URBAN DESIGN

Unit - IV
 URBAN DESIGN - PLACE MAKING:
Place making is a people-centred approach to the planning, design
and management of public spaces. It involves looking at, listening
to, and asking questions of the people who live, work and play in a
particular space, to discover needs and aspirations.

This information is then used to create a common vision for that

place. The vision can evolve quickly into an implementation
strategy, beginning with small-scale, do-able improvements that can
immediately bring benefits to public spaces and the people who use
them.

Place making is a multi-faceted approach to the planning, design

and management of public spaces.

Place making capitalizes on a local communitys assets, inspiration,

and potential, ultimately creating good public spaces that promote
peoples health, happiness, and wellbeing. Place making is both a
process and a philosophy.
Place making
 Place making

Place making is a term that began to be used in the 1970s by architects

and planners to describe the process of creating squares, plazas, parks,
streets and waterfronts that will attract people because they are
pleasurable or interesting. Landscape often plays an important role in the
design process.

Place making can be used to improve all of the spaces that comprise the
gathering places within a communityits streets, sidewalks, parks,
buildings, and other public spaces

Place making is not just the act of building or fixing up a space; it is a

process that fosters the creation of vital public destinations. It refers to the
kind of places where people feel a strong stake in their communities and
commitment to making things better.

Place making capitalizes on a local communitys assets, inspiration and

potential, creating good public spaces that pro mote peoples health,
happiness, and economic well-being.

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 IDENTITY AND PLACE:

Place identity refers to a cluster of ideas about place and identity in the
fields of geography, urban planning, urban design, landscape
architecture, environmental psychology, and urban sociology/ecological
sociology. It concerns the meaning and significance of places for their
inhabitants and users.

Methodologies for understanding place identity primarily involve

qualitative techniques, such as interviewing, participant observation,
discourse analysis and mapping a range of physical elements.

Place identity is sometimes called urban character, neighbourhood

character or local character.

Place identity has become a significant issue in the last 25 years in urban
planning and design. Related to the worldwide movement to protect
places with heritage significance, concerns have arisen about the loss of
individuality and distinctiveness between different places as an effect of
cultural globalisation.

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URBAN MORPHOLOGY:

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 URBAN MORPHOLOGY:

Urban morphology is the study of the form of human settlements and the
process of their formation and transformation.

The study seeks to understand the spatial structure and character of a

metropolitan area, city, town or village by examining the patterns of its
component parts and the process of its development.

This can involve the analysis of physical structures at different scales as well
as patterns of movement, land use, ownership or control and occupation.

Typically, analysis of physical form focuses on street pattern, lot (or, in the UK,
plot) pattern and building pattern, sometimes referred to collectively as
urban grain.

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 URBAN MORPHOLOGY:

Morphology -is as the study of form and process, growth and form, form
and function.

urban morphology (U.M) -is the study of the form of human settlements and
their formation & transformation.

urban form-is the study of the physical characteristics of towns/cities

resulting from an evolutionary process of urban activities and planning
action.

Urban fabric - The physical aspect of urbanism, emphasizing building types,

thoroughfares, open space, frontages, and streetscapes but excluding
environmental, functional, economic and sociocultural aspects

Urban structure - its the physical complexity of various scale, from individual
building, plots, street-blocks, and the street pattern.

urban texture - the geometrical structure formed by the spatial distribution

of urban elements expressed as coarse or fine.
 URBAN MORPHOLOGY:

The essence of the idea of morphology was initially expressed in the writings
of the great poet and philosopher Goethe (1790);

the term as such was first used in bioscience. Recently it is being increasingly
used in geography, geology, philology and other subjects.

Urban morphology is also considered as the study of urban tissue, or fabric,

as a means of discerning the underlying structure of the built landscape.

This approach challenges the common perception of unplanned

environments as chaotic or vaguely organic through understanding the
structures and processes embedded in urbanisation.

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URBAN SPRAWL:
 URBAN SPRAWL:

Urban sprawl is defined as the unplanned, uncontrolled spreading of urban

development into areas adjoining the edge of a city.

It is also characterised by the spreading of urban developments (as houses

and shopping centers) on undeveloped land near a city.

The term sprawl, as used by land developers, planners and governmental

institutions, refers to the change in trends of land usage, and the change in
demographics across given geographies.

Sprawl is generally defined as the increased development of land in

suburban and rural areas outside of their respective urban centers.

Sprawl refers to the slow decentralization of human occupancy. That is,

communities are requiring more land and space to supply the same given
population with homes, workplaces, shopping locations and recreation
spaces.

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URBAN SPRAWL:

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 GENERIC FORM & GENERIC CITY

Identity is like a mousetrap in which more and more mice have to

share the original bait,, The stronger identity, the more it imprisons,
the more it resists expansion, interpretation, renewal, contradiction.

The insistence on the center as the core of value and meaning,

font of all significance, is doubly destructive. He celebrates and
believes generic city is liberated from the straight jacket of
identity.

