Algorithm

Flow Chart Pseudocode

Non-Iterative Iterative

Formula/Value Count based Loop Condition based Loop

Calculation

Formula/Value
Totaling Counting Extreme Values
Calculation
 Description Flow Chart Symbol Pseudocode VB/VB.Net

[Variable Name] Initial Value DIM [Variable Name] As Data Type = Initial Value
TempA0 Example: Example:
Variable Declaration & Initialization TempB0 TempA0 DIM TempA As Integer=0
Weather TempB0 DIM TempB As Integer =0
Weather DIM Weather As String=

Input READ [Variable Name] [Variable Name]=Console.ReadLine()

Input TempA Example: Example:
READ TempA, TempA=Console.ReadLine()
Console.WriteLine ((Variable Name] &
PRINT [Variable Name],Message/Comment
Output Message/Comment)
Output Example:
TempB Example:
PRINT TempB, BMI, Over weight
Console.WriteLine (TempB & BMI & Over weight)

Process TempB (TempA-32)/1.8 TempB (TempA-32)/1.8 TempB=(TempA-32)/1.8

IF { conditional statement } THEN IF { conditional statement } THEN

{ statement 1 } { statement 1 }
ELSE ELSE
No { statement 2 } { statement 2 }
Yes is
ENDIF ENDIF
TempB<20
?
Example: Example:
IF Temp<20 THEN If Temp<20 Then
CountA CountB CountA CountA+1 CountA=CountA+1
CountA+1 CountB+1 ELSE Else
CountB CountB+1 CountB= CountB+1
ENDIF End If
Selection

IF { conditional statement } THEN { statement 1 } If { conditional statement } Then { statement 1 }

No
Yes is
TempB>
Highest Example: Example:
? IF TempB>Highest THEN Highest TempB If TempB>Highest Then Highest = TempB

Highest
TempB (Note: ENDIF is not needed if the whole (Note: End If is not needed if the whole IF.THEN
IF.THEN statement is written on a single line.) statement is written on a single line.)
 Select [Variable Name]
Case expression list
Statements
Yes is
No Case Else
Weather= Else statement
Foggy End Select
?

Foggy
IF Weather =Foggy THEN FoggyFoggy+1 Example:
Foggy+1
IF Weather =Cloudy THEN CloudyCloudy+1 Module Module1
IF Weather =Rainy THEN Sub Main()
Rainy Rainy +1 DIM Weather as String
Else DIM Foggy as Integer=0
No
Sunny Sunny +1 DIM Cloudy as Integer=0
Yes is ENDIF
Weather=
DIM Rainy as Integer=0
Cloudy CASE [Variable Name ] OF DIM Sunny as Integer=0
? expression : statement Weather=Console.ReadLine()
expression : statement Select Weather
Selection Cloudy expression : statement Case "Foggy"
Cloudy+1 OTHERWISE else statement Foggy=Foggy+1
ENDCASE Case "Cloudy"
Cloudy=Cloudy+1
Example: Case "Rainy"
CASE Weather OF Rainy=Rainy+1
Yes is
No Foggy : FoggyFoggy+1 Case Else
Weather= Cloudy: CloudyCloudy+1 Sunny=Sunny+1
Rainy End Select
Rainy : RainyRainy+1
?
OTHERWISE SunnySunny+1 Console.WriteLine (Foggy)
ENDCASE Console.WriteLine (Cloudy)
Rainy Sunny
Rainy+1 Sunny +1 Console.WriteLine (Rainy)
Console.WriteLine (Sunny)
End Sub
End Module

