3

1 - Parts of the Body___________________________

Head
Throat Neck
Shoulder
Arm-pit Upper arm
Chest Elbow
Stomach Forearm
Hip
Wrist Thumb
Hand Fingers
Thigh Groin
Genitals
Knee

Ankle Heel
Foot Toes
 4

1. How many of the following words do you know? Work in pairs. Take it in
turns to read out one of the words below. Your partner now tries to point to
the appropriate part of his or her body. If correct, the word is crossed out.

ankle forehead thigh

cheek heel throat
chest jaw thumb
chin knee tongue
elbow neck waist
eyebrow shoulder wrist
eyelash stomach

Were there any words you didn't know?

2. Here are some new and more difficult words to describe parts of the body. Look
at the picture here then write the correct numbers 1-28 next to the following
words.

Adam's apple eyelid nostril

bags under the eyes freckles parting
crow's feet lobe scar
dimple mole temple
double chin moustache wrinkles
 5

armpit calf instep palm

back fist knuckle hip
pot belly biceps navel shin
bust
 6

3. Look at the two drawings, then write the correct numbers 1-20 next to the
following words.

artery intestines pelvis/hip-bone heart

bladder kidney spine/back-bone vein
brain kneecap shin bone vertebrae
liver breastbone shoulder blade windpipe
lung collar bone ribs skull

4. Read the fable ,

then role-play it.

A Fable about the

Human Body

Once there was a talk between the parts of the

human body."We," said the Eyes," are very useful to man. We not only see things but
we also make man's
face pretty."
"Don't forget us ," exclaimed the Hair, the Forehead, the Cheeks and the
Chin in chorus. "We make man's face pretty too.
"I beg your pardon," exclaimed the Mouth, " I am very useful to man, for
with my teeth he bites his food."
"Don't forget me!" cried the Tongue."Without me he cannot speak."
"Oh, oh," said the Ears. "Please remember that man has two ears to hear
much and one tongue to talk little."
Then a thin small voice was heard:
"You all think yourselves very useful.But you must understand that I , the
Nose, give man real pleasure.He can smell the pretty flowers of the garden
with my help."
 7

"You all talk too much and do too little,"exclaimed the Hands."We with our
fingers and thumbs do man's work, therefore we are necessary for his
happiness."
"And without our help man cannot walk", said the Legs and the Feet.
Then there was a short silence after which the Heart said :
"There are blind men who cannot see, dumb men who cannot speak ,deaf
men,who cannot hear and even men, who have no hands to hold things with,
but there is not a man without a heart..I warm man's blood, at the same time I
put colour into his face, life in his arms and legs and , in fact , into his whole
body.Without me men cannot live."

5. Give names for the indicated parts of the head.

1. _ _ _ _
2. _ _ _ e _ _ _ _
3. _ _ _ b _ _ _
4. _ _ _ _ _ s _
5. _ _ e _ _ _
6. _ _ _ e _
7. _ _ _ t _ _ _
8. _ _ u _ _
9. _ _ _
10. _ h _ _
11. _ a _
12. _ _ c _

6. Choose the correct answer.

1. The PUPIL is part of the . .

a) ear b) stomach c) eye d) hand

2. The SOLE is part of the . .

a) hand b) foot c) eye d) ear

3. The CALF is part of the . .

a) leg b) arm c) chest d) head

4. The WRIST is part of the . .

a) hand b) foot c) eye d) ear

5. The IRIS is part of the . .

a) hand b) foot c) eye d) ear

6. The HEEL is part of the . .

 8

a) hand b) foot c) eye d) breast

7. The PALM is part of the . .

a) hand b) foot c) ear d) breast

8. The NIPPLE is part of the . .

a) hand b) foot c) ear d) breast

9. The THUMB is part of the . .

a) hand b) foot c) head d) chest

10. The SHIN is part of the . .

a) arm b) leg c) head d) breast

7. Give names of the bodily organs indicated in the picture below.

8. Match the Lithuanian names of the parts of the body with their English
counterparts.

1. bile duct a) storoji arna

2. bladder b) stuburas, nugarkaulis
3. gall bladder c) gerklos
4. larg intestine d) dubuo
5. larynx e) lapimo psl
6. pancreas f) tulies kanalas
7. pelvis g) blunis
 9

8. spine h) trachja
9. spleen I) kasa
10. windpipe j) tulies psl

9. Match the following parts of the body with the jumbled definitions on the right.

1. kidney a. organ in the head which controls thought and feeling

2. lung b. long pipe leading from the stomach wich takes waste
matter from the body
3. liver c. two small, fleshy organs in the throat
4. heart d. baglike organ in which food is broken down for use
by the body
5. brain e. one of twenty-four bones protecting the chest
6. intestine f. one of a pair of organs which separate waste liquid
from the blood
7. appendix g. one of two bony parts of the face in which teeth are set
8. tonsils h. large organ which cleans the blood
9. rib i. one of a pair of breathing organs in the chest
10. stomach j. passage from the back of the mouth down inside the
neck
11. jaw k. short organ of little use which leads off the large
intestine
12. throat l. organ in the chest which controls the flow of blood
by pushing it around the body

10. In each set of words one is the odd one out : different from the others.Find
the word that is different , and circle it.

1. hand . kidney.. leg liver

2. ankle.. elbow. knee forearm
3. ear ...eye..face..nose
4. hair.. lip...nail..tooth
5.cataractseyelidsstrabismusnearsightedness
6. irislens.palm.pupil
7. innominate bone...occipital bonenasal bonezygomatic bone
8. liver..heartpancreas..spleen
9. gums.tongue.palate lips
10. semicircular canals..tympanic membrane...oval windowvertebral column
11. In this table there are 41 words for parts of body and six categories. Decide
which category/ies each part belongs to. The first one has been done for you as
an example.

arm hand leg foot torso head

abdomen x
achiles tendom
ankle
buttock
 10

calf
cheek
chest
chin
ear
elbow
eye
eyebrow
eyelash
eyelid
finger
forearm
forehead
gum
hair
hip
knee
knuckle
lip
nail
navel
neck
nipple
nose
palm
rib
scalp
schoulder
sole
temple
thigh
throat
thumb
toe
tongue
tooth
wrist

12. Choose one of the four possibilities that best completes the sentence.

1. He must be terriblystrong! Look at his .

a) skin b) limbs c) muscles d) nerves

2. He stood with his hands on his . daring me to go past him.

a) ankles b) knees c) shoulders d) hips

3. Every tooth in my upper . seemed to be aching.

 11

a) chin b) cheek c) forehead d) jaw

4. When Mary twisted her ankle, John carried her home on his .
a) shoulders b) knees c) hands d) arms

5. His shoes were so old that his .. were sticking out of them.
a) fingers b) thumbs c) tips d) toes

6. The blind man ran the . of his fingers over the box.
a) points b) edges c) tips d) ends

7. When people sweat, the liquid comes out through the of the skin.
a) veins b) vents c) pores d) holes

8. The . is the main air passage of the body.

a) intestine b) kidney c) windpipe d) ear

9. The main function of the heart is to blood round the body.

a) push b) propel c) pump d) walk

10. Arnold Schwartzeneger has an enormous chest .. .

a) growth b) swelling c) expansion d) inflation

13. Complete the sentences. The number of dashes is identical with the number of
letters in the missing words.

1. We have ten _ _ _ _ _ _ _ on our hands and ten _ _ _ s on our feet.

2. The function of the heart is to enable the _ _ o _ _ to circulate.
3. The _ _ _ _ a _ _ is used for digesting food.
4. The flesh your teeth grow from is your _ _ _ .
5. Do you wear your watch on your right _ _ _ s _because you are left-handed?
6. A bear crushed him and cracked several of his _ _ _ s.
7. With the help of our _ _ _ _ u _ we are able to speak and eat.
8. Our _ _ _ i _ enables us to think.
9. At first she thought the boy had a high temperature, but when she put her
hand on his _ _ _ e _ _ _ _ to make sure, she found it was cold.
10. I dropped a heavy box on my _ _ _ _ and broke one of my toes.
14. Crossword.
 12

ACROSS:
1. either of the milk-producing parts of a women (6)
6. conducts blood away from the heart (6)
7. part of the body that includes the bowles (7)
8. of or for the teeth (6)
9. a large box or part of the body (5)
10. any one of the twelve pairs of curved bones in the chest (3)
12. a tree or part of the hand (4)
16. flat sea-fish with a delicate flavour or under surface of the foot (4)
17. a flower or part of the eye (4)
18. movable cover for the teapot or flap of skin that covers the eye (3)
19. for hearing (3)

DOWN:
1. organ shaped like a bag in which urine collects (7)
2. one of five on your foot (3)
3. the part of the body from the shoulder to hand (3)
4. conducts impulses from the brain (5)
5. for seeing (3)
9. a young cow or part of the leg (4)
11. fills your veins (5)
12. a schoolboy or part of the eye (5)
13. a large organ which produces bile and cleans the blood (5)
14. conducts blood back to the heart (4)
15. for smelling (4)
 13

15. These sentences describe the way various systems work, but they have been
divided into separate halves. Match the half-sentences in column A with the
half-sentences in column B to make twenty sentences which are correct,complete
and true.

A B

1. The autonomic nervous system by a cartilage.

functions .

2. Aspirin inhibits as a man grows older.

3. Bacteria can mutate suddenly into a socket in the pelvis.

4. The bones are joined with antihistamines.

5. The blood vessel is a narrow channel and become increasingly able to

infect.

6. The pituitary gland stimulates the cells disintegrate as they

secrete.

7. The tip of the femur fits the clotting of blood.

8. The arteries provide a continuous supply of blood to

the oxygenated tissues.

9. Bile circulates from the liver into four distinct sections.

10. The colon is divided independently of the conscious

will.

11. The chest expands a picture of the ovary and the eggs
inside it.

12. In holocrine glands to protect itself against danger.

13. The prostate tends to enlarge the secretion of hormones by the

adrenal glands.

14. Impulses are transmitted which takes blood to the tissues.

15. Ultrasound scanning provides to the human system.

16. Oxygen is vital to the intestines via the bile ducts.

17. The common carotid divides along the neural pathways.

 14

18. The body has a natural instinct as the person breathes in.

19. Blood groups are classified according to the ABO system.

20. Nasal congestion can be relieved into two smaller arteries.

16. These sentences give information about various systems, but they have been
divided into separate halves. Match the half-sentences in column A with the half-
-sentences in column B to make twenty sentences which are correct, complete and
true.

A B

1. The body needs to conserve from the site of the infection.

2. Blood clots occur in is that the patient's hair falls out.

3. Fluid collects in the tissue to the mouth by the trachea.

4. Adrenaline extracted from the animal's milk comes into contact with an
adrenal glands acid.

5. The material used in sutures slowly an acute sense of touch.

6. The heart has to beat more strongly dislocates easily.

7. Shingles is caused by the chest muscles relax and the

lungs become smaller.

8. After the age of 50 are a running nose and eyes.

9. Bone is calcified connective tissue.

10. Embolization is derived from the carotid artery.

11. Casein is precipitated when dissolves in body fluids.

12. The lungs are connected is used in the treatment of asthma.

13. One of the side-effects of chemotherapy of patients suffering from dropsy.

14. Pain radiates heat in cold weather.

15. Blind people develop to compensate for the narrowing

of the arteries.
 15

16. The shoulder joint embolism and thrombosis.

17. The supply of blood to the sublingual an effective treatment for severe
region is haemoptysis.

18. The symptoms of hay fever many people's vision begins to

fail.

