Appendix A

Glossary of Sanskrit Terms

The following glossary contains Sanskrit terms used by Diimaga

the occurrence of which in the Pramii1J,asamueeaya has been attested by
citations in other works. Enclosed in parentheses following each Sanskrit
,~erm is the Tibetan translation of that term as found in Kanakavannan' s
translation. In cases where a different translation of the term has been used
by Vasudhararaksita, his translation will be preceded by "V=". A Tibetan
phrase preceded by "J=" indicates the rendering of the term by BIo gro
brtan pa's translation of Jinendrabuddhi. Further information on the terms
as dealt with in the present work is contained in square brackets after the
main discussion of the entry. References to the occurrence of the term in
the Pramii1J,asamueeaya indicate the chapter and verse. Words in quotation
marks within the square brackets refer to the subject and author index of
this work.
arhsa (eha shas) Same meaning as (krtaka) of smaller units, are anitya.
bheda, which see. [5:34] [2:7]

atadbhedatva (tha dad pa rna yin anumiina (rjes su dpag pa)

pa de nyid; V= de nyid tha dad
pa nyid) The fact of not being a
proper subset of some specified
extension. [5:4]
adr~ti (rna mthong) Non-observation;
especially non-observation of a
counterexample to a general rule. In
DiI'maga's system, a rule is good so
long as there is no observation of a
counterexample. [5:31,34]
anitya (mi rtag) Transitory, subject to
change, impermanent. All complex
t/lings, being composed or created
Inference, judgement, reasoning;
especially, the process of drawing
conclusions concerning the presence
or absence of certain properties in a
locus on the basis of observing other
properties in that locus. More
generally, the term as used by Dili-
niiga signifies any cognitive act of
which the subject matter is wholly or
partly made up of universals, names
or synthetic-judgements. [2:5,5:1. See
"inference" .]
anumeya (rjes su dpag bya) The
inferable object. The object about