(You can try this code online at

http://ideone.com/EOBwlK,)
 Counter could be
Count, X, etc.
Counter could be
DIM Counter As Datatype
Count, X, etc. FOR Counter = Start TO End
Start -------- Things to do within
FOR Counter Start TO End
-------- loop
-------- Things to do within --------
-------- loop --------
Count 0
--------
--------
--------
NEXT
-------- Things to do outside
--------
Yes
Count=100 NEXT the loop
Things to do --------
Iteration (Count Based Loop) --------
outside the loop --------
No
--------
Example:
--------
Output Print Hello World 100 times:
"Hello World" Module Module1
Example:
Sub Main()
Print Hello World 100 times:
Dim Count As Integer
Count Count + 1 For Count= 1 To 100
FOR Count=1 TO 100
Console.WriteLine("Hello World)
PRINT Hello World
Next
NEXT
End Sub
End
End Module
 READ [Variable Name]
While condition
WHILE [Variable Name <> condition
[ statements ]
Start DO
[ Continue While ]
-------- Things to do within [ statements ]
-------- loop [ Exit While ]
--------
Count 0 [ statements ]
--------
End While
--------
READ [Variable Name]
Input Example:
Code ENDWHILE
Things to do Print Hello World till code 9999 was entered:
--------
outside the loop
Iteration (Condition Based Loop) --------
Yes
Code=9999 Module Module1
--------
Sub Main()
No
Dim Code As Integer=0
Example:
Code=Console.ReadLine()
Print Print Hello World till code 9999 was entered:
"Hello World" While Code<>9999
Console.WriteLine(Hello World)
READ Code
Code=Console.ReadLine()
WHILE Code <> 9999
Input End While
Code DO
End Sub
PRINT Hello World
End Module
READ Code
ENDWHILE
End
 1) Start of
Start Flowchart

Count0
CountA0
CountB0 2) Here we decide the variables to be
TempA0
TempB0 used and initialized them. All numerical
Total0 variable will be initialized with 0 except
Avg0
Highest0 for lowest that will be initialized with
Lowest1000 1000.

11) Always
Calculate 3) Start of the loop. Set loop exit
Yes
Average outside is
loop. Count=100 condition i.e. Count=100 if you
?
have to input temperature over
100 days.
AvgTotal/100
No 4) Input
Command
Input
TempA

5) Value
Output
Avg,
calculation if
CountA, TempB (TempA-32)/1.8 required.
CountB
Highest,
Lowest
6) Output
result only if
Output point 5 exists.
TempB
13) End of End
Flowchart 7) Add the input value or
Total Total +TempB result of value calculated if
average has been asked to
calculate
12) Always Print
Average, 8) Set the counting condition
Counting if tally is required and
No
Yes is
Variables, and
TempB<20
increment the respective
Extreme Values ? counting variable with 1.
outside the loop.

CountA CountB
CountA+1 CountB+1
Question: Write an algorithm in the
form of a flowchart which takes
temperatures input in Fahrenheit
over a 100 day period (once per 9) If extreme values such as
day). Convert the temperature in Yes
is
No Highest/Lowest,
Celsius with the help of following TempB>Hi Tallest/Shortest,
ghest
formula: ? Maximum/Minimum is
Temp (in Celsius)=(Temp (in required.
Fahrenheit) - 32)/1.8 Highest
and output temperature in Celsius, TempB
also print:
(b) number of days when the
temperature was below 20C
and the number of days when
Yes No
the temperature was 20C and is
TempB<Lo
above. west
(c) average temperature of 100 ?
days.
(d) the highest and lowest Lowest
TempB
temperature recorded in these
100days.
10) Increment the loop
counter by 1 for the next
Count Count+1
iteration and go back to loop
exit condition.
 Initialization
Start
([Variable]Initial Value)
For Count Starting Value to End Value
Initialization Box
Input [Variable]
Yes Loop exit
Condition Check Value Calculation (if required)
No
Output Calculated Value ([Variable])
Input Value
Totaling (if average is required)
(TotalTotal+[Variable])
Value Calculation
Counting based on condition (if sub-set
Output Result data to find)
Totaling (IF { conditional statement } THEN
(Add Input value or result to
Total Variable) CountACountA+1)

Yes Counting No
Extreme values (if highest/lowest to
Condition Check
find)
Increment the Increment the (IF [Variable]>Highest THEN
counter by 1 counter by 1
Highest [Variable])
Yes Extreme Value Check No (IF [Variable]<Lowest THEN
Lowest [Variable])
Swap the values Next
Calculate Average
Increment the counter
and return to loop exit
condition (AvgTotal/Loop End Value)
Calculate Percentage

Calculate Average (Per(CountA/Loop End Value)*100

Output Average, Counting Variables, Extreme
Output Average,
Counting, Extreme Values Values