19. Expiration takes place when is 72 beats a minute.

20. The normal adult pulse the same virus as chickenpox.

 16

2 - Specialists____________________________________
What do they do?

radiologist radiology radiological

psychologist psychology psychological
dermatologist dermatology dermatological
gynaecologist gynaecology gynaecological
venerologist venerology venerological
pathologist pathology pathological
histologist histology histological
cytologist cytology cytological
haematologist haematology haematological
bacteriologist bacteriology bacteriological
obstetrician obstetrics obstetric (al)
paediatrician paediatrics paediatric
geriatrician geriatrics geriatric
psychiatrist psychiatry psychiatric
anaesthetist anaesthetics anaesthetic
surgeon surgery surgical
physician medicine medical
orthopaedic surgeon orthopaedics orthopaedic

1. A Read and practice this conversation in pairs.

Bob: Ernie, you've been living in this area for a long time.Maybe you can help
me.
Ernie: Sure. What's the problem?
Bob: My wife and I have been looking for health services.We can't afford a
private doctor, but we need to find a clinic or something.Right now, there's
no place to go if we get sick.
Ernie: Well , you might try the Neighborhood Health Clinic.We've been going
there for several years. We had been going to the clinic on Fifth Street ,
but my wife didn't like the obstetrician there.When she became pregnant
with our second child, we decided to try the Neighborhood Clinic.
Bob: What services do they offer?
Ernie: They have a number of doctors.There is a pediatrician for the children.
They also have a gynecologist on staff.They have a good prenatal program
Dental services are available at a low cost. If you need other treatment,
they refer you to a specialist.
Bob: Have you been seeing a regular doctor there?
Ernie: No.We haven't always seen the same doctor twice ,but all of the doctors
are nice.
Bob: I have never liked to talk to a doctor in English.Do any of the doctors
speak other languages?
Ernie: Yes, but if the doctor doesn't speak your language , the clinic has a
translator.
Bob: Can anyone go to the clinic?
Ernie: Yes, but your fee depends on your income.They charge for services on
 17

a sliding scale.
B. Practice the conversation again ,changing the situation so that:
1.Bob's wife is pregnant.They are looking for an obstetrician.
2.Bob's child is sick. He is looking for a pediatrician,
3.Bob has been looking for a different dentist.
4.Bob has been having chest pains. He hasn't seen a doctor in six years.

2. Draw a line from each description in column A to the name of the appropriate
doctor in column B. Then fill in the blanks in the sentence with the words from the
appropriate columns.

A doctor who ___A is called a(n) B .

A B

sees children surgeon

gives X-rays chiropractor

treats women orthodontist

works with mental health gerontologist

takes care of teeth radiologist

delivers babies ophthalmologist

sees whole families pediatrician

puts braces on teeth veterinarian

fits glasses podiatrist

treats skin diseases gynecologist

treats bones and muscles psychiatrist

does surgery dentist

sees elderly patients obstetrician

treats eye diseases family practitioner

specializes on foot problems optometrist

treats animals dermatologist

 18

3. Some of these words look so much alike that we often confuse them. See if you can
get them straight. Here are some specialists with brief descriptions of their
specialties. Check the one correct title that fits the description in each case.

1. He treats children's diseases.

a. He is an orthopaedist.
b. He is a pediatrician.
c. He is a pathologist.

2. He correct deformities of body.

a. He is a gynaecologist.
b. He is an orthopaedist.
c. He is a pathologist.

3. He straightens croocked teeth.

a. He is an orthodontist.
b. He is an orthopaedist.
c. He is a pathologist.

4. He is a medical doctor who specializes in diseases of the eye.

a. He is an oculist.
b. He is an optician.
c. He is an orthopaedist.

5. He makes your eyeglasses.

a.He is an oculist.
b.He is an orthopaedist.
c.He is an optician.

6.He specializes in disorders of the mind.

a. He is an intern.
b. He is a psychiatrist.
c. He is a physiotherapist.

7. He treats diseases by electricity.

a. He is a pathologist.
b. He is a physiotherapist.
c. He is a psychologist.

8. His specialty is taking and interpreting X-rays.

a.He is a gynaecologist.
b. He is a neurologist.
c. He is a radiologist.

9. He specializes in diseases of the nervous system.

a. He is a cardiologist.
b. He is a dermatologist.
c.He is a neurologist.
 19

10. He treats diseases of old age.

a. He is a cardiologist.
b.He is a geriatrician.
c. He is a pediatician.

11. He specializes in skin diseases.

a.He is a dermatologist.
b.He is a geriatrician.
c.He is a pathologist.

12. He treats women's diseases.

a. He is a dermatologist.
b. He is a geriatrician.
c. He is a gynaecologist.

13. He brings children into the world.

a.He is a gynaecologist.
b.He is an obstetrician.
c.He is a pediatrician.

4. Give the name of the persons defined below.

1.a family doctor g _ _ _ _ _ _ p _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ er
2.someone who looks after sick people in hospital ___s_
3.sick person who has to stay in hospital i_-_______
4.sick person who has to visit hospital regularly for treatment
o__-_______
5.someone who operates on sick people _____o_
6.person badly injured in an accident ,fire or war _a______
7.person who helps at the birth of a baby m______
8.person who specializes in one area of medicine _p________

5. Which of the professionals would you consult in each of the following cases?

1. To operate on an eye cataract _c_____

2. To cure your son's measles __d_________
3. To make your new glasses ___i____
4. To deliver a baby ob _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
5. To test your eyesight __t________
6. To cure a rash on the skin d_________ ___
7. To treat a sick mind p___________
8. To operate on your appendix __r____
9. To examine the old-age complaints of your grandmother
g___________
10. To treat Peter's deformed hip _____p_____
11. To analyze your dreams _s___________
 20

12. To treat the ailments of your wife __n_________

6. Match the people below 1-20 with the correct definitions a-t. Write your answers
in the boxes at the bottom of the page opposite.

1. A casualty a is a person, usually a women, who has been

trained to advise pregnant women and to help
2. A chiropodist them when they are giving birth.

3. Aciropractor b is a person who treats illness and physical

problems by moving and pressing muscles and
4. A consultant bones.

5. A district nurse c is a person who is trained to treat patients by

giving them exercise or massage, often to help
6. A general them walk again after an accident or operation.

7. A home help d is a doctor whose job is to perform operations.

8. A matron e is a person who has been injured or killed in an

accident, a fire or a war.
9. A midwife
f is a person who tests people's eyesight and
10. A nurse provides glasses and contact lenses.

11. An optician g is a doctor who examines a dead body to find out

how the person died.
12. An osteopath
h is a doctor who treats people suffering from
13. An out-patient mental illnesses.

14. A pathologist i is aperson who is trained to treat and care for

people's feet.
15. A paediatrician
j is a doctor trained in general medicine who treats
16. A pharmacist people in a certain local area for all kinds of
illnesses. He or she is usually the first doctor
17. A physiotherapist people go to when they are ill.

18. A psychiatrist k is a doctor who specializes in one area of medical

treatment, e.g. an eye
19. A specialist
l is a person who is employed by the medical and
20. A surgeon social services to help people who are old or ill
with their cleaning , cooking , shopping , etc.

m is a person who treats diseases by feeling and

pressing the bones , especially those of the back
and neck.

n is a person who is qualified to prepare and sell

 21

medicines

o is the woman in charge of the nurses in a hospital

Nowadays she is officially called a senior
nursing officer.

p is a high-ranking and very experienced hospital

doctor who gives specialist advice in one parti-
cular area of medicine.

q is a person who has to visit a hospital regularly

for treatment while still living at home.

r is a person who looks after patients in hospital.

s is a nurse , employed by the local authority, who

visits and treats people in their own homes.

t is a doctor who specializes in treating sick

children.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
 22

3 -_Hospital_Wards_and_Departments______________

Some Wards and Departments

Surgical Ward
Medical Ward
Orthopaedic Ward.
Gynaecological Ward
Geriatric Ward...
Paediatric Ward
Dermatological Ward ...
E.N.T. Ward .
Long-stay Ward
Intensive Care Unit ..
X-ray Department
Operating Theatre
Casualty and Emergency Department (or Unit) (or Accident and Emergency Depart-
ment) .
Central Sterile Supply Department ..
Dispensary
Laboratory .
Out-Patients' Clinic....
Maternity Unit ..
Occupational Therapy Department ..
Physiotherapy Department
Antenatal Clinic .
Post-Natal Clinic
Psychiatric Unit .
Admissions Department
Infectious Diseases Unit
Anaesthetic Room .

1. Who does what? Make sentences.

Someone who studies and practices

1 dermatology is a
2 radiology is a .
3 gynaecology is a
4 bacteriology is a
5 histology is a .
6 venerology is a ..
7 psychology is a .
8 pathology is a
 23

2. Where could you find

1 a dermatologist? In a .. ward.
2 a radiologist ? In an .department.
3 an obstetrician ? In a unit.
4 a surgeon ? In an ..theatre.
5 a physician ? In a .ward.
6 a paediatrician ? In a .ward.

3. Someone who studies and practices

1 .is an orthopaedic surgeon.
2 blood is a ..
3 the body cells is a .
4 ..is a gynaecologist.
5 anaesthetics is an .
6 is a surgeon .

4. Read the text.

The Ward Unit

The ward is the patient's home during his stay in hospital.It is the place in which
he spends his days , eats and sleeps , and where his personal needs are catered
for. A well-planned ward provides a pleasant ,safe and comfortable environment
for patients and staff.
In the past, in-patients were allowed up only for short periods during convales-
cence.The modern practice of early ambulation has made it essential to provide
adequate space for recreation and sufficient bathing and toilet facilities.Bright
colours are used to create a cheerful atmosphere in the ward , and furniture is de-
signed to suit the different needs of patients.The floors and walls in the ward
are made of materials that can withstand very frequent washing and polishing.
Furniture and fittings are designed to permit easy cleaning and maintenance.
The use of plastic equipment and the provision of central dish-washing and
sterilizing departments are great help in eliminating unnecessary noise.
Most modern hospital ward units have between twenty and thirty beds.There
are some cubicles or side wards- usually six for a thirty-bed unit- and two of
these have their own hand basins and lavatories.The beds in the ward are
arranged so that each patient can have as much privacy , natural light and fresh
air as possible, and can be observed without difficulty by the nursing staff.
There must be adequate space between beds to prevent cross-infection and to
allow all bedside procedures to be carried out in comfort.
Ambulant patients and patients in wheelchairs are provided with a day room
where they can have their meals , watch television , smoke and enjoy various
recreations without disturbing patients who are confined to bed.
Lavatories and bathrooms are sufficiently spacious to allow nurses to assist
old and disabled patients.Doorways are wide enough to allow wheelchair patients
 24

to enter with ease.The rooms are usually fitted with grab-rails, shelves and hooks
and a patient-to-nurse alarm system is provided.It is important that lavatories
flush quietly and efficiently.
In the treatment room of a ward unit, surgical dressings , investigations and other
sterile procedures can be carried out under optimal conditions and with minimal
risk of cross-infection.The treatment room should be large enough to accommo-
date a patient in his bed, a couch for ambulant patients, and all the equipment
needed for treatments. It must of course allow medical and nursing staff adequate
space to work in comfort.
Next to the treatment room there is a preparation room in which trolleys are laid
up.If there is no C.S.S.D., equipment and instruments are sterilized there too.
The preparation room is provided with dust -proof cupboards in which sterile
equipment is stored.In the dirty annex, used equipment is collected and cleaned.
There is a sluice room too. The sluice room has facilities for cleaning and steri-
lizing bedpans, urinals, sputum mugs and so-on, and for disinfecting soiled bed
linen.One corner of the sluice room is provided with a bench, sink and the neces-
sary equipment for testing urine.
A sister's office is provided for general administration.In the office, medical and
nursing staff can have privacy to discuss the treatment and progress of patients.
The sister's office is also used by medical -social workers and the hospital chap-
lain for interviewing patients and relatives.
The domestic and storage areas of a ward unit include the kitchen, the linen and
equipment store , the cleaners' room and the staff cloakroom.The kitchen has
facilities for making hot drinks and preparing light meals, and for washing up.
The linen and equipment store is used for storing blankets, sheets and pillow-
cases, and bulky equipment such as bed cradles , portable backrests and cot sides.
If the linen store is sufficiently spacious, stretchers and wheelchairs are often
'parked' there. The cleaners' room is usually near the ward entrance, and is used
for storing brooms, buckets, mops, vacuum cleaners and cleaning materials.
The staff cloakroom is also near the entrance and has wash-basins and lavato-
ries, personal lockers and facilities for hanging clothes.

