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For a polygon with straight sides this is the sum of all sides.
8
11 9
5 5
6 6 7 7 4 4
4 11 8 3
For polygons with curved sides the perimeter is known as the circumference and is given by the
formula
Where is a mathematical constant with the value of 3.142 (correct to 3 decimal places)
r is the radius of the circle (distance from centre to circumference)
a is the major radius of an ellipse .
b is the minor radius of an ellipse .._.._.._.._.._
Eg. a = 6cm
b = 4cm
Circumference = 2r
2 x 3.142 x 5
31.42cm circumference = 2 x 3.142 36 + 16
2
radius = 5 = 32.04cm
Eg.
12 4 ht = 7
12 12 8
Area = x 12 x 3 = 18cm
3 cm
12 cm
7 cm
14 cm
Area = r
r=5
= 3.142 x 5 = 78.54cm
a=5
Complex shapes for which there are no formulas should be divided into simple shapes. The area
of each is then calculated and added together to determine the overall area.
Area = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 - A5
A1 A4
A5
A3
A2
Prism
A prism is any shape where the cross-sectional area is constant.
Rectangular Prism
eg. calculate the volume of a block with a square base of side 6cm
and a height of 10cm
b
volume = 1 x b x h = 6 x 6 x 10 = 360cm
I
Shaded area is the base
Triangular Prism
Circular Prism
area of base = r
volume = r x height
The volume of certain non-prismatic shapes can be determined by using the correct formula.
Sphere
volume of a sphere = 4 r3
3
r
eg. determine the volume of a spherical component with the radius
of 7cm.
Cone
h volume = 1 x r x h
3
r
eg. calculate the volume of a cone with base radius of 6cm and perpendicular height of 10cm
Volume =
1 x 3.142 x 6 x 10 = 376.00cm
3
Volumes of irregular shapes can be determined by calculation if the mass and density of the
material from which it is known or by displacement.
eg. density of substance from which an irregular object is made is 8500kg/m. if it has a mass of
425kg, calculate its volume.
Measuring cylinder
1. 2. 3.
15 cm
9.5 cm
15 cm
4. 1.3 cm
3 cm
12 cm
5. 12 cm
3.5 cm
7.8 cm
47.5 cm
4.5 cm
1.3 cm
6 cm
2.5
cm 5 cm
24 cm
6. A water tank is a cuboid with a base of 1.2m by 0.8m. How deep is the water when the
tank contains 0.384m of water?
7. A classroom is 5m x 6m x 3m. Health regulations require that each student must have a
minimum of 5m of air. How many students can occupy the room?
2
12 8
2 15
2
6
1. 2. 3. 2 cm
5 cm 3 cm
6 cm 2.5 cm
9 cm 12 cm
12 cm 15 cm
all circles have a radius of 1.5cm
4. 5.
3.5 cm
4 cm
6 cm 16 cm
2 cm 9 cm
12 cm 12 cm
3 cm
32 cm radius of circle = 3cm
6. An ingot 80 x 10 x 300mm is cast into a cylinder 120mm diameter. Calculate its length.
7. A rivet has a hemispherical head 6mm radius and a stem of 6mm diameter and 15mm
length. Calculate the volume of 100 of the rivets.
8. What would be the volume of (a) air (b) plastic in a ball with 25cm diameter made from
plastic 2mm thick?
Calculate the volume of the following shapes. All dimensions in cm.
7
9. 10. 5
Normal ht = 6 Cylinder
14 radius = 1.5