End
 Module Module1
Start

Sub Main()
Count0 Dim Count As Integer=0
Count0
CountA0
CountB0
Dim CountA As Integer=0
Total0 CountA0 Dim CountB As Integer=0
Avg0
Question: Highest0
Lowest1000 CountB0 Dim TempA As Integer=0
Write an algorithm in the form of a Dim TempB As Integer=0
TempA0
flowchart which takes temperatures Yes
Count=100
Dim Total As Integer=0
input in Fahrenheit over a 100 day TempB0 Dim Avg As Integer=0
No

period (once per day). Convert the Total0 Dim Highest As Integer=0
temperature in Celsius with the help of
Input
TempA Dim Lowest As Integer=1000
Avg0
following formula: For Count= 1 To 100
Temp (in Celsius)=(Temp (in TempB (TempA -
32) / 1.8
Highest0 TempA=Console.ReadLine()
Fahrenheit) - 32)/1.8 Lowest1000 TempB=(TempA-32)/1.8
and output temperature in Celsius,
Output
TempB
FOR Count 1 TO 100 Console.WriteLine (TempB)
also print: Total=Total+TempB
(b) number of days when the Total Total + TempB READ TempA If TempB < 20 Then
temperature was below 20C and TempB (TempA-32)/1.8 CountA=Count+1
the number of days when the Yes
TempB<20
No

Else
temperature was 20C and above. PRINT TempB
CountB=CountB+1
(c) average temperature of 100 days. TotalTotal+TempB
CountA CountA + 1 CountB CountB + 1 End If
(d) the highest and lowest IF TempB < 20 THEN If TempB>Highest Then Highest=TempB
temperature recorded in these
CountACountA+1 If TempB<Lowest Then Lowest=TempB
100days.
Yes No
TempB>Highest
Next
ELSE
Variables to be to Store/Count Avg=Total/100
used
HighestTempB CountBCountB+1 Console.WriteLine(Avg & CountA & CountB &
Count No of iteration ENDIF Highest & Lowest)
TempA Temp in Fahrenheit Yes No
End Sub
TempB<Lowest
IF TempB>Highest THEN HighestTempB
TempB Temp in Celsius End Module
Number of days IF TempB<Lowest THEN LowestTempB
CountA
temp was below 20 Lowest TempB
NEXT
Number of days (You may try this code online at
CountB temperature was 20 AvgTotal/100
and above
Count Count + 1 http://ideone.com/6su9L2 ,simply fork it and then
PRINT Avg, CountA, CountB, Highest, Lowest Run)
Running sum of 100
Total
days temperature
Average Avg Total/100

Avg temperature of
100days Output
Avg, CountA, CountB,
Highest temperature Highest, Lowest
Highest
in 100 days
Lowest temperature End
Lowest
in 100 days
 Start

Num0
Write an algorithm, using Count0
pseudocode or a flowchart, which CountA0
Largest00
inputs 50 positive numbers
outputs how many of the
numbers were > 100 Yes
Count=50 Module Module1
Outputs the value of the No Sub Main()
largest (highest) number DIM Num As Integer=0
Num0
input Input
Num DIM Count As Integer=0
Count0
DIM CountA As Integer=0
Yes No CountA0
Num>100 DIM Largest As Integer=0
Largest0
For Count= 1 To 50
FOR Count1 TO 50
Num=Console.ReadLine()
CountA CountA + 1 READ Num
If Num>100 Then CountA=CountA+1
IF Num>100 THEN CountACountA+1
If Num>Largest Then Largest=Num
Yes
Num>Largest No IF Num>Largest THEN LargestNum
Next
NEXT
Console.WriteLine (CountA & Largest)
PRINT CountA, Largest
End Sub
Largest Num
End Module

Count Count + 1

Print CountA , Largest

End
 1) Start of
Start Flowchart

Count0
CountA0
CountB0 2) Here we decide the variables to be
TempA0
TempB0 used and initialized them. All numerical
Total0 variable will be initialized with 0 except
Avg0
Highest0 for lowest that will be initialized with
Lowest1000 1000.
Day

3) Input
Input
Command
Day,
TempA

12) Always
Calculate 4) Start of the loop. Use input
Yes
Average outside Day=
loop.
variable to set loop exit condition
Friday
?
i.e. Day=Friday or Num=-1 etc.

No 5) Value
AvgTotal/Count
calculation if
TempB (TempA-32)/1.8 required.