5. Reading comprehension

In which part of the ward unit

1 do patients relax,smoke or watch TV?
2 are patients nursed?
3 can surgical procedures be carried out under optimal conditions?
4 is used equipment collected and cleaned?
5 are trolleys prepared?
6 are bedpans, urinals etc. sterilized?
7 is urine tested?
8 is sterile equipment stored?
9 are patients and their relatives interviewed?
10 is bed linen kept?
11 is bulky equipment stored?
12 would you look for cleaning materials?
 25

6. Discuss in pairs

In what hospital ward or department would you expect to find

1 a patient who has had his appendix removed?
2 a patient who has had his tonsils out?
3 a patient with a broken leg?
4 someone who has just had an accident?
5 a patient with cerebral haemorrhage?
6 an elderly patient/
7 someone who is having an operation?
8 a patient with a skin disease?
9 a woman who will have a baby in two months' time?
10 a patient who is being admitted ?
11 a radiographer?
12 a pharmacist?

7. Where can you find these patients? Match the patients with the correct wards or
departments.

1. Intensive care Units

2. Casualty and Emergency Department
3. Paediatric Ward
4. Maternity Unit
5. Orthopaedic Ward
6. Surgical Ward
7. Geriatric Ward
8. Ophthalmic Ward
9. Gynaecological Ward

a. Mary who has just had a baby

b. John who has broken his leg
c. My grandmother who is suffering from pneumonia complications
d. Peter who will have have his appendix removed
e. Betty's mother who is suffering from women's disease
f. My mother who will be operated on for an eye cataract
g. Samuel who is unconscious
h. Paul who has just been in a car crash
i. Your son who has measles
 26

4_-_Medical_Equipment_and_Instruments___________

1. Look at the drawings on these pages and write the correct numbers 1-20 next to
the following words.

adhesive tape ointment thermometer

bandage pill/tablet tweezers
capsule plaister cast walking frame
cotton wool safety pin waking stick
crutch sling wheelchair
hearing aid stethoscope X-ray
(hypodermic) needle stretcher
27
 28

2. Read the text and find names of medical equipment and instruments

Sterile Procedures and Instruments

A central sterile supply department is provided in most modern hospitals. The

basic equipment for sterile procedures is obtained in sterile packs from the
C.S.S.D. Disposable equipment is often contained in these packs, and, after use,
is discarded. Non-disposable equipment is sent back to the C.S.S.D. for re-
sterilization.
The following items are normally included in the basic dressing pack: four cotton
wool swabs, two dresssing towels, four pieces of folded gauze and two gallipots.
Sometimes the necessary surgical instruments are included in the dressing pack,
sometimes they are supplied in separate packs.A pair of scissors and four pairs
of plain dressing forceps or dissecting forceps are generally needed for ward
dressings.
The dressing trolley and how it is prepared
The trolley is washed with soap and water or mopped with an antiseptic .It is then
dried.The sterile equipment is put on the top shelf, and the unsterile equipment is
put on the bottom shelf.

Top shelf

Sterile pack or bowl containing dressings

Sterile gallipots
Sterile pack or box containing instruments
Jar or cylinder containing instrument handling forceps

Bottom shelf

Bandage tray
Bottles containing antiseptics
Jar or cylinder for used instruments
Paper container for soiled dressings

Some items from the dressing trolley

Cheatle's forceps are used for handling sterile instruments.They are sterilized by
boiling and placed in a jar containing a suitable disinfectant .The blades and the
lower halves of the handles are immersed in the desinfectant.
The bandage tray contains a selection of bandages, adhesive strapping, glue, a
pair of bandage scissors, safety-pins and bandage clips.
The lotion bottles contain antiseptic for cleaning the skin , and methylated ether
for removing the glue or marks left by adhesive tape.
The jar for used instruments contains a suitable disinfectant.Lysol 1 in 40 is often
used.
If stitches are to be removed, a pair of sterile suture scissors is added to the basic
dressing equipment.If clips are to be removed, a pair of sterile clip-removing
forceps is added.
If a wound is to be explored, sterile ribbon gauze, a sterile wound probe and a
pair of sterile sinus forceps are added to the basic equipment.
 29

3 Answer the following questions

1 From where do the wards obtain sterile equipment?

2 What happens to disposable equipment after it is used?
3 What happens to non-disposable equipment after it is used?
4 What items are included in a basic dressing pack?
5 What are dressing trolleys mopped with?
6 What is placed on the top shelf of a dressing trolley?
7 What is placed on the bottom shelf?
8 How are Cheatle's forceps usually sterilized?
9 What does the bandage tray contain?
10 What is methylated ether used for?
11 What does the used instrument jar contain?
12 Where are soiled dressings put?

4 Describe the instruments in pictures using the adjectives of shape

straight, curved, angular, sharp-ended, blunt-ended, toothed
30
31
32
 33

5. Which instruments are used

1 for taking out stitches? 5 for cutting bandages?

2 for giving injections? 6 for removing clips?
3 for exploring a wound? 7 for stopping bleeding?
4 for handling sterile dressings? 8 for handling sterile instruments?

6. What are they used for ?

1 A wound probe and sinus forceps are used for . a wound.

2 Cheatle's forceps are used for .. sterile instruments.
3 Artery forceps are used for bleeding.
4 A syringe and needle are used for .. injections.
5 Bandage scissors are used for . bandages.
6 Dissecting forceps are used for sterile dressings.
7 Suture scissors are used for . sutures.
8 Clip- removing instruments are used for clips.
9 A thermometer is used for temperatures.

7. Do you know what the instruments you use are called in English? Read these
descriptions. Which item in the list of instruments and equipment does each one
refer to?

bandage; catheter; curette; drain; forceps; gag; hook; pipette; probe; scalpel;
sling; splint; stethoscope; stretcher; syringe; thermometer; tourniquet; wheelchair

1. . = a chair with wheels in which an invalid can sit and move

around
2. . = a small, sharp pointed knife used in surgery
3. . = an instrument used to explore inside a cavity or wound
4. . = an instrument similar to a pair of scssors, used for
holding and pulling
5. . = a long spoon, used for scraping the inside of an organ
6. . = a thin glass tube used for taking and meashuring samples
of liquids
7. .. = a device used to constrict an artery and reduse the flow of
blood
8. .. = an instrument with a bent end, used for holding structures
apart
 34

9. .. = a tube used to remove liquid from the body or the site of

an operation
10. . = an instrument which is placed between a patient's teeth to
stop him closing his mouth
11. . = a tube with a plunger which slides inside it, forsing the
contents out through a needle
12. . = a tube which is passed into the body along one of the
passages
13. . = a piece of cloth which is wrapped round a wound or
injured limb
14. . = a triangular piece of cloth attached around the neck, used
to support a broken arm
15. . = a folding bed, with handles, on which an injured person
can be carried by two people
16. . = a stiff support attached to a limb to prevent a broken bone
from moving
17. . = two earpieces connected to a tube and a metal disc, used
to listen to sounds inside the body
18. . = a device used for measuring temperature

8. Choose the correct form

The clinical thermometer is used (for, to) meashuring (body's, body) temperature.
It (consists of, contains, includes) a tube made (from, of, with) glass, which
(comprises, contains, consists of) a certain (amount, number) of mercury. When
themercury is (hot, heated) it (expands, extends, encreases) and (raises, rises) up
the tube, which is graduated in degrees Fahrenheit or Centigrade (according,
depending) on the country of manufacture.
 35

5_-_Symptoms_and_Common_Illnesses______________

1. What's wrong with them?

Look at the drawings below and write under each one what is wrong with the
person. The following words should help you.

a bad cough a temperature hard of hearing

a black eye blind high blood-pressure
a migraine break one's leg pregnant
a nose-bleed burn oneself sea-sick
a rash catch a cold sprain one's ankle
a sore throat crippled to be stung
a stomach ache faint
36
37
 38

2. Match the words 1-16 below with the correct definitions a-p. Write your answers
in the boxes at the bottom of the page.

1 An allergy a is an infectious disease which is like a bad cold.

When you have it you feel very weak and your
muscles ache.
2 Anaemia b is an infectious illness where you have a fever
and small red spots on your face and body.
3 Asthma c is an illness that makes your joints or muscles
stiff and painful.
4 A chill d is a condition associated with many illnesses
where you develop a high temperature.
5 Concussion e is a serious medical condition, sometimes fatal, in
which your heart begins to beat irregularly or fails
to pump your blood properly so that it causes a
lot of pain.
6 A fever f is a condition of beeing very sensitive to things
such as food, animals , medicine, dust, etc.,which
often results in rashes or difficulty in breathing.
7 Flu / influenza g is a sudden and severe illness which affects your
brain and which can kill you or make you
paralysed in one side of your body.
8 Food poisoning h is a mild illness which can give you a slight fever,
a headache and your body might shake.
9 A heart attack i is the feeling of wanting to be sick.The feeling
that you think you are going to vomit.
10 Indigestion j is an injury to the brain caused by a blow to your
head.It is not normally long-lasting.
11 Insomnia k is an illness where you suffer from deep
depression, worry and tiredness.You often cry
uncontrollably and find it almost impossible to do
your normal work or activities.
12 Measles l is an unhealthy condition in which you have too
few red cells inyour blood, which makes you look
pale and feel tired.
13 Nausea m is a pain that you get in your stomach when you
find it difficult to digest your food.
14 A nervous breakdown n is a painful stomach disorder caused by eating
food which has gone bad.
15 Rheumatism o is a long-lasting chest disease which at times
makes breathing very difficult.
16 A stroke p is the condition of being constantly unable to
sleep.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
 39

3. Read descriptions of three illnesses and fill in the chart given below.

1 Appendicitis
Infection of the appendix.The first symptom of an acute appendicitis is pain in the
abdomen around the navel.A s the infection spreads the pain moves to the lower
right quadrant.Vomiting usually accompanies the pain, with slight fever and rapid
pulse.The best treatment in most cases, once a doctor is sure of the diagnosis, is
removal of the inflamed appendix.
2 Measles
The incubation period is 10-11 days.The first symptoms are rather like those of a
severe cold.The eyes become red and exposure to light is unpleasant, the nose
runs ,the throat becomes inflamed and a dry cough develops.There may be a head-
ache and the temperature rises to 38 degrees or more. A rash begins 14 days after
the initial infection.It shows on the forehead and behind the ears, spreading
downwards over the whole body; in another two days it starts to disappear but
often leaves behind a brownish stain which may last for one or two weeks.
Measles can be serious, especially in very young children because of its
complications , such as bronchopneumonia and infection of the ear.These compli-
cations can be treated with antibiotics.The illness itself can be lesssened by
injection of anti-bodies from an immune adult.
3 Asthma
It is an allergic chest disease.The causes are mainly three: allergy,chronic bron-
chitis and emotional disturbances.These very often occur together in varying
degrees. People may be allergic to all kinds of things: to pollens, feathers, dust,
certain foods , drugs , etc.Asthma is a form of allergy affecting the bronchi, which
go into spasm when the person comes into contact with whatever he is sensitive
to. The immediate treatment for an attack is to give something which will relax
the tubes.The long-term treatment is to try and find out what the patient is
sensitive to and by a course of injections to desensitise him.