- Rem Koolhaas

Rem Koolhaas formulates different ideas how city could position itself better
as Generic City. His theory is based on his own critical observations of
many global cities he experiences and what characterizes them.

First, he despises the identity of the city and believes identity actually choke
the city itself to death.
 GENERIC FORM & GENERIC CITY

As the world becomes more

globalized and information
exchanges are so fast,
many cities in the world are
trying to position themselves
apart from other cities to
attract different resources
such as investment or
manpower.

One of the strategy that city uses is to

create its own identity/branding to
separate from others
GENERIC FORM & GENERIC CITY

Koolhaas stresses the architectural and spatial aspects of the airport could
provide the performance and autonomy. That is why he called

the airport is the most singular, characteristic elements of the Generic

City and the airport will replace the city in the future.

In contrast to the view of current urban planing, he embraces the fact of

motorways and bridges over pedestrians networks that generic city has to
offer. He affirms that is the free style of generic city and the generic city is
immoral and pragmatic. Also, the Generic City grows so fast that city
planning becomes redundant. That is the advantage of the Generic City.

In architecture of generic city, Koolhaas emphasizes on the use of the

postmodern language as a method, not a historical language. And, He
believes generic city employs this architectural style that does not need a
strong theoretical framework helps the development of the generic city.
PRIVATIZATIZATION OF PUBLIC REALM:
PRIVATIZATIZATION OF PUBLIC REALM:

Public realm or the public sphere is an area in social life where individuals
can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and
through that discussion influence political action.

It is "a discursive space in which individuals and groups congregate to

discuss matters of mutual interest and, where possible, to reach a
common judgment.

Traditionally public spaces were funded with public money and built by
the local government. With a commitment to public service and less
emphasis on returns on investment, design decisions could be made for
the greater good.

Lack of Community Cohesion is the primary issue. The gated communities

produce privatized open space, especially in housing developments,
leads people to become less inclined to spend time in truly urbanized
open spaces, such as city parks.
PRIVATIZATIZATION OF PUBLIC REALM:

The privatized open spaces such as those ones of the public Apartment
and condo building has open space open only for its residents and they
can only access ; which leads to people socializing with people like
themselves. This will allow us to get to know only our neighbours; it can
discourage us from mingling with people in our local community.

When people keep to themselves, social inclusion and community

cohesion can suffer. In other words, the privatization of public space is an
attempt to diminish the democratic dreams of ordinary citizens.
GLOBALIZATION AND URBAN ISSUES:

The urban form of cities has witnessed a

large shift as a result of the industrial
revolution.

Globalization has affected peoples

relation through the way they
communicate in between in addition to
their linkage to places.

As a result of the industrial revolution the

meaning of time has changed, space and
distance have been reduced, physical
boundaries demolished, and the speed
and type of movement is different.

Furthermore, such meaning was more

catalysed by the digital revolution.
The shrinkage of distances and the speed
of movement that characterize the current
period find one of its most extreme forms in
electronically based communities of
individuals or organizations throughout the
whole world.
GLOBALISATION AND THE URBAN SPACE:

Cities are the primary spatial framework within which capital, goods,
people, and information are concentrated. therefore, globalisation has
influenced urban space formation in India.

Before the British came, Indian cities were monocentric located around
central market places (eg, Delhi's Chandini Chowk, Abid/Koti in
Hyderabad). After Independence state housing boards and urban
development authorities, to accomplish certain explicit and defined
goals, added contrived centres to Indian cities, which led to the
emergence of government-driven polycentric cities.

Market-driven polycentric cities have, in contrast, developed during the

late 1990s and show three spatial patterns

leapfrog development,
Fractured cities,
Divided cities.
 GLOBALISATION AND THE URBAN SPACE:

Revenues generated to meet external demands have provided funds to

support production of locally-consumed goods and services in Indian cities.

The market demand for retail products and housing has led to construction
of malls, retail outlets, and apartment complexes, which has transformed
the urban space within the monocentric city.

As a matter of fact, tall buildings, shopping malls, corporate headquarters,

prestige hotels, and hospitals were overlaid on the earlier built environment
by a process of creative destruction, for instance road widening often left
buildings unfit for use and developers would purchase a group of buildings
to construct high-rise structures.

Consequently, the core city space has become randomly marked with
glass and steel structures as if development has leapfrogged from one
location to another.
 GLOBALISATION AND THE URBAN SPACE:

At the same time, several economic centres have developed in the

periphery leading to polycentric cities.

In the west these nuclei of economic activity are known by various names
"technoburbs" (Robert Fishman),
"urban villages" (Kenneth Jackson) ..
"middle landscape" (Peter Rowe), and
"edge cities" (Joel Garreau).

In India global capital in search for the cheapest available land honed-in on
the periurban space surrounding cities. Peri urban areas in India are the
rural-urban interface and a landing ground for rural residents migrating to
cities.

Polynucleation of periurban areas is spatially manifested in the form of office

parks, malls, and apartments and single-family homes.
GLOBALISATION AND THE URBAN SPACE:

Moreover, the core and periphery of Indian cities are now separated as if
by a fault line and construction of expressways, ring-roads, bypasses has
accentuated the fracture.