313
 314 Glossary of Sanskrit Tenus
which the inference supplies infonna-
tion. [2:5]
anaikiinta (ma nges paY Said of a
property that occurs sometimes with
and sometimes in the absence of a
second property and therefore cannot
be used as evidence for that second
property. [5:11]
aprthaksruti (tha dad med thos;
V= so sor rjod byed min) The
fact of two or more words being used
without a difference in case-endings.
Several words appearing together in
the same sentence with the same case
endings is one of the fonnal indica-
tions of a samanadhikarar;ya relation
between the words. [5:2]
apoddhiira (dmigs kyis bkar)
Grammatical tenn designating the
analytic process of reasoning by
which one detennines the meanings
of individual words, morphological
elements and other components of
sentences by comparing how the
meanings of sentences vary when
components within those sentences
are replaced by other components.
[5:46]
apoha (sel baY Most often occurs as
part of the phrase anyapoha (gzhan
sel ba). Separation, division,
discrimination, preclusion, exclusion;
especially, a word's exclusion from
its own domain of application of a)
the applicability of contrary tenns and
b) the objects to which contrary tenns
are applicable. [5:1. See "abstraction
from others," "anyapoha," "apoha
theory of meaning" in index.]
apohate (sel bar byed) Finite verb
fonn from which the abstract noun
apoha is derived. [5:28]
aprameya (gzhal bya min)
Unknowable. The property of being
unknowable is a stock example of a
property that can never serve as an
inferential sign, since it can never be
observed to occur in a subject, or in
any object in the induction domain,
and therefore does not satisfy any of
the three characteristics of proper
evidence. [2:7]
abhidhiina (brjod pa; V= mngon
pa brjod) The action of naming or
expressing. [5:9]
abhidheya (brjod bya) That which is
communicated or made known
through a verbal symbol. [5: 12,15]
abhinnariipa (tha mi dad pa' i ngo
bo; V =tha dad pa' i [sicJ dngos
po) Grammatical tenn for words
having the same phonetic fonn
whether they name universals or
possessors of universals. Names of
colours and some other adjectives are
abhinnarupa. In contrast, usually the
name for a universal is derived from
the name for a possesor of the
universal by the addiction of an
abstraction suffix. "pumsa" = male,
and "pumsatva" = masculinity; but
"sukla" = the colour white in general,
and "sukla" =a white thing in
particular. [5:9. See "bhavapratyaya".]
amiirta (Ius min; = Ius can min)
Incorporeal, not having a physical
body. The property of incorporeality
is DiI'lnaga' s stock example of a pw-
petty that has the flrst two characteris-
tics but fails to have the third charac-
teristic of proper evidence.
Incorporeality occurs in sound, the
stock subject of inference, and also
occurs in such objects as action in the
 Glossary of Sanskrit Terms
induction domain that possess trans-
itoriness, the property to be con-
firmed. But since it is not always
absent in the absence of the property
of being transitory, for ether is not
transitory despite being incorporeal, it
cannot be used as evidence for trans-
itoriness. [2:7]
artha (don) A thing, an object;
especially, an object for which a
symbol stands, a symbol's meaning.
[5:9]
arthiik$epa (don gyis 'phangs)
Disjunctive syllogism; a particular
kind of argument or line of reasoning
in which it is first established
generally of a set of alternatives that
at least one alternative of the set is
true, and then one specific alternative
is affIrmed by denying all the others.
[5:11]
aviicya (brjod min; V= brjod par
mi bya) Inexpressible. Objects of
sensation are held to be inexpressible,
since there is no symbol that can
apply uniquely to a sense datum.
Relations are also held to be
inexpressible in sentences in the sense
that there is no word in a sentence that
names a relation directly; rather, rela-
tions are indicated by case endings
and other morphological features.
[2:10]
avisamviida (mi slu baY Non-
deceptive, not misleading. It is an
essential feature of a criterion of
knowledge that it not lead one astray.
[2:5]
avyabhiciira (' khrul med pa, mi
'khrul pay Inerrancy; the fact of a
term or property being restricted to
only that in which a given property is
present. [2:8,11. 5:9]
315
asvatantratva (rang dbang med)
Lack of independence. As used by
Difmaga, the term signifIes the state
of being grammatically subordinate.
[5:4. See upasarjana.]
iikiink:jana (' dod pay Anticipation.
GramIi-.atical term for the expectation
created in the hearer of an expression
for some further information. For
example, when one hears "John's ... ",
one expects to hear the thought
completed by the name of something
that John owns or is related to in some
other way. Moreover,... [5:26]
iidhiira (rten) Container. Dil'maga's
example of a relatum that is
assymetrically related to another.
Containment is an assymetrical rela-
tion in that if A contains B, then B
does not contain A. That which con-
tains is called adhiira, while that
which is contained is called iidheya
(brten.) [2: 10]
iinantya (mtha' yas; V= mtha' yod
min; J= mtha' yas nyid)
Innumerability; the state of being
infInite in number or at least beyond
the practical possibility of counting.
Because the objects to which a
symbol can be applied are beyond
reckoning, Diilnaga argues that
nothing to which the symbol is
applicable is made defInitively known
through the symbol. [5:2]
iipta (yid ehes) A credible person, an
authoritative witness or expert whose
testimony is not liable to be corrupted
by personal prejudices or
incompetence. It is axiomatic in
Indian religious philosophy that the
reliability of scripture is dependent
upon and proportional to the
reliability of those who transmit and
interpret it; consequently, it was not
 316 Glossary of Sanskrit Terms
uncommon for Buddhists and others
who rejected the authority of
scriptures to impugn the integrity of
the brahman priests who transmitted
them. [2:5]
asraya (rten) A locus of a property; a
substratum. [5:36]
upaciira (btags pa; V= nye bar
brtags paY The use of a term in a
non-literal sense; the application of a
term that normally applies to a given
object to some other closely related or
similar object. Simile, metonymy,
synecdoche, etc. [5:4]
upasarjana (gtso bo ma yin pa
tsam; V= khyad par du byas
pa) Grammatical term signifying a
word that loses its independent status
and comes instead to qualify another
term as a result of compounding or
the acquisition of certain
morphological elements. [5:4]
ekatva (gcig nyid) Unity. [See
jiitidharmaJ.
ekiirthatii (don gcig) The fact of two
or more expressions applying to the
same object or set of objects. [5:26]
krt (byed pa; J= byed Idan)
Grammatical term applied to ail
suffixes that, when applied to verbal
roots, yield non-fmite verbal forms or
deverbative nouns. [5:9]
krtakatva (byas; V= byas paY The
property of being created or produced.
The stock example in Dinnaga's logic
of a property whose presence in a
locus serves as an inferential sign of a
further property, transitoriness, in that
locus. [2:7.5:1]
krtsniirthaparisamiipti (mtha' dag
rtogs pa; V= don ma Ius pa
rtogs paY Literally, complete
throughout the entire object. Said of a
universal's occurrence in the
particulars in which it inheres. The
entire universal is supposed to reside