Diagnosis Appendicitis Measles Asthma

Causes

Symptoms

Treatment

4. Match the words 1-16 below with the correct definitions a-p.Write your answers
in the boxes at the bottom of the page.

1 Amnesia a is an illness similar to a cold,in which you sneeze

a lot.People often get it in summer because they
are allergic to pollen from various plants.
 40

2 Anorexia b is loosing a baby because it is born too early for

it to live.It is usually because of illness, shock,etc.
3 Cancer c is a deep, unnatural sleep-like state, usually
caused by illness or an injury, especially to the
brain.
4 Catarrh d is a problem with reading caused by difficulty
in seeing the difference between the shapes of
letters.It is also known as 'word-blindness'.
5 A cold e is a serious disease which may cause death, in
which the cells in your body increase rapidly
and uncontrollably, producing abnormal growths.
6 A coma f is a serious disease which affects your lungs and
makes it difficult for you to breathe.
7 Cramp g is a mild ,very common illness which makes you
sneeze a lot and gives you a sore throat or a
cough.
8 Diabetes h is a painful swelling and soreness of part of the
body , which is often red and hot to the touch.
9 Dyslexia i is the medical condition of not being able to
remember anything.It is usually caused by
damage to the brain after an accident, disease,
etc.
10 Epilepsy j is a common disease in hot countries.It is spread
by mosquitoes and causes attacks of fever and
shivering.
11 Hay fever k is a strong pain caused by the sudden tightening
of a muscle.You often get it during or after
violent exercise.
12 An inflammation l is a serious illness common mostly in young
women.They lose the desire to eat because they
feel they are too fat ,even when they are not.
13 Malaria m is an illness of the brain which causes you to
suddenly lose consciousness or to have fits.
14 Malnutrition n is a disease in which there is too much sugar in
the blood.If you suffer from it, you may have to
inject insulin into your body every day.Without
insulin, you may go into a coma and die.
15 A miscarriage o is an inflammation of the nose and throat ,which
like having a cold , makes your nose feel blocked
up.
16 Pneumonia p is poor health caused by not eating enough food
or by not eating enough of the right kinds of food.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
 41

5. What illnesses, diseases or conditions are the following drawings illustrating?

The answers are to be found in the previous two exercises.
 42

6. All the illnesses in part 1 of this exercise also have informal names. Match the
informal and formal names.

INFORMAL FORMAL

1 Chickenpox is the same as allergic rhinitis

2 A cold is the same as infectious parotitis
3 The flu is the same as coryza
4 German measles is the same as influenza
5 Hay fever is the same as rubella
6 Measles is the same as rubeola
7 Mumps is the same as pertussis
8 Whooping cough is the same as varicella

7. Complete these six conversation between doctors and patients by writing in the
name of the illness. Use the informal terms from above.

1 What seems to be the trouble? 4 How are you today?

My eyes and my nose are running Oh, not very well.I've got a cough
all the time.I feel terrible. and a terrible cold.
When did this begin? Do you have a fever?
At the beginning of July. Umm, yes I do.
It's probably just .. It's probably a touch of

2 What's the problem? 5 What's the problem?

It's my son.He's got a rash and It's my daughter.She's got a fever
swelling in his armpits. and this swelling.
Does he have a fever? Where's the swelling?
Yes. In her throat.
Hmm.He may have .. It could be .

3 How are you feeling? 6 So, what can I do for you?

I've got this terrible cough.
Mm-hmm.
And after I cough I make a noise
when I try to breathe.
Sounds like
It's the twins.They're covered in
these dreadful red spots.
Are they experiencing any itching?
Yes, they are.
It may be .

8. These words are all used to talk about diseases: their symptoms and effects.
Tick (v) the ones you understand.Check the others in the dictionary.

1 allergic reaction 5 infectious 9 rash 13 inflammation

2 blisters 6 spots 10 resistance 14 stillbirth
3 cough 7 itchy 11 swell 15 running nose
4 fever 8 swollen 12 sneeze 16 malformation
 43

Read the descriptions below and match them to the names of illnesses:
allergic rhinitis, coryza, infectious parotitis, influenza, rubella, rubeola,
varicella, pertussis.

1 A common illness, the symptoms of which include inflammation of the nasal

passages, sneezing, coughing, a running nose and fever. .
2 A common infectious viral disease of children, with mild fever, swollen lymph
nodes and a rash.It can cause stillbirth or malformation of the unborn baby if
it is caught by a mother while she is pregnant
3 An illness , usually started by a viral infection, whose symptoms include
inflammation of the nasal passages, sneezing, coughing, and a running nose.
At present there is no cure for it..
4 An infectious disease of children, caused by a herpes virus, and characterized
by fever and red spots which turn to itchy blisters..
5 An infectious disease of children where the body is covered with a red rash.
It can weaken the body's resistance to other disease, for example bronchitis or
ear infections. If caught by an adult it can be very serious.
6 An infectious disease of children, with fever and swellings in the salivary
glands , caused by a paramyxovirus
7 An infectious disease affecting the bronchial tubes.The patient suffers from a
severe cough and makes a loud noise when inhaling after a coughing fit.
.
8 An inflammation in the nose and eyes caused by a reaction to flowers, their
pollen and scent..

9. Match the symptoms with the explanation what caused them.

1 Why are you sneezing? a I'm terrified by this story.

2 Why are you crying?
3 Why are you yawning?
4 Why are you coughing?
5 Why are you bleeding?
6 Why are you sweating?
7 Why are you shivering?
8 Why are you shaking?
9 Why are you vomiting?
b I've cut myself with a bread-knife.
c I've bored with this lecture.
d Cigarette smoke irritates my throat.
e You are hurting me.
f I have a bad cold.
g I'm very cold.
h I must have eaten some bad food.
i It's too warm in here.
 44

10. Look at the drawings below and write the correct numbers 1-10 next to the
following words.

Skin and body disorders

a blister a bump a mode varicose veins

a boil a corn pimples a wart
a bruise a cut
 45

11. Complete the first half of each sentence with the best second half.

1 If you have a fever ____ a) you have some pain and redness.
2 If you feel faint ____ b) you have difficulty sleeping.
3 If you have insomnia ____ c) you feel hot.
4 If you have a sore throat ____ d) your chest may hurt.
5 If you have a bad cough ____ e) the contents of your stomach come
out of your mouth.
6 If you have an infected wound ____ f) you have difficulty talking and
swallowing.
7 If you vomit ____ g) you have difficulty
standing up.

12. Read the sentences. Then decide who is most likely to be saying them.

a) "My fingers hurt." d) "My knees are killing me."

b) "I have a terrible pain in my chest." e) "I have such a terrible headache."
c) "I've got a bad stomachache f) "My shoulder is aching terribly."

1 _______ Someone who had to sit for four hours in a plane near a noisy engine.
2 _______ Someone who has just ridden a bike 100 miles.
3 _______ Someone who has eaten some food which was not fresh.
4 _______ Someone who tried to lift something that was too heavy for him.
5 _______ Someone who closed a door on her hand.
6 _______ Someone who is having a heart attack.
 46

6_-_Medicines_and_Drugs_________________________

1. Look at the label, and answer the questions below.

EXTRA-STRENGTH PAIN MEDICINE

Indications: For the temporary relief of minor aches, pains
and fever.
Usual dosage: Adults: 2 capsules every 6 to 8 hours.Not to
exceed 8 capsules in any 24-hour period.Children:10 to 12,
1 capsule every 6 to 8 hours. Not to exceed 4 capsules in
any 24-hour period.Do not give to children under 10.

EYE DROPS
For soothing and cleansing eyes.
Directions: Place 1 or 2 drops in each eye 2 or 3 times a
day or as directed by a physician .
For use in the eyes only.

COUGH SYRUP
For relief of coughs due to colds.
Dosage:ADULTS: 1 to 2 teaspoons. May be repeated in
4 hours, if necessary, not to exceed 8 teaspoons in 24
hours. CHILDREN: 2-6 years, 1/2 teaspoon; 6-12 years,
1/2 to 1 teaspoon.

Find the label for EYE DROPS.

1.How many drops can adults put in their eyes at one time?
2.How often can an adult use these drops daily?
3.Can an adult drink these drops?

Find the label for COUGH SYRUP

1.How many teaspoons can an adult take at one time?
2.How many teaspoons can a 4-year-old child take at one time?
3.How many teaspoons can a 7-year -old child take at one time?

Find the label for PAIN MEDICINE.

1.How often can an adult take this medicine?
2.How many capsules can an adult take at one time?
3.How many capsules can an adult take daily?
4.How many capsules can a 5-year-old child take at one time?
 47

2. Use the given words as appropriate headings for the following passages of
a drug description

warnings supply indications side-effects composition overdosage

dasage and administration use in pregnancy contra-indications

MEDOZINE

Tablets containing 25 mg Cinnarizine.

Medozine is used for the control of vestibular disorders such as vertigo,
tinnitus, nausea and vomiting as seen in Meniere's disease.Medozine is
also effective in the control of motion sickness.

.
Medosine is for oral administration to both adults and children according to
the following dosage regimen:
Vestibular symptoms:Adults and children over 12: Two tablets three times
daily. Children: 5-12 years: One half the adult dose.
Motion sickness:Adults and children over 12:two tablets two hours before
you travel and one tablet every eight hours during your journey.Children:
5-12 years: one half the adult dose. Use in elderly: As for adults.

..
None.

..
The safety of Cinnarizine in human pregnancy has not been established
although studies in animals have not demonstrated teratogenic effects.As
with other drugs, it is not advisable to administer Medozine in pregnancy.

.
Medozine may cause drowsiness; patients affected in this way should not
drive or operate machinery.Avoid alcoholic drink.

.
There is no specific antidote to Cinnarizine and, in the event of overdosage
gastric lavage is recommended.

.
Rarely, allergic skin reactions have been reported which have responded to
discontinuation of therapy.

