1. Name the components of integumentary system.

- Epidermis, dermis, hair, nails, sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands.

2. What kind of tissue is epidermis? In which stratum of epidermis are new cells formed? From
which stratum are they sloughed?
- Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Stratum basale. Stratum corneum
3. Define keratinization. What structural changes does keratinization produce to make the skin
resistant to abrasion and water loss?
- The process of keratin accumulating within keratinocytes. First, keratinocytes begin its life as an
offspring of the stem cells of the stratum basale. As the stem cells multiply, older keratinocytes
are pushed towards the surface of the skin and into the superficial of the epidermis. When they
reach stratum spinosum, keratinocytes become harder, flatter, and more water resistant because of
the keratin built up. The cells reach the stratum granulosum and undergo apoptosis. Dead
keratinocytes moves to stratum lucidum and stratum corneum to form a keratin barrier to protect
the tissues underneath.
4. What type of tissue is the dermis? What is responsible for its structural strength? How does the
dermis supply the epidermis with blood?
- Dense irregular connective tissue. Many tough collagen fibers in the reticular layer. The cells of
the epidermis receive all of their nutrient s via diffusion of fluids from the dermis specifically
through the dermal papillae.
5. Name the cells that produce melanin? What happens to the melanin after it is produced? What is
the function of the melanin?
- Melanocytes. Melanin is distributed to epidermal cells before they rise to the surface.
Melanocytes produce melanin to protect the skin from ultraviolet radiation and sunburn.
6. Describe the factors that determine the amount of melanin produced in the skin.
a. Exposure to UV radiation and sunlight. Individuals who are exposed to UV light may
produce more melanin
b. Genetic makeup. Due inheritance there is a particular shades and amount of melanin
genetically produced.
c. Size of melanocytes. It may lead in different amount of melanin produced per cell.
d. Disease conditions. Albinism and vitiligo may affect the production of melanins.
7. How do melanin, blood, carotene, and collagen affect skin color?
- Melanin is a brown or black pigment and provides brown or black color. Blood, specifically the
hemoglobin which is red pigment that can be seen as pink. Carotene is another pigment that
produces yellow or orange color. Collagen provide protection.
8. What type of tissue is the subcutaneous tissue, and what are the functions?
- Loose connective tissue. It serves as a flexible connection between the skin and the muscles and
bones underneath. It also serves as a fat storage.
9. What is a hair follicle? Define the root, shaft, and the hair bulb of a hair. What kinds of cells are
found in the hair
- A hair follicle is a depression of epidermal cells deep into the dermis. The root is a portion of the
hair below the skins surface, it exits the scalp when there is a hew hair. The shaft is a a part of
the hair found outside the skin. The bulb contains the matrix, melanocytes, papilla of the hair and
blood vessels. Melanocytes and keratinocytes.
10. Why is the hair follicle important in the repair of skin?
- It contains oil glands that lubricate the hair and the skin itself.
11. What part of the hair is the site of hair growth? What are the stages of hair growth?
- The root. Anagen, catagen, telogen.
12. What happens when the arrector pili of the skin contracts?
- It causes the hair to stand on end
13. What secretion do the sebaceous glands produce? What is the function of the secretion?
- It secretes sebum. It lubricates the hair and the skin
14. Which glands of the skin are responsible for cooling the body? Which glands are involved in
producing body odor?
- Sweat glands. Sweat glands in axillary and groin regions.
15. Name the parts of a nail. Where are the cells that make up the nail produced, and what kind of
cells make up the nail? What is the lunula? Describe nail growth?
- Free edge, nail body, lunula, cuticle and nail root. It is produce from the nail matrix which
surrounds the nail root and produces keratinocytes. Lunula is from a thick layer of cells in a nail
area. The stem cells of the nail matrix reproduced to form keratinocytes, which turn to produce
keratin protein and become pack of hardened cells. These sheets form the nail root and slowly
grow forming the nail body as it reaches the skins surface.
16. How do the components of the integumentary system provide protection?
- The skin provides protection to its underlying tissues from pathogens, mechanical damage, and
UV light. Pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, are unable to enter the body through unbroken
skin due to the outermost layers of epidermis containing an unending supply of tough, dead
keratinocytes. Minor mechanical damage from rough or sharp objects is mostly absorbed by the
skin before it can damage the underlying tissues. Epidermal cells reproduce constantly to quickly
repair any damage to the skin. Melanocytes in the epidermis produce the pigment melanin, which
 absorbs UV light before it can pass through the skin. UV light can cause cells to become
cancerous if not blocked from entering the body.
17. List the types of sensations detected by receptors in the skin.
- Touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.