Output
6) Output
Avg, result only if
CountA, Output point 5 exists.
CountB TempB
Highest,
Lowest
7) Add the input value or
Total Total +TempB result of value calculated if
average has been asked to
14) End of End calculate
Flowchart
8) Nothing to do with loop
Count Count+1
but required for computing
Average.
13) Always Print
Average, 9) Set the counting condition
Counting No
if tally is required and
Yes is
Variables, and
TempB<20
increment the respective
Extreme Values ? counting variable with 1.
outside the loop.

CountA CountB
CountA+1 CountB+1

Question: Write an algorithm in the

form of a flowchart which takes
temperatures input in Fahrenheit
on certain days (stop by Friday). Yes is No

Convert the temperature in Celsius TempB>Hi

ghest
with the help of following formula: ?
Temp (in Celsius)=(Temp (in
Fahrenheit) - 32)/1.8 Highest
and output temperature in Celsius, TempB
also print: 10) If extreme values such as
(b) number of days when the Highest/Lowest,
temperature was below 20C Tallest/Shortest,
and the number of days when
the temperature was 20C and
Yes is No Maximum/Minimum is
TempB<Lo
above. west
required.
(c) average temperature of 100 ?

days.
Lowest
(d) the highest and lowest TempB
temperature recorded in these
100days.
11) Input command for next
Input
Day, iteration before returning to
TempA loop,
 Initialization
Start [Variable]Initial Value)

Input [Variable]
Initialization Box
While [Variable]<> Exit condition
Value Calculation (if required)
Input Value
Output Calculated Value ([Variable])

Yes Loop exit Totaling (if average is required)

Condition Check
No (TotalTotal+[Variable])

Value Calculation Counting based on condition (if sub-set

data to find)
Output
Calculate Average Result (IF { conditional statement } THEN
(Avg Total/Count)
Totaling
CountACountA+1)

Output (Add Input value or result to
Avg, CountA, CountB, Total Variable) Extreme values (if highest/lowest to
Highest, Lowest
Count Count + 1 find)
(to calculate average)
End
(IF [Variable]>Highest THEN
Yes Counting Condition No
Check Highest [Variable])
(IF [Variable]<Lowest THEN
Increment the Increment the
counter variable by 1 counter variable by 1 Lowest [Variable])
Input [Variable]
Yes Extreme Value No
Check Endwhile
Calculate Average
Swap the values
(AvgTotal/Loop End Value)
Calculate Percentage
Yes Extreme Value No
Check (Per(CountA/Loop End Value)*100
Output Average, Counting Variables, Extreme
Swap the values
Values

Input Value
 Module Module1
Sub Main()
Start

Dim Count As Integer=0
Count0 Dim CountA As Integer=0
Count0
CountA0
CountA0 Dim CountB As Integer=0
CountB0 CountB0
Total0 Dim TempA As Integer=0
Avg0 TempA0
Question: Write an algorithm in the Highest0 Dim TempB As Integer=0
Lowest1000 TempB0
form of a flowchart which takes Day Dim Total As Integer=0
Total0
temperatures input in Fahrenheit on Dim Avg As Integer=0
Avg0
certain days (stop by Friday). Convert
Input
Dim Highest As Integer=0
TempA, Day Highest0
the temperature in Celsius with the Dim Lowest As Integer=1000
Lowest1000
help of following formula: Yes Day="Friday" Dim Day As String=
Day
Temp (in Celsius)=(Temp (in Day=Console.ReadLine()
No
READ TempA, Day
Fahrenheit) - 32)/1.8 TempA=Console.ReadLine()
WHILE DAY<>Friday
and output temperature in Celsius, TempB (TempA -
While Day <> Friday
32) / 1.8 Do
also print: TempB=(TempA-32)/1.8
(b) number of days when the Output TempB (TempA-32)/1.8
Console.WriteLine (TempB)
temperature was below 20C and Avg Total/100
TempB PRINT TempB
Total=Total+TempB
the number of days when the TotalTotal+TempB
Total Total +TempB Count=Count+1
temperature was 20C and above.
Output
CountCount+1
Avg, CountA, CountB,
If TempB < 20 Then
(c) average temperature of 100 days.
Highest, Lowest IF TempA < 20

Count Count + 1 CountA=Count+1
(d) the highest and lowest THEN
End
Else
temperature recorded in these CountACount+1
CountB=CountB+1
100days. ELSE
Yes No
TempB<20
End If
CountBCountB+1
If TempB>Highest Then Highest=TempB
Variables to be to Store/Count ENDIF
CountACountA + 1 CountBCountB + 1 If TempB<Lowest Then Lowest=TempB
used IF TempB>Highest THEN HighestTempB
Count No of days Day=Console.ReadLine()
IF TempB<Lowest THEN LowestTempB
Day Day of week TempA=Console.ReadLine()
Yes TempB>Highest No
READ TempA, Day
TempA Temp in Fahrenheit End While
ENDWHILE
TempB Temp in Celsius Avg=Total/Count
AvgTotal/Count
Number of days Highest TempB Console.WriteLine(Avg & CountA & CountB &
CountA PRINT Avg, CountA, CountB, Highest, Lowest
temp was below 20 Highest & Lowest)
Number of days End Sub
CountB temperature was 20 Yes TempB<Lowest No
End Module
and above
Running sum of 100
Total
days temperature LowestTempB
Average
Avg temperature of (You may try this code online at
100days Input http://ideone.com/MjUhYu , simply fork it and then
Day, TempA"
Highest temperature Run)
Highest
in 100 days
Lowest temperature
Lowest
in 100 days
 Start
Write an algorithm, using
pseudocode or a flowchart, which
inputs a set of positive Num0
CountA0
numbers (which end with -1) Largest0
outputs how many of the
Module Module1
numbers were > 100 Input
Sub Main()
outputs the value of the
Num Num0
DIM Num As Integer=0
largest (highest) number CountA0
input Yes Num= - 1 DIM CountA As Integer=0
Largest00
No DIM Largest As Integer=0
READ Num
Num=Console.ReadLine()
Yes No WHILE Num<> -1
Num>100
While Num<>-1
Do
If Num>100 Then CountA=CountA+1
IF Num>100 THEN CountACountA+1
If Num>Largest Then Largest=Num
CountA CountA + 1 IF Num>Largest THEN LargestNum
Num=Console.ReadLine()
READ Num
End While
ENDWHILE
Yes Num>Largest No
Console.WriteLine (CountA & Largest)
PRINT CountA, Largest
End Sub
End Module
Largest Num

Input
Num

Print CountA , Largest

End
Write an algorithm, using
pseudocode or a flowchart, which
inputs a set of positive
Start
numbers (which end with -1)
outputs the average
(mean) value of the input
Num0
numbers Total0
outputs the value of the Count0
Module Module1
Largest00
largest (highest) number Avg0 Sub Main()
Num0
input DIM Num As Integer=0
Input Count0
Num DIM Count As Integer=0
Total0
DIM Total As Integer=0
Avg0
Yes
Num= - 1 DIM Largest As Integer=0
Largest0
No Num=Console.ReadLine()
READ Num
While Num<>-1
TotalTotal + Num WHILE Num<> -1
Total=Total+Num
Do
Count=Count+1
CountCount + 1 TotalTotal+Num
If Num>Largest Then Largest=Num
CountCount+1
Num=Console.ReadLine()
Yes
Num>Largest No
IF Num>Largest THEN LargestNum
End While
READ Num
Avg=Total/Count
ENDWHILE
Largest Num Console.WriteLine (Avg & Largest)
AvgTotal/Count
End Sub
PRINT Avg, Largest
End Module
Input
Num

Avg Total / Count

Print Avg , Largest

End
Practice Questions:
(1) Daniel lives in Italy and travels to Mexico, India and New Zealand. The times differences are:
Country Hours Minutes
Mexico -7 0
India +4 +30
New Zealand +11 0
Thus, if it is 10:15 in Italy it will be 14:45 in India.
(a) Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or otherwise, which:
Inputs the name of the country
Inputs the time in Italy in hours (H) and minutes (M)
Calculates the time in the country input using the data from the table
Outputs the country and the time in hours and minutes

(2) As part of an experiment, a school measured the heights (in metres) of all its 500 students.
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode, which inputs the heights of all 500 students and outputs the height of the tallest person and the shortest person in the school.

(3) A geography class decide to measure daily temperatures and hours of sunshine per day over a 12 month period (365 days)
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode, which inputs the temperatures and hours of sunshine for all 365 days, and finally outputs the average (mean) temperature for the year
and the average (mean) number of hours per day over the year.

