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IGCSE Biology
Criteria
Characteristics of living organisms:
Know that there is a set of seven features that all living organisms possess.
Know the structure of plant and animal cells, as seen under a light microscope.
Know that all living organisms have certain structures in their cells
Know how to calculate magnification and size of biological specimens
Know the structure and function of ciliated cells, root hair cells, xylem vessels,
palisade mesophyll cells, nerve cells, red blood cells, sperm and ova.
Know that the energy for diffusion comes from the kinetic energy of particles
Know that water moves in and out of cells by osmosis through the cell membrane
Know how to investigate and describe the effects on plant tissues of immersing them in solutions of different concentrations
Know that plants are supported by the pressure of water inside the cells pressing outwards on the cell wall
Know the importance of water potential and osmosis in the uptake of water by plants & animal cells
Know how protein molecules move particles across membranes during active transport
Skills:
Be able to choose the correct type of graph for the data provided and draw a clear graph
Know and understand the structure, principal sources and roles of:
carbohydrates
fats
proteins
vitamins C & D)
minerals (Ca,Fe)
fibre (roughage)
water
Know that the amino acid sequence of the protein determines its shape molecule and that the shape of the protein molecules
determine the function
Know the definition of the term balanced diet and how it is affected by age, gender, activity, pregnancy and breast-feeding
Know the causes and effects of malnutrition (including obesity, coronary heart disease, starvation, marasmus, kwashiorkor,
scurvy, rickets, anaemia)
Enzymes:
Know how to investigate and describe the effect of changes in temperature and pH on enzyme activity
Know the use of enzymes in fruit juice production, biological washing powders and production of lactose-free milk
Know the main regions of the alimentary canal (mouth, salivary glands, oesophagus, stomach, small
intestine (duodenum and ileum), pancreas, liver, gall bladder and large intestine (colon, rectum, anus))
Know the shapes, positions & functions of the types of human teeth
Know the significance of chemical digestion, the roles and sites of action of digestive enzymes and the functions of stomach
acid
Know that diarrhoea is the loss of watery faeces, how diarrhoea is caused as part of cholera and how diarrhoea is treated
using oral rehydration therapy
Know that heart activity can be monitored with ECG, pulse rate and listening to sounds of valves closing and links to possible
diagnosis of heart problems (eg. rushing & valve stenosis, rubbing & pericarditis)
Know basic features of coronary heart disease, its risk factors and the use of diet, aspirin and surgery to prevent/treat it
Know the effect of exercise & be able to explain why changes occur and how to investigate the effect of exercise on heart rate
Know the basic features of the lymphatic system and its functions
Know the role of platelets, roles of clotting and the process of clotting
Know that antibodies lock on to antigens leading to direct destruction of pathogens, or marking of pathogens for destruction
by phagocytes
Know how each pathogen has its own antigens, which have specific shapes, so specific antibodies which fit the specific shapes
of the antigens are needed
Know that some diseases, eg. Type 1 diabetes, can be caused by immune cells killing body cells
Classification:
Know that organisms can be classified into groups by the features that they share
Know the main features to place all organisms into their kingdoms and animals and plants into certain sub-groups
Know how and why DNA and protein data is used as well as morphological features to classify organisms
Know the role of Penicillium in the production of the penicillin and how fermenters are used in this production
Plant nutrition:
Know how to investigate the necessity for chlorophyll, light and carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, using appropriate controls
Know and understand the word & symbol equations for the production of simple sugars and oxygen
Be able to investigate and state the effect of varying light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature on the rate
of photosynthesis
Know and understand the use of carbon dioxide enrichment, optimum light and optimum temperatures in glasshouse systems
in temperate and tropical countries
Know the structure of a dicotyledonous leaf, and the functions of the chloroplasts, cuticle, stomata, palisade & spongy
mesophyll cells and vascular bundles (xylem and phloem)
Know and understand the importance of magnesium and nitrate ions in plant growth
Know and understand the sources and the effects of nitrogen fertilizers
Transport in plants:
Know how to investigate, using a suitable stain, the pathway of water through the above-ground parts of a plant
Know the pathway taken by water through root, stem and leaf (root hair, root cortex cells, xylem, mesophyll cells)
Be able to identify root hair cells, as seen under the light microscope
Know the structure and functions of root hair cells (in relation to surface area) and of xylem
Be able to identify the positions of xylem and phloem in roots, stems and leaves
Know and understand the mechanism of water uptake and movement from roots to leaves through xylem vessels and loss of
water vapour from leaves
Know how to investigate the effects of variation of temperature and humidity on transpiration rate
Know and be able to explain the effects of variation of temperature and humidity on transpiration rate
Know the definition of translocation as the movement of sucrose and amino acids in phloem:
from regions of production (source)
to regions of storage OR to regions where they are used in respiration or growth (sink)
Know that some parts of a plant may act as sources or sinks at different times during the life of a plant