..
Packs with 50 , 100 , 500 and 1000 tablets.
 48

3. In most cases drugs are

1. taken by mouth
2. injected into the body
3. applied to the body surface.
Divide the following forms of drugs into the three groups.

capsules cream gargle jelly lottion lozenge ointment

pill powder serum tablet vaccines

4. Group the words. Here are twenty words in alphabetical order. Write cash word
under the correct heading ( 10 words under each ).

ambulance emergency lozenge tranquillizer

anaesthetic fracture operation unconscious
antibiotics insulin pain killer vaccination
aspirin kiss of life patient ward
cough mixture laxative sleeping tablet X-ray

Medicine, medication and drugs Hospitals and accidents

______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________

5. What is the difference between the following?

1 an antibiotic - an antiseptic
2 a sleeping tablet - a tranquillizer
3 a fracture - an X-ray
4 a vaccination - anaesthetic
 49

6. Read the text and answer the following questions.

DRUGS
Substances prescribed or recommended to treat illness are called drugs or
medicine .In past centuries, people often found effective drugs through a
process of trial and error.Today, medical personnel have a clear idea of how
and why a particular drug works and what its side effects and contraindica-
tions are.About 2,000 different drugs are currently available for the treatment
of illness, and new ones are continually being developed.
Many drugs are available by prescription only. These drugs are potent and may
be dangerous if taken in an overdose.Some are addictive;therefore,their use
must be strictly controlled.A patient can buy these medicines only if a doctor
writes a prescription (or order) for a pharmacist to fill.
Antibiotic drugs are often called "miracle drugs" because of their ability to
bring rapid improvement and quick cures of some serious infections.Penicillin,
a well-known antibiotic, is generally effective against a variety of bacterial
infections.Made from fungi, penicillin inhibits the growth of disease-producing
microorganisms.The mycin drugs , such as streptomycin, often work where
penicillin fails or when a patient is allergic to penicillin.
Narcotic drugs such as codein and morphine can also be obtained only with a
prescription . They are addictive and thus can be used only in restricted dosages.
Originally derived from opium and now mostly synthetic, they are excellent
painkillers, but in excessive amounts they can cause coma or death.
Other familiar drugs include digitalis ( which helps strengthen the failing heart)
anticoagulants (which prevent blood clots), and diuretics (which help to remove
excess fluid from the body).Insulin is used in the treatment of diabetes.
Many other drugs that do not require a doctor's prescription are available in
pharmacies (drugstores).One of the most well-known and widely used is aspirin.
Aspirin has long been taken to relieve pain and reduce inflammation and fever.
However,in recent years, a valuable new use for it has been discovered. Many
patients with heart conditions take aspirin on a daily basis because its blood-
thinning properties lower the risk of heart attack.
Although there is no drug to cure the upper respiratory viral infection called
the common cold, many drugs help to relieve the symptoms.Aspirin is an effec-
tive painkiller and anti-inflammatory drug, but it is contraindicated for colds or
flu because it has been suspected of being a contributory cause of Reye's syn-
drome.To relieve the aches that accompany a cold or flu,physicians generally
prescribe acetaminophen (commonly known by the brand name Tylenol),
especially for children.A decongestant may decrease nasal stuffiness and relieve
a runny nose.Gargling with salt water or sucking on lozenges or hard candy
can soothe a sore throat.
Many other over-the-counter medications are used (and often overused) by the
general public, including laxatives (to relieve constipation), tranquilizers, seda-
tives, sleeping pills and pep pills (stimulants).Over-the-counter (nonprescription)
drugs enable people to handle minor medical problems without spending money
on drugs that do not help their specific condition or that may even do more harm
than good.
Of course, medication is just one of many ways to treat illness.Among the other
tools which physicians use are surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, special
 50

equipment prescribed for patient use, and nonmedical recommendations for a

change in a patient's lifestyle (following special diets,increasing or altering
habits of exercise, moving to a different climate,decreasing workload and
stress, and so on).

Reading comprehension:
1 What is an instruction written by a physician for a pharmacist called?
2 What is the difference between a prescription and a nonprescription (over-
the-counter) drug?
3 What drugs stop the growth of bacteria? Give an example.
4 Why is an overdose of a narcotic dangerous to the patient?
5 Why would a physician ever prescribe an addictive drug?
6 When you get a bad cold, what nonprescription drugs do you use to treat the
symptoms? What nonmedical forms of treatment do you commonly try to
help yourself feel better?
7 Name a drug that you are familiar with, and discuss some contraindications
and side effects that might prohibit its use by some patients.

7. After each type of drug listed below, write a disease or condition that it is used
to treat.Pronounce the names of the drugs in class.
1 anticoagulant________________________________
2 antiseptic __________________________________
3 aspirin _____________________________________
4 codeine _____________________________________
5 decongestant _________________________________
6 digitalis _____________________________________
7 diuretic _____________________________________
8 insulin _____________________________________
9 laxative _____________________________________
10 penicillin ___________________________________

8. Fill the blanks with the right word from the list below. You may use each word
only once.

administer after antibodys diseases fight generally

harmless including injected orally prevent prevention
serums smallpox substances symptoms vaccines

Drag That Prevent Disease

Doctors use two main types of drugs for the . of disease:
1. Vaccines contains dead or germs. They cause the body to develop
called that act to .. disease. Doctors
. before a person has been exposed to such ..
as poliomyelitis or . . Vaccines are usually but sometimes
are given .. .
2. Serums contain antibodies that off the germs of certain diseases,
scarlet fever and lockjaw. These drugs are given a person
has been exposed to the disease, or after .. of the disease have appeared.
 51

are administered by injection.

9. Choose the right answer.

1. Doctors write a for medicine which chemists or dispensers make up.

a) certificate b) prescription c) receipt d) recipe

2. The of the sugar is of course to sweeten the medicine.

a) cause b) need c) purpose d) reason

3. .. the bottle well before you pour out the medicine.

a) Agitate b) Shake c) Stir d) Tumble

4. A chemist always puts a . on a bottle of medicine.

a) label b) receipt c) programme d) ticket

5. Don't lay that bottle on its side: the top might start .
a) falling b) leaking c) spilling d) spreading

6. All medicines should be kept out of . of children.

a) contact b) hand c) reach d) touch

7. Aspirin is generally as the best remedy for a headache.

a) considered b) regarded c) supposed d) valued

8. Put the . back in the bottle. You might spill the medicine.
a) cork b) lid c) plug d) tap

9. The doctor gave me some medicine to my cold.

a) comfort b) cure c) mend d) repair

10. He . the medicine quickly and then drank some orange juice.
a) licked b) spat c) swallowed d) sucked

11. That medicine was horrible! Give me a piece of chocolate to take the
. away.
a) bitter b) feeling c) sensation d) taste

12. The doctor told him to keep the tablets in his mouth and . them slowly.
a) bite b) eat c) swallow d) suck

10. Fill the blanks with the words from the list. You may need to change the form of
the words. You may use each word once only.

acute apply case compress condition

cream different disorders fold lotion
nature necessary ointment part skin
 52

strongly treatment
Primafucort Presentations

The presentations of Pimafucort are especially adapted to the .

of various skin .. . For treatment of and subacute skin
disorders and in the treatment of . of the hairy . of the skin,
and those localized in the skin . , Pimafucort .. and Pimafucort
should be used, whereas in the of chronic disorders of
the skin with desquamations, dry or fissured skin lesions, Pimafucort ointment
will be . . For acute, very moist skin disorders it may be . to use
Pimafucort lotion with a . . In some .. an "alternating treatment"
may be indicated, e.g. in intertriginous enzema ( in this instance Pimafucort .
softens the . too much, whereas the cream and lotion dehydrate it too
.. ).

11. Read the dialogue and pick out the words that are unknown to you.

At the Chemist's

Price Wynne's is a small chemist's shop in the village of Bebington in

Cheshire.It sells all kinds of medical products and cosmetics.As Bebing-
ton is such a small place, everybody knows everyone else and Mrs Wynne
takes a personal interest in her customers.

Mrs Wynne Good morning ,Mr Thomas, can I help you ?

Mr Thomas Hello, Mrs Wynne. Well, I've got this prescription from the doctor.
I've been feeling a bit run down lately,so he wants me to have a
tonic and some tablets.
Mrs Wynne Oh, I'm sorry to hear you haven't been well, Mr Thomas. Quite a
few people are feeling the after-effects of that epidemic of flu we
had earlier this year.You had it too, didn't you ?
Mr Thomas Yes, I did, and so did the rest of the family, but they seem to have
got over it all right.I suppose I just didn't stay in bed long enough-
that's what it was.
Mrs Wynne Yes, I expect so. It's never a good thing to get up too early, is it?-
Now, did you want anything else while my assistant is making up
your prescription, Mr Thomas?
Mr Thomas Yes, I was sorting out the First Aid cupboard the other day and
there are one or two things that need replacing.I like to have
certain things in the house in case of emergency.
Mrs Wynne A very good idea.And what was it you wanted to replace?
Mr Thomas I've got a list here . Let me see now. One large bottle of Dettol
antiseptic for wound disinfection and some elastoplast to cover
wounds. Whenever I repair anything at home, I manage to cut my
finger somehow. Oh yes, a large packet of cotton wool.Then I'd
better have some Aspros for pains and fever and some Rennie
indigestion tablets. I always eat too much on Sundays and have to
pay for it afterwards!
Now what else was there? Yes, some Dr Scholl's corn pads.Mrs
Thomas was in Liverpool shopping yesterday and came home
 53

with sore feet as usual.

Mrs Wynne Well, I'm sure some corn pads will put her right in a day or two.
Ah, here's your prescription - made up already.Now I'll just work
out how much all this will be.
Mr Thomas How much do we have to pay for prescriptions now ? I can never
remember.
Mr Wynne It's 20 pence per prescription ,Mr Thomas.So that will be 84 pence
altogether please.
Mr Thomas Thank you. Well, with all this in the First Aid cupboard, we can
cope with anything , I think .
At the chemist's you can also buy remedies for travel sickness,
diarrhoea, sunburn, coughs and sore throats and if you need extra
vitamins, you can buy vitamin tonic or tablets.

12. If you were working at a chemist's shop, what medical products would you
recommend for people with the following things wrong with them?

1 a wound in the foot from a rusty nail _________________________________

2 influenza and a slight temperature ___________________________________
3 a bad cough ___________________________________
4 an upset stomach and heartburn ___________________________________
5 general tiredness and lack of apetite___________________________________

13 Imagine that you are going to be the leader of a group of people travelling to
another country .Make a list of things you would take in your First Aid bag.

Possible Ailments Remedies

________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________

14. To practice the dialogue divide up into pairs. One of you can be the chemist
and the other the customer. The customer can take his/her list of products
(task 13) and talk to the chemist about the trip abroad and the products he/she
wants to buy.

15. Choose the right answer.

1 The doctor gave the woman a strong to calm her down.

a) antidote b)antiseptic c)bromide d)sedative
2 Morphine is sometimes used to . severe pain.
a)deaden b)decimate c)smother d)suffocate
3 I hope this headache . soon.
a)comes away b)goes out c)passes away d)wears off
4 Few poisons are more .. than cyanide.
 54

a) deathly b) killing c)lethal

d)mortal
5 The nurse made him swallow a(n) .to help him sleep better.
a)lotion b)lozenge c)ointment d)tranquillizer
6 Beside washing that cut , put some .. on it in case you have got some
dirt in it.
a)antidote b)antiseptic c)disinfectant d)medicine
7 Certain vitamins help to overcome a loss of
a)life b)vitality c)vitiation d)vividness
8 The medicine was so .. that he was almost back to normal within a
few days.
a)effective b)efficient c)influential d)proficient
9 He was in terrible pain, so he was given a(n)
a)injection b)scratch c)stab d)wound
10 She has killed herself.She took a(n) . of sleeping pills.
a)excess b)exorbitance c)overdose d)profusion
11 This is a very rare poison for which there is no known ..
a)antibody b)anticoagulant c)antidote d)antiseptic
12 They .. on a cure for tuberculosis while they were doing research
on something else.
a)foundered b)stumbled c)tripped d) trod

16. Practice reading these instructions and answer the following questions.

Poisons or Overdoses
A poison is something not intended for internal use. An overdose
is too much of a food or drug.
In case of poisoning or an overdose :
1.Find out what the patient took.
2.Call the poison control center immediately.
3.Follow their directions exactly.
4.Keep the patient warm.
5.Do not force liquids on an unconscious patient.
6.Keep a list of antidotes handy.
Keep all poisons and medicines out of the reach of children!

1 Where do you store your medicine at home?

2 Where do you keep your cleaning supplies?
3 Can children reach them?
4 What is a "childproof" bottle? Do you buy medicine that way?
 55

7_-_Diagnosis_and_Treatment_____________________

1. Read the eleven descriptions which follow the given names of illnesses, using your
dictionary as and when necessary.What is the disease or illness being described
in each case?