without divisions in each one of
plurality of particulars. Diimaga' s
own gloss for pratyekaparisamiipti,
which see. [5:36. See alsojiiti-
dharma.]
gU1}a (yon tan) A quality. [5:2,5,40]
gU1}opakiira (yon tan gyis phan
'dogs; V= yon tan gyis phan
btags) The influence on one sub-
stratum of a quality that belongs to
another substratum, owing to which
influence the first substratum appears
to be qualitatively similar to the
second. A stock example is that of a
rose placed next to a crystal so that
the red colour that actually resides in
the rose apparently resides in the
crystal, making the crystal virtually
red. [5:5]
ciik~u~atva (mig gi gzung bay The
fact of being visible. The property of
visibility is Ditmaga's stock example
of a property that meets the second
and third characteristics of legitimate
evidence but fails to meet the fIrst.
Visibility occurs with such transitory
objects as pottery in the induction
domain, and no non-transitory thing is
visible. Therefore, whatever is visible
is transitory. But visibility does not
reside in sound, so it cannot serve as
evidence for the presence or absence
of transitoriness or any other property
in sound. [2:7]
jalla (blun; V= rmongs) Dull, stupid.
Dumb, mute. Dinnaga claims that
 Glossary of Sanskrit Terms
words are ja4a with respect to the
particulars to which they apply; that
is, words can name only general
features of things but not the features
of an individual that uniquely occur in
it. [5:14]
jiiti (rigs) A universal. [5:4,11,36]
jiitidharma (rigs kyi chos) The three
characteristics of a universal, namely,
a) unity (ekatva), the property of
having no internal divisions
regardless how many instances it
resides in or applies to, b) constancy
(nityatva), the property of not being
destroyed when individual instances
perish, and c) residence in a plurality
of substrata (pratyekaparisamiipti).
[5:36]
jiitiiabda (rigs sgra) A general term,
that is, a term that names a universal.
One of the five types of word
discussed by Dmniiga. [5:4]
taddhita (de laphanpa)
Grammatical term for a secondary
suffix. that is. a suffix that unlike a krt
suffix (which see) is not added
directly to verb roots (dhiitu) but
rather is added to nominal forms that
are themselves produced through the
addition of a krt suffix to a verb root
[5:9]
tadvat (de ldan) Equivalent to jatimat
vastu. a particular object in its role as
a concrete locus of a universal; an
instantiation of a universal. [2: 10.
5:4,8,9]
tririipaliriga (tshul gsum pa'i
rtags) Inferential mark that has
three characteristics: 1) residence in
the subject of the inference, 2)
association with the presence of the
property to be inferred, and 3)
317
dissociation from the absence of the
property to be inferred. [3:1]
dariana (mthong; V =ston pa)
Observation, direct experience. In
Dmniiga's system of epistemology.
direct observation takes precedence
over both general reasoning and
authority in that the general rules of
either can be overturned by what one
actually experiences. [5:34]
dravya (rdzas) Substance. In Nyaya
and Vaise~ika metaphysics, substance
is that in which actions (karman) and
qualities (gllJ)a) inhere. [5:2,4,35]
dharma (chos) A property or attribute
in the widest senses of those terms;
that which is named by the predicate
term in a proposition. [2:8,9,11]
dharmin (chos can) The locus of a
property; that which is named by the
subject term in a proposition.
[2:8,9,11]
dhf (blo) Idea. mental image. [5:5]
nitya (rtag pa) Imperishable. constant.
immutable. [2:7; 5:36]
nityatva (rtag pa nyid) Constancy,
unchangeability, permanence. See
jatidharma. [5:36]
nimitta (rgyu mtshan) In general, the
occasion or warrant for or grounds or
basis on which a thing or state of
affairs comes into being or continues
to be. Of particular importance in the
context of grammar, nimitta in sabda-
pravrttinimitta is the ground or
warrant for applying a given word to
a given object For example, the pre-
sence of the quality (gU/Ja) of white
colour in an object is the grounds
 318 Glossary of Sanskrit Tenns
(nimitta) of the application (pravrtti)
of the adjectival word (gUf.lasabda)
"white" to the object Presence of
action (kriya) is the grounds of
applying a verb or deverbative (kriya-
sabda), and so forth. [5:35]
nivrtti (ldog pa nyid; V= bzlog pa)
Same meaning as apoha, which see.
[5:36]
niscaya (nges pa) Certainty; the
absence of doubt as to whether a
cognition is accurate or a proposition
is true. [5:35]
pada (tshig) An individual word as a
component of a sentence. By the con-
ventions of PiiJ)ini, a sentence-ready
pada consists of a verb root (dhiitu)
plus a conjugational affix (TIn) or a
nominal stem (I!.riitipadika) plus a
nominal affix (Sup). [5:46]
paryiiya (rnam grangs) Synonymous
expression. [5:26]
piirthiva (sa las gyur; V= sa las
byung) Earthen; being composed of
the earth element
prakar$a ('phel ba; V= 'jug pa; J=
rab gyur) Vividness, intensity,
eminence. [5:5]
pratibhii (spobs pa; V =so sor
snang; J= so sor spobs) An
image in cognition, an idea; especially
the idea that is the content of a
cognitive act consisting in an
understanding or grasping of a state of
affairs, the communication of which
idea is the function of a sentence.
[5:46]
pratyekaparisamiipti (re re fa yong
su rdzogs pa; V= so so ba kun
fa khyab pa) The fact of residing
or being present in a plurality of sub-
strata. [5:36]
pramii1)a (tshad rna) Knowledge. A
source of knowledge. The process of
acquiring knowledge. Criterion by
which an opinion or hypothesis can be
judged. [5:1,50]
pravrtti ('jug pa; V= rab tu 'jug)
Same meaning as vrtti, which see.
[5:50]
bhiivapratyaya (1= dngos po' i
rkyen) Grammatical term for the
abstraction or nominalizing suffIxes
TVA [--> -tva] and TAl [--> -tii]
According to PiiJ)ini Sutra 5.1.119,
these two secondary suffixes are used
in expressing a thing's nature bhiiva).
[See "abstraction suffixes".]
bheda (khyadpar,' V= tha dad)
Part of a set of objects, a subset;
especially, a part of a set of objects to
which a given term is applicable, a
subextension of that term; in some
contexts the bheda signilles an
individual considered as a member of
a given set. [5:2,8] A term that names
a subextension of a given term, a
narrower term with respect to a given
term. [5:25,26,28,31] A difference
[5:14]
murttatva (Ius can) Corporeal,
possessing a physical body. One of
DiI'lnaga's examples of a property
that, failing to occur in the subject
sound. cannot serve as evidence for
the presence or absence of any other
property in sound. [2:7]
rudhi (bstan pa; V and J= grags
pa) Grammatical term for an
idiomatic expression, one the
meaning of which cannot be derived
from its morphological components
 Glossary of Sanskrit Terms
but is derived only from common
usage. [5:9]
lak$a1J,a (mtshan nyid) A characteris-
tic mark; an identifying property
possession of which identifies an
individual as a member of a given
class or as the very individual that it
is. [5:36]
Unga (rtags; V= gtan tshigs) A
sign; especially, an inferential sign. A
property the presence of which in a
specified locus is capable of yielding
knowledge of a further property in
that locus. The property indicated by
the inferential sign is called lingin
(rtags can). or sign-bearer.
[2:8,9,10,20]
vartate ('jug Finite verb form from
which vrtti is derived, which see.
