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CSFB (Circuit Switched Fallback):- is a functionality specified by 3GPP to provide legacy circuit
switched services (like voice, SMS, call independent supplementary services, location services, ...) for
LTE UEs when they are attached in LTE coverage.
This is achieved by falling back to GERAN or UTRAN in case those services are requested.
The CSFB functionality needs to be implemented in the UE, the E-UTRAN, the EPC (MME), the
MSS/VLR, the HLR (in case of MTRR, MTRF).
To support moving back from GERAN/UTRAN to LTE functionality in GERAN/UTRAN is required.
GSM / WCDMA Gb /
IuPS
SGs
Paging
In CSFB, upon a voice call origination attempt or when receiving a page for CS voice
(via SGs interface), the UE is moved to UMTS/GSM and the voice is sent over one of
these access networks. The page response is sent over the new RAT on the Iu or A
interface. The UE will return to LTE after call completion if LTE is preferred and
coverage exists.
The CSFB function is only possible to realize in areas where E-UTRAN coverage is overlapped with GSM
and WCDMA coverage
CSFB will allow retaining current roaming relationships between operators, since CS voice is still used.
CSFB Implementation Alternatives
There are 2 main CSFB procedures:
Enhanced CSFB:
Depending on the CSFB procedure different network elements are affected and different CSFB
performance can be achieved, which is shown in the following sections.
GSM / WCDMA Gb /
IuPS
SGs
S3
SGSN CSFB
RAT MME
change
S4 S11
CSFB S1-MME
e-Uu
Internet
CSFB
S1-U S&P SGi
eNodeB GW
CSFB A
phone LTE
Impacted nodes are UE, eNB, MME and MSC. No impact exists for GSM or WCDMA, which
consequently does not require a rollout of new software in the legacy radio network. In an MSC pool
environment only few MSCs need to support SGs, as each MSC serve all LAs of the pool.
Main characteristics:
E2e Functionality already available. Basic CSFB supported from: MSC-S 12A, MME 2011A and L11 B
(LTE Radio).
Enhanced RRC release with redirect, Deferred Measurement Control Reading (DMCR)
procedures (WCDMA)
The DMCR feature avoids reading specific SIBs with information that can be received at another
occasion. The maximum time for reading system information without this indication is 1280ms .
B
DMCR CSFB Nc /
Iub IuCS Nb
WCDMA IuPS
SGs
S3
SGSN CSFB
UE reads only
essential SIB
RAT MME
change
S4 S11
CSFB S1-MME
e-Uu
Internet
CSFB
S1-U S&P SGi
eNodeB GW
CSFB A
phone LTE
Enhanced RRC release with redirect, automatic system info exchange with RIM (GSM &
WCDMA)
The standardized RIM procedures allow the transfer of SI from GSM or WCDMA to LTE. This requires
additional impact on the total network. RIM needs to be rolled-out in the source and target RAN as well as
for SGSN and MME. SGSN and MME will be needed to route the RIM container to the correct target
node.
B
RIM CSFB Nc /
Abis A Nb
GSM Gb
SGs
RIM
UE receives from
eNB to which
RAT to tune S3 RIM
SGSN CSFB
with additional
cell list and
RAT system MME
change information
S4 S11
e-Uu
Internet
CSFB
S1-U S&P SGi
eNodeB GW
CSFB A
phone LTE
Figure 4 CSFB with Automatic system info exchange with RIM (GSM &
WCDMA)
Additional Nodes impacted: RIM support in BSC/RNC, eNB, SGSN and MME
Additional Network Impact: RIM to be rolled out in RAN and PCN
Benefit: faster call set-up times compared to the non enhanced solution.
E2e Functionality available in Q2 2012. On top of basic CSFB, RIM support in GSM, WCDMA and LTE
radio is planned for: G12A (GSM Radio), W12B (WCDMA Radio), L12B (LTE Radio). RIM support in
MME-SGSN is already available from MME-SGSN 2011B
WCDMA Gb
SGs
PS HO
UE receives from
eNB to which
RAT to tune S3 PS HO
SGSN CSFB
with additional
cell list and
RAT system MME
change information
S4 S11
PS HO CSFB S1-MME
e-Uu
Internet
CSFB
S1-U S&P SGi
eNodeB GW
CSFB A
phone LTE
Additional node impact: Support of PSHO with CSFB from LTE to WCDMA
Benefit: Shorter PS outage time.
E2e Functionality available in Q2 2012. On top of basic CSFB, PS HO support in WCDMA and LTE radio
is planned for: W12B (WCDMA Radio) and L13 (LTE Radio). PS HO support in MME-SGSN is already
available from MME-SGSN 2011B (S3 based).