AIDS, cataracts, cerebral palsy, cholera, cystic fibrosis, diphtheria,epilepsy

gangrene, gastroenteritis, Parkinson's disease, tuberculosis

1.A disorder of the nervous system in which there are convulsions and loss of
consciousness due to disordered discharge of cerebral neurons. In its more seve-
re form, the patient may lose consciousness and fall to the ground in convulsions.

2.A condition where tissues die and decay as a result of bacterial action because the
blood supply has been lost through injury or disease of the artery.Infected limbs
may have to be amputated.

3.A condition where the lens of the eye gradually becomes hard and opaque.

4.A slow ,progressive disorder of elderly people, it affects the part of the brain
which controls movement.The symptoms include trembling of the limbs, a
shuffling walk and difficulty with speaking.

5.An infectious disease, its commonest form attacks the lungs, causing patients
to lose weight, cough blood and have a fever.It is caught by breathing in germs
or eating contaminated food, especially unpasteurised milk.

6.A hereditary disease of the pancreas or mucoviscidosis, leading to malfunction

of the exocrine glands.Symptoms include loss off weight, abnormal faeces and
bronchitis.If diagnosed early, it can be controlled with vitamins, physiotherapy
and pancreatic enzymes.
7.A serious bacterial disease spread through infected food or water.The infected
person suffers stomach cramps, diarrhoea, cramps in the intestines and dehyd-
ration.The disease is often fatal and vaccination is only effective for a relatively
short period.

8.A serious , infectious disease of children, its first symptoms are a sore throat,
followed by a slight fever, rapid pulse and swelling of the glands in the neck.
A membrane-like structure forms in the throat and can close the air passages,
asphyxiating the patient. The disease is often fatal for this reason or because
the heart becomes fatally weakened.

9.A disorder of the brain, mainly due to brain damage occurring before birth or
due to lack of oxygen during birth.The patient may have bad coordination of
muscular movements, impaired speech, hearing and sight, and sometimes mental
 56

retardation.

10.A virus disease, it can take a long time , even years , for it to show symptoms.
It causes a breakdown of the body's immune system, making the patient suscep-
tible to any infection.

11.Inflammation of the membrane lining the intestines and the stomach, caused by a
viral infection, and resulting in diarrhoea and vomiting.

Extension: Write a description in English of a disease or illness and see if your

partner can recognize it.

2. Read the text and ask your partner questions about causes, symptoms , diagnosis
and treatment of otitis media.

Otitis Media

Otitis media is an infection or an inflammatory process of the middle ear. In its

various forms it is one of the most common diseases in childhood.
The acute form of otitis media (AOM) is generally preceded by a viral infection of
the respiratory tract.The majority of AOM are caused by bacteria.
Symptoms of AOM: Acute onset, usually with fever, common cold symptoms, pain
and sometimes a discharge from the ear.The exudate is often purulent.
The diagnosis of AOM cannot be made on patient history alone.Otoscopy is a pre-
requisite for a correct diagnosis.
Otoscopic findings: Red , thickened or bulging eardrum.
Treatment: AOM should as a rule be treated with antibiotics.Before the era of anti-
biotics piercing of the eardrum was a common procedure.
Penicillin is the drug of first choice in uncomplicated cases.
Dosage: Children: 25 mg/kg body weight for five days.It should preferably be taken
in the fasting state when absorption is optimal.
In case of a therapeutic failure, bacterial culture should be obtained from the ear
exudate and/or the naso-pharynx.
Children who develop their first AOM prior to the age of 18 months run a
considerable risk for recurrent AOM.
Relapses are generally caused by the same organisms as in the previous episode.
Patients should be reexamined 4-6 weeks after the acute episode and the
examination should include a hearing test.

3. Word association.One word connects each set of four below.All the words have
medical connections.What are they?

transplant failure
1_________________
rate disease

clot donor
2________________
sugar pressure
 57

nagging throbbing
3_________________
threshold labour

growth sex
4_______________
therapy replacement

compact spongy
5________________
cranial metacarpal

voluntary involuntary
6_________________
cramp relaxant

Extension.Think of two more words for each group.

4. Match the words in italics with their opposites on the right.

back alive
cure allow
dead closed
improve deteriorate
healthy front
open ill
prevent increase
reduce kill
smooth replace
remove rough

5. Complete these sentences using the words from exercise 4.Use one word for
each pair of opposites.

1. Antibodies are created to ___________ bacteria.

2. He became excited, causing his pulse rate to ____________.
3. He was very ill, but now his condition has begun to____________.
4. She hurt her _____________ working in the garden.
5. She put cream on her hands, which were ___________ from heavy work.
6. She had an operation to _____________ her appendix.
7. The hospital is ___________ to visitors from noon to five o'clock.
8. The doctor arrived too late: the patient was already ___________.
9. There's nothing wrong with you : you're completely ___________.
10. This treatment is given to ____________ the patient's condition from getting
worse.
 58

6. These sentences all give very good advice, but they have been divided into separate
halves.Match the half-sentences in column A with the half-sentences in column B
to make twenty sentences which are correct, complete and true.

A B

1. If you do a lot of exercise.. burn easily in the sun.

2. A balanced diet should cause back pain.

3. Medicines should you develop strong muscles.

4. A patient in shock should swimming every morning before

breakfast to keep fit.
5. Not taking any exercise is be inoculated against diphtheria.

6. Reading in bad light can glucose is more easily digestible.

7. The administration of drugs must be kept out of the reach of children.

8. The patient should fast be kept warm and lying down.

9. A hard bed is good at midday.

10.You should have your main meal from midnight of the night before
an operation.
11.AIDS can be transmitted to restore strength.

12.Bad posture can for someone with back problems.

13.People with fair complexions be sterilized before use.

14.Surgical instruments must be supervised by a qualified doctor

or nurse.
15.For patients who have problems make the eyes ache.
with sugar,
16.You should get into the habit of provide the protein required by the
body.
17.Babies should an unhealthy way of living.

18.Vitamins help be used to try and stop the flow of

blood.
19.You can obtain most vital amino by using non-sterile needles.
acids
20.A tourniquet should from your daily diet.
 59

7. Doctor Lennox is a radio doctor.She answers listeners' questions about their

medical problems.Read their questions to her.

a) Hello, Doctor Lennox.Well, three days ago I fell over and cut my arm.There
was a little blood, but quickly it stopped bleeding and I forgot about it. Now
the wound is painful and red. It hurts when I touch it. I also think I may have
a fever. I feel a little hot and quite weak. Do you think I should see my doctor?

b) Doctor Lennox, I am a 63-year-old woman.A few months ago.I was walking

upstairs when I suddenly felt very faint and almost fell over. Now, whenever
I do just a little exercise I get out of breath very quickly. Even when I'm sleeping
I have breathing problems.I wake up in the middle of the night and can't get
back to sleep. I'm really worried, because I have never had insomnia in my life
before. I don't have a pain in my chest, so I don't think I have heart problems.
I'm very worried. What do you think?

c) For the last two days, Doctor Lennox, I have been feeling absolutely terrible.
My whole body aches. I have a backache and all my muscles ache. I have a
terrible headache, too. But the worst thing is the vomiting. Food just won't stay
in my stomach for more than a few minutes.And the diarrhea - I'm in the bath-
room every half an hour. I called my doctor and asked for a prescription for
some medicine, but she said there wasn't much she could do for me. She said I
should stay in bed and drink a lot of liquids. Is that right?

d) I hope you can understand me all right, doctor , but I can't talk very well because
of my sore throat. I've had it a few months now. and a cough , too, even though
I don't smoke.And I seem to be tired all the time, but I'm never so sick that I can't
go to work.I've been to the doctor and had some tests, but they can't find anything
wrong with me. What do you think I should do now?

Here are Doctor Lennox's answers.Match her answers to the questions.

1________
You should see a doctor as soon as possible. Your doctor will arrange for you
to have a complete series of tests. It's best to take care of these things right away.

2______
You've probably got a minor infection. Sometimes they take a long time to go
away. The important thing is to get plenty of rest. And maybe you should get an
opinion from another doctor.

3_____
It sounds as if you have an infection.You'll have to see your doctor, who will
probably write you a prescription for an antibiotic and some medicine to put on
your skin as well.

4_____
You probably have the flu. It's very important that you drink a lot of liquid. You
should feel better soon, but if it continues much longer you should see your doctor.
 60

8. If someone told you they had one of the following medical problems, what would
you tell them to do to help them get better quickly? Discuss your answers with
other people in the group.

a headache a burn on the finger

a sore throat a nosebleed
a cough insomnia
diarrhoea sore muscles after exercise

9. Insert the given words into the text.

patient sore infection symptoms insect vomiting antiseptic

134 treatment injection

How to Recognize Blenkinsop's Disease

About two days after the . will have the following

He will keep feeling faint and will complain of a .. throat.He may have
some difficulty in keeping food down, so there may be some About 24
hours later some spots resembling .. bites will be seen on his face.
The following .. is recommended. You should keep him warm and
give him an . once a day for three days of the drugs mentioned on page
Use an . such as Sanox to bathe the spots on his face.

10. The following problems and pieces of advice have got all mixed up.Can you match
them correctly?

1.I keep getting headaches.
2.I can't get into my clothes.
3.I can't sleep at night.
4.My eyes are often sore and I sneeze
a lot.
5.I'm going to Nepal on business.
6.I've got a bad stomach.
7.I feel much better now, doctor.
8.I've got a terrible cough.
a.Good, you needn't come back for a
month.
b.You really must stop smoking.
c.Perhaps you should have an eye test.
d.You ought to do more exercise - it's
very relaxing.
e.You'll have to have a few injections.
f.You shouldn't eat so much fried food.
g.You really must lose some weight.
h.You should have some allergy tests.

11. Fill the blank with the right word from the list below.You may use each word
once only.

antiseptic cleanse disease fester ointment plaster skin wound

Treatment of Minor Injury

. the wound thoroughly and apply an to counteract germs
which spread Otherwise the wound may .. Sticking
may be applied or the may be bandaged. .
may be smeared over the . .
 61

12. Complete the sentences below with a preposition.

My wife complained that something was wrong . her. She said she had a
pain .. her back and that she suffered . bad headaches. As she was getting
worse and worse I sent a doctor. Immediately afterwards she was taken ..
hospital. Yesterday she was operated . Now she feels much better.
 62

8_-_Injuries_and_First_Aid_________________________

1. Read the text and find words that describe

different injuries
feeling pain
symptoms typical of concussion
examination and treatment

From the Patient's record

The patient , a 13-year -old boy presented to the casualty department with injuries
caused by a bicycle accident.
His mother reported vomiting, dizziness, but no verified loss of consciousness.In
addition, the patient complained of tenderness and swelling of the right underarm.
He showed multiple superficial skin lesions , a lacerated cut over the right eyebrow,
abrasions, and contusions of the face.
He was referred to the radiology department where x-rays were taken of the skull
and right arm.
The radiologist who interpreted the x-rays found no fractures of the skull or of
facial bones. Nor was there any evidence of intracranial haemorrhage or
cerebrovascular lesions.
However, a fissure of the right ulna was detected.
The patient was treated as follows:
His wounds were thoroughly cleaned with an antiseptic solution.The lacerated cut
on the right eyebrow was sutured with two stitches in local anaesthesia and
bandaged.
Because of his symptoms of a slight concussion bedrest for a few days was
prescribed.
An orthopaedic surgeon was consulted regarding the ulnar fissure.Because of the
size and location of the fissure he decided to put the arm in a cast.The plaster should
extend from above the elbow and cover the wrist in order to immobilize the joints at
both ends of the damaged bone.
The patient's mother was advised to call should any unforseen complications occur
such as recurring headache, nausea, vomiting, blurred vision or other visual
disturbances, or if there was any swelling of his hand, throbbing pain , or numbness.