State governments, by their excessive reliance on public health inspired

zoning based on abstract pattern of standard streets, lots, and set backs,
and commercial strips, have also contributed to the process of fracturing
of Indian cities.

Spatially, this has led to the construction of "gated communities" to wall

out uncertainty, reduce different types of physical risk (
e.g. personal safety) and social interactions (eg unwanted social
exchanges). At the same time job creation in cities due to multiplier
effects of external injections has attracted different types of people
leading to diverse and plural cities, called "mongrel cities" by Leonie
Sandercock.
GLOBALISATION AND THE URBAN SPACE:

Planning has two components the hard component (built environment)

and the soft component.

In turn, planning for the built environment is possible at two scales. At the
macro-level regional level planning for transport, water supply, sewage
disposal, and environment management is required.

Simultaneously micro-level planning by using tools, such as neo-traditional

models, is a practical possibility to retro-fit neighbourhoods.

Noteworthy is the integration of principles of architecture, urban design,

and planning at the neighbourhood level and planning looks at the built
form (eg footprints of all structures), land use patterns (eg location and
density of retail, office spaces), public open space (eg parks, plazas),
street design (eg circulation systems), and pedestrian access (eg one-
quarter mile access from shops).
Unit IV
Part II
URBAN DESIGN AND SUSTAINABILITY:

Urban design creates green, sustainable places

Compact, walkable places are the most sustainable form of living.

The combination of human scale urbanism, with a mix of uses and

services, a range of housing options, extensive train systems, and the
ability to walk and bicycle as part of daily life all make for sustainable,
green living. Add safe, clean, renewable energy, and true sustainability
results.
In the era of gradually
decreasing oil supplies and
rising energy costs, the need for
low energy lifestyles has never
been greater. Urban design
principles and practices bring
together the ideas and plans to
create enjoyable places to live,
work and play while greatly
reducing energy use.

Designing away the need for

cars is the most important step in
creating sustainable places. This
has the triple effect of lowering
our energy use (especially
imported oil), reducing global
warming emissions, and raising
our quality of life in cities by
increasing mobility and
convenience
IDEAS OF SUSTAINABILITY:

Sustainable design (also called environmental design, environmentally

sustainable design, environmentally conscious design, etc.) is the
philosophy of designing physical objects, the built environment, and
services to comply with the principles of social, economic, and
ecological sustainability.

The intention of sustainable design is to "eliminate negative

environmental impact completely through skillful, sensitive design".
Manifestations of sustainable design require no non-renewable
resources, impact the environment minimally, and connect people with
the natural environment.

Beyond the "elimination of negative environmental impact", sustainable

design must create projects that are meaningful innovations that can
shift behaviour. A dynamic balance between economy and society,
intended to generate long-term relationships between user and
object/service and finally to be respectful and mindful of the
environmental and social differences
Negative Effects of Waste
Negative Effects of Waste

About 80 million tonnes of waste in total are generated in the U.K. alone,
for example, each year. And with reference to only household waste,
between 1991/92 and 2007/08, each person in England generated an
average of 1.35 pounds of waste per day.

Experience has now shown that there is no completely safe method of

waste disposal. All forms of disposal have negative impacts on the
environment, public health, and local economies. Landfills have
contaminated drinking water. Garbage burned in incinerators has
poisoned air, soil, and water. The majority of water treatment systems
change the local ecology. Attempts to control or manage wastes after
they are produced fail to eliminate environmental impacts.
Negative Effects of Waste

The toxic components of household products pose serious health risks

and aggravate the trash problem. In the U.S., about eight pounds in
every ton of household garbage contains toxic materials, such as heavy
metals like nickel, lead, cadmium, and mercury from batteries, and
organic compounds found in pesticides and consumer products, such
as air freshener sprays, nail polish, cleaners, and other products.When
burned or buried, toxic materials also pose a serious threat to public
health and the environment
Waste Prevention Strategies

In planning for facilities, a comprehensive design strategy is

needed for preventing generation of solid waste.

A good garbage prevention strategy would require that

everything brought into a facility be recycled for reuse or
recycled back into the environment through biodegradation. This
would mean a greater reliance on natural materials or products
that are compatible with the environment.

use products that minimize waste and are nontoxic compost or

anaerobically digest biodegradable wastes reuse materials onsite
or collect suitable materials for offsite recycling.
Sustainable Design principles

Low-impact materials: choose non-toxic, sustainably produced or

recycled materials which require little energy to process

Energy efficiency: use manufacturing processes and produce

products which require less energy

Emotionally Durable Design: reducing consumption and waste of

resources by increasing the durability of relationships between
people and products, through design.

Design for reuse and recycling: "Products, processes, and systems

should be designed for performance in a commercial 'afterlife'.

Design impact measures for total carbon footprint and life-cycle

assessment for any resource used are increasingly required and
available
Waste prevention strategies

"redesigning industrial systems on

biological lines ... enabling the
constant reuse of materials in
continuous closed cycles...