[5:9] . The fact that one property's
viikya tshig A statement. [2:5] (ngag)
Grammatical technical term
signifying a complete sentence,
especially in contrast to pada. an
individual word. [5:46];
viicaka (rjod byed, brjod byed; V=
sgra, brjod par byed) That
which expresses; a verbal symbol that
is capable of making a thing known.
[5:2,50]
viicya Same meaning as abhidheya.
which see. That which is expressed by
avacaka.
vibhakti (V= rnam dbye)
Grammatical term denoting case
terminations of nouns and personal
endings of fmite verbs, called sup and
tin respectively. [5:2]
virodhitva (' gal ba) The fact of being
incompatible. Enmity, hostility. [5:28]
319
viSe$a1J,avise$yatii (khyad par
khyad par gzhi; V= khyad par
byed dang khyad par bya) The
relationship between a term that
qualifies (vie$a1')a) and a term tha~ is
qualified (vise$Ya). The qualification
relation whereby one term specifies a
part of the extension of another.
[5: 14]
vrtti ('jug; V= yin)) The occurrence
of a property in a locus. The
applicability of an expression or a
symbol to an object. [2:20. See
"applicability."]
vyabhiciira (' khrul pa) Errancy. The
fact of a symbol or a property being
able to apply to or occur in that in
which a given property is absent, in
which case the symbol is said to be
errant with respect to that property.
occurrence is not restricted to another
property. [5:2,34]
vyavaccheda (rnam par bead pa)
Same meaning as apoha. [5: 1]
vyudiisa (set ba; J= sel ba nyid)
Same meaning as apoha. [5:31]
sabda (sgra) Sound in general.
Particu~ly, articulate sound,
language. A linguistic item, such as a
word, term, expression, or
symbol.[5:2,12,34]
siibda (sgra las byung ba)
Knowledge derived from hearing
symbols spoken. The process of .
acquiring knowledge through heanng
speech. The spoken testimony of
reliable authorities as a source of
knowledge. [5:1]
 320 Glossary of Sanskrit Tenns
sriiva1)a (mnyang bya) Audible. The
property of being audible is Din-
naga's stock example of a property
that has the fIrst and third characteris-
tics of legitimate evidence but fails to
have the second. Being audible does
occur in sound, it it does not occur in
anything in the induction domain that
does not have the property of being
transitory. But it also does not occur
with anything in the induction domain
that does have the property of being
transitory. Any property that, being
unique to the subject of an inference,
cannot be observed at all in the
induction domain cannot serve as
evidence for the presence or absence
of any property in the subject. [2:7]
$a$(hf (drug pa) Shortened form of
~a~(hfvibhakti. sixth (nominal) case
ending. Grammatical term for the
possessive case in nouns. [2: 10]
samsaya (the tshom) Uncertainty;
especially, the cognitive state
resulting from inconclusive evidence.
The lack of conclusive criteria by
which to decide between two contra-
dictory propositions. [5:26]
sattii (yod pa; V= yod pa yin; J=
yod pa nyid) Reality. Actuality.
Presence. In Nyaya and VaiSe$ika
metaphysics, the most general
universal. [5:9]
samdeha (the tshom) Same meaning
as sarhSaya. [5:35]
samiisa (bsdu ba; V= tshig sdud)
Grammatical term for nominal
compounds wherein all words except
the last lose their case terminations.
[5:9]
samudiiya (bsdus pa) A complex
entity; an individual existing as a
collection of components or a
multiplicity of properties. [5: 15]
sambandha (' brei pa) Relation, rela-
tionship. [2:8,10,20. 5:9,12,34]
sambandhasaukarya (' brei pa sla
ba; V= 'brei pa shin tu sla; J=
, brei pa sla ba nyid) Ease or
feasibility of making or understanding
a relation, especially between a
symbol and what the symbol stands
for; such a relation must be
understood before a symbol can yield
knowledge of that for which it stands.
The easier the connection between
sign and signified is to make, the
more efficiently the sign can signify.
[5:35]
siik$iit (dngos su) Directly or
immediately. Explicitly. opposite in
meaning to arthiit. arthena or
arthatas. which terms are used in the
sense of implicitly. [5:4]
siimiiniidhikara1)ya (gzhi mthun
pa) Grammatical term signifying 1)
the residence of a plurality of pro-
perties in. the same locus, and 2) the
application, warranted by such co-
residence, of a plurality of words to
the same object or set of objects.
[5:2,4]
siimiinya (spyi) Applied to terms or
properties in the sense of that which is
shared, general or common. [2:5
{where V= mtshungs). 5:10,25,26.]
svariipa (rang gi ngo bo) Theform
of a word. The phonetic characteris-
tics of a word token that identify it as
belonging to a specifIed word class.
[5:4]
 Glossary of Sanskrit Terms
sriiva1J,a (mnyang bya) Audible. The
property of being audible is Din-
nliga's stock example of a property
that has the first and third characteris-
tics of legitimate evidence but fails to
have the second. Being audible does
occur in sound, it it does not occur in
anything in the induction domain that
does not have the property of being
transitory. But it also does not occur
.with anything in the induction domain
that does have the property of being
transitory. Any property that, being
unique to the subject of an inference,
cannot be observed at all in the
induction domain cannot serve as
evidence for the presence or absence
of any property in the subject. [2:7]
sasthf (drug pa) Shortened form of
sas(hrvibhakti. sixth (nominal) case
ending. Grammatical term for the
possessive case in nouns. [2: 10]
samsaya (the tshom) Uncertainty;
especially, the cognitive state
resulting from inconclusive evidence.
The lack of conclusive criteria by
which to decide between two contra-
dictory propositions. [5:26]
sattii (yod pa; V= yod pa yin; J=
yod pa nyid) Reality. Actuality.
Presence. In Nyaya and VaiSesika
metaphysics, the most general
universal. [5:9]
samdeha (the tshom) Same meaning
as samsaya. [5:35]
samiisa (bsdu ba; V= tshig sdud)
Grammatical term for nominal
cpmpounds wherein all words except
the last lose their case terminations.
~5:9]
samudiiya (bsdus pa) A complex
entity; an individual existing as a
321
collection of components or a
multiplicity of properties. [5: 15]
sambandha (,brei pa) Relation, rela-
tionship. [2:8,10,20. 5:9,12,34]
sambandhasaukarya (' breI pa sla
ba; V= 'brei pa shin tu sla; J=
, breI pa sla ba nyid) Ease or
feasibility of making or understanding
a relation, especially between a
symbol and what the symbol stands
for; such a relation must be
understood before a symbol can yield
knowledge of that for which it stands.
The easier the connection between
sign and signified is to make, the
more efficiently the sign can signify.
[5:35]
siiksiit (dngos su) Directly or
immediately. Explicitly. opposite in
meaning to arthiit. arthena or
arthatas. which terms are used in the
sense of implicitly. [5:4]
siimiiniidhikara1}ya (gzhi mthun
pa) Grammatical term signifying 1)
the residence of a plurality of pro-
perties in the same locus, and 2) the
application, warranted by such co-
residence, of a plurality of words to
the same object or set of objects.
[5:2,4]
siimiinya (spyi) Applied to terms or
properties in the sense of that which is
shared, general or common. [2:5
(where V= mtshungs). 5:10,25,26.]
svarupa (rang gi ngo bo) The form
of a word. The phonetic characteris-
tics of a word token that identify it as
belonging to a specified word class.
[5:4]
 Appendix B