(4) A small shop sells 280 different items. Each item is identified by a 3 digit code. All items that start with a zero (0) are cards, all items that start with a one (1) are sweets, all
items that start with a two (2) are stationery and all items that start with a three (3) are toys.
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode, which inputs the 3 digit code for all 280 items and outputs the number of cards, sweets, stationery and toys.

(5) A company are carrying out a survey by observing traffic at a road junction. Each time a car, bus, lorry or other vehicle passed by the road junction it was noted down.
10 000 vehicles were counted during the survey.
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode, which:
inputs all 10000 responses
outputs the number of cars, buses and lorries that passed by the junction during the survey
outputs the number of vehicles that werent cars, buses or lorries during the survey
(6) Speed cameras read the time a vehicle passes a point (A) on the road and then reads the time it passes a second point (B) on the same road (points A and B are 100
metres apart). The speed of the vehicle is calculated using:

The maximum allowed speed is 100 kilometres per hour. 500 vehicles were monitored using these cameras over a 1 hour period.

Write an algorithm, using pseudocode, which:

inputs the start time and end time for the 500 vehicles that were monitored
calculate the speed for each vehicle using the formula above
outputs the speed for each vehicle and also a message if the speed exceeded 100 km/hour
output the highest speed of all the 500 vehicles monitored
Past Papers Questions:
May/June 2006
16 (a) A formula for calculating the body mass index (BMI) is:

Calculate the BMI for a person whose weight is 80kg and height is 2 metres. [1]

(b) Using pseudocode or otherwise, write an algorithm that will input the ID, weight (kg) and height (m) of 30 students, calculate their body mass index (BMI) and
output their ID, BMI and a comment as follows:

A BMI greater than 25 will get the comment OVER WEIGHT, a BMI between 25 and 19 (inclusive) will get NORMAL and a BMI less than 19 will get UNDER
WEIGHT. [6]

20 Temperatures (C) are being collected in an experiment every hour over a 200 hour period. Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or otherwise, which inputs
each temperature and outputs
how many of the temperatures were above 20C
how many of the temperatures were below 10C
the lowest temperature that was input [5]

May/June 2007
19 A company has 5000 CDs, DVDs, videos and books in stock. Each item has a unique 5-digit code with the first digit identifying the type of item, i.e.
1 = CD
2 = DVD
3 = video
4 = book
For example, for the code 15642 the 1 identifies that it is a CD, and for the code 30055 the 3 identifies that it is a video.

Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or otherwise, that

Inputs the codes for all 5000 items
Validates the input code
Calculates how many CDs, DVDs, videos and books are in stock
Outputs the four totals. [5]
Oct/Nov 2007
16 (a) Fuel economy for a car is found using the formula:

What would be the Fuel Economy of a car travelling 40 km on 10 litres of fuel? [1]

(b) The Fuel Economy for 1000 cars is to be calculated using the formula in Question 16(a).
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or otherwise, which inputs the Distance Travelled (km) and the Fuel Used (litres) for 1000 cars. The Fuel Economy for each
car is then calculated and the following outputs produced:
Fuel Economy for each car
average (mean) Fuel Economy for all of the cars input
the best Fuel Economy (i.e. highest value)
the worst Fuel Economy (i.e. lowest value) [6]

May/June 2008
19 Customers can withdraw cash from an Automatic Teller Machine (ATM).
withdrawal is refused if amount entered > current balance
withdrawal is refused if amount entered > daily limit
if current balance < $100, then a charge of 2% is made
if current balance $100, no charge is made
Write an algorithm which inputs a request for a sum of money, decides if a withdrawal can be made and calculates any charges. Appropriate output messages
should be included. [5]

Oct/Nov 2008
19 The manufacturing cost of producing an item depends on its complexity. A company manufactures three different types of item, with costs based on the
following calculations:

Item type 1: item cost = parts cost * 1.5

Item type 2: item cost = parts cost * 2.5
Item type 3: item cost = parts cost * 5.0
The company makes 1000 items per day.