Service substitution: shifting the mode

of consumption from personal
ownership of products to provision of
services which provide similar functions,
e.g., from a private automobile to a
car sharing service. Such a system
promotes minimal resource use per unit
of consumption (e.g., per trip driven).

Renewability: materials should come from nearby (local or

bioregional), sustainably managed renewable sources that can be
composted when their usefulness has been exhausted. Robust eco-
design: robust design principles are applied to the design of a
pollution sources
Waste prevention strategies
 Waste prevention strategies

Do you know cows, pigs, insects and frogs can be our best friends when it
comes to garbage management? Find out how in this section where
C. Srinivasan, project director of environmental organization Indian Green
Service talks about the well known Vellore Model he has developed, which
is being followed in many states across India.

In this section the episode travels to Madurai where an innovative

technology for reusing plastic has been invented by Dr R. Vasudevan, Dean,
Chemistry, at the Thiagarajar College of Engineering.

In 2001, Dr Vasudevan came up with a method by which plastic waste can

be used to construct durable roads. Several cities in India have adopted this
technology.
SUSTAINABLE URBANISM
Sustainable Urbanism, as a defined term, is application of sustainability and
resilient principles to the design, planning, and administration/operation of
cities.

There are a range of organizations promoting and researching sustainable

urbanism practices including governmental agencies, non-governmental
organizations, professional associations, and professional enterprises around
the world.

Related to sustainable urbanism is the Ecocity movement (also known as

Ecological Urbanism) which specifically is looking to make cities based on
ecological principles, and the Resilient Cities movement addresses
depleting resources by creating distributed local resources to replace
global supply chain in case of major disruption.

Green urbanism is another common term for sustainable urbanism.

Sustainable development is a general term for both making both urban
and economic growth more sustainable, but isn't specifically a mode of
urbanism.
Sustainable Urbanism

Sustainable urbanism aims to close the loop by eliminating

environmental impact of urban development by providing all
resources locally.

It looks at the full life cycle of the products to make sure that
everything is made sustainably, and sustainable urbanism also
brings things like electricity and food production into the city.
This means that literally everything that the town or city needs is
right there making it truly self-sufficient and sustainable.

The architect and urban planner Doug Farr discusses making

cities walkable, along with combining elements of ecological
urbanism, sustainable urban infrastructure, and new urbanism,
and goes beyond them to close the loop on resource use and
bring everything into the city or town.

It is about increasing the quality of life by bringing more

resources within a short distance and also increasing the quality
of products that are offered.
Defining Elements of Sustainable Urbanism

Compactness

Compactness, or density, plays an important role in sustainable urban

development because it supports reductions in per-capita resource use
and benefits public transit developments.

The density of new development across the U.S. averages roughly two
dwelling unit per acre, which is too low to support efficient transit and
walk-to destinations.

Such low-density development is a characteristic of urban sprawl, which

is the major cause of high dependence on private automobiles,
inefficient infrastructure, increased obesity, loss of farmlands and natural
habitats, pollution, and so on.

For these reasons, sustainable urbanism requires minimum development

densities roughly four times higher than two dwelling units per acre.
Overall, compact development generates less pollutants to the natural
world. Research has shown that low-density development can
exacerbate non-point source pollutant loadings by consuming
absorbent open space and increasing impervious surface area relative
to compact development.

While increasing densities regionally can better protect water resources

at a regional level, higher-density development can create more
impervious cover, which increases water quality problems in nearby or
adjacent water bodies.

Increasing neighbor hood population density also supports improved

public transit service. Concentrating development density in and around
transit stops and corridors maximizes people's willingness to walk and thus
reduces car ownership and use.

Sustainable urbanism seeks to integrate infrastructure design increase

with density, because a concentrated mixed-use development required
less per capita infrastructure usage compared to detached single-family
housing.
Biophilia

The concept of Biophilia

hypothesis was introduced by E. O.
Wilson. It refers to the connection
between humans and other living
systems.

Within this concept, humans are

biologically predisposed to caring
for nature. In Douglass Farrs book,
Sustainable Urbanism: Urban Design
with Nature, he links open spaces
such as parks and recreational
areas, sustainable food production
and agricultural land use practices
with humans concern and
relationship with natural systems.

Therefore, biophilia is a crucial

underlying component of
sustainable urbanism.
Sustainable Corridors

Sustainable corridors are similar to a

wildlife corridor in that they connect
one area to another efficiently,
cheaply, and safely.

They allow people to pass from their

immediate proximity to another
without relying on cars or other
wasteful and inefficient products.

It also relys on accessibility to all

people in the community so that
the mode of transportation is the
most convenient and easiest to use
for everyone. Sustainable Corridors
also include biodiversity corridors to
allow animals to move around
communities so that they may still
live in and around cities.
High Performance Buildings.

High performance buildings are designed and constructed to

maximize operational energy savings and minimize environmental
impacts of the construction and operation of the buildings.

Building construction and operation generates a great deal of

externalized costs such as material waste, energy inefficiencies and
pollution. High performance buildings aim to minimize these and
make the process much more efficient and less harmful.

The amount of energy use of a building is determined by two types of

heating/cooling loads or in other words the amount of heating or
cooling needed to keep the interior at a reasonable temperature.

Internal loads: the lighting, people, equipment, and ventilation

system used inside the building, and external loads: the construction
of the walls, roofs, and windows and how that influences energy flow.
High Performance Buildings.
By incorporating environmentally sound materials and systems,
improving indoor air quality and using natural or high efficiency
lighting, it minimizes a building impact on its natural surroundings.

Additionally, those who work or live in these buildings directly

benefit from these differences. Some building owners have even
reported increased worker productivity as a result of the
improved conditions.

However, because these other benefits are more difficult to

quantify than direct energy savings, the real value of high
performance buildings can easily be underestimated by
traditional accounting methods that do not recognize external
municipal and regional costs and benefits. The cost evaluations
of high performance building should account for the economic,
social, and environmental benefits that accompany green
buildings.
URBAN RENEWAL

Urban Renewal is a continuous up-gradation process by which large

areas of town / city, gradually change their character by slowly
renewing themselves to fit in with the needs of contemporary society.

A combination of circumstances like Expansion of town without

proper planning, new modes of living or shopping, changing
attitudes towards environment also lead to such schemes.

Urban Renewal can be said as a collective programme to alter or correct

the above stated troubles. It includes

redevelopment,
conservation and
rehabilitation
 NEED:

In Urban areas, urban agglomeration and the resulting population

congestion leads to unbearable living conditions, which is the root
cause of planning a renewal programme. The need for urban
development mainly arises due to 1. Bad living conditions of urban
people 2. Physical and Functional obsolescence. 3. Traffic congestions
due to improper planning. 4. Economic/Social imbalance 5.
Inadequacy of infrastructural facilities.

AIMS AND GOALS

1.Identification of areas for different schemes i.e., conservation,

rehabilitation, redevelopment etc.
2. Provision of required housing, commercial and industrial facilities.
3. Improvement of slums and blighted area
4. Strengthening and Provision of infrastructural facilities viz schools,
hospitals etc and amenities like water supply, drainage.
5. Deciding the traffic circulation pattern by strengthening and widening
of existing roads and provision of links.
URBAN RENEWAL STRATIGIES

1. REDEVELOPMENT
2. REHABILITATION
3. CLEARANCE
4. URBAN DECENTRALISATION
5. CONSERVATION
6. REPRODUCTION
7. REVITALISATION
REDEVELOPMENT ( CLEARING AND RE-USE OF LAND)

Redevelopment is taken to mean the process which involves clearance

of property and the building of new structures according to a definite
pre-conceived plan with the layout different from that of area before
redevelopment was undertaken.
What is JNNURM?

JNNURM stands for Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission.

2. Why was JNNURM launched?

Cities and towns of India constitute the worlds second largest urban system. They
contribute over 50% of countrys Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and are central to
economic growth.

For these cities to realize their full potential and become true engines of growth, it is
necessary that focused attention be given to the improvement of infrastructure
therein. For achieving this objective, a Mission mode approach is essential.
JNNURM was launched on 3rd December 2005 with the objective of :
Focused attention to integrated development of basic services to the
urban poor;

Security of tenure at affordable price,

improved housing, water supply, sanitation;

Convergence of services in fields of education, health and social security;

As far as possible providing housing near the place of occupation of the

urban poor

Effective linkage between asset creation and asset management to

ensure efficiency Scaling up delivery of civic amenities and provision of
utilities with emphasis on universal access to urban poor.

Ensuring adequate investment of funds to fulfill deficiencies in the basic

services to the urban poor.
Is JNNURM a single Mission or does it have several sub-missions?

JNNURM comprises two Sub-Missions :

(i) Urban Infrastructure and Governance (UIG) (Sub-mission I)

(ii) Basic Services to the Urban Poor Urban (BSUP) (Sub-mission II)

There are, in addition, two other components:

(i) Urban Infrastructure Development of Small & Medium Towns (UIDSSMT

(ii) Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP)

Sectors and Projects Eligible for Assistance under the Sub-Mission
Directorate for Urban Infrastructure and Governance

The sectors and projects eligible for JNNURM assistance would be as

follows:
(1) Urban renewal, that is, redevelopment of inner (old) city areas
[including widening of narrow streets, shifting of industrial and
commercial establishments from non-conforming (inner city) areas to
conforming (outer city) areas to reduce congestion, replacement of old
and worn out pipes by new and higher capacity ones, renewal of the
sewerage, drainage, and solid waste disposal system etc.]
(2) Water supply (including desalination plants) and sanitation.
(3) Sewerage and solid waste management.
(4) Construction and improvement of drains and storm water drains.
(5) Urban transportation including roads, highways, expressways, MRTS,
and metro projects.
(6) Parking lots and spaces on PPP basis.
(7) Development of heritage areas
(8) Prevention and rehabilitation of soil erosion and landslides only in cases
of special category States where such problems are common; and (9)
Preservation of water bodies.
Sectors and Projects Eligible for Assistance under the Sub-Mission Directorate
for Basic Services to the Urban Poor.

The sectors and projects eligible for JNNURM assistance in eligible cities would
be as follows:
(1) Integrated development of slums, housing and development of
infrastructure projects in slums in the identified cities;.
(2) Projects involving development, improvement, and maintenance of basic
services to the urban poor.
(3) Slum improvement and rehabilitation of projects.
(4) Projects on water supply, sewerage, drainage, community toilets, and
baths etc.
(5) Projects for providing houses at affordable cost for slum dwellers, urban
poor, economically weaker sections (EWS) and lower income group (LIG)
categories.
(6) Construction and improvement of drains and storm water drains.
(7) Environmental improvement of slums and solid waste management.
(8) Street lighting.
(9) Civic amenities like community halls, child care centres etc.
(10) Operation and Maintenance of assets created under this component.
(11) Convergence of health, education and social security schemes for the
urban poor
Which Ministry is the Nodal Ministry for JNNURM?

Ministry of Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA) is the nodal Ministry
for BSUP and IHSDP. Ministry of Urban Development is the nodal Ministry for
the Sub-Mission Urban Infrastructure & Governance(UI&G) and UIDSSMT.

How many cities are covered under these two Sub-Missions?

These Sub-Missions (BSUP and UI&G) are for select 63 large cities and cities of
religious/historical /tourist importance. (for list of Mission cities please see
JNNURM guidelines)

Can more cities be added to the existing list of Mission Cities under NNURM?

Yes. National Steering Group may consider addition or deletion of cities /

towns, but the total number of cities shall remain about the same .i.e. 63

What about other cities/towns?

For other cites/towns, two schemes, namely, Integrated Housing & Slum
Development (IHSDP) and Urban Infrastructure Development for Small and
Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) have also been launched on 3.12.2005.
Basic Services to the Urban Poor Urban (BSUP) (Sub-mission II)

BSUP scheme for Basic services of Urban Poor covering 16 slum areas
in Bengaluru (Phase-II)
Bengaluru under JNNURM in Karnataka
BSUP at Jakkampudi village in Vijayawada Municipal Corporation
(Phase-I)
in Vijayawada under JNNURM in Andhra Pradesh
BSUP Scheme at Thiruvananthapuram, Phase-IIIunder JNNURM in
Kerala
Construction of 10,452 Tenements and Infrastructure facilities (Phase-I)
at Perumbakkam, Chennaiunder JNNURM inTamilnadu
Rehabilitation of 6 slums in North Dum-Dum (Phase-I) for BSUP
in Kolkata under JNNURM in West Bengal
Housing for Urban Poor at Bawana, Narela and Bhorgarh
under BSUP, JNNURM in NCT of Delhi
Asiana II, a Housing Scheme for the poor of Shimla Town,
Dhalli-2, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh
Construction of 1,660 houses for Schedule Caste beneficiaries in
Puducherry Urban Area
under BSUP, JNNURM in Puducherry
Strategy of the Mission

The objectives of the Mission shall be met through the adoption of the following
strategy:

(1) Preparing City Development Plan:

Every city will be expected to formulate a City Development Plan (CDP) indicating
policies, programmes and strategies, and financing plans.

(2) Preparing Projects:

The CDP would facilitate identification of projects. The Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) /
parastatal agencies will be required to prepare Detailed Project Reports (DPRs) for
undertaking projects in the identified spheres.

It is essential that projects are planned in a manner that optimises the life-cycle cost of
projects. The life-cycle cost of a project would cover the capital outlays and the
attendant O&M costs to ensure that assets are in good working condition.

A revolving fund would be created to meet the O&M requirements of assets created,
over the planning horizon. In order to seek JNNURM assistance, projects would need to
be developed in a manner that would ensure and demonstrate optimisation of the life-
cycle costs over the planning horizon of the project.
.Expected Outcomes of the JNNURM

On completion of the Mission period, it is expected that ULBs and parastatal

agencies will have achieved the following:

(1) Modern and transparent budgeting, accounting, financial management

systems, designed and adopted for all urban service and governance
functions

(2) City-wide framework for planning and governance will be established and
become operational

(3) All urban residents will be able to obtain access to a basic level of urban
services

(4) Financially self-sustaining agencies for urban governance and service

delivery will be established, through reforms to major revenue instruments

(5) Local services and governance will be conducted in a manner that is

transparent and accountable to citizens

(6) E-governance applications will be introduced in core functions of

ULBs/Parastatal resulting in reduced cost and time of service delivery processes.
(3) Release and Leveraging of Funds:

It is expected that the JNNURM assistance would serve to catalyse the flow
of investment into the urban infrastructure sector across the country. Funds
from the Central and State Government will flow directly to the nodal
agency designated by the State, as grants-in-aid. The funds for identified
projects across cities would be disbursed to the ULB/Parastatal agency
through the designated State Level Nodal Agency (SLNA) as soft loan or
grant-cum-loan or grant. The SLNA / ULBs in turn would leverage additional
resources from other sources.

(4) Incorporating Private Sector Efficiencies:

In order to optimise the life-cycle costs over the planning horizon, private
sector efficiencies can be inducted in development, management,
implementation and financing of projects, through Public Private
Partnership (PPP) arrangements.
BASIC APPROACH TO REDEVELOPMENT :

3 types of investigations are suggested in the basic approach to

redevelopment.
Ascertaining needs and desires of urban dwellers for
all factors in urban environment- e.g. Housing, recreation, etc.
The attitudes to redevelopment plans and the prospect on the parts of
residents,property, owners and interest groups, in and near areas for
substantial action.
The participation of groups in the redevelopment process.
REDEVELOPMENT AREAS AND PROCEDURE:

There are 5 different classes of areas on the basis of kind of

redevelopment treatment they should receive: -
Clearance Areas:
Predominant redevelopment action is clearance and preparation of sites
for new buildings and other uses.
District for Area Rehabilitation:
This calls for a public agency to acquire properties and rehabilitate the
structures.
Enforcement Areas:
Enforcement areas are those in which the structures and environment
can be improved through properly administered policy power measures.
Predominantly Open Areas:
These are those areas where city action in acquiring and replacing is
required.
Open Areas:
Open areas require control through sub-division regulation or public
acquisition to assure their proper development.
2. REHABILITATION: (REPAIRING AND REMODELLING):

Rehabilitation is the process of putting existing buildings or existing areas of

development back into a worthwhile state after they have become
outdated and unsatisfactory.It might mean simply the proper
maintenance and decoration of building or open areas.

3. CLEARANCE:

Clearance is the demolition or removal of all or nearly all of the building

from an area often accompanied by a new site layout and underground
utilities.

4. URBAN DECENTRALIZATION:

Urban decentralization means the process of withdrawal or redistribution of

basic urban units, usually people or functions from previous centre of
concentration.
5. CONSERVATION:

Conservation is an attempt to renew and rebuild what existed within a set

time framework to upgrade without extensive clearance, repair and
modernization of building, demolition of scattered building
of poor quality, provision of more nearly adequate recreational
and open space, re-zoning, sometimes closing or dead ending minor streets,
etc.

6.PROCONSERVATION ARGUMENTS:

Conservation improves the economy by

three main themes - history, aesthetic design and association.

We can examine the living and working environment of the people of the past.

We can ascertain the knowledge of life styles of ancient communities.

We must learn from the past and re-examine our design process. Well-informed
conservationists will apply their knowledge of the past design as a basis from
which to criticize monotonous large new buildings, especially those which are
a product of modern movement in Architecture.
6. REPRODUCTION:

Reproduction entails copying an extant artefact, often in order to

replace some missing or decayed parts, generally decorative, to
maintain its aesthetic harmony.
PROCESS OF URBAN RENEWAL
Before any planning, analysis should be done properly which
determines the state of the final outcome. For a program like
urban renewal which is of a large scale, a continuous but slow process,
careful steps and surveys have to be taken.

STEPS IN PROGRAMME:

The submission and approval of a survey and planning application for an

urban renewal project.
The undertaking of necessary survey to provide the data essential for
programming the project.
The acquisition or assembling of properties.
Drawing up of programmes for construction, relocation of facilities and
demolition of structures.
The rehabilitation or conservation of all structures determined to be
economically feasible for such treatment and permitted by plan.
The installation of all public improvement such
as roads, sidewalks, utilities, schools, parking lots and parks.
The resale or the disposition of the cleared land to developers who have
agreed to build, in accordance with the provision of urban renewal plan.
The completion of the new constructions.
METHODOLOGY:

Taking surveys and analyzing them helps in implementing then programme.

SURVEYS:

Reconnaissance Survey:

This will be to a large extent an environmental survey

and consists of visual inspection and local enquiries. Noticeable problems like
traffic congestion, topographic and artificial obstructions, smoke and dirt,
noise, odour causing deterioration to human environment, etc. are marked
on the plan. Local enquiries will reveal information about existing communal
facilities, public services and utilities. Reference to population census will give
a picture of the family size and population.

Sample Survey:

Sometimes the sampling is considered pre-requisite

to intensive study in order to determine the kind of
treatment that is warranted by the blights.
It is generally accepted by statisticians that the
difference between the actual and the result
should not be greater than 5%.
IMPLEMENTATION:

After the surveys are over, the data are collected and carefully
analyzed and the areas in the built up portion of the urban centre
are classified into treatment areas according to locally
adopted standards. In those portions identified for
clearance and redevelopment, there is full freedom
for modifying the land use pattern.

For implementing successfully,

the following 6 points are considered generally,

1.Codes and Ordinances: -

Adequate codes and ordinances are one important means of

preventing the occurrence and spread of slums and blight.
Codes need periodical review and revision to permit the
use of improved building methods and materials.
It is essential that the regulations developed be workable in
the social situation and effective as minimum standards of health.
2.Comprehensive Community Plan:

The purpose of community planning is to anticipate the physical

environment that will best serve the needs of the people living and
working in the urban area and then to make plans for achieving
this environment. The aim of planning for renewal is to guide,
stimulate and co-ordinate these activities.