Tibetan -Sanskrit Lexicon

The following list of Tibetan tenns those for which a Sanskrit

equivalent has been attested in the second or fifth chapters of the
Pramiif:taSamuccaya. Following the Sanskrit equivalent of each tenn is an
indication of the passage of the Pramii1J.asamuccaya in which its use is
attested. Numbers preceding a colon refer to chapter numbers, and
numbers after the colon to verse numbers; numbers in italic print indicate
that the citation occurs in Ditmaga's prose commentary to the verse of that
number rather than in the verse itself. Tenns that are taken from
Kanakavannan's translation are marked by a "K" before the chapter-verse
infonnation, and those taken from Vasudhararaksita' s translation are
indicated by "V." In case both translators use the same Tibetan expression
to render a Sanskrit tenn, only the chapter-verse citation is given. Tenns
taken from Blo brtan's translation of Iinendrabuddhi's Pramiil)a-
samuccayatfkii are indicated by "1," followed by the folio number to the
Peking edition of the Tibetan Tripitaka. The words are listed in the order
of Tibetan lexicons.

KA KHA
dkar po min kha cig
asita (KS: 10) kecit (2:8)
rkyang khadog
kevala (V5:15) vaIl)a (5:51)
bskyed pa khona
utpatti (5:26) eva (J313b6)
upajanyate (K5:46)

322
 Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon 323

khyad par grub (pa)

bheda (K5:2,8,14,25,26,28,31) siddhatva (2:8)
prasiddha (2:9,11)
khyad par khyad par gzhi yin
viseSaIJavisesyata (K5: 14) 'gal ba
virodhitva (5:28; 1304a2)
khyad par can
visista (K5:51) 'gyur
syat (5:5,31; 278a8 )
khyad par du byas pa
upasarjana (V5:4) 'gyur gzhan
visista (5:36) anyatha (V5:35)

khyad par byed dang khyad par bya 'gro

viseSaIJavisesyata (V5:14) Tcchati (K5:40)

khyad par byas rgyu mtshan

visista (V5:41) nimitta (5:35; 1312a 3)

'khrul pa sgru ma
vyabhicara (5:2) maya (5:40)

'khrul pa nyid sgra

vyabhicarita (5:34) dhvani (2:7)
vacaka (V5:2)
'khrul med pa -vacin (K2:25)
avyabhicarita (5:9) Sabda (5:2,12,34,50; 13lOb~
avyabhicara (K2:8) sruti (J311a 1)

sgra la byung ba
sabda (5:1)
GA
go bar bya ba yin
gamiSyati (V2: 11)
NGA
go rim log pa las ngag
pratilomyatas (K5:35) vakya (5:46)

gyur nges (pa)

Tcchati (V5:41) niscaya (5:35; 1312a~
niyama (V5:2)
gyur pa
prapta (5:41) dngos
tadriipya (V5:5)
gragspa
rii<Jhi (V5:9; J281b2) dngos pa'i rkyen
bhavapratyaya (J281a7)
grangs
saIilkhya (5:50)
 324 Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon

dngossu JA
saksat (5:4) ji Ita ba
katham (V5:1O)
mngon par brjod
abhidhana (V5:9) ji Itar
katham (K5:1O)
sngo
asita (V5: 10; J283a6) 'jug
vrtti (K2:20)
sngon po
nna (5: 15; J291a 8) 'jug pa
prakar$a (V5:5)
pravrtta (5:4)
prayujyate (5:50)
CA pravrtti (K5:50)
ci ste
atha (K2:9) 'jug min
na vartate (V5:9)
ci phyir
kimartham (2:9) 'jug par byed
pravartate (K5:50)
ci zhig
kim (2:9) rjes (su) mthun las
anuriipyeua (K5: 12; J289b6)
gcig nyid
ekatva (5:36) rjes (su) dpag (pa)
anumana (2:5; 5:1)
gcig la
ekatra (5:10,14) rjes su dpag bya
anumeya (2:5)

rjes su dpog byed

CRA anumeyata (K2:9)
cha shas
amsa (5:34; J3lOb/) rjod (par) byed
avayava (V5:50) vacaka (K5:2; V5:50)
chu brjod (pa yin)
salila (V5:50) abhidhana (K5:9)
abhidhayin (V5:2)
chu tshogs -iikhya (V5:46)
salila (K5:50) aha (5:4)
i~\3 (5:8)
chos -vacin (V5:25)
dhanna (2:8,9,11)
brjod (par) bya (ba)
chos can abhidheya (5:12,15; J288b6)
dhannin (2:8,9,11)

mchog
parama (5:40)
 Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon 325

brjod (par) byed rtogs

bhasate (K5: 1) gati (5: 12,14; J289b l )
vacaka (K5:50)
rtogs par 'gyur
brjod par my bya gami~yati (K2: II)
avacya (V2: 10)
stabs gcig pa
brjod min sahabhii (V2:20)
avacya (K2: 10)
ston par byed
disyate (V2:11)
NYA stong
nye bar bskyed tucchaka (V5:40)
upajanyatc (V5:46)
ston pa
nye bar brtags pa yin darsana (V5:34)
upacaryamaQa (V5:4)
ston par byed
nyid bhasate (V5:1)
eva (5:8) dyotayati (V5:1)

gnyis po bltos pa med pa

dvayam (2:10) nirapeksa (5:50)

mnyang bya brten

SravaQa (2:7) adheya (2:20)

bstan pa
riighi (K5:9)
TA
gtan tshigs bstan par bya
linga (V2:8,9,1O) disyate (K2: 11)

btags pa yin
upacaryamaQa (K5:4)
THA
rtag pa tha dad
nitya (2:7) bheda (V5:2,8,14,25,26,28,31)
bhinna (K5: 14)
rtag pa nyid
nityatva (5:36) tha dad pa rna yin pa de nyid
atadbhedatva (K5:4)
rtags
linga (2:20; K2:8,9,l0) tha dad med
abhinna (5:14)
rtags can
lingin (2:20) tha dad med thos
aprt/lakSruti (K5 :2; J272b I)
rten
adhfu'a (2:20) tha mi dad pa
asraya (5:36) abheda (5:36)
 326 Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon

tha mi dad pa'i ngo bo de dang Idan pa

abhinnariipa (K5:9) tadyuktam (2:11)