Write an algorithm, using pseudocode, flowchart or otherwise, which

 inputs the item type and parts cost of each item
outputs the item cost for each item
calculates and outputs the average (mean) item cost per day (based on 1000 items being made).
[5]

May/June 2009
18 A small airport handles 400 flights per day from three airlines:
FASTAIR (code FA)
SWIFTJET (code SJ)
KNIGHTAIR (code KA)
Each flight is identified by the airline code and 3 digits. For example FA 156.
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or otherwise, which monitors the 400 flights into and out of the airport each day. The following inputs, processing and
outputs are all part of the monitoring process:
input flight identification
calculate number of flights per day for each of the three airlines
output the percentage of the total flights per day by each airline
any validation checks must be included [5]

Oct/Nov 2009. P11

17 (a) A cars speed is measured between points A and B, which are 200 km apart.

The final speed of the car is calculated using the formula:

What is the final speed of a car if it takes 2 hours to get from A to B? [1]

(b) Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or otherwise, which inputs the times for 500 cars, calculates the final speed of each car using the formula in part (a),
and then outputs:
the final speed for ALL 500 cars
the slowest (lowest) final speed
the fastest (highest) final speed
the average final speed for all the cars. [6]
May/June 2010. P11
18 A group of students were monitoring the temperature every day over a one-year period.
Readings were taken ten times every day (you may assume a year contains 365 days).

Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or flowchart, which

inputs all the temperatures (ten per day)
outputs the highest temperature taken over the year
outputs the lowest temperature taken over the year
outputs the average temperature per day
outputs the average temperature for the whole year [7]

May/June 2010. P12

16 (a) Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or a flowchart, which:
inputs 50 numbers
outputs how many of the numbers were > 100 [3]

(b) Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or a flowchart, which:

inputs 100 numbers
finds the average of the input numbers
outputs the average [3]

Oct/Nov 2010. P12

17 A school is doing a check on the heights and weights of all its students. The school has 1000 students.
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or a flowchart, which
inputs the height and weight of all 1000 students
outputs the average (mean) height and weight
includes any necessary error traps for the input of height and weight [5]

Oct/Nov 2010. P13

17 (a) Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or a flowchart, which
inputs a set of positive numbers (which end with -1)
outputs the average (mean) value of the input numbers
outputs the value of the largest (highest) number input [4]
(b) Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or a flowchart, which
inputs a whole number (which is > 0)
calculates the number of digits in the number
outputs the number of digits and the original number
(E.g. 147 would give an output of 3, 147) [4]

May/June 2011. P11

17 Daniel lives in Italy and travels to Mexico, India and New Zealand. The times differences are:
Country Hours Minutes
Mexico -7 0
India +4 +30
New Zealand +11 0

Thus, if it is 10:15 in Italy it will be 14:45 in India.

(a) Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or otherwise, which:

Inputs the name of the country
Inputs the time in Italy in hours (H) and minutes (M)
Calculates the time in the country input using the data from the table
Outputs the country and the time in hours and minutes [4]

(b) Describe, with examples, two sets of test data you would use to test your algorithm. [2]

May/June 2011. P12

17 A school has 1800 students. The start date and leaving date for each student is stored on file. Dates are in the format YYMMDD (e.g. a student starting on 10th
September 2007 and leaving on 4th August 2012 has the data 070910 and 120804 on file).
(a) Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or otherwise, which
inputs Student ID for all 1800 students
inputs the start date and leaving date for each student
carries out a check to ensure the second date is later
if error, increments error counter
outputs the number of errors [5]

(b) Describe, with examples, TWO sets of test data you would use to test your algorithm. [2]
Oct/Nov 2011. P11
17 (a) Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or flowchart only, which:
inputs three numbers
outputs the largest of the three numbers
(b) Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or flowchart only, which:
inputs 1000 numbers
outputs how many of these numbers were whole numbers (integers)
(You may use INT(X) in your answer e.g. Y = INT(3.8) gives the value Y = 3)

Oct/Nov 2011. P13

16 The weather conditions in a town are being monitored over a year (365 days). The values recorded per day are weather type and temperature (e.g. CLOUDY,
25).
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or flowchart only, which:
inputs the weather type and temperature for each day
outputs the number of days that were CLOUDY, RAINING, SUNNY or FOGGY
outputs the highest recorded temperature for the year
outputs the lowest recorded temperature for the year

May/June 2012. P11

17 Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or a program flowchart only, which:
inputs the population and land area for 500 countries,
calculates the population density (i.e. population/land area) for every country,
outputs the largest and smallest population density,
outputs the average population for all 500 countries. [6]