Reading comprehension
How was the patient hurt? True False

1 He broke his neck. ____ ____

2 He cracked his skull. ____ ____
3 He 'd been unconscious. ____ ____
4 He had a concussion. ____ ____
5 He injured his arm. ____ ____
6 He broke his wrist. ____ ____
7 He had a bruise on his forehead. ____ ____
 63

2. Indicate with arrows on the drawing the parts of the head and face that are
mentioned in the extract.

"Jimmy greeted me with a weak smile lying down on the back seat of Maggie's
car.Most of the blood had been washed off his face.I could see a bluish swelling
on his forehead above his left eye.His right eyebrow had a nasty cut that probably
needed a few stitches and his left eye and eyelid were hardly visible due to the
swelling.His nose was badly scratched and swollen and there was a graze on his
left cheek below the temple."

3. Use the correct prepositions : about , above, ago, for, from , in , on , of , out,
up,with.

1 He was out . a moment.

2 His face was covered .. blood.
3 You should rest in bed a few days.
4 You'll get an appointment . three weeks.
5 Do you suffer badly colds?
6 I attended a course ten years .
7 She helped him a trolley.
8 I know how she feels .. hospitals.
9 He indicated a spot a few inches his wrist.
10 I'll patch you .. .
11 She has a rash her back.
12 He was staring of the window.
13 We'll put a few stitches.
14 He was complaining .. a headache.
 64

4. A. In pairs, practice this conversation.

Wife: What a day!

Husband: Why? What happened?
Wife: Mike Kelly and I were talking at work. All of a sudden, Mike fell over.
Husband: What was the matter?
Wife: Apparently, he had a cardiac arrest.
Husband: Really?
Wife: Yes.Luckily, Jose Trevino was standing nearby. He began resuscitation.
Husband: What did you do?
Wife: I called the ambulance.
Husband: How is Mike now?
Wife: He's in stable condition. The doctor thinks that he'll be O.K.
Husband: What are you doing?
Wife: I'm looking in the catalogue for a course recommended by Jose.
Husband: What is it?
Wife: It's called CPR or cardiopulmonary resuscitation.It teaches you what to
do in an emergency.I was scared today. I want to be ready next time.

B. Practice the conversation again, changing the situation so that

1 Mike fell and broke his arm.

2 Mike choked on a piece of food.
3 No one at work knew how to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
4 The company doctor was called immediately.

5. Below is a step-to-step guide to how to give an adult artificial respiration.

Unfortunately, The sentences are in the wrong order.Put them in the correct order
by numbering them 1-10.The first one has been done for you.

Artificial Respiration (The Kiss of Life)

If an ill or injured person is not breathing, it is sometimes possible to start the

breathing again by blowing air from your lungs into his or hers. As the body needs
constant oxygen, you must begin artificial respiration (breathing) as soon as you
discover that a casualty is not breathing.
a blue-grey pallor towards pinkness.Give the first six to ten inflations fairly
promptly, one after the other, then work according to the reaction of your
casualty.If he is

inflations coincide with his own breathing in, and continue untill you feel
that he can cope alone. It can seem hopeless

Lie 1 the casualty on his back and tilt back his head while supporting the back
of his neck with the other hand. Keep
 65

recovery position and watch to make sure that breathing continues.

pinkish, he is probably getting enough oxygen so just keep going steadily.

If he is still pale pale blue-grey, he is not getting an adequate supply of
oxygen, so try to get more air into

the chin up and blow air deeply and slowly into either the mouth or the nose
(sealing the other to prevent air escaping) until the chest rises, showing that
you have inflated

to go on with artificial respiration but persistance is sometimes rewarded

even after as long as an hour, so keep going (as long as the heart is beating)
When the casualty is breathing naturally, place him in the

lungs.Watch the chest fall.

Repeat. If the heart is beating, the effect of the first few inflations should be a
change in the casualty's colour from

him quickly. But always wait for all the air to escape before you blow in
again.
If the casualty begins to breath again himself , let your

the lungs. If the chest fails to rise , check that you have the casualty's head
in the correct position.If it still does not rise after this, check for an obstruc-
tion in the airway.
Remove your mouth and allow the air to escape from the

6. Your friend has a few marks on his body.Match the name of the mark with
the explanation of its origin.

1.This BITE on my leg 6.This SCAR on my belly

2.These BLISTERS on my feet 7.This SCRATCH on my arm
3.This BRUISE on my eyelid 8.These SPOTS on my cheeks
4.This CUT on my thumb 9.This STING on my chin
5.This GRAZE on my knee

a.I got when I was operated on for appendicitis.

b.I got when I went on a walking tour in too tight shoes.
c.I got when I was hit by my friend during our quarrel.
 66

d.I got when I fell down while running.

e.I got when I suffered from measles.
f.I got when I was cutting onions with a sharp knife.
g.I got when I was attacked by a fierce dog.
h.I got when I was playing with my cat.
i.I got when I went to take some honey from the beehive.

7. Choose the correct answer.

1. He got that . on his forehead when he ran into an open cupboard door
in the dark a few days ago.

a) blister b) bruise c) scar d) sprain

2. Mary was . by a wasp while she was gathering some pears.

a) bitten b) eaten c) stung d) wounded

3. Be careful you don't . yourself when you are cutting those roses.

a) pick b) prick c) sting d) wound

4. I fell of bicycle when I was five and I still have a .. on my knee.

a) freckle b) scar c) hole d) scratch

5. He got a terrible .. on the head when he forgot to bend as he went through

the low doorway.

a) bump b) hunch c) ripple d) wrinkle

6. This .. dates from my operation last year.

a) cut b) scar c) scratch d) sore

7. A sword will only draw blood if it actually . the skin.

a) pierces b) pricks c) plunges d) thrusts

8. I have a . on my leg where you hit me.

a) blister b) bruise c) hole d) wound

9. She cried so much that her face became .. .

 67

a) fat b) soft c) swolen d) torn

10. If you are so senseless as to on long walks in tight-fitting shoes, you must
expect to get .

a) blisters b) bruises c) scars d) scratches

8. Crossword puzzle.

ACROSS:
1. from an old wound (4)
5. painful swelling on the hand or foot caused by exposure to cold (9)
6. small mark in the skin, possibly caused by an illness such as measles (4)
7. from dog's teeth (4)
8. on the knee (5)

DOWN
1. often the result of a toothache or sprained ankle (8)
2. hard skin, often on the foot (4)
3. from cat's claws (7)
4. from walking in too tight shoes (7)
 68

9. Read through the list of situations and emergencies below, then decide how you
would treat the casualties.Write the correct numbers (1-12) next to the words
below.
an animal bite (not serious) feeling faint
bruising headaches, migraine
burns a heart attack
choking a nose-bleed
cramp poisoning
drowning a stroke

1 Reassure the casualty and let him or her rest in a half-sitting position with
head and shoulders supported and knees bent.Put a cushion under them.
To help get oxygen into the brain, loosen any tight clothing around the throat,
chest and waist.Send for an ambulance and while you wait, check the pulse
rate every five or ten minutes and pass this information on to the ambulance-
men.

2 If food has gone down the wrong way or a child has got something caught in
his or her throat and coughing does not bring it up, slap him or her sharply on
the back up to four times, between the shoulder blades.

3 All you can do is to try to minimize the effect of damage to the brain by keeping
the patient breathing.Loosen clothing and support him or her in a half-sitting
position with the head to one side, so that any saliva can drain away. Arrange
for urgent removal to hospital. Do not give anything to eat or drink.

4 Do not waste time trying to clear water from the casualty's lungs but act at once.
Do not even wait to get the casualty out of the water - only his or her head need
be clear of it for you to begin artificial respiration- and after the first few infla-
tions continue on dry land. If you are successful and breathing starts again, place
the casualty in the recovery position and keep him or her warm.Take the casualty
to hospital in case the lungs have been affected.

5 If it breaks the skin it should be well cleaned with cotton wool squeezed out in
warm water or with a weak antiseptic solution.

6 Place a cold compress on the sufferer's forehead and get him or her to lie down,
preferably somewhere quiet and dark.Also give him or her a mild painkiller ,
such as aspirin.

7 Sit the patient quietly, head bent forward to prevent blood running back down
the throat.Get him or her to pinch the soft part of the nostrils together. After ten
minutes the patient may release his or her grip gently.

8 Apply a cold compress, e.g. ice cubes in a plastic bag, or even a pack of frozen
peas to slow down the flow of blood and reduce the swelling.

9 There is little you can do yourself but if any liquid remains around the mouth,
wash it away with cold water.If what has been swallowed is something corrosive
such as bleach or acid, give sips of milk or water to dilute it and cool the lips
 69

and mouth but do not induce vomiting as this may cause the throat and mouth
to be burned again as the chemical comes up.Get the casualty to hospital.

10 Advice the person to sit down, put his or her head between his or her knees
and take deep breaths.

11 Straighten out the affected part and then massage gently to ease the muscle.

12 The main thing to remember is to cool the injured part at once by running or
pouring cold water over it. Even covering with wet towels or handkerchiefs will
help.Continue this for at least fifteen minutes.If it still hurts after an hour, seek
medical advice.

10. Write, what you would do if someone

had fainted
had hiccups
had a hangover
had swallowed a coin or a paper clip
had frostbite

11. Useful verbs to do with health. Match up the verbs 1-16 with the most suitable
endings a-p.Write your answers in the boxes at the bottom of the page.

1 amputate a against disease

2 convalesce b your ankle
3 cure c a baby
4 cut d penicillin into the bloodstream
5 deaden e after an illness
6 deliver f a heart or a kidney
7 dislocate g someone back to health
8 dress h a leg
9 inject i a muscle
10 inoculate j your shoulder
11 nick k yourself with a knife
12 nurse l the disease
13 prescribe m a wound
14 pull n the pain
15 sprain / twist o yourself shaving
16 transplant p some medicine

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

12. Fill in the missing verbs in the sentences below. Choose from the following and
make any changes where necessary.Use each verb once only.

ache disfigure infect suffer from

blister disinfect injure suffocate
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bruise faint swell up lose consciousness

choke fracture maim treat
heal contaminate X-ray have a relapse
diagnose recuperate sterilize vaccinate

1 She seemed to be getting better when suddenly she __________________

and within a week was dead.
2 My mother is now ________________ at a private nursing home after her
operation.
3 A fairly common way of _____________ rheumatism is to give the patient a
cortisone injection.
4 The doctor ____________ her illness as leukaemia.
5 I went running last night and I've been _____________ ever since.
6 My sister has _______________ hay fever since she was twelve.
7 They deliberately ________________ the rats with the disease in order to
test the effectiveness of the new drug.
8 She almost _____________ to death on a chicken bone.
9 The leg could be broken. I think we'd better____________ it, just to make sure.
10 I remember vaguely seeing the doctor's face before I ____________________.
The next thing I remember was waking up in a hospital bed.
11 The cut looks nasty.We'd better wash it and ___________ it immediately.
12 When a mosquito bit her, her whole foot _______________ .
13 Two soldiers on parade ______________ in the hot sun.
14 When he played his first game of tennis for a long time, his hand ____________
because he wasn't used to holding the racket.
15 Two hundred people were killed and thousands _____________ in the recent
earthquake in Mexico.
16 She asked the doctor to _____________ her children against measles.
17 He ___________ his leg in two places when he fell down the stairs.
18 She ______________ her knee when she banged her leg against the table.
19 She survived the plane crash but was ____________ for life and will never walk
again.
20 His wound has now ____________ completely and it hasn't even left a scar.
21 Her face was badly ______________ in the fire.
22 We were told not to eat the food because it had been ____________ by rats.
23 The room was really hot and all the windows were closed. At one point I felt
I was going to _______________ .
24 Before the operation all the materials and tools were carefully ____________
to kill any bacteria.