Redirect will always be performed to a specific RAT and frequency (not to cell).
It should be noted that the eNB cannot include a list of allowed cells in the CSFB RRC Release with
Redirect, to enssure that CSFB calls will be steered to GSM/WCDMA cells belonging to the right MSC
(where the subscriber is registered in).
It should also be noted that in case the UE does not support target RAT or the LTE cell has not full
overlay in target RAT, the lower priority RAT will be chosen. If the network has different MSCs for the
different RATs then the call will fail unless we have MTRF or MTRR functionality deployed .
Umbrella Cells
GSM/WCDMA umbrella cells can increase probability that all LTE-border cells are completely covered by
cells from the correct MSC (registered MSC). The UE might select these umbrella cells if the signal
strength is better than the signal of the other cells. However cell selection is up to the UE and it is not
guaranteed that umbrella cell will be chosen.
MSC in Pool
With MSC pool all MSCs serve all LA within the pool (prerequisite is that all RNC and BSC are pool aware
or the pool proxy functionality is activated in the M-MGW).
The areas where MTRF/MTRR would be required are limited to the pool border areas. Border areas are
typically located between regions in low dense areas where large GSM cells are used. It much more likely
that the GSM and LTE cells would be aligned at these MSC pool borders, so the need of MTRF/MTRR
will affect a lower number of calls.
Also, the SGs-interface can be implemented in one or a few number of MSCs in initial migration steps
and then SGs in more MSCs can be added when more capacity is needed .
Additional delay has to be added for an inter-MSC roaming forwarding procedure (2-6 seconds).
Shorter call setup times:-MTRF solution forwards the call directly between the
concerned VMSCs. MTRR solution sends the call back from the VMSC to the
GMSC which then makes a second interrogation to the HLR. Extra routing and
interrogation, longer call setup process especially for international call cases.
Page Page
Page Page
Page
Page response
Extended service request
Release
Release
Cell change
Call setup Read SI
Page response
Figure 6 Call set up time comparison: normal GSM call vs CSFB call
The theoretical additions are 1.5 seconds for fallback to WCDMA and around 2.5 seconds to GSM.
The key contributor to the additional CSFB call setup time is the reading of system information (SI) in the
new cell, and therefore, optimization methods address the reduction of the SI reading time .
2. SI request/response
relayed by the MME
eNodeB S1 MME
LTE
5. eNodeB provides
S3
SI to UE at CSFB.
Umbrella Cells
MSC in Pool
It is important to highlight that Dual Access MSC and MSC in Pool features will minimize the number of
calls where MTRF or MTRR would be needed, eliminating the additional call set up time caused by these
procedures (additional 2 to 10 seconds for MTRR) and reducing signalling load over MSCs.
If the UE has an active PS connection in Cell_DCH or Cell_FACH in WCDMA it will stay there as long as
there is an ongoing communication. When the PS connection becomes inactive the UE goes to
URA_PCH or Idle and returns to LTE by Idle Mode Cell Reselection, given that LTE has been set as the
preferred RAT in the broadcast information in WCDMA.
CSFB from LTE to 1X-CDMA:-
The following figure provides an overview of the high level architecture as defined in the CSFB standards.
1xCS
CSFB 1xRTT CS A1 1xRTT
UE Access MSC
A1
1xCS IWS
S102
MME
S1-MME S11
1x CS
1xCS Serving/PDN SGi
E-UTRAN
CSFB GW
UE S1-U EPC
In Ericsson solution, the IWS is collocated with the MSC, thus the A1 interface between MSC and IWS is
an internal interface.
The S102 interface is between the IWS and MME and is the connection between 1x CDMA and LTE.
Control messaging for mobile originated and terminated 1x CDMA call setups use this interface to reach
the UE over EPS while its camping on LTE. The eCSFB procedure re-directs the UE to tune to the 1x
RTT access network in order to proceed with the 1x RTT call setup procedures, illustrated by the upwards
vertical arrow in the figure
This initial deployment of the CSFB solution. Pre-registration and SMS Origination and Termination occur
entirely over the S102 tunnel. Voice calls have the following behavior :
Mobile Terminated calls: The MSC recognizes that to page the mobile,
it must do so via the IWS, rather than a normal BSC (as a result of pre-
registration data). The page is delivered to the MME via the S102 tunnel
and subsequently to the eNB and the UE. The UE proceeds to suspend
any current LTE data session and then immediately begins tuning to
CDMA (falling back), attaching and using normal CDMA procedures to
respond to the page and accept the incoming call. The IWS is only
involved in delivering the page message. No other messaging goes
across the S102 link.
Characteristics: