Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
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Text books
Course Philosophy
One of the best ways to learn something is through practice and repetition
Therefore, homework assignments are extremely important in this class.
Homework sets will be challenging, comprehensive and carefully designed.
If you study and understand the homework, you should not have to struggle with
the exams.
Homework Policy
significant figures (usually two or three) that the data uncertainty allows.
Fluid Mechanics
Fluid mechanics is the study of fluids either in motion (fluid dynamics) or at rest (fluid
statics).
Both gases and liquids are classified as fluids, and the number of fluid engineering
applications is enormous: breathing, blood flow, swimming, pumps, fans, turbines,
airplanes, ships, rivers, windmills, pipes, missiles, icebergs, engines, filters, jets,
and sprinklers, to name a few.
Viscocity
Daily Life Example
When two solid bodies in contact move relative to each other, a friction force develops
at the contact surface in the direction opposite to motion. To move a table on the floor,
for example, we have to apply a force to the table in the horizontal direction large
enough to overcome the friction force. The magnitude of the force needed to move the
table depends on the friction coefficient between the table and the floor. The situation is
similar when a fluid moves relative to a solid or when two fluids move relative to each
other. We move with relative ease in air, but not so in water. Moving in oil would be even
more difficult, as can be observed by the slower downward motion of a glass ball
dropped in a tube filled with oil. It appears that there is a property that represents the
internal resistance of a fluid to motion or the fluidity, and that property is the viscosity
The force a flowing fluid exerts on a body in the flow direction is called the drag force
and the magnitude of this force depends, in part, on viscosity.
A. B.
C. D.
E. F.
Activities @ home
Activity # 1: Measurement of the surface tension of a film
Construct a wire U by taking an ordinary wire and bending it 90 twice. Lay a straight
wire on top of the U so that it makes a right angle with the two legs of the U. Dip the
assembly into a liquid containing a mixture of water and a small amount of detergent, of
the type used for washing dishes. (The surface tension of this liquid can be strengthened
by adding a little glycerine to the solution.) An approximately rectangular soap film is thus
formed. You will have to exert a force to hold the straight wire in place. How is this force
related to the surface tension?
In this example, since the liquid film has two surfaces exposed to air, it is helpful to think
of the problem as consisting of two separate liquid-gas films that lie next to one another.
If the wire has a length L in contact with the film, the force needed to hold the films in
equilibrium will then be
F = 2L.
where C T times L is the force on one film, and the 2 takes into account the second film.
Generally, this 2 multiplier will occur in a liquid film separating a gas from a gas (e.g.,
as in a soap bubble blown by a child), where there are actually two films present. A film
separating a gas from a liquid (e.g., a bubble in a carbonated beverage) is a single film,
and would not have the 2 multiplier.