thams cad deldan

sarvatha (K5:12) tadvat (2: 10; 5:4,4,8,9; J281a6 , 313a8 ,
3I3b6)
thigs pa
bindu (5:50) de la phan pa
taddhita (5:9)
the tshom
sarildeha (5:35) der gtogs pa
samsaya (5:26) tadgata (K5:4)

thos don
sruyeta (K2: 10) artha (5:9,46)

mtha' dag rtogs pa don gyis 'phangs

krtsnarthaparisamapti (K5:36) arthak~epa (5: 11)

mtha' yas don gyis 'pheng

anantya (K5:2) arthak~epa (1284a4 )

mtha' yod min don gcig

anantya (V5:2) ekiirthata (5:26)

mthun don gcig nyid

tulya (V2:5) ekarthata (B03a8)

mthong don phye

darSana (K5:34; BlOb~ bhinnartha (V5:14)

mthong ba don rna Ius pa rtogs pa

dr~ta (5:31) Iqtsnlirthaparisamapti (5 :36)
~ti (k5:40)
don rnam gcod
vyavacchedarthakarin (V5: 12)

DA don la roam bcod byed

dang vyavacchedarthakarin (K5: 12)
atha (2:5)
drug pa
dang po ~thI(2:1O)
adau (5:46)
'dus pa
de ngo bo samudaya (V5:50)
tadriipya (K5:5)
'dod (pa)
de nyid tha dad pa nyid akank~a (5:26; 1303a3)
atadbhedatva (V5:4) icchanti (2:8)

de ltar
atha(V2:9)
 Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon 327

Idan PA
yukta (K5:31) dpag
yoga (5:2) miyate (V2:9)

Idog pa nyid dpag par bya ba

nivrtti (K5:36) meya(V2:8)

bsdu ba dpag bya

samasa (K5:9) anumeyata (V2:9)

bsdus pa dpog
samudaya (5: 15) meya(K2:8)

dpog par byed

mlyate (K2:9)
NA
gnas spangs pa yin
-stha (2:20) niralq'ta (K5:8)

rnam kun spong (mi) byed

sarvatha (V5:12) (na) uijhita (K5:26)

roam graogs spobs pa

paryaya (5:26) pratibha (K5:46)

rnam par bead pa spyi

vyavaccheda (5:1) samanya (K2:5; 5:10,25,26)

roam par brtags

vivecita (5:46)
PHA
roam par goas 'phel ba
avati~\hante (5:36) utkarsa (K5:36)
vyavasthiti (5:36) prakarsa (K5:5)
roam pa dphyad
vicanta (5:9)
BA
roam par rna chad pa bumpa
anuccheda (VS:36) ghata (5:4,9)

rnam dbye bor (rna) yin

vibhakti (V5:2) (na) uijhita (V5:26)

snang ba byas (pa)

drsti (V5:40) lqtakatva (2:7; 5:1)

snam bu
pata(V5:9)
 328 Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon

byed Idan rna bzung

lqt (128Ia 8) nopatta (5:26)

byed pa rnangpo
lqt (5:9) bahudha (5: 12)

blangs (rna) yin rni 'khrul pa

(na) upiitta (1303 7) avyabhicara (K2: 11)

blun rni 'khrul pa nyid

jada (K5: 14) avyabhicarita

blo rni chad pa

dhI (5:5) anuccheda (K5:36)

dbyibs rni 'jug

samsthana (5:50) na vartate (K5:9)

dbye ba rni rtag

bheda (1289a8) anitya (2:7)

'ba' zhig rni 'phen pa

kevala (5: 15; 1291a8) aniiksepa (V5:4)

'bras rni slu ba

karya (5:14) avisarhviida (2:5)

'brei pa mig gi gzung ba

sambandha (2:8,10,20; 5:9,9,12,34; cak~u~atva (2:7)
1281a6 , 288b6 , 311a1)
-samgata (2: 10) rning can
-iikhya (1324a1)
'brei pa sla ba
sambandhasaukarya (K5:35) rned
asat (2:5)
sbyor ba nasti (2: 10)
sam yogin (K2:20) vina (5:5)

rnedpa
nastita (2:5)
MA
rna nges pa mod kyang
anaiklinta (5: 11; 1284a4 ) yadyapi (V2:20)

rna rnthong drnigs kyis bkar

adr~ta (5:31; J307a4 , 308b5) apoddhara (K5:46; J323b6 )
adr~ti (5:34; J3lOb5)
drnigs pa (rna) yin
rna 'phangs pa (na) upalabhyate (5:50)
anlik$epa (k5:4)
 Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon 329

rmongs bzlog pa
jada (V 5: 14; J289b 1) nivrtti (V5:36)

YA
TSA-TSHA-DZA yang dag pa'i don du
gtso bo rna yin tsam bhiitiirthena (5:4)
upasatjana (K5:4)
yang dag 'phrod pa
tshad rna samyogin (V2:20)
pramal)a (5:1;50)
yan lag
tshig avayava (K5:50)
vakya(2:5)
pada (5:46; 1323b6) yid ches
apta (2:5)
tshig sdud
samasa (1281a8) yod
sadbhava (2:5)
tshogs pa
samudaya (K5:50) yodpa
sat (5:4,4,35)
mtshan nyid satta (K5:9)
lalq;aI}a (5:36) utkarsa (V5:36)

mtshungs yod pa nyid

tulya (K2:5) satta (J281a6)
samanya (V2:5)
samya (5:26; J303a8) yod pa'i sgra
sacchabda (5:4)
rdzas
dravya (5:2,4,35) yon tan
gUI}a (5:2,40)
yon tan can
gUI}in (V5:2)
ZHA-ZA
gzhan yon tan gyis phan 'dogs
anyat (2:9) gUI}Opakara (K5:5; J278a8)

gzhan nyid
anyatva (5:25)
RA-LA
gzhan du rang gi ngo bo
anyathii (2:11; K5:35; 1312a3) svariipa (5:4)

gzhal bya min rang don

aprameya (V2:7) svartha (5:34; 13lOb6)

