with physics

How logic varies

I Calculus with limits advocated on grounds of rigor. with culture

I But definitions of derivative etc. are arbitrary. Summary and

Conclusions
 Calculus without
Summary and conclusions Limits
C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?
I Limits lack practical value. How proof varies
with logic
I In fact they have negative practical value: for they
How logic varies
make calculus teaching difficult. with physics

How logic varies

I Calculus with limits advocated on grounds of rigor. with culture

I But definitions of derivative etc. are arbitrary. Summary and

Conclusions
I Claim of rigor rests on belief that mathematical proof
is universal.
 Calculus without
Summary and Conclusions Limits

contd C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic
I But proof and theorems vary with logic.
How logic varies
with physics

How logic varies

with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Summary and Conclusions Limits

contd C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic
I But proof and theorems vary with logic.
How logic varies
with physics
I Logic not culturally universal
How logic varies
with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Summary and Conclusions Limits

contd C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic
I But proof and theorems vary with logic.
How logic varies
with physics
I Logic not culturally universal
How logic varies
I Nor empirically certain. with culture

Summary and
Conclusions
 Calculus without
Summary and Conclusions Limits

contd C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic
I But proof and theorems vary with logic.
How logic varies
with physics
I Logic not culturally universal
How logic varies
I Nor empirically certain. with culture

Summary and
I So proofs with 2-valued logic are not universal. Conclusions
 Calculus without
Summary and Conclusions Limits

contd C. K. Raju

Recap

Introduction

Why do formal
mathematics?

How proof varies

with logic
I But proof and theorems vary with logic.
How logic varies
with physics
I Logic not culturally universal
How logic varies
I Nor empirically certain. with culture

Summary and
I So proofs with 2-valued logic are not universal. Conclusions

I So why teach calculus with limits?