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Petr Kolar
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TOPIC HIGHLIGHT
Petr Kolar
Petr Kolar, MD, PhD, Associate Professor of Ophthalmology at Key words: Retinal vein occlusion; Definition; Classification; Fluo-
Masaryk University, University Eye Clinic of Masaryk University rescein angiography; Optical coherence tomography
and University Hospital Brno, Jihlavska 20, 625 00 Brno, Czech Re-
public 2016 The Author. Published by ACT Publishing Group Ltd.
Correspondence to: Petr Kolar, MD, PhD, Associate Professor
of Ophthalmology at Masaryk University, University Eye Clinic of Kolar P. Definition and Classification of Retinal Vein Occlusion.
Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, Jihlavska 20, 625 International Journal of Ophthalmic Research 2016; 2(2): 124-129
00 Brno, Czech Republic Available from: URL: http: //www.ghrnet.org/index.php/ijor/article/
Email: pe.kolar@gmail.com view/1499
Telephone: +420 5 3223 3263
Fax: +420 5 3223 3406
INTRODUCTION
Received: November 29, 2015
Revised: April 18, 2016 Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) was first described in 1855 by
Accepted: April 20, 2016 Liebreich and in 1878 by Michel[1], who indicated that RVO was a
Published online: June 28, 2016 complication of systemic vascular status that can be observed on the
fundus of the eye. Disease was named as Apoplexia retinae. This type
of occlusion was later described as the central retinal vein occlusion
ABSTRACT
(CRVO). Leber, in 1877, and Oeller, in 1896, described branch retinal
Retinal vein occlusion is second most common retinal vascular vein occlusion (BRVO)[2,3].
disease after diabetic retinopathy. A main cause of the retinal vein There are three main types of retinal vein occlusion: central retinal
occlusion is arterial disease when arterial stiffness affects neighboring vein occlusion, hemicentral retinal vein occlusion and branch retinal
vein. There are three main types of retinal vein occlusion: central vein occlusion.
retinal vein occlusion, hemicentral retinal vein occlusion and branch RVO is the second most common retinal vascular disease after
retinal vein occlusion. Central retinal vein occlusion and hemicentral diabetic retinopathy. Studies in overall populations showed that its
retinal vein occlusion can be further divided into non-ischemic and prevalence varies from 5.2 to 16 per 1,000[4].
ischemic types. Branch retinal vein occlusion can be further divided RVO is more prevalent in men than women and it is more frequent
into major branch retinal vein occlusion and macular branch retinal in older people, over 65 years of age[4], and BRVO is four times more
vein occlusion based on the location of the occlusion. Retinal vein common than CRVO[4].
occlusion is a major cause of vision loss. Of the two main types of The most recognized risk factors for RVO are age and systemic
retinal vein occlusion, branch retinal vein occlusion, is 4- to 6-times vascular disorders. In over half of the cases, the age of onset is over
more prevalent than central retinal vein occlusion. A common risk 65 years. However, patients under 45 years of age can also develop
factor for retinal vein occlusion is advancing age, and additional an RVO[5]. Systemic diseases such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia
risk factors include systemic conditions such as hypertension, and diabetes mellitus are strongly associated with the development
arteriosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, vascular cerebral of RVO[6]. Further systemic risk factors are vascular cerebral stroke,
stroke, blood hyperviscosity and thrombophilia. Ophthalmic risk blood hyperviscosity and thrombophilia[6]. Cigarette smoking has
factors for retinal vein occlusion are ocular hypertension and also been linked to RVO[7].
glaucoma, higher ocular perfusion pressure and changes in the retinal Ophthalmic risk factors for RVO are ocular hypertension and
arteries. glaucoma, lower ocular perfusion pressure and congenital and
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Kolar P. Definition and Classification of RVO
125
Kolar P. Definition and Classification of RVO
126
Kolar P. Definition and Classification of RVO
FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY
FA is a useful diagnostic tool that can objectively evaluate retinal
circulation. To perform FA we used intravenously-applied fluorescein
dye. Fluorescein does not leak from physiologically normal vessels,
but it does leak from vessels and capillaries affected by RVO leaks.
The amount of leakage depends on the severity of the occlusion.
In CRVO, retinal hemorrhages are seen as a block of fluorescence.
Places that are less affected by hemorrhages present as either
fluorescein leakage or as non-perfusion caused by retinal ischemia Figure 7 Intermediate FA image in non-ischemic CRVO.
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Kolar P. Definition and Classification of RVO
In the acute phases of CRVO and BRVO, retinal edema can visual fields, relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), color doppler
be detected if the posterior pole is affected. Macular edema is imaging should play important role in diagnostics of RVO. They are
often combined with macular hemorrhage, and is caused by intra- of great importance especially for differentiation of ischemic from
retinal accumulation of fluid. In more advanced cases, sub-retinal non-ischemic central retinal vein occlusion[11].
accumulation of fluid can be detected. OCT can efficiently detect
successful RVO therapy, which decreases the amount of retinal fluid. SUMMARY
Figure 13 OCT image of diffuse macular edema in CRVO (original
author photo). RVO is the second most common retinal vascular disease after
Although FA and OCT are important diagnostic tools for RVO, diabetic retinopathy. The main systemic risk factors are systemic
some functional tests like electroretinography (ERG), visual acuity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus. Men are more
often affected than women. The main ophthalmic risk factor for RVO
is glaucoma.
There are three main types of RVO: CRVO, HCRVO and BRVO.
CRVO is four times less common than BRVO, but patients with
CRVO have a worse prognosis.
CRVO and HCRVO can be further divided into the non-ischemic
and ischemic types. Their main difference is the amount of retinal
ischemia. The non-ischemic type has less than 10 DA of ischemia,
while the ischemic type has more than 10 DA of ischemia. Venous
system dilatation, retinal hemorrhage, retinal edema, cotton-wool
spots and hard exudates are clinical observations in CRVO and
HCRVO.
BRVO can be further divided into major BRVO and macular
BRVO, based on the location of the occlusion. Major BRVO affects
one of the four major branches of the central retinal vein, and macular
BRVO affects one of the macular branches ofthe central retinal vein.
Figure 9 Early FA image of major BRVO. Macular edema is more commonly present in macular BRVO, and
patients with an occlusion that is located peripherally have a better
prognosis then those with a central occlusion.Diagnostic tools such
as FA and OCT assist in the diagnosis and treatment of RVO.
Figure 11 Early FA image of macular BRVO. Figure 13 OCT image of diffuse macular edema in CRVO.
128
Kolar P. Definition and Classification of RVO
retinal vein occlusion during the early acute phase. Graefes Arch
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