gzhi mthun pa nyid rang dbang med

samanadhikaraJ.1ya (5:2,4) asvatantratva (5:4; 1313a8)
 330 Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon

rang bzhin shin tu stong

riipa (5:40) sutucchaka (V5:40)

rab gyur shes pa

prakar~a (1278a8) jileya (K5:35)

rab tu grub bshad

prasiddhi (V5:2) -likhya (K5:46)

rab tu 'jug sa las gyur

pravartate (V5:50) parthiva (K5:35)
pravrtti (V5:50)
sa las byung
rigs parthiva (V5:35)
jati (5:4.11; J283b3, 314a5)
sel ba
rigs kyi chos apohya (V5: 14)
jatidharma (5:36) -nut (V5:31)
vyudasa (5:31)
rigs sgra
jatiSabda (5:4) sel ba nyid
vyudasa (1307a4)
rigs pa
yukta (V5:31) sel bar byed
apohate (5:28)
rim bzlog las
pratilomyatas (V5:35) so so ba kun la khyab pa
pratyekaparisamapti (V5:36)
re re la yong su rdzogs pa
pratyekaparisamapti (K5:36) so sor rjod byed min
aprthakSruti (V5:2)
lam
patha (5:40) so sor snang
pratibha (V5:46)
Ius can
miirttatva (2:7) so sor spobs
pratibha (1324a 1)
Ius can min
amiirta (V2:7) gsal bar byed pa
dyotayati (K5:1)
Ius min
amiirta (K2:7) gsalbya
jileya (V5:35)
len (mi) byed
(na) upatta (K5:26) gsog
sutucchaka (K5:40)

gsal
SHA-SA -nut (K5:31)
shing
Vfk~ (5:35)
 Tibetan-Sanskrit Lexicon 331

bsal ba yin bsal zin

nirlUqta (J313b6) niralqta (V5:8)

bsal bya
apohya (K5: 14; 1289a8)
 Appendix C

Text key to translations of Pramii1}asamuccaya

In order to make the translations of the PramtiIJasamuccaya that

occur in this book more easy to read, it was decided not to encumber the
English translation with numerous references to the Tibetan translations
from which it was made. But in order to make the English translation more
usable to those who wish to compare it with the original texts, those
references have been included in this appendix. For each numbered
passage that occurs in the English translation, information is given
concerning the corresponding folio numbers and line numbers of the
Tibetan editions. The key to how that information is presented appears in
the following chart.

KP PramafJasamuccayavrtti. Translated into Tibetan by Gser gyi go cha [=

Kanakavarmanl and Dad pa shes rab. Text 5702 in Tibetan Tripi{aka:
Peking Edition. (Diimaga 1957b ed.)
VD PramafJasamuccayavrtti. Translated into Tibetan by Vasudhararaksita and
Seng rgyal. Text 4204 in Tibetan Tripi{aka. Sde dge edition. (Ditmaga
1981 ed.)

VP PramafJasamuccayavrtti. Translated into Tibetan by Vasudhararaksita and

Seng rgyal. Text 5701 in Tibetan Tripi{aka: Peking Edition. (Diimaga
1957a ed.)

C.1 Pramii1}asamuccaya Chapter Two: "Svarthanumanapariccheda"

1.1.0 = KP109a l , VD27a5 , VP27b6 3.1.0 = KP109b4 , VD27b6 , VP28a7

2.1.0 = KP109a5, VD27b l , VP28a2 3.2.0 = KP109B7, VD28a l VP28b3

2.3.0 = KP109b2 , VD27b4, VP28a7 3.4.0 = KPllOa5 , VD28a5 , VP29a1

332
 Text key to translations 333

4.1.0 = KPllOa7 , VD28a7 , VP29a4 13.1.0 = KPl12b7, VD30b2 , VP3l b3

4.2.0 = KPIlOb2 , VD28b2 , VP29a6 14.0.0 =KP113a2 , VD30b5, VP3lb6

5.1.0 = KPllla3 , VD29a2, VP29b7 15.0.0 = KP113a4 , VD30b7 , VP31b7

5.2.0 = KPl11a6 , VD29a4 , VP30a 1 16.0.0 = KPl13a8 , VD3la2 , VP32a3

6.1.0 = KPl11b 1, VD29a7 , VP30a5 17.0.0 = KPl13b3 , VD3la5, VP32a6

6.2.0 = KPlll b3 , VD29b 1, VP30a7 18.0.0 = KP113b4 , VD31a6 , VP32a7

7.0.0 = KPlllb7, VD29b4 , VP30b3 20.0.0 = KP113b7, VD31b 1, VP32lJ2

8.1.0 = KPl11b 8 , VD29b6 , VP30b3 21.0.0 = KP114a 1, VD3lb3 , VP32b5

9.1.0 = KP112a3, VD29b7 , VP30b6 22.0.0 = KP1l4aS, VD31b6 , VP32b 8

10.1.0 = KP112aS, VD30a2 , VP3la3 23.0.0 = KP114a7 , VD31b7 , VP33a2

11.1.0 = KPl12b2 , VD30a6 , VP3la6 24.0.0 = KP1l4b2 , VD32a2 , VP33a5

12.0.0 = KP112b6, VD30b2 , VP31b2

C.2 Pramii1)asamuccaya Chapter Five: II Anyapohaparik~a"

8.1.0 = KP157b6 , VD67b7 , VP72a2

1.0.0 = KP156a4 , VD66a7 , VP70a8
9.1.0 = KP158a2 , VD68a3 , VP72a4
2.1.0 = KP156a6 , VD66b2 , VP70b 1
10.1.0 = KP158a5 , VD68a5 , VP72a8
2.2.0 = KP156b 1, VD66b3, VP70b4
10.2.0 =KP158a7 , VD68a6 , VP72b 1
2.3.0 = KP156b 1, VD66b4, VP70b5
10.3.0 = KP158b2 , VD68a7, VP72b3
3.0.0 = KP156b3 , VD66b7 , VP70b8
11.2.0 =KP158b7 , VD68b4 , VP72b 8
4.1.0 = KP156b6 , VD67a1, VP71a3
11.3.0 = KP159a2, VD68b6 , VP73a3
4.3.0 = KP157a2 , VD67a4, VP71a6
12.0.0 = KP159a3 , VD69a1, VP73a4
4.5.0 = KP157a3 , VD67a5 , VP71a8
14.1.0 = KP159a4 , VD69a2 , VP73a5
5.0.0 = KP157a5, VD67a7 , VP71b 1
IS.1.0 = KP159b 1, VD69a5 , VP73b 1
6.1.0 = KP157b 1, VD67b2 , VP71b4
16.1.0 = KP159b3, VD69a7, VP73b4
7.2.0 = KP157b5 , VD67b5 , VP71bs
334 Text key to translations

17.1.0 =KP159b8 , VD69b3 , VP73b8 28.1.0 = KP163b3, VD72b7 , VP77b2

18.1.0 = KP160a5, VD69b7, VP74a4 29.1.0 = KPl64a2, VD73a5 , VP77b5

18.2.0 = KP160b3 , VD70a4 , VP74b 1 30.1.0 = KPl64a6 , VD73b 1, VP78as

18.3.0 = KPl60b8, VD70b 1, VP74b6 33.1.0 = KP165a 1, VD74a2 , VP78b8

19.1.0 = KP161a3 , VD70b3 , VP75a 1 34.1.0 = KP165a4 , VD74a4 , VP79a4

20.1.0 = KP161a7 , VD70b6 , VP75a6 35.0.0 = KP165B 1, VD74b2 , VP79b 1

25.0.0 = KP163a5, VD72b 1, VP77a2 36.1.0 = KP165b3 , VD74b3 , VP79b4

26.0.0 = KP163b2, VD72b6 , VP77a8

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 Subject and Author Index

anvaya: 119
anyiipoha: 158
A aphasia, Skeptic philosophers': 52
Abhidhamma Pi taka: 92 apoha theory of meaning: 8, 13, 14,
abhidlzarma: xii; 6,23,28,73, 88,93, 18-21,26-29,202,210,278;
94,96,100,142,143,170,173, Dharmottara's: 22; DiiInaga's: 23
227,233 ApohaprakarafJam: 21
Abhidharmakosa: 29, 94,103, 173 applicability (vrtti; 'jug pa): 255
Absolute, transcendental intuition of: 89 apposition: 194,253
absolute simple: 96, 174 appositional phrase: 198
absolutely singular: 75, 96 apprehension of oneself: 84
abstract notions: 105 Aquinas, St Thomas: 77
abstract nouns: 30 archetype (arkhe): 82; Aristotle's: 74;
abstract property (dharma): 100 Plato's: 74; substance and: 75
abstraction: 211 arguable property (siidhya): 146
abstraction from others (anyiipoha): 95 arhant: 97
abstraction suffixes: 270 Aristocles the Paripatetic: 51
accidentally (shugs kyis; *siimiirthyat): Aristotle: 74, 146,258; Ockham's
294 appeal to: 77
action (karman): 206 art of persuasion: 93
action (kriya): 206,271 arthiik:;epa: 276
adjectival symbol, nature of: 197 AsaiIga: 6, 12, 171
adjectival term: 206 association (anvaya): 118, 120, 130,
adjectives: degrees of comparison: 275; 151,241,298; in grammar: 190
(gufJasabda): 203 ataraxia, Skeptic philosophers': 52
afflictions (klea): 53 AnSa: 226
Agama, Buddhist: 42, 50 atom: 96; (paramiinu): 103, 104
agent (kartr): 271 atomic proposition: 281
Ajdukiewicz, Kazimierz: 112 audible symbols: 189
Alambanaparfk~ii: 132, 173 Averroes, Ockham's appeal to: 77
AlaiIkadeva: 10 avijjii: 42
Alexander (commentator on Aristotle): awareness (vijfiiina; vifinaf)a): 81, 86
146 ayoniso manasikiira: 42, 63
Alexander the Great: 51
ambiguity: 297
analogy (upamiina): 61, 70 B
anger, impairment of judgement due to: Blihuleya: 273
46 Barbara syllogism: 130
AiIguttara Nikaya: 45 Bhamaha: 19
"anonymous Christian," Rahner's Bhartrhari: ix, 27, 28,30,31,178-182,
concept of: 34 251,256-261,270,278,280,297,

353
 354 Index

299, 311; Diimaga influenced by: class, generated by language: 210

13,23,29,30,41,212,238 class containment: 113
BhanaputraJayamisra: 223, 224, 262, class disjunction: 113
263,265,272,302,304,305,307, class overlapping: 113
308 cognition (jfiiina): 94
Blo gros brtan pa: 228 colour (rupa): 100, 235
Blue Annals: 227 common-sense: 16
Boole, George: 169 common usage (ruq.hi; grags paY: 237
Brahmajala Sutta: 45 complex entity (samudiiya; bsdus paY:
brahman: 43,49,50,51,78,80 282
Brahmanism: 23 conceit (mana): 85
Broad, C.D.: 134 concept: 14, 15, 18, 19,23,24,37;
'Brag mi: 226 (vikalpa; rnam par rtog paY: 238
Bstan 'gyur: 9,223,224; Sde dge configuration (iikrti): 19
(Derge) edition: 25, 228 confirmation (stidhana): 111
Bu ston Rin po che: 4, 226, 229 connotation: 19; Satkari Mookerjee's
Buddha Gautama (Gotama): 42,46, 50, usage of term: 19
79,81,82,84,90; caste, views on: containment (class relation): 113
79; Kalamas, advice to: 48; contaminants (iisrava): 94
Socrates compared with: 49 contemplation (dhyiina; jhiina): 66, 83
Buddha's words (buddhavacana): 33; context (prakarar:Ia): 295
authority of: 5 contradiction, law of; Nagarjuna's
Buddhaghosa: 107 adherence to: 58
Buddhism: Canonical: 35; schools of 17 contrariety of terms: 206; indirect: 207;
Buddhist practice: 6 V aise~ika view: 207
Buddhist Sangha: 