Unit V

Dr.
Satish Shukla 1 of 36
Syllabus (Unit-V): Vector Calculus: Gradient and directional derivative. Di-

vergence and Curl of Vector point function, line and surface integrals. Greens,
Gauss and Stokes theorems and their applications.
Basic Notations and Definition
Let P (x, y, z) be any point in the space, then the position vector of P is denoted by ~r
and ~r = ix + jy + kz. The derivative of ~r is denoted by d~r and d~r = idx
p+ jdy + kdz.
The modulus of the position vector ~r is denoted by r and r = |~r| = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ,
and so, r2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 . It is easy to see that:
r x r y r z
= , = and = . (1)
x r y r z r
The dot product (or scalar product) and the cross product (or vector product) of two
vectors ~a = iax + jay + kaz and ~b = ibx + jby + kbz is denoted by ~a ~b and ~a ~b
respectively, and
~a ~b = ax bx + ay by + az bz

i j k
~a ~b = ax ay az .

bx by bz
Scalar and Vector Point Functions
If to each point P (x, y, z) of a region R in the space there corresponds a definite

scalar denoted by f (x, y, z), then f (x, y, z) is called a scalar point function in R. The
region R is called the scaler field associated with this scalar point function. For example,
suppose the temperature of a rectangular solid at any point P (x, y, z) is given by
T (x, y, z), then T is a scalar point function and the whole volume of the rectangular
solid is called the temperature field or scaler field associated with temperature. A
scalar field may be represented by a series of level surfaces each having a constant
value of scalar point function . Examples of these surfaces is isothermal, equidensity
and equipotential surfaces. For example, if a point charge is capt at a point C of space,
then the electric field due to this charge produces an electric potential filed and the
electric potential at each point of any sphere with center C is constant, i.e., each sphere
with centre C represents an equipotential surface.
If to each point P (x, y, z) of a region V in the space there corresponds a definite
vector denoted by F (x, y, z), then F (x, y, z) is called a vector point function in V .
The region V is called the vector field associated with this vector point function. For
example, suppose the gravitational intensity of a body at any point P (x, y, z) is given
by G(x, y, z), then G is a vector point function and the region where this body applies
the force on the other masses is called the gravitational field or vector field associated
with this body.
Total derivatives of a functions and operator.

Dr. Satish Shukla 2 of 36
Suppose, f (x, y, z) be a function, then by chain rule of partial differentiation we know

that the total derivative of this function is given by:

f f f f f f
df = dx + dy + dz = i + j + k (idx + jdy + kdz)
x y z x y z

= i + j + k f (idx + jdy + kdz). (2)
x y z

Here, the quantity i + j + k is a vector, as well as, an operator, and it is
x y z
denoted by , and called the Nabla operator, i.e., the Nabla oprator

i + j + k .
x y z
Thus from (2) the total differential of F :
df = f d~r. (3)
Note. We write
2 2 2

2
i + j + k i + j + k + + .
x y z x y z x2 y 2 z 2
The operator 2 is called the Laplacian Operator.
Gradient of a scalar function: Let f (x, y, z) be a scalar point function, then the
gradient of f at any point is a vector field (quantity), the magnitude of which is equal
to the maximum rate of increase of f with respect to the distance at that point and
the direction of it is that direction in which the rate of change of f is maximum. It is
denoted by gradf . Mathematically,

f f f
gradf = f = i + j + k f = i + j + k .
x y z x y z
Suppose, there are two level surfaces S1 and S2 of f . Let the value of scalar function
on a level surface S1 is f and that at the surface S2 is f + df , i.e., the change in f in
moving from S1 to S2 is df . We note that, the distance between the surfaces S1 and
S2 can be measured in various directions, but the rate of this change df in the scalar
field with respect to the distance between S1 and S2 will be maximum if the distance
is taken normal. Therefore, the gradient of f at any point is always in the normal
direction to the level surface at that point.
Note.
(i) gradf is the normal vector to the surface f (x, y, z) = c, i.e., the normal
vector of the surface f (x, y, z) = c is ~n = gradf.
(ii) The greatest rate of increasing of the function f (x, y, z) at point P is equal
to the the value of |gradf | at that point.
Example 1. Find the gradient of the scalar function (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 z at

the point (1, 2, 5).
Sol. By definition of gradient we know that

grad = = i + j + k (x2 + y 2 z)
x y z

= i (x2 + y 2 z) + j (x2 + y 2 z) + k (x2 + y 2 z)
x y z
= 2xi + 2y j k.
At point (1, 2, 5) we have grad = 2i + 4j k.
Example 2. Show that: (i) grad rn = nrn2~r OR rn = nrn2~r;

f 0 (r)
(ii)f (r) = ~r.
r
Sol. (i) By definition of gradient we have:

n n
grad r = r = i + j + k rn = i (rn ) + j (rn ) + k (rn )
x y z x y z
r r r
= nrn1 i + nrn1 j + nrn1 k
x y z

r r r
= nrn1 i + j + k
x y z
hx y z i h i
n1 n2
= nr i + j + k = nr xi + y j + z k
r r r
= nrn2~r.
(ii) By definition of operator we have:

f (r) = i + j + k f (r) = i f (r) + j f (r) + k f (r)
x y z x y z
X X r X x
= i f (r) = if 0 (r) = if 0 (r)
x x r
f 0 (r) X f 0 (r)
= ix = [xi + y j + z k]
r r
f 0 (r)
= ~r.
r
Directional Derivative: We know that the three partial derivatives of a function
f (x, y, z) at any point give the rate of change of this function as we vary x (hold-
ing y and z fixed), as we vary y (holding x and z fixed) and as we vary z (holding x
f
and y fixed) respectively. Or in other words, the partial derivative is the rate of
x
change of f along X-axis, i.e., along the unit vector i. Similarly, the partial derivatives
f f
and are the rate of change of f along the Y -axis and Z-axis, i.e., along the
y z
unit vectors j and hk respectively. Now, we consider the problem, how to find the
rate of change of f if we allow all three variables x, y and z simultaneously, i.e., we
consider the problem, how to find the rate of change of f along any arbitrary vector ~a.
For this purpose, we define the directional derivative of the function f. The directional
derivative of f at a point is the rate of change in f in a specific direction at that point.
Suppose, f (x, y, z) be a scalar function. Then, we know that the rate of change of f
at a point P (x0 , y0 , z0 ) in a direction normal to the level surface at that point, is equal
to the gradf at that point. Suppose, we have to find the rate of change of f at point
~a
P in direction of a vector ~a, then it will be the component of gradf along a = , i.e.,
|~a|
the directional derivative of f in the direction of ~a is:
D.D. = gradf a.
Example 3. Find the directional derivative of the function = x2 y 2 + 2z 2 at

the point P (1, 2, 3) in the direction of the line P Q, where Q is the point (5, 0, 4).
Sol. Here
~a = P~Q = (5 1)i + (0 2)j + (4 3)k = 4i 2j + k.
Therefore,
~a 1
a = = (4i 2j + k).
|~a| 21
Now,

grad = = i + j + k (x2 y 2 + 2z 2 ) = i(2x) + j(2y) + k(4z).
x y z
At point P (1, 2, 3) we have grad = 2i 4j + 12k. Therefore, the directional derivative

of at point P in direction of P~Q = ~a is:
1
D.D. = grad a = 2i 4j + 12k (4i 2j + k)
21
28
= .
21
Example 4. What is the greatest rate of increasing of = xyz 2 at point (1, 0, 3)?
Sol. We know that the greatest rate of increasing of is given by:

2

|grad| = || = i + j + k (xyz )
x y z
= |i(yz 2 ) + j(xz 2 ) + k(2xyz)|.
At point (1, 0, 3) the maximum value= |i(0) + j(9) + k(0)| = |j(9)| = 9.
Example 5. Find the unit normal vector to the surface x4 3xyz + z 2 + 1 = 0 at

the point (1, 1, 1).
Sol. Here = x4 3xyz + z 2 + 1. Now

grad = = i + j + k (x4 3xyz + z 2 + 1)
x y z
= i(4x3 3yz) + j(3xz) + k(3xy + 2z).
At point (1, 1, 1) grad = i 3j k. We know that (grad)(1,1,1) is the normal vector

of at point (1, 1, 1), therefore, the unit normal vector to at point (1, 1, 1) is:
(grad)(1,1,1) i 3j k
n = = .
|(grad)(1,1,1) | 11
Example 6. Find the values of the constant a, b, c so that the directional derivative
of = axy 2 + byz + cz 2 x3 at (1, 2, 1) has a maximum magnitude 64 in the
direction parallel to Z-axis.
Sol. Here = axy 2 + byz + cz 2 x3 . Now

grad = = i + j + k (axy 2 + byz + cz 2 x3 )
x y z
= i(ay 2 + 3cz 2 x2 ) + j(2axy + bz) + k(by + 2czx3 ).
At point (1, 2, 1) grad = (4a + 3c)i (4a b)j + (2b 2c)k. We know that the
directional derivative is maximum in the direction of grad, but it is given that it is
maximum in the direction of Z-axis, therefore, the gradient must be in the direction
of the axis of z. Therefore, in the expression of grad the coefficient of i and j must
be zero, i.e.,
4a + 3c = 0 (4)
4a b = 0. (5)
Therefore, grad = (2b 2c)k Again, since the maximum magnitude of the directional
derivative is equal to |grad|, but it is given that it is 64, therefore, |grad| = 64, or
|(2b 2c)k| = 64 i.e.,
b c = 32. (6)
Solving (5), (5) and (6) we obtain
a = 6, b = 24, c = 8.
Example 7. In which direction from (3, 1, 2) is the directional derivative of

= x2 y 2 z 4 maximum? Also, find the magnitude of this maximum.
Sol. Here = x2 y 2 z 4 . Now

grad = = i + j + k (x2 y 2 z 4 )
x y z
= i(2xy 2 z 4 ) + j(2x2 yz 4 + bz) + k(4x2 y 2 z 3 ).
At point (3, 1, 2) grad = 96i + 288j 288k. We know that the directional derivative
is maximum in the direction of grad, therefore, it is maximum in the direction of
96i + 288j 288k. The maximum magnitude of the directional derivative is equal to

|grad| = 9216 + 82944 + 82944 = 418.45.
Example 8. What is the directional derivative of = xy 2 + yz 3 at the point

(2, 1, 1) in the direction of the normal to the surface x ln(z) y 2 = 4 at point
(1, 2, 1).
Sol. First we find the normal to the surface S = x ln(z) y 2 + 4. Then, we know that
the normal to the surface is

~a = gradS = S = i + j + k (x ln(z) y 2 + 4)
x y z
x
= i(ln(z)) + j(2y) + k .
z
4j k
At point (1, 2, 1) the normal vector will be: ~a = 4j k. Therefore, a = .
17
Now, we will find the directional derivative of = xy 2 + yz 3 at the point (2, 1, 1).
Then,

grad = = i + j + k xy 2 + yz 3
x y z
= i(y 2 ) + j(2xy + z 3 ) + k(3yz 2 ).
At point (2, 1, 1) we have grad = i 3j 3k. Therefore, the directional derivative
of in the direction of ~a will be
4j k 15
D.D. = grad a = (i 3j 3k) = .
17 17
Home Work (Assignment)
(Q.1) Find the directional derivative of the function = xy 2 +yz 3 at the point (2, 1, 1)
in the direction of the vector i + 2j + 2k. Ans. 11 3
.
(Q.2) Find the directional derivative of () at point (1, 2, 1) in the direction of
the normal surface xy 2 z = 3x + z 2 , where = 2x3 y 2 z 4 . (Hint: the normal to
the surface xy 2 z = 3x + z 2 at point (1, 2, 1) will be gradS at point (1, 2, 1),
where S = xy 2 z 3x z 2 . Therefore, ~a = gradS at (1, 2, 1).) Ans. 1904
.
21
5
(Q.3) Find the directional derivative of = 5x2 y 5y 2 z + z 2 x at point P (1, 1, 1) in
2
x1 y3 z
the direction of line = = . (Hint: Here ~a is in the direction of
2 2 1
given line, therefore, ~a = 2i 2j + k). Ans. 35 3
Divergence and Curl of a Vector function

(i) IF F~ = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k be a vector, then the divergence of F~ is denoted by divF~
and it is given by:

divF~ = F~ = i + j + k F1 i + F2 j + F3 k
x y z
F1 F2 F3
= + + .
x y z
Note. The divergence of a vector field at a point, gives the net flux of that
vector field diverging through the unit volume at that point (i.e., the flux exiting
through the volume - flux entering to the volume). Therefore, if the divergence
of a vector field is positive at a point, then we can say that there the flux exiting
through the volume is greater than the flux entering to the volume, and so, there
is some source of that vector field at that point. Similarly, if the divergence of
a vector field is negative at a point, then we can say that there is some sink of
that vector field at that point.
Solenoidal vector. If the if the divergence of a vector field is zero at a point, then
there is neither a source nor a sink of that vector field at that point, and such vectors
are called Solenoidal vectors.
(ii) The curl of a vector field of F~ is denoted by curlF~ and it is defined by:

i j k

curlF~ = F~ = i + j + k F1 i + F2 j + F3 k =

x y z

x y z

F1 F2 F3

F3 F2 F1 F3 F2 F1
= i + i + i .
y z z x x y
Note. The curl of a vector filed at any point gives the rotation of that vector
filed at that point.
Irrotational or Non-Curly Vector Filed. If the curl of a vector filed is zero, that
it shows that the vector filed has no rotation, and such a vector filed is called an
Irrotational Vector Filed. If a vector field F~ is irrotational, then we can find a scalar
point function such that F~ = grad . The function is called the Scalar Potential
of irrotational function F~ .
Example 9. Prove that:
(i) div (rn~r) = (n + 3)rn ;
(ii) curl rn~r = ~0, i.e., rn~r is irrotational;
(iii) rn~r is solenoidal if n = 3.

~r
Sol. First, note that ~r = xi + y j + z k and r = , and so,
|~r|
r 2 = x2 + y 2 + z 2 .
r
Differentiating partially the above equation with respect to x, we get 2r = 2x, i.e.,
x
r x
= . Similarly, we obtain:
x r
r x r y r z
= , = , = . (7)
x r y r z r
(i) Now, by definition of divergence we have:

n n
div (r ~r) = (r ~r) = i + j + k rn xi + rn y j + rn z k
x y z
X X
n n1 r n
= (r x) = nr x+r
x x
X 2

n1 x n
= nr +r (by (7))
r
X
nrn2 x2 + rn

=
= nrn2 x2 + rn + nrn2 y 2 + rn + nrn2 z 2 + rn
= nrn2 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 3rn = nrn2 r2 + 3rn
= (n + 3)rn .
(ii) By definition of curl we have:

i j k

n n
curl (r ~r) = [r (ix + jy + kz)] =

x y z
n
r x rn y rn z
X n
X
n n1 r n1 r
= i (r z) (r y) = nr z nr y
y z y z
X X
nrn2 yz nrn2 yz =

= i0 = i0 + j0 + k0
= ~0.
Therefore, rn~r is irrotational vector field.

(iii) We know that rn~r will be solenoidal if:
div rn~r = 0 (n + 3)rn = 0 (by (i) part)

n = 3.
Example 10. Prove that:
div grad rn = n(n + 1)rn2 ; OR rn = n(n + 1)rn2 .

Sol. We know that
X
n n n
r = i + j + k r = i (r )
x y z x

X r X h x i X h i
= i nrn1 ) = i nrn1 = i nxrn2
x r
n2 n2 n2

= i nxr + i nyr + i nzr
= nrn2 (xi + y j + z k).
Therefore,

n n
nrn2 (xi + y j + z k)

div gradr = r = i + j + k
x y z
X
n3 r
X
n2 n2

= nr x = n (n 2)r x+r
x x
X
(n 2)rn4 x2 + rn2

= n
n (n 2)rn4 x2 + rn2 + (n 2)rn4 y 2 + rn2 + (n 2)rn4 z 2 + rn2

=
= n(n 2)rn4 (x2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + 3nrn2
= n(n 2)rn2 + 3nrn2 = nrn2 (n 2 + 3)
= n(n + 1)rn2 .
Example 11. Show that the vector F~ = (x + 3y)i + (y 2z)j + (x 2z)k is

solenoidal.
Sol. Here:

divF~ = F~ = i + j + k [(x + 3y)i + (y 2z)j + (x 2z)]
x y z

= (x + 3y) + (y 2z) + (x 2z) = 1 + 1 2
x y z
= 0.
Therefore, F~ is solenoidal.
Example 12. Determine the constants a, b, c such that F~ = (x + 2y + az)i + (bx

3y z)j + (4x + cy + 2z)k is irrotational. Hence find the scalar potential such
that F~ = grad .
Sol. Part I. Here:

i j k

curl F~ = F~ =

x y z

x + 2y + az bx 3y z 4x + cy + 2z

= i (4x + cy + 2z) (bx 3y z) j (4x + cy + 2z) (x + 2y + az)
y z x z

+k (bx 3y z) (x + 2y + az)
x y
= i(c + 1) j(a + 4) + k(b 2).
If F~ is irrotational, we must have curl F~ = ~0, i.e.,
i(c + 1) j(a + 4) + k(b 2) = 0i + 0j + 0k = c + 1 = 0, a + 4 = 0, b 2 = 0.
Thus, a = 4, b = 2, c = 1. Therefore, now F~ becomes
F~ = (x + 2y + 4z)i + (2x 3y z)j + (4x y + 2z)k.
Part II. Suppose, is the required scalar potential, then F~ = grad , i.e.,

(x + 2y + 4z)i + (2x 3y z)j + (4x y + 2z)k = i + j + k .
x y z
Therefore,

= x + 2y + 4z (8)
x

= 2x 3y z (9)
y

= 4x y + 2z. (10)
z
Integrating the above equations with respect to x, y and z respectively, we obtain:
x2
= + 2xy + 4xz + f1 (y, z) (11)
2
3y 2
= 2xy yz + f2 (z, x) (12)
2
= 4xz yz + z 2 + f3 (x, y). (13)
On differentiating (11) partially with respect to y, we get

= 2x + (f1 (y, z)).
y y

Comparing the above equation with equation (9) we obtain: (f1 (y, z)) = 3y z.
y
3y 2
Integrating it with respect to y we obtain: f1 (y, z) = yz + g1 (z). On putting
2
this value in (11) we get
x2 3y 2
= + 2xy + 4xz yz + g1 (z). (14)
2 2

Again differentiating the above equation with respect to z we obtain: = 4x y +
z
d d
[g1 (z)]. On putting this value in (10) we get [g1 (z)] = 2z. On integrating it we
dz dz
2
obtain: g1 (z) = z . On putting the value of g1 (z) we get:
x2 3y 2
= + 2xy + 4xz yz + z 2 .
2 2
(Q.1) Prove that 2 (rn ) = n(n + 1)rn2 .
(Q.2) Find div F~ and curl F~ , where F~ = (x3 + y 3 + z 3 3xyz).

Ans. div F~ = 6(x + y + z) and curl F~ = ~0.
(Q.3) If F~ = (x2 + xy 2 )i + (y 2 + x2 y)j, then show that F~ is irrotational vector field,

3 3 2 2
and find its scalar potential . Ans. = x3 + y3 + x 2y
(Q.4) If F~ = (x + y + 1)i + j (x + y)k, prove that F~ curl F~ = 0.
2
(Q.5) Prove that 2 f (r) = f 00 (r) + f 0 (r).
r
Vector Integration

2i j + 2k, if t = 2; R3 d~r
Example 13. If ~r(t) = Show that ~r dt = 10.
4i 2j + 3k, if t = 3. 2 dt
d 2 d~r d~r 1d 2
Sol. We know that (~r ) = 2~r , therefore, ~r = (~r ). Therefore:
dt dt dt 2 dt
Z3 Z3 3
d~r 1d 2 1 2 1 2
~r (3) ~r 2 (2)

~r dt = (~r )dt = (~r ) =
dt 2 dt 2 2 2
2 2
1h i
= (4i 2j + 3k)2 (2i j + 2k)2
2
1
= [(16 + 4 + 9) (4 + 1 + 4)]
2
= 10.
Line Integral (Integral along a curve)

Suppose F~ = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k and C be a curve in theRspace. Then the line integral

~ R
~
of F over a curve C is defined as follows: F d~r = (F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz) . Note
C C
that, the curve C is taken so that this integral exists. Sometimes, when the equation
of curve is given in parametric form, we also use
d~r
Z Z
F~ d~r = F~ dt
dt
C C
Note.
(i) If the curve C is a closed curve, then the line integral of F~ along C is called
the circulation of vector F~ and it is denoted by F~ d~r.
H
C
(ii) If F~ represents a force, then the work done by this force in moving a particle
from a point A to another point B through a path C is given by W = F~ d~r.
R
C
If this work W does not depend on the path C, but depends only on the
initial point A and the final point B, then the force field F~ is called a
conservative force field.
Evaluation of Line integral. In the evaluation of a line integral, the curve C, along
which the integral is to be performed, is very important. First, we find the values of F~
and the three values dx, dy and dz on this curve C, and then integrate the respective
terms.
Example 14. Find the circulation of F~ along the curve C, where F~ = ex sin y i +
ex cos y j, and C is the rectangle whose vertices are (0, 0), (1, 0), (1, /2) and
(0, /2).
Sol.
Y C(0, /2) C3 B(1, /2)

y = /2
x=0
x=1
C4 C2
y=0 X
O(0, 0) C1 A(1, 0)
Rectangle in xy-plane
Since F~ = ex sin y i + ex cos y j we have
F~ d~r = (ex sin y i + ex cos y j) (idx + jdy + kdz) = ex sin ydx + ex cos ydy.
It is clear from the figure that the closed curve C (i.e., the boundary of the rectangle
ABCD) consists of the four lines, namely, OA(C1 ), AB(C2 ), BC(C3 ) and CO(C4 ).
Therefore, the circulation of F~ along C will be:

I Z Z Z Z
F~ d~r = F~ d~r + F~ d~r + F~ d~r + F~ d~r. (15)
C C1 C2 C3 C4
(i) The equation of the curve C1 (i.e., the line OA) is y = 0 (constant) and the value
of x on this curve changes from x = 0 (at O) to x = 1 (at A). Therefore, along this
curve we have y = 0 = dy = 0, and x varies from x = 0 to x = 1, and so,
Z Z Z1
F~ d~r = x x
(e sin ydx + e cos ydy) = (ex sin 0dx + ex cos 0 0) = 0.
C1 C1 x=0
(ii) The equation of the curve C2 (i.e., the line AB) is x = 1 (constant) and the value
of y on this curve changes from y = 0 (at A) to y = /2 (at B). Therefore, along this
curve we have x = 1 = dx = 0, and y varies from y = 0 to y = /2, and so,
Z Z /2
Z /2
Z
F~ d~r = x x
(e sin ydx + e cos ydy) = 1 1
(e sin y 0 + e cos ydy) = e (cos ydy) = e.
C2 C2 y=0 0
(iii) The equation of the curve C3 (i.e., the line BC) is y = /2 (constant) and the
value of x on this curve changes from x = 1 (at B) to x = 0 (at C). Therefore, along
this curve we have y = /2 = dy = 0, and x varies from x = 1 to x = 0, and so,
Z Z Z0 Z0
F~ d~r = x x
(e sin ydx+e cos ydy) = x
(e sin(/2)dx+e cos(/2)0) = x
(ex dx) = e1.
C3 C3 x=1 1
(iv) The equation of the curve C4 (i.e., the line CO) is x = 0 (constant) and the value
of y on this curve changes from y = /2 (at C) to y = 0 (at O). Therefore, along this
curve we have x = 0 = dx = 0, and y varies from y = /2 to y = 0, and so,
Z Z Z0 Z0
F~ d~r = x x
(e sin ydx+e cos ydy) = 0
(e sin y0+e cos ydy) = 0
(cos ydy) = 1.
C4 C4 y=/2 /2
F~ d~r = 0.
H
On putting all these values in (15) we obtain
C
Example 15. Find the total work done by the a force F~ = 3xy i 5z j + 10xk in
moving a particle along the curve x = t2 + 1, y = 2t2 , z = t3 from t = 1 to t = 2.
Sol. The parametric equation of curve is x = t2 + 1, y = 2t2 , z = t3 therefore dx =

2tdt, dy = 4tdt, dz = 3t2 dt. Now the work done by the particle
Z Z
W = F~ d~r = (3xy i 5z j + 10xk) (idx + jdy + kdz)
C C
Z Z
3(t2 + 1)(2t2 )(2tdt) 5(t3 )(4tdt) + 10(t2 + 1)(3t2 dt)

= (3xydx 5zdy + 10xdz) =
C C
Z2 6 2
5 4 3 2
12t 5 4 3
= 12t + 10t + 12t + 30t dt = + 2t + 3t + 10t
5 1
1
= 303.
R2 d2~r
(Q.1) If ~r(t) = 5t2 i + tj t3 j then show that ~r dt = 14i + 75j 15k.
1 dt2
(Q.2) Using the line integral compute the work done by the force F~ = (2y +3)i + xz j +
(yzx)k when moves a particle from the point (0, 0, 0) to the point (2, 1, 1) along
the curve x = 2t2 , y = t, z = t3 . Ans. 288
35
(Q.3) If F~ = 2y i z j + z k, then evaluate F~ d~r, along the curve x = cos t, y =

R
C
sin t, z = 2 cos t from t = 0 to /2. Ans. (2 /4)i + ( 1/2).
Surface integral of a vector field
We know that the line integral of a vector field F~ gives the work done by the force
field F~ in moving a particle along the curve C. In a similar manner, we can define
the surface integral of a vector field F~ . The surface integral of the vector field F~ over
a surface S represents the flux of vector field F~ passing through the surface S. For
example, if the vector field F~ represents the flow of a fluid, then the surface integral of
F~ will represent the amount of fluid flowing through the surface (per unit time), i.e.,
the flux of fluid through the surface.
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - S- - - -
- -S - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
Maximum flow of flux Minimum flow of flux
through the surface S through the surface S
If water is flowing in some direction with velocity ~v and S is any surface in between
the path of water. Then, the flux of the velocity vector ~v through S will be the amount
of water passing through the surface S. Then, it is obvious that if the surface S is
perpendicular to the flow of fluid (i.e., if ~v is in a direction of normal to the surface
S), then a lot of water will flow through the surface S and the flux will be large. On
the other hand, if water is flowing parallel to the surface (i.e., if ~v is perpendicular
to the normal of the surface S), then the water will not flow through the surface,
and the flux will be zero. To calculate the total amount of water flowing through the
surface, we want to add up the component of the vector F~ that is perpendicular to the
surface. This example shows that the flux of vector depends on the direction of normal
of the surface and the direction of the vector F~ . Therefore, we treat the surfaces as a
quantity having the direction, i.e., as a vector quantity and the direction of the surface
is assumed to in the direction of its normal.
Consider a vector field F~ and let S be any surface in this vector field. Let ds be
an infinitely small part of this surface at point P (x, y, z) and n be the unit normal
of this part ds. Then ds~ = nds and the flux passing through this small part will be
~ = F~ nds. Now the flux of vector passing through the whole surface can be
F~ ds
obtained by integrating it over the whole surface S, i.e., the whole flux:
ZZ ZZ
surface integral = I = ~ =
F~ ds F~ nds
S S
Note.
(i) If Rxy be the projection of S on xy-plane then
F~ n dxdy
ZZ ZZ
I= ~ =
F~ ds dxdy (i.e., ds = ).
n k n k
S Rxy
(ii) If Ryz be the projection of S on yz-plane then
F~ n dydz
ZZ ZZ
I= ~ =
F~ ds dydz (i.e., ds = ).
n i n i
S Ryz
(iii) If Rzx be the projection of S on zx-plane then
F~ n dzdx
ZZ ZZ
I= ~ =
F~ ds dzdx (i.e., ds = ).
n j n j
S Rzx
Which formula we should not use? The unit normal vector to S can be obtained by
grad
the formula n = . If n is free from k, then the formula (i) is not useful, because
|grad|
in this case n k = 0. Similarly, if n is free from i, then the formula (ii) and if n is free
from j, then the formula (iii) are not useful.
F~ nds, where F~ = (x + y 2 )i 2xj + 2yz k and S is the

RR
Example 16. Evaluate
S
surface of the plane 2x + y + 2z = 6 in the first octant.
Sol.
Y
B(0, 6)
Z
C(0, 0, 3)
2x
+
y=
6
n dy
Y
O dx X
B(0, 6, 0) O A(3, 0)
X
A(3, 0, 0)
Plane 2x + y + 2z = 6 Projection of plane on xy-plane
First we shall find the unit normal vector n to the surface = 2x + y + 2z 6 of

plane. Then

grad = = i + j + k (2x + y + 2z 6)
x y z
= 2i + j + 2k.
Therefore,
grad 2i + j + 2k
n = = .
|grad| 3
And
" #
h i 2i + j + 2k 2y 2 + 4yz
F~ n = (x + y )i 2xj + 2yz k
2
= .
3 3
Now, the projection of surface on the xy-plane is Rxy : 2x + y 6 = 0, and ds =

dxdy dxdy
= . Therefore,
n k 2/3
F~ n 2y 2 + 4yz
ZZ ZZ ZZ
F~ nds = dxdy = dxdy
n k 3 2/3
S Rxy Rxy
Z3 62x
Z
= (y 2 + 2yz)dxdy
x=0 y=0
= 81.
F~ nds, where F~ = yz i + zxj + xy k and S is that part

RR
S
of the surface of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 which lies in the first octant.
Sol.
Z
C(0, 0, 1)
Y
B(0, 1)
x2
+
y 2
=
n 1
dy
Y
O dx
B(0, 1, 0) X
O A(1, 0)
X
A(1, 0, 0)
Shpere in first octant Projection of sphere on xy-plane
First we shall find the unit normal vector n to the surface = x2 + y 2 + z 2 1.

Then

grad = = i + j + k (x2 + y 2 + z 2 1)
x y z
= 2xi + 2y j + 2z k.
Therefore,
grad 2xi + 2y j + 2z k 2xi + 2y j + 2z k 2xi + 2y j + 2z k

n = =p =p = = xi+y j+z k.
|grad| 2
4x + 4y + 4z2 2 2 2
4(x + y + z ) 2 21
And h i h i
~
F n = yz i + zxj + xy k xi + y j + z k = 3xyz.
dxdy
Now, the projection of surface on the xy-plane is Rxy : x2 + y 2 = 1, and ds = =
n k
dxdy
. Therefore,
z
F~ n 3xyz
ZZ ZZ ZZ
F~ nds = dxdy = dxdy
n k z
S Rxy Rxy

2
ZZ Z1 1x
Z
= 3 xydxdy = 3 xydxdy
Rxy x=0 y=0
Z1 2
1x2 Z1
y 3
x(1 x2 ) dx

= 3 x dx =
2 0 2
x=0 x=0
2 4 1

3 x x
=
2 2 4 0
3
= .
8
F~ nds, where F~ = 18z i 12j + 3y k and S is the surface of the

RR
(Q.1) Evaluate
S
plane 2x + 3y + 6z = 12 in the first octant. Ans. 24
(Q.2) Evaluate
RR
~ where F~ = yz i + zxj + xy k and S is the surface of the plane
F~ ds,
S
196
2x + 3y + 6z = 12 in the first octant. Ans. 6
Volume integral of a vector and scalar field
Let F~ = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k be a vector point function and V be the volume in space.

Then the volume integral of RF~ over the volume V is the triple integral of F~ over this
volume and it is denoted by F~ dv and
V
Z ZZZ ZZZ
F~ dv = F~ dv = F~ dxdydz.
V V V
divF~ dv, where F~ = (2x2 3z)i 2xy j 4xk and V

RRR
V
is the volume bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 4.
Sol.
Z
C(0, 0, 4)
Y
2x + 2y + z = 4 B(0, 2)
x
+
y
=
n
2
dy
dx
Y X
O
B(0, 2, 0) O A(2, 0)
=2
X
x+y Projection of plane 2x + 2y + z = 4
A(2, 0, 0) on xy-plane
First, we find divF~ . Then

h
~ ~ i
divF = F = i + j + k (2x2 3z)i 2xy j 4xk = 4x 2x = 2x.
x y z
Now, it is obvious that the volume V is the volume of tetrahedron as shown n the
figure. In this volume the limits of x, y and z are:
z = 0 to z = 4 2x 2y
y = 0 to y =2x
x = 0 to x = 2.
Therefore,
ZZZ Z 42x2y
Z2 2x Z Z2 2x
Z
divF~ dv = 2xdxdydz = 2x [z]042x2y dxdy
V x=0 y=0 z=0 x=0 y=0
Z2 2x
Z Z2
2x
4xy 2x2 y xy 2 y=0 dx

= 2 2x(4 2x 2y)dxdy = 2
x=0 y=0 x=0
Z2
= (2x3 8x2 + 8x)dx
x=0
8
= .
3
F~ dv, where F~ = 2xz i xj y 2 k and V is the volume

RRR
V
bounded by the surfaces x = 0, y = 0, x = 2, y = 6, z = x2 and z = 4.
Sol. Here:
ZZZ Z2 Z6 Z4
F~ dv = (2xz i xj y 2 k)dxdydz
V x=0 y=0 z=x2

Z2 Z6 Z4
= (2xz i xj y 2 k)dz dxdy
x=0 y=0 x2
Z2 Z6 h i4
= xz 2 i xz j y 2 z k dxdy
z=x2
x=0 y=0
Z2 Z6 h i
= (16x x5 )i (4x x2 )j y 2 (4 x2 )k dxdy
x=0 y=0
Z2 6
y3

5 2 2
= (16x x )y i (4x x )y j (4 x )k dx
3 y=0
x=0
Z2 h i
= 6 (16x x5 )i (4x x2 )j 12(4 x2 )k dx
x=0
= 128i 24j + 384k.

dv, where = 45x2 y and V is the closed region bounded by the

RRR
(Q.1) Evaluate
V
planes 4x + 2y + z = 8, x = 0, y = 0, z = 0. Ans. 128
Stokes, Greens and Gauss Divergence Theorem

Stokes Theorem. Stokes theorem relates the surface integral of the curl of a vector
field to the line integral of that vector field around the closed boundary of that surface.
If C is a closed path and S is any surface of which C is a closed boundary, then
I ZZ ZZ
~
F d~r = ~ ~
curlF ds = F~ nds.
C S S
R H
Some authors use the symbol , instead, for line integral along the closed curve C.
C C
Greens theorem. Greens theorem is a special case of the Stokes theorem, when
applied to a region in the xy-plane. If C is a closed path and S is any surface in
xy-plane of which C is a closed boundary, and F~ = F1 i + F2 j. Then
ZZ
F F
I I
2 1
F~ d~r = (F1 dx + F2 dy) = dxdy.
x y
C C S
Tips for line integral along a circle

If you perform a line integral over a circle, prefer the polar coordinates.
The radial vector r on the boundary of the circle remains constant and
equal to the radius of circle and only varies from 0 to 2.
F~ d~r, where F~ = y 2 i + xy j + xz k
R
Example 20. Use Stokes theorem to evaluate
C
and C is the bounding curve of the hemisphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9, z > 0, oriented
in the positive direction.
Sol. By Stokes theorem we know that:

I ZZ
F~ d~r = curlF~ nds. (16)
C S
Here C is the bounding curve of the hemisphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9, z > 0, oriented in the

positive direction, and S is any surface with bounding curve C. First we find the unit
normal vector n to the surface S. Then the equation of surface is = x2 + y 2 + z 2 9.
Therefore:
grad 2xi + 2y j + 2z k
n = =p
|grad| 4x2 + 4y 2 + 4z 2
2xi + 2y j + 2z k
= (since x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 9).
3
Now,

i j k
curlF~ = F~ = x y

z
y 2 xy xz

2 2
= i (xz) (xy) + j (y ) (xz) + i (xy) (y )
y z z x x y
= z j y k.
!
2x i + 2y j + 2z k 2yz
Therefore, curlF~ n = (z j y k) = .
3 3
If Rxy is the projection of S in xy-plane, then Rxy is the circle x2 + y 2 = 9 and we
dxdy 3dxdy
have ds = = . Putting all these values in equation (16) we obtain:,
n k z
ZZ
2yz 3dxdy
I ZZ
~
F d~r = = 2 ydxdy
3 z
C Rxy Rxy

2 2
Z3 9x
Z Z3 9x
Z
= 2 ydxdy = 2 ydy dx

3 9x2 3 9x2
Z3
= 2 0 dx (since y is an odd function)
3
= 0.
H
Example 21. Apply Stokes theorem and evaluate [(x + y)dx + (2x z)dy(z +
C
y)dz], where C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices (2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) and
(0, 0, 6).

I ZZ
F~ d~r = curlF~ nds. (17)
C S
Here S is any surface with bounding curve C. Since the curve C is the boundary of
the triangle with vertices (2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) and (0, 0, 6), we can choose any surface such
that its boundary curve is C. We choose the simplest, the plane passing through these
points. Now, the equation of plane through the points (2, 0, 0), (0, 3, 0) and (0, 0, 6)
x y z
will be + + = 1 or 3x + 2y + z = 6. Therefore, the equation of surface is
2 3 6
= 3x + 2y + z 6. Now

grad = = i + j + k (3x + 2y + z 6) = 3i + 2j + k.
x y z
and the unit normal vector to this surface is:

grad 3i + 2j + k
n = = .
|grad| 14
Now,

i j k
curlF~ = F~ = x y

z
y 2 xy xz

= i (z + y) (2x z) + j (x + y) (z + y)
y z z x

+i (2x z) (x + y)
x y
= 2i + k.
!
~
3i + 2j + k 7
Therefore, curlF n = 2i + k = .
14 14
Z C(0, 0, 6) Y
B(0, 3)
3x + 2y + z = 6
Q
3x
+
2y
=
6
dy
dx
Y X
O O P A(2, 0)
B(0, 3, 0)
2y =6
3x +
X A(2, 0, 0) Projection of plane on xy-plane
If Rxy is the projection of S in xy-plane, then Rxy is the triangle bonded by the
dxdy
lines x = 0, y = 0 and 3x + 2y = 6 as shown in the figure, and we have ds = =
n k
14 dxdy. Putting all these values in equation (17) we obtain:,
7
I ZZ ZZ
F~ d~r = 14dxdy = 7 dxdy
14
C Rxy Rxy
= 7 area of projection Rxy = 7 area of triangleOAB
1
= 7 23
2
= 21.
Example 22. Verify Stokes theorem when F~ = (2x y)i yz 2 j y 2 z k and S is

the upper half surface of the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1.
Sol. We have to show that

Z ZZ
~ =
F~ dr curlF~ nds (18)
C S
where C is the bounding curve of the surface S and it is obtained by the intersection
of the sphere and the xy-plane, i.e., the curve C is the circle x2 + y 2 = 1. Now
Z Z
~ ~
F dr = 2 2
[(2x y)i yz j y z k] idx + jdy + kdy
C C
Z
= (2x y)dx
C
Z Y
S
1
r=
n
d
dr
X
O
O Y
C
X C
Upper half of the sphere Projection of sphere on xy-plane

x2 +y 2 +z 2 =1
Since the curve C is a circle, we use the polar coordinate. Then on the circle C : x2 +
y 2 = 1 we have x = r cos = cos (since the radius r = 1), y = r sin = sin and
varies from = 0 to = 2. Therefore:
Z Z2
~ =
F~ dr [(2 cos sin )d(cos )
C 0
Z2
= [(2 cos sin ) sin d
0
= . (19)
By definition of curl, we have:

i j k

~ ~

curlF = F =
x y z
2x y yz y 2 z
2

2 2 2
= (y z) (yz ) i + (2x y) (y z) j
y z z x

2
+ (yz ) (2x y) k
x y
= k.
Now the equation of surface S is S : x2 + y 2 + z 2 1. Therefore,
grad 2xi + 2y j + 2z k
n = =p = xi + y j + z k.
|grad| 4(x2 + y 2 + z 2 )
Now we calculate the surface integral. If Rxy is the projection of the surface S on
xy-plane, then Rxy is the circle x2 + y 2 = 1 and
dxdy dxdy
ZZ ZZ ZZ
curlF~ nds = curlF~ n = k (xi + y j + z k)
n k (xi + y j + z k) k
S S S
ZZ
= dxdy = area of the circle Rxy
S
= . (20)
From (19) and (20) we have

R
~ = RR curlF~ nds.
F~ dr
C S
Example 23. Verify Stokes theorem for F~ = (x2 y 2 )i + 2xy j, taken around the
rectangle in the plane z = 0 and bounded by the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = a and
y = b.

Z ZZ
~ =
C S
where C is the boundary of the rectangle OABC and S is the area of this rectangle,
as shown in the figure. First we find the line integral. Then it is clear from the figure
that the curve C is divided into four curves C1 , C2 , C3 and C4 and
Z Z Z Z Z
~ =
F~ dr ~ +
F~ dr ~ +
F~ dr ~ +
F~ dr ~
F~ dr. (22)
C C1 C2 C+3 C4
C3 B(a,b)
C(0,b) (1) On C1 : y = 0 so dy = 0 and x changes from 0 to a;
y=b
(2) On C2 : x = a so dx = 0 and y changes from 0 to b;

x=a
x=0
C4 C2 (3) On C3 : y = b so dy = 0 and x changes from a to 0;

S
(4) On C4 : x = 0 so dx = 0 and y changes from b to 0;
y=0
O(0,0) C1 A(a,0)
Now
~ = [(x2 y 2 )i + 2xy j] (idx + jdy + kdz) = (x2 y 2 )dx 2xydy.

F~ dr
The limits of variables are shown in figure. Therefore:

Za
a3
Z Z Z
~ =
F~ dr 2 2
[(x y )dx 2xydy] = 2
[(x 0)dx 0] = x2 dx = .
C1 C1 C1 0 3
Z Z Z Zb
~ =
F~ dr 2 2
[(x y )dx 2xydy] = 2 2
[(a y )0 2aydy] = 2aydy = ab2 .
C2 C2 C2 0
Z Z Z Z0
~ =
F~ dr 2 2
[(x y )dx 2xydy] = 2 2
[(x b )dx 0] = (x2 b2 )dx
C3 C3 C3 a
a3
= + ab2 .
3
Z Z Z
~ =
F~ dr [(x2 y 2 )dx 2xydy] = [(0 y 2 )0 0dy] = 0.
C4 C4 C4
Putting all these values in (22) we obtain:

3 3
~ = a + ab2 a + ab2 + 0 = 2ab2 .
Z
F~ dr (23)
3 3
C
By definition of curl, we have:

i j k

curlF~ = F~ =

2 x 2 y z

x y 2xy 0

2 2
= (0) (2xy) i + (x y ) (0) j
y z z x

2 2
+ (2xy) (x y ) k
x y
= 4y k.
Since the surface S is in the xy-plane, therefore n = k.

Now we calculate the surface integral. Then, it is clear that on this surface y varies
from y = 0 to y = b and x varies from x = 0 to x = a. Therefore:
dxdy dxdy
ZZ ZZ ZZ
curlF~ nds = curlF~ n = 4y k k
n k k k
S S S
Za Zb Za b
y2

= 4 ydxdy = 4 dxdy
x=0 y=0 x=0 2 y=0
Za
2
= 2b dx
x=0
= 2ab2 . (24)
From (23) and (24) we have

R
~ = RR curlF~ nds.
F~ dr
C S
Example 24. Verify Stokes theorem for F~ = (x2 y 2 )i + 2xy j over the box
bounded by the planes x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b, z = 0, z = c if the face z = 0 is
cut.
Sol. The surface S is the box formed by x = 0, x = a, y = 0, y = b, z = 0, z = c. Since

the face z = 0 is cut, the box is open at this face. The projection of S on xy-plane will
be the rectangle which is same as the rectangle in the previous example. Therefore, all
the calculations are similar to previous example.
~ by Stokes theorem, where F~ = y 2 i+x2 j (x+z)k

Example 25. Evaluate C F~ dr
R
and C is the boundary of the triangle with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 0, 0), (1, 1, 0).

Z ZZ
~ =
C S
where S is any surface whose bounding curve is the triangle OAB with given vertices
as shown in the figure.
B(1, 1, 0)
Y
O(0, 0, 0) C A(1, 0, 0)
Since the surface S, i.e., the triangle OAB is in the xy-plane, we have n = k. Now

i j k

curlF~ = F~ =

x
2 y z

2
y x (x + z)

2 2
= (x z) (x ) i + (y ) (x z) j
y z z x

2 2
+ (x ) (y ) k
x y
= j + 2(x y)k.
So, curlF~ n = [j + 2(x y)k] k = 2(x y). Also, since the surface, i.e., triangle
OAB is in xy-plane we have ds = dxdy. On the triangle OAB, y changes from y = 0
to y = x (see, figure) and then x, from x = 0 to x = 1. On putting all these values in

equation (25) we obtain:
Z ZZ Z1 Zx
~ =
F~ dr 2(x y)dxdy = 2(x y)dxdy
C S x=0 y=0

Z1 Zx Z1 x
y2

= 2(x y)dy dx = 2 (xy ) dx
2 y=0
x=0 y=0 x=0
Z1
= x2 dx
x=0
1
= .
3
{(x2 + xy)dx + (x2 + y 2 )dy} by Greens

R
Example 26. Evaluate the line integral
C
theorem, where C is square formed by x = 0, y = 0, x = a, y = b.
Sol. By Greens theorem we know that:

F2 F1
Z ZZ
(F1 dx + F2 dy) = dxdy (26)
x y
C S
where S is any surface with bounding curve C. Since C is the square OABC formed by
the lines x = 0, y = 0, x = a and y = b, therefore, take S as the area of this rectangle.
On comparing the given integral with equation (26) we obtain:
F1 = x2 + xy, F2 = x2 + y 2 .
Therefore,
F1 F2
= x and = 2x.
y x
On the surface of rectangle, OABC y changes from y = 0 to y = b and x changes from
x = 0 to x = a. Therefore, from (26) we obtain:
ZZ
F2 F1
Z Z
2 2 2

(x + xy)dx + (x + y )dy = (F1 dx + F2 dy) = dxdy
x y
C C S
ZZ Za Zb
= (2x x) dxdy = xdxdy
S x=0 y=0
2
ab
= .
2

(Q.1) Evaluate
R
~ where F~ = y i + z j + xk and C is the circle x2 + y 2 = 1, z = 0.
F~ dr,
C
(Hint: apply the Stokes theorem) Ans.
(Q.2) Verify Stokes theorem for F~ = (x2 + y 2 )i 2xy j, where C is the rectangle
bounded by the lines x = a, y = 0, y = b.
(Q.3) Verify Stokes theorem for F~ = x2 i + xy j, integrated along the square whose
sides are x = 0, y = 0, x = a and y = a, in the plane z = 0.
(x2 ydx + y 3 dy), where C is the closed path

R
(Q.4) Using Greens theorem evaluate
C
formed by y = x and y = x3 from (0, 0) (1, 1) (0, 0).
(Q.5) Verify Greens theorem for [(xy + y 2 )dx + x2 dy], where C is the closed path
R
C
formed by y = x and y = x3 from (0, 0) (1, 1) (0, 0).
Gauss Divergence Theorem. If F~ be a vector point function and S be any closed

surface enclosing the volume V , then
ZZ ZZZ
F~ nds = divF~ dv
S V
where n is the unit normal

R
vector to
RR
the surface S.
Some times we write instead for surface integral over the surface S.
S S
Tips for integrals over cylinder and sphere

Although, it is not necessary to change the cartesian coordinates into any other
coordinate system, but if you do so, then the following are helpful:
If you perform a surface integral over the curved surface of a cylinder and
use the cylindrical coordinates (r, , z). Then, during the process, assume
a as constant and equal to the radius of cylinder and and z vary. The
angle varies from 0 to 2 and z with its given limits.
If you perform a surface integral over the surface of a sphere and use spher-
ical coordinates (r, , ). Then, during the process, assume r a constant
and equal to the radius of sphere and and vary. The angle varies
from = 0 to = 2 and from = 0 to = .

R
~ where F~ = 4xi 2y 2 j + z 2 k and S is the surface
F~ ds,
S
bounding the region x2 + y 2 = 4, z = 0 and z = 3.
Sol. By Gauss divergence theorem we know that

ZZ ZZZ
F~ nds = divF~ dv. (27)
S V
Here S is the surface of the cylinder given by x2 + y 2 = 4, z = 0 and z = 3, and so, V

is the volume of this cylinder. Now by definition of divergence we have

divF~ = F~ = i + j + k (4xi 2y 2 j + z 2 k)
x y z

= (4x) + (2y 2 ) + (z 2 )
x y z
= 4 4y + 2z.
In the volume
of cylinder, the
values of z changes from z = 0 to z = 3 and y changes
from y = 4 x2 to y = 4 x2 and then x changes from x = 2 to z = 2.
Therefore, we obtain from equation (27):

2
ZZ ZZZ Z2 4x Z3
Z
F~ nds = (4 4y + 2z)dv = (4 4y + 2z)dxdydz

S V 2 4x2 0

2 2
Z2 4x
Z Z2 4x
Z
3
4z 4yz + z 2 0 dxdy =

= [21 12y] dxdy

2 4x2 2 4x2

Z2 Z 4x2 Z2 Z2

4x2

= 2 21dxdy = 42 [y]0 dx = 84 4 x2 dx
2 0 2 0
x

4 x 2
= 84 4 x2 + sin1
2 2 2 0
= 84.

RR
~ over the surface of the region above the xy-plane
F~ ds,
S
bonded by the cone z 2 = x2 + y 2 and the plane z = 4, where F~ = 4xz i + xyz 2 j +
3z k.
ZZ ZZZ
S V
Here S is the surface of the cone given by z 2 = x2 + y 2 , z = 0 and z = 4, and so, V is

the volume of this cone. Now by definition of divergence we have

divF~ = F~ = i + j + k (4xz i + xyz 2 j + 3z k) = 4z + xz 2 + 3.
x y z
Z z=4
Y
x2 + y 2 = 16
Q
X
O
P
Y
X O
The Cone: x2 + y 2 = z 2 Projection of cone on xy-plane
To find the limits of integration consider a collum P Q in the region of integration.

Then its lower end P is situated on thepcone z 2 = x2 + y 2 and upper end on the plane
z = 4. Therefore, z varies from z = x2 + y 2 to z = 4. We take the projection of
cone on xy-plane which is the circle x2 + y 2 = 16, as shown in the figure. Suppose the
surface of this circle is R. Then, we obtain from equation (28):
ZZ ZZZ ZZ Z4
F~ nds = (4z + xz + 3)dv =2
(4z + xz 2 + 3)dxdydz
S V R

x2 +y 2
4
xz 3
ZZ
= 2z 2 + + 3z dxdy
3 x2 +y 2
R

64x x 2
ZZ
2 2 2 3/2 2 2 1/2
= 44 + 2(x + y ) (x + y ) 3(x + y ) dxdy.
3 3
R
To solve the above integral, we use the polar coordinates. Then we know that x =
r cos , y = r sin , dxdy = rddr and the equation of circle x2 + y 2 = 16 will be r = 4,
and on this circle R, r varies from r = 0 to r = 4 and varies from = 0 to = 2.
Therefore:
Z2 Z4
r4 cos

64r cos
ZZ
F~ nds = 44 + 2
2r 3r rddr
3 3
S =0 r=0
Z2 4
64r3 cos r2 r6 cos
2
= 22r + r3 d
9 2 18 r=0
=0
Z2
642 cos

= 160 + d
18
=0
2
642 sin

= 160 +
18 =0
= 320.
Example 29. Verify the Divergence theorem for F~ = 2x2 y i y 2 j + 4xz 2 k taken
over the region in the first octant bounded by y 2 + z 2 = 9 and x = 2.
Sol.We have to show that

ZZ ZZZ
S V
First we evaluate the surface integral. Then, the surface S is the surface of the cylinder
bounded by y 2 + z 2 = 9 and x = 2 in the first octant, as shown in the figure.
X x=2 X i
A B
S2
k
S5
j n
S3
S4
Y Y
O O
S1 C
Z Z
2=9
y2 + z i
Volume integral Surface integral
Clearly, the surface of the cylinder consists of five surfaces, S1 (the circle y 2 +z 2 = 9
in yz-plane), S2 (the circle y 2 + z 2 = 9 in the plane x = 2), S3 (the curved surface of
cylinder y 2 + z 2 = 9), S4 (a rectangular part of zx-plane) and S5 (a rectangular part
of xy-plane). Therefore:
ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
F~ nds = F~ nds + F~ nds + F~ nds + F~ nds + F~ nds. (30)
S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
the surface S1 we have: x = 0, n = i, ds = dydz, and z changes from z = 0

(i). Onp
to z = 9 y 2 and y from y = 0 to y = 3. Therefore:
ZZ ZZ
F~ nds = 2x2 yds = 0.
S1 S1
(ii): On the surface S2 we have: x = 2, n = i, ds = dydz, and z changes from z = 0 to

p
z= 9 y 2 and y from y = 0 to y = 3. Therefore:

9y 2
ZZ ZZ Z3 Z Z3
9y 2
F~ nds = 2
2x yds = 8 ydydz = 8 y [z]0 dy
S2 S1 0 0 0
Z3 p
2
8h i3
2 3/2
= 8 y 9 y dy = 9y
3 0
0
= 72.
(iii): The equation of surface S3 is S3 = y 2 + z 2 9. Now,

gradS3 = S3 = i + j + k (y 2 + z 2 9) = 2y j + 2z k.
x y z
Therefore
gradS3 2y j + 2z k 2y j + 2z k y j + z k y j + z k
n = = =p =p = .
|gradS3 | |2y j + 2z k| 4y 2 + 4z 2 y2 + z2 3
If Rxy is the projection of S3 on xy-plane, then Rxy is the area OCBA. On this area,
ds = dxdy and x changes from x = 0 to x = 2 and y changes from y = 0 to y = 3.
y 3 + 4xz 3 z
Also, F~ n = and n k = . So:
3 3
Z2 Z3
dxdy (y 3 + 4xz 3 )/3
ZZ ZZ
F~ nds = F~ n = dxdy
n k z/3
S3 Rzx 0 0
Z2 Z3
= (y 3 /z + 4xz 2 )dxdy
0 0
Z2 Z3
!
y 3
= p + 4x(9 y 2 ) dxdy
9y 2
0 0
!
Z2 Z3 3
y
= p + 4x(9 y 2 ) dy dx.
9 y2
0 0
Putting y = 3 sin we obtain dy = 3 cos d and changes from = 0 to = /2.

Therefore:
Z2 /2
!
3
27 sin
ZZ Z
F~ nds = p + 4x(9 9 sin2 ) 3 cos d dx
2
0 0
9 9 sin
S3
Z2 /2

Z
27 sin3 + 108x cos3 d dx

=
0 0
/2 /2
2

Z Z Z
= 27 sin3 d + 108x cos3 d dx.
0 0 0
/2 /2
2
sin3 d = cos3 d = . Therefore:
R R
Note that
0 0 3
Z2 Z2
2 2
ZZ
F~ nds = 27 + 108x dx = [18 + 72x] dx
3 3
S3 0 0
2
2
= 18x + 72x /2 0
= 180.
Similarly, the surface integrals over S4 and S5 are zero. Putting these values in (30)
we obtain ZZ
F~ nds = 0 + 72 + 108 + 0 + 0 = 180. (31)
S
Now we calculate the volume integral over the volume of cylindrical shape. Then
divF~ = F~ = 4xy 2y +
8xz. In this volume V z changes from x = 0 to x = 2, y
changes from y = 0 to y = 9 z 2 and z from z = 0 to z = 3. Therefore:

2 2
ZZZ Z3 9z Z2
Z Z3 9z Z2
Z
divF~ dv = 4xy 2y + 8xz = (4xy 2y + 8xz)dzdydx
V z=0 y=0 x=0 z=0 y=0 x=0

Z3 Z 9z 2 Z3 9z
Z
2
2 2
= 2x y 2xy + 4x2 z 0 dzdy = 4 [y + 4z] dzdy
z=0 y=0 z=0 y=0
Z3 Z3
9z2 9 z2

2
= 4 y /2 + 4yz y=0 dz = 4 2
+ 4z 9 z dz
2
z=0 0
3
3
9z z /3 4 3/2
= 4 9 z2
2 3 0
= 180. (32)
F~ nds = divF~ dv.

RR RRR
From (31) and (32) we obtain:
S V
Example 30. Verify divergence theorem for F~ = x2 i + z j + yz k, over the cube

bounded by x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1.

ZZ ZZZ
F~ nds = divF~ dv.
S V
First, we find the value of surface integral. Then, S is the surface of the cube bounded
by the planes x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1 and V is the volume of this cube,
as shown in the figure. Clearly, the surface S consists of six faces of the cube as shown
in the figure. Namely, S1 , the square ABCD, S2 , the square OEF G, S3 , the square
BEF C, S4 , the square AOGD, S5 , the square GDCF , and S6 , the square ABEO.
Therefore:
ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ ZZ
F~ nds = F~ nds + F~ nds + F~ nds + F~ nds + F~ nds + F~ nds.
S S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
(33)
Z (1) On S1 : n = i, ds = dydz and y changes from

k
y = 0 to y = 1 and z from z = 0 to z = 1.
G F
(2) On S2 : n = i, ds = dydz and y changes from
y = 0 to y = 1 and z from z = 0 to z = 1.
D C (3) On S3 : n = j, ds = dxdz and x changes from
i
j x = 0 to x = 1 and z from z = 0 to z = 1.
j
(4) On S4 : n = j, ds = dxdz and x changes from
x = 0 to x = 1 and z from z = 0 to z = 1.
i
O
(5) On S5 : n = k, ds = dxdy and x changes from
Y
E x = 0 to x = 1 and y from y = 0 to y = 1.
(6) On S6 : n = k, ds = dxdy and x changes from
X A B x = 0 to x = 1 and y from y = 0 to y = 1.
k
R1 R1 2 R1 R1 2
F~ nds =
RR
(i) On S1 : On S1 , x = 1, and so x dydz = 1 dydz = 1.
S1 0 0 0 0
R1 R1 R1 R1
F~ nds = x2 dydz =
RR
(ii) On S2 : On S2 , x = 0, and so 0dydz = 0.
S2 0 0 0 0
R1 R1 R1 1
F~ nds = [z 2 /2]0 dx = 1/2.
RR
(iii) On S3 : On S3 , y = 1, and so zdxdz =
S3 0 0 0
R1 R1 R1 1
F~ nds = [z 2 /2]0 dx = 1/2.
RR
(iv) On S4 : On S4 , y = 0, and so zdxdz =
S4 0 0 0
R R1
1 R1 1
F~ nds = [1 y 2 /2]0 dx = 1/2.
RR
(v) On S5 : On S5 , z = 1, and so yzdxdy =
S5 0 0 0
R1 R1 R1 R1
F~ nds =
RR
(vi) On S6 : On S6 , z = 0, and so yzdxdy = y 0 dxdy = 0.
S6 0 0 0 0
On putting these values in equation (33):
1 1 1 3
ZZ
F~ nds = 1 + 0 + + + 0 = . (34)
2 2 2 2
S

Now, divF~ = F~ = i + j + k 2
x i + z j + yz k = 2x + y. Therefore:
x y z
Z1 Z1 Z1
3
ZZZ
divF~ dv = (2x + y)dxdydz = (35)
2
V 0 0 0
From equations (34) and (35) we obtain:

ZZ ZZZ
F~ nds = divF~ dv.
S V
Example 31. If S be any closed surface, prove that

R
~ = 0.
curlF~ ds
S

Z ZZZ
~ nds =
G ~
divGdv
S V
~ = curlF~ in the
where V is the volume bounded by the closed surface S. Putting G
above equation we obtain:
Z ZZZ
curlF~ nds = divcurlF~ dv (36)
S V
Suppose F~ = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k. Then by definition we know that

i j k

~
F =

x y z

F1 F2 F3

= (F3 ) (F2 ) i + (F1 ) (F3 ) j + (F2 ) (F1 ) k.
y z z x x y
Therefore:

~
divcurlF = div F ~

= F~

= i + j + k (F3 ) (F2 ) i
x y z y z

+ (F1 ) (F3 ) j + (F2 ) (F1 ) k
z x x y
2 F3 2 F2 2 F1 2 F3 2 F2 2 F1
= + +
xy xz yz xy xz yz
= 0.
On putting this value in equation (36) we get:
Z ZZZ
~ =
curlF~ ds 0 dv
S V
= 0.

(Q.1) Evaluate
R
~ where F~ = yz i + 2y 2 j + xz 2 k and S is the surface of the
F~ ds,
S
cylinder x2 + y 2 = 9 contained in the first octant between the planes z = 0 and
z = 2. Ans. 108
(Q.2) If F~ = (2x2 3z)i 2xy j 4xk, then find the value of F~ dv, where V is
RRR
V
8
bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and 2x + 2y + z = 4. Ans. 3
(Q.3) Verify Gauss divergence theorem for F~ = xi y j + (z 2 1)k and S is the surface
bonded by the planes z = 0, z = 1 and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 4.
(Q.4) Verify divergence theorem for F~ = 4xz i y 2 j + yz k, over the rectangular par-
allelepiped 0 x a, 0 y b, 0 z c.
(Q.5) Verify the Gauss Divergence theorem for F~ = y i + xj + z 2 k over the cylindrical
region bounded by x2 + y 2 = 9, z = 0 and z = 1.
(Q.6) If S be the surface of sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = a2 , prove that

R
~ = 0.
curlF~ ds
S

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Dr.

Syllabus (Unit-V): Vector Calculus: Gradient and directional derivative. Di-

Basic Notations and Definition

Scalar and Vector Point Functions

If to each point P (x, y, z) of a region R in the space there corresponds a definite

Total derivatives of a functions and operator.

Suppose, f (x, y, z) be a function, then by chain rule of partial differentiation we know

The operator 2 is called the Laplacian Operator.

Example 1. Find the gradient of the scalar function (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 z at

Sol. By definition of gradient we know that

At point (1, 2, 5) we have grad = 2i + 4j k.

Example 2. Show that: (i) grad rn = nrn2~r OR rn = nrn2~r;

Sol. (i) By definition of gradient we have:

(ii) By definition of operator we have:

Example 3. Find the directional derivative of the function = x2 y 2 + 2z 2 at

At point P (1, 2, 3) we have grad = 2i 4j + 12k. Therefore, the directional derivative

Sol. We know that the greatest rate of increasing of is given by:

Example 5. Find the unit normal vector to the surface x4 3xyz + z 2 + 1 = 0 at

Sol. Here = x4 3xyz + z 2 + 1. Now

At point (1, 1, 1) grad = i 3j k. We know that (grad)(1,1,1) is the normal vector

Sol. Here = axy 2 + byz + cz 2 x3 . Now

Example 7. In which direction from (3, 1, 2) is the directional derivative of

Sol. Here = x2 y 2 z 4 . Now

Example 8. What is the directional derivative of = xy 2 + yz 3 at the point

Home Work (Assignment)

Divergence and Curl of a Vector function

(i) div (rn~r) = (n + 3)rn ;

(ii) curl rn~r = ~0, i.e., rn~r is irrotational;

(iii) rn~r is solenoidal if n = 3.

(ii) By definition of curl we have:

Therefore, rn~r is irrotational vector field.

div rn~r = 0 (n + 3)rn = 0 (by (i) part)

Example 10. Prove that:

div grad rn = n(n + 1)rn2 ; OR rn = n(n + 1)rn2 .

Sol. We know that

Example 11. Show that the vector F~ = (x + 3y)i + (y 2z)j + (x 2z)k is

Example 12. Determine the constants a, b, c such that F~ = (x + 2y + az)i + (bx

Sol. Part I. Here:

Home Work (Assignment)

(Q.1) Prove that 2 (rn ) = n(n + 1)rn2 .

(Q.2) Find div F~ and curl F~ , where F~ = (x3 + y 3 + z 3 3xyz).

(Q.3) If F~ = (x2 + xy 2 )i + (y 2 + x2 y)j, then show that F~ is irrotational vector field,

(Q.4) If F~ = (x + y + 1)i + j (x + y)k, prove that F~ curl F~ = 0.

Line Integral (Integral along a curve)

Suppose F~ = F1 i + F2 j + F3 k and C be a curve in theRspace. Then the line integral

Y C(0, /2) C3 B(1, /2)

Since F~ = ex sin y i + ex cos y j we have

Therefore, the circulation of F~ along C will be:

Sol. The parametric equation of curve is x = t2 + 1, y = 2t2 , z = t3 therefore dx =

Home Work (Assignment)

(Q.3) If F~ = 2y i z j + z k, then evaluate F~ d~r, along the curve x = cos t, y =

Surface integral of a vector field

(ii) If Ryz be the projection of S on yz-plane then

(iii) If Rzx be the projection of S on zx-plane then

F~ nds, where F~ = (x + y 2 )i 2xj + 2yz k and S is the

Plane 2x + y + 2z = 6 Projection of plane on xy-plane

First we shall find the unit normal vector n to the surface = 2x + y + 2z 6 of

Now, the projection of surface on the xy-plane is Rxy : 2x + y 6 = 0, and ds =

F~ nds, where F~ = yz i + zxj + xy k and S is that part

First we shall find the unit normal vector n to the surface = x2 + y 2 + z 2 1.

grad 2xi + 2y j + 2z k 2xi + 2y j + 2z k 2xi + 2y j + 2z k

Home Work (Assignment)

F~ nds, where F~ = 18z i 12j + 3y k and S is the surface of the