May/June 2012. P12

15 An estate agent advertises houses for sale. The customer enquiries for a 7-day working week are entered weekly into a computer.
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or a program flowchart only, which:
inputs the number of customer enquiries each day,
inputs the house price each customer enquires about,
outputs how many customers enquired each day about houses costing less than $100 000,
outputs the percentage of all enquiries made during the week about houses costing more than $500 000. [6]
Oct/Nov 2012. P12

17 (a) Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or a program flowchart only, that:

inputs a series of positive numbers (-1 is used to terminate the input),
outputs how many numbers were less than 1000 and
outputs how many numbers were greater than 1000. [4]

(b) Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or a program flowchart only, that

inputs fifty numbers each as 4 separate digits, for example: 1 5 4 1
outputs the percentage of numbers that were palindromes.
(note: a palindrome reads the same way backwards or forwards. For example, 1331 is a palindrome but 1541 is not).
Use separate variables to store the separate digits of a number (for example D1, D2,
D3, D4). [4]

Oct/Nov 2012. P13

16 A small caf sells five types of item:
bun 0.50 dollars
coffee 1.20 dollars
cake 1.50 dollars
sandwich 2.10 dollars
dessert 4.00 dollars
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or a program flowchart only, which
inputs every item sold during the day,
uses an item called end to finish the days input,
adds up the daily amount taken for each type of item,
outputs the total takings (for all items added together) at the end of the day,
outputs the type of item that had the highest takings at the end of the day. [4]

May/June 2013. P11

2 Name two different types of loop structure in a typical programming language.

Give an example of how ten numbers could be input using the named loop. [6]

16 A small shop uses barcodes which represent 5 digits. The last digit is used as a check digit.
For example:
abcde
01234
The check digit (e) is found by:
multiplying the first and third digits (i.e. a and c) by 3
multiplying the second and fourth digits (i.e. b and d) by 2
adding these four results together to give a total
dividing this total by 10
remainder is check digit (e)
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or flowchart only, which
inputs 100 five-digit barcodes in the form a, b, c, d, e
re-calculates the check digit for each number and checks whether the input check digit (e) is correct
outputs the number of barcodes which were entered correctly [5]

May/June 2013. P12

17 A country has four mobile phone network operators. Each mobile phone number has eight digits. The first three digits identify the network operator:
444 Yodafone
555 N2 network
666 Kofee mobile
777 Satsuma mobile
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or flowchart only, which reads 50 000 eight-digit mobile phone calls made during the day and outputs the number of calls
made on each of the four networks. [6]

Oct/Nov 2013. P12

16 (a) A greenhouse is being monitored by a computer using 2 sensors. SENSOR1 measures the temperature and SENSOR2 measures oxygen levels.
If the temperature exceeds 45C or oxygen levels fall below 0.19, then an error message is output by the computer.
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or flowchart only, which
inputs both sensor readings
checks the sensor input values and outputs a warning message if either are out of
range
continues monitoring until the <ESCAPE> key is pressed
(You may assume that READ SENSORn will take a reading from SENSORn and that
READ KEY inputs a key press from the keyboard). [5]
Oct/Nov 2013. P13

15 5000 numbers are being input which should have either 1 digit (e.g. 5), 2 digits (e.g. 36), 3 digits (e.g. 149) or 4 digits (e.g. 8567).
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or flowchart only, which
inputs 5000 numbers
outputs how many numbers had 1 digit, 2 digits, 3 digits and 4 digits
outputs the % of numbers input which were outside the range [6]

May/June 2014. P11

15 A survey is being carried out which involves reading and recording sound levels near a busy road junction. Once all the data are collected, they are input
manually into a computer. A sound level of 0 decibels (0 dB) is input to indicate the end of the data.
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or a flowchart, which:
inputs all the sound levels
after a sound level of 0 is input, outputs the following:
o average sound level
o highest recorded sound level.

May/June 2014 P12

18 A school has 1500 students. It is conducting a survey on their music preferences. Each student uses a computer and inputs their name and then chooses one
of 5 options:
rock (input value 1)
soul (input value 2)
pop (input value 3)
jazz (input value 4)
classical (input value 5)
Write an algorithm, using pseudocode or a flowchart, which:
inputs the choice of all 1500 students (values 1 to 5)
outputs all the names of the students who chose classical music
outputs the percentage who chose each option.