13. Other useful words to do with health.Fill in the missing words in the sentences
below. Choose from the following:

alternative medicine feverish operating theatre

antidote germs paralysis
blood transfusion infectious plastic surgery
check-up injection post-mortem
contagious intensive-care unit quarantine
dose invalid side-effects
epidemic sufferer
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1 If you have an _______________ disease , such as a cold , others can catch it

from you even if they don't touch you.
2 He's a surgeon and spends most of his time in the ______________ .
3 A ______________ showed that he had died of food poisoning.
4 Summer is a nightmare for my wife as she's a hay fever ______________ .
5 Acupuncture, herbal medicine, osteopathy and homeopathy are examples of
____________________ .
6 She had lost so much blood in the car crash that she had to be given a _______
___________.
7 He's very seriously ill and has been moved to the hospital's ________________.
8 If you bring a dog or a cat into Britain from abroad, it has to spend six months in
_______________ , just to make sure it isn't suffering from any disease.
9 My cousin is diabetic and has to have an insulin ___________ every day.
10 She's been bitten by a snake. Unless she's given an ____________ soon, she
could die.
11 One of the _______________ of this drug is that your hair falls out.
12 Thousands of old people died in the latest flu _____________ to sweep through
the country.
13 He went to the doctor for his annual _________________.
14 Her face was so badly disfigured in the fire that she needed _______________ .
15 "I've been feeling very ___________, doctor," he explained, " and I've also been
having these pains in my chest."
16 A ____________ disease is one that can be passed on from person to person by
touch.
17 She never fully recovered after the accident and spent the rest of her life as an
_______________.
18 According to the television advert, this disinfectant kills all known household
____________.
19 Take one __________ of this cough mixture three times a day.
20 This disease can cause temporary _____________ of the right arm and leg.
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9_-_Preventive_Health_Care________________________

1. Read the text and tell what a person should do to keep in good health.

Healthy Living

"Medicines are not meant to live on ," an English proverb says. Yes, that's true and
we may add that good health is better than the best medicine.And if your health is
good , you are always in a good mood. You have " a sound mind in a sound body",
as the old Latin saying goes. The English proverb " Sickness in the body brings
sickness to the mind " expresses a similar idea , but from a different point of view.
Taking medicines is an unpleasant thing , of course, and if you want to avoid it,
you should go in for sports and keep yourself fit. Physical exercise is necessary and
very important. As doctors say, if a grown-up person doesn't take exercise, he can
easily catch an illness.Physically inactive people get old earlier than those who have
plenty of exercise. If you do daily exercise, you feel refreshed ,you have a good
posture, and that makes you feel good.So pay attention to the way you stand, walk
or sit.
Here are some of the rules for health:
Stop worrying and have enough rest.
Sleep with your window open.
Keep your body clean and wear clean clothes.
Keep your teeth clean.
Take long walks in the open air as often as you can.
Keep to a balanced diet (a lot of fruits and vegetables and little meat).
Avoid harmful habits (alcohol, smoking, etc.).
When you are reading or writing ,let the light come from behind your left shoulder.
So, people need healthy food , too.You need food from the four food groups. They
are meats , dairy foods, grains and fruits and vegetables. You eat meat, eggs, cheese
and beans for protein ; cereal, potatoes and bread for carbohydrates; milk, yogurt
and cottage cheese for calcium. You need vitamins , too.Oranges, grapefruit and
lemons are citrus fruits. They have vitamin C . Carrots and liver have vitamin A.
Nuts, grains and yeast have vitamin B.
 73

2. Fill in the blanks with the words below.You may use each word only once.

activity children dietary energy

include lean nursing nutrients
people person products rapidly
tissue well-balanced

Special Diets
Certain groups of . , such as young children or older people, have
special needs. Because . grow .., they need food
not only to replace worn-out tissues and provide .., but also to biuld new
.
A child's diet should milk and milk .., eggs , . meat,
poultry, fish, fruits, vegetables and cereals.
A . diet is important to the older .. as it is to the child.Older
people need as many as young adults.But if their . is reduced
they will need fewer callories.Expectant or . mothers and babies also need
special diets.

3. Choose the right answer.

1.Overweight people have . to avoid exercises.

a)an affectation b)a disposition c)an inclination d)a tendency

2.You should take more exercise if you want to keep . .

a) fat b)fine c)fit d)fresh

3.The doctor told her that she would be well-advised to some weight.
a) leave b) light c) lose d)sell

4.After her diet, she looked very . and healthy.

a) hungry b) skinny c) slim d)thin

5.Very fat men sometimes have a .. at the back of the neck.

a)double chin b) roll of fat c)spare tyre d)ton of flesh

6.The doctor advised my mother to keep a . watch on her weight.

a) near b) severe c)strict d)tight

7.It's important to keep your body in good .

a) contour b)figure c) form d) shape

8.You shouldn't eat so much chocolate . meals.

a) between b)else c)except d)through

9.She has put . a lot of weight since last year.

a)down b)in c)off d)on
 74

10.She remained depressingly fat .. all her efforts to slim.

a)against b)although c) contrary d) despite

11.There's an old saying, "it's the double gins that cause the .. ".
a)crossed eyes b)double chins c)flat feet d)knock knees

4. Taking the roles specified , practice the conversation.

Medical Check-up

Patient: I'm here for my annual check-up.

Nurse: O.K. Come on in here. I'll take your temperature and your blood pressure.
Take off your shoes and stand on the scale. I need your height and weight.
O.K. Go into this room and take off your clothes. The doctor will see you
in a few minutes.
Doctor: Have you been sick this year?
Patient: I had a cold last fall and got the flu this winter.Otherwise, I've been fine.
Doctor: Have you had any other health problems?
Patient: No, I haven't. I've felt fine.
Doctor: Open your mouth and say "Ah".Let me look at your throat. Breathe nor-
mally and let me listen to your heart. O.K. Get dressed and go into my
office.We'll talk there.
Your temperature is normal and your blood pressure is fine. Generally, you
are in good condition.But you should lose about ten pounds.You need to
eat low-calorie foods and get more exercise.
Patient: I don't have time to exercise.I have an office job and I take the bus to work.
Doctor: That's no excuse.Exercise should be a daily habit.Could you walk to
another bus stop that's several blocks from home?
Patient: I guess so. That wouldn't be too difficult.

5. Answer the following questions.

1. When was your last check-up?

2. Have you been sick this year?
3. What was your blood pressure?
4. Do you exercise regularly?
5.What kind of exercise do you do ?
6. Could you build more exercise into your day?

6. A medical check-up often includes ECG , temperature, blood pressure measurement

and some blood-tests.First read, how the ECG-technician talks to a patient, and
then practice giving other instructions.
 75

ECG-technician
We're going to take an electocardiogram. Would you strip to the waist please, and
lie down here on the couch. Yes, on you back, with your arms along your sides.
Fine. Try to relax as much as you can. It's a completely painless procedure.The
actual test takes only a few minutes, but first I have to fasten these electrodes on
your chest and on your wrist and ankles. I'm using a little cream on the electrodes
to get better contact. Yes, I'm afraid it's a little messy, but it's very easy to remove
afterwards. Are you comfortable? Good. This apparatus will record the very weak
electric impulses which regulate your heart beats and draw them as curves on a strip
of paper.The doctor may find an explanation to the problems you've been having
lately. All right then, let's start.

7. Taking the roles indicated, practice this conversation at a dentist's office.

Patient: I haven't been to the dentist in a long time.

Dental Well, I'm glad that you're here. You should see the dentist every
hygienist: six months. First I'm going to take some X-rays. Then I'll clean your
teeth. After that, the dentist will look at your teeth.

Dentist: Have you ever had any fillings?

Patient: No, I haven't.

Dentist: Well, your X-rays show two small cavities. I'm going to fill them
today. But first let's talk about daily dental care. How often do you
brush your teeth?

Patient: Twice a day-in the morning and at night.

Dentist: Do you use dental floss?

Patient: No, I don't.

Dentist: O.K. You should brush your teeth and gums after every meal. Brush
your teeth in the direction that they grow. Use dental floss at least
once a day. Make sure that no food stays between your teeth.

Patient: O.K. I'll try it. I know that I should take better care of my teeth.

8. Answer the following questions.

1. When have you gone to the dentist?

2. Have you had any cavities?
3. Has your dentist recommended a particular brand of toothpaste?
4. How often should you brush your teeth?
 76

9. Fill in the blanks with the words below.You may need to change the form of the
words.Each word can be used only once.

cavity cement dentist dentures disease examine

equipment fill gums interval lose nerve
pain practice preventive tooth treatment treat

General Dental Practice

General dental .. includes mouth examination, diagnosis, treatment and

prevention of . .There . frequently uses X-rays and other ..
. to ensure correct diagnosis and . .
Treatment may include filling .., removing the of teeth, treating
diseases of the .., removing ., and replacing . teeth with
bridges and .Anesthesia is often used in any treatment that might cause
.. .Teeth may be . with amalgam or .. .
Perhaps one of the most important parts of a dentist's work is . dentistry.
If a dentist a patient's teeth at regular ,he may find and
a disease before it becomes serious.

10. Choose the right answer.

1. Smoking is a dirty .. .
a) custom b) fashion c)habit d)manner

2. You will die of lung cancer if you .. in smoking so many cigarettes.

a) assist b) consist c) insist d) persist

3. It is well-known that smoking can do you great .

a) damage b) danger c)harm d)trouble

4. His doctor advised him to .. himself to three cigarettes a day.

a)border b) cage c) keep d) limit

5. Heavy smokers are twenty-five times more likely to be . by lung cancer

than non-smokers.
a) attacked b) gripped c) stricken d) taken

6. I use to be quite a smoker, but I gave it up several years ago.

a)bad b) frequent c) heavy d) strong

7. Smoking is a very bad habit , which many people find difficult to .. .

a) beat b) break c) breathe d) cough

8. Can you . me an effective way to stop smoking?

a)advise b) instruct c) show d) suggest

9. All cigarette packets carry . about the effect of smoking on health.

 77

a) an advice b) an alarm c) an alert d) a warning

10. It has been conclusively . that smoking causes many diseases.

a) admitted b) approved c) declared d)established

11. Experts have found that breathing in tobacco smoke can be .. to non-
smokers.
a) harmful b) spoiling c) unhealthy d) wholesome

12. He never stops smoking; one cigarette after another. I'm afraid he's become a
smoker.
a)chain b) cord c) line d) rope

13. You have a very nasty cough.You must .. on cigarettes.

a)cut down b) give up c) reduce d) take down

14. I hope you don't .. to my smoking.

a) disapprove b) disagree c) object d) oppose

15. Many people have smoking.Why don't you follow their example?
a) ended b) given up c) gone from d) left

11. Solve the anagrams by reading the clues and putting the letters in order to form
words. Write your answers in the grid to find the mystery word spelled by their
initial letters.

1. Main par of the brain . BCEEMRRU

2. Found by adding quantities and dividing their total by their number .AAEEGRV
3. Response .ACEINORT
4. Way of acting ABEHIORUV
5. To notice, to see, to watch, to look BEEORSV
6. Spasm causing sudden inhalation followed by closure of the glottis.. CCHIPU
7. Reflex action when tired or sleepyANWY
8. To become worse ..ADEEEIORRTT
9. Reducing strain or stress AAEILNORTX
10. Not asleep . AAEKW
11. Operating room ..AEEHRTT
12. Works well .CEEFFIINT

Mystery word: found in potatoes

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