CHAPTER 1 CONCRETE

1-1. PLAIN AND REINFORCED CONCRETE

PLAIN CONCRETE the conglomeration an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water
REINFORCED CONCRETE a concrete with reinforcement properly embedded in such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting
forces

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CONCRETE USED IN CONSTRUCTION

1. The Ordinary Portland Cement.

2. The Rapid Hardening Portland Cement which is preferred when high early strength concrete is desired.
3. The Blast Furnace or Sulfate Cement used on concrete structures designed to resist chemical attack.
4. The Low Heat Portland Cement used for massive sections designed to reduce the heat of hydration.
5. The Portland Pozzolan Cement with a low hardening characteristic concrete.
6. The High Alumina Cement.

HIGH ALUMINA CEMENT/ ALUMINOUS CEMENT/ CEMENT FUNDU

- at least 32% of alumina oxide content by weight and alumina lime is within 0.85% to 1.3%
- can resist chemical attack by sulfate and weak acids including sea water
- can withstand prolonged exposure to high temperature of more than 1000c
- not advisable for mixing with any other types of cement

THE MAIN COMPOSITION OF CEMENT

1.6 - 65% Lime
18.0 25% Silica
3.0 8% Alumina
2.0 5% Iron oxide
1.0 5% Sulfur trioxide

AGGREGATES
AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE CLASSIFICATION
1. Coarse Aggregate crushed stone, crushed gravel or natural gravel with particles retained on a 5 mm sieve.
2. Fine Aggregate crushed stone, crushed gravel, sand or natural sand with particles passing on a 5 mm sieve.

Size of aggregates
Coarse aggregate (gravel)
- Referred to as workability of concrete, it should be small enough for the concrete mixture to flow smoothly around the
reinforcement.
Maximum nominal size 40,20,14 or 10 mm diameter
Maximum size should not exceed 25% to minimum thickness of the member structure and clear distance between the reinforcing bars and the
form

1-2. THE PRINCIPLES OF CONCRETE MIXING

PURPOSE IN MIXING CONCRETE
1. Workability
2. Strength
3. Durability
4. Economy

PROCEDURES IN ATTAINING THE DESIRED STRENGTH AND QUALITY OF CONCRETE

1. The water cement ratio is first determined at the very first hour of mixing to meet the requirements of strength and durability.
2. The cement-aggregate ratio is then chosen and established to satisfy the workability requirements. Workability, means the ability of the
fresh concrete to fill all the voids between the steel bars and the forms without necessarily exerting much effort in tamping.

Laboratory tests showed that the water-cement content ratio is the most important consideration in mixing because it determines not only
the strength and durability of the concrete but also the workability of the mixture.

Concrete mixtures in a paste form, is preferred than those mixtures which are flowing with water.

The ACI Requirements for Concrete are as follows:

1. Fresh concrete shall be workable. Meaning, that fresh concrete could freely flow around the reinforcements to fill all the voids inside the
form.
2. That, the hardened concrete shall be strong enough to carry the design load.
3. That, hardened concrete could withstand the conditions to which it is expected to perform.
4. That, concrete should be economically produced.

Concrete Mixture may be classified as either:

a. Designed Mixture
b. Prescribed Mixture

Designed Mixture - Where the contractor is responsible in establishing the mixture proportion that will achieve the required strength and
workability as specified in the plan.
Prescribed Mixture - Where the designing engineer specify the mixture proportion.
- the contractors responsibility is only to provide a properly mixed concrete containing the right proportions as prescribed in
the plan.
1-3 THE UNIT OF MEASURE

Cubic meter materials for concrete structures

40 kg/bag of cement

APPROXIMATE VALUE USED FOR ESTIMATION

1 in = 0.025 m = 25 mm
1 ft = 0.30 m = 30 cm

TABLE 1-1 CONVERSION FROM INCHES TO METER

Accurate Approximate Accurate Approximate
Number Number
Value Value Value Value
1 .0254 .025 21 .5334 .525
2 .0508 .050 22 .5588 .550
3 .0762 .075 23 .5842 .575
4 .1016 .100 24 .6096 .600
5 .1270 .125 25 .6350 .625
6 .1524 .150 26 .6604 .650
7 .1778 .175 27 .6858 .675
8 .2032 .200 28 .7112 .700
9 .2286 .225 29 .7366 .725
10 .2540 .250 30 .7620 .750
11 .2794 .275 31 .7874 .775
12 .3048 .300 32 .8128 .800
13 .3302 .325 33 .8382 .825
14 .3556 .350 34 .8636 .850
15 .3810 .375 35 .8890 .875
16 .4064 .400 36 .9144 .900
17 .4318 .425 37 .9398 .925
18 .4572 .450 38 .9652 .950
19 .4826 .475 39 .9906 .975
20 .5080 .500 40 1.016 1.00

The values presented in Table 1-1 could be useful in:

1. Finding the accurate conversion of length from English to Metric measure.

2. Determining the approximate value to be used generally in our simplified methods of estimating.

1-4. CONCRETE PROPORTION

Proportioning concrete mixture is done in two different ways:

by weight or by volume method. The most common and convenient way is by the volume method using the empty plastic bag of cement,
or by a measuring box for sand and gravel as explained in Section 1-3. Measuring the aggregates and water by weight is sometimes used in a
concrete batching plant for ready-mix concrete or as specified in the plan.

Table 1 2 CONCRETE PROPORTION

Mixture Proportion Cement in Bag Sand Gravel

Class 40 kg. 50 kg. cu. m. cu. m.
AA 1 :1: 3 12.0 9.5 .50 1.0
A 1 : 2 : 4 9.0 7.0 .50 1.0
B 1 :2: 5 7.5 6.0 .50 1.0
C 1 : 3 : 6 6.0 5.0 .50 1.0

FACTORS AFFECTING THE ACCURACY OF THE ESTIMATE

1. Inaccurate volume of delivered aggregates which is very common.

2. Dumping of aggregates on uneven ground surface and grass areas reduces the net volume of aggregates.
3. Improper measuring of the aggregates during the mixing operation.
4. The cement and fine aggregate for grouting concrete joints are mostly overlooked in the estimating processes.
5. Cement waste due to reckless handling and hauling.
6. The pure cement powder used by mason in plastering operations to prevent the plaster from sliding downward is not considered in
estimating.
7. Pilferage of materials.

Ordering of Coarse Aggregate

a. Kind of gravel, either crushed stone or natural gravel from the creek.
b. The minimum and maximum size of the stone must be specified. It should be free from mixed sand because sand is cheaper than gravel.
c. Natural gravel from the creek requires screening to obtain a well-graded coarse aggregate. Take note that screening of aggregates means
additional cost of labor and reduction in the net usable volume of gravel.
1-5. CONCRETE SLAB
Illustration 1-1:
A proposed concrete pavement has a general dimension of 10 cm. thick 3.00 meters wide and 5.00 meters long. Determine the quantity
of cement in bags, sand and gravel in cubic meters required using class C mixture.

Solution:
a) using 40 kg. cement
1. Determine the volume of the proposed concrete pavement.
.10
Volume = Thickness x Width x Length
V = .10 x 3.00 x 5.0 = 1.5 cu. m.
2. Refer to 1-2. Using 40 kg. cement class C mixture; multiply the volume by the corresponding values:
Cement : 1.5 x 6.0 = 9.0 bags
Sand : 1.5 x .50 = .75 cu. m.
Gravel : 1.5 x 1.0 = 1.5 cu. m.

b) using 50 kg. cement

1. Determine the volume of the proposed concrete pavement.
Volume = Thickness x Width x Length
V = .10 x 3.00 x 5.0 = 1.5 cu. m.
2. Refer to 1-2. Using 50 kg. cement class C mixture; multiply the volume by the corresponding values:
Cement : 1.5 x 5.0 = 7.5 bags
Sand : 1.5 x .50 = .75 cu. m.
Gravel : 1.5 x 1.0 = 1.5 cu. m.

1- 6. ESTIMATING CONCRETE SLAB BY THE AREA METHOD

TABLE 1-3 QUANTITY OF CEMENT, SAND AND GRAVEL FOR SLAB AND WALLS PER SQUARE METER AREA
Slab Mixture Class
thickness 40 kg. Cement 50 kg. Cement Sand Gravel
Cm A B C A B C cu. m. cu. m.
5.0 .450 .375 .300 .350 .300 .250 .0250 .050
7.5 .675 .563 .450 .525 .450 .375 .0375 .075
10.0 .900 .750 .600 .700 .600 .500 .0500 .100
12.5 1.125 .938 .750 .875 .750 .625 .0630 .125
15.0 1.350 1.125 .900 1.050 .900 .750 .0750 .150
17.5 1.575 1.313 1.050 1.225 1.050 .875 .0880 .175
20.0 1.800 1.500 1.200 1.400 1.200 1.00 .1000 .200
22.5 2.030 1.688 1.350 1.575 1.350 1.125 .1125 .225
25.0 2.250 1.875 1.500 1.750 1.500 1.250 .1250 .250
27.5 2.475 2.063 1.650 1.925 1.650 1.375 .1380 .275
30.0 2.700 2.250 1.800 2.100 1.800 1.500 .1500 .300

Solving the problem from illustration 1-1 using area method.

1. Solve for the pavement area.

Area = Width x Length
A = 3.00 m x 5.00 m
A = 15 sq. m.

2. Refer to Table 1-3. Along 10 cm. slab thickness under 40 kg. cement class C mixture, multiply:
Cement : 15 x .600 = 9.0 bags
Sand : 15 x .050 = .75 cu. m.
Gravel : 15 x .100 = 1.5 cu. m.