3.Neighbourhood Analysis:

The objective is to identify the intensity of blight and logical patterns of

neighbourhood for purposes of developing a basis for
planning of healthy neighbourhood of decent house and
suitable living environment.

4.Administrative Organisation:

The objective is to firmly establish administrative

responsibility and capacity for enforcement of
codes and ordinances or carrying out renewal programmes and
projects.
5.Financing:

The community plan outlays expenditure by projecting them

for a six-year period into the future, so a sound
fiscal programme for improvement can be developed.

6.Housing for Displaced Families:

As a community goes into action on its workable programme enforcing

codes, elimination slums and blight, constructing publicimprovement. Some
families will be displaced from housing during the process of
urban renewal. These families will need substantial assistance in finding
suitable relocation housing. The community must accept the responsibility of
providing relocation assistance to all families displaced as a result of
Government action.

CONCLUSION:

Urban Renewal procedures and techniques if properly used can open

great opportunities for renewing the urban structure to meet political and
social aspirations, at the same timeoffer attractive possibilities of
economic gain and long term stability.
URBAN CATALYST
URBAN CATALYST
1. The new element modifies the elements around it.
2. Existing elements are enhanced or transformed in positive ways.
3. The catalytic reaction does not damage its context.
4. A positive catalytic reaction requires an understanding of the context.
5. Not all catalytic reactions are the same.
6. Catalytic design is strategic.
7. A product better than the sum of the ingredients.
8. The catalyst can remain identifiable.
The urban catalyst theory says design can be linked to place through the
study of contextual factors in urban design.

These factors include:

morphological, social, functional, perceptual, visual, and temporal. For the

urban catalyst to respond to its setting it also must possess a strong sense of
place and authenticity.

Each component of the research supports the position that each city has
unique attributes that can serve as basic models or seeds for urban
redevelopment.
Catalyst theory: Case study of
Milwaukee

The story of catalytic redevelopment in

Milwaukee begins with a 1973 study
commissioned by the Greater Milwaukee
Committee. It offereda vision for a new
downtown, which in turn could change
attitudes. The study recommended the
formation of a development corporation and
the creation of a retail core with related uses.

The Milwaukee Redevelopment Corporation

then took three steps. First, it proposed the
construction of a retail complex called the
Grand Avenue, which would both recall the
former Grand Avenue, Milwaukees historical
retail/commercial artery (now Wisconsin
Avenue), and offer an interior place, a
semipublic realm better than that found in
any suburban shopping center.

Second, the MRC listed and responded to

reactions to the idea. Third, it became a
leading partner in the development and a
link between private and public interest and
investments in the project
Among the reasons that Grand Avenue became a success cited by both
municipal planners and officials were the old vision, funds to turn a vision
into reality, and willingness of government and business leaders to work
toward a common goal.

But any such statement fails to represent fully the sustained commitment
and action on the part of private and public leaders.

The measure of an urban design should therefore include its capacity to

enable the imagination and commitment to significant urban leadership.
Catalyst approaches, being made up of strategically conceived elements,
is thus more likely to facilitate such commitments, compared to overly
ambitious longer term master planning.
TRANSIT METROPOLIS:

A Transit metropolis is an urbanized region with high-quality public

transportation services and settlement patterns that are conducive to
riding public transit.

While Transit villages and Transit oriented developments (TODs) focus on

creating compact, mixed-use neighbourhoods around rail stations, transit
metropolises represent a regional constellation of TODs that benefit from
having both trip origins and destinations oriented to public transport
stations.

In an effort to reduce mounting traffic congestion problems and improve

environmental conditions, a number of Chinese mega-cities, including
Beijing and Shenzhen, have embraced the transit metropolis model for
guiding urban growth and public-transport investment decisions.
COMMUNITY/ PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND URBAN DESIGN:

Public participation is the involvement of people in the creation and

management of their built and natural environments.

Its strength is that it cuts across tradition professional boundaries and

cultures. T he activity of community participation is based on the principle
that the built and natural environments work better if citizens are active and
involved in its creation and management instead of being treated as
passive consumers.

The main purposes of participation are;To involve citizens in planning and

design decision making processes and, as a result, make it more likely they
will work within established systems when seeking solutions to problems.

To provide citizens with a voice in planning and decision making in order to

improve plans, decisions, service delivery, and overall quality of the
environment.
To promote a sense of community by bringing together people who share
common goals. Participation should be active and directed, those who
become involved should experience a sense of achievement.

Traditional planning procedures should be examined to ensure that

participation achieves more than a simple affirmation of the designers or
planners intentions.

The Importance of Participation: The planning system is meant to reflect the

general wishes of the local community and there is a need on the local
authority to consult widely during the formulation of a Local Plan and in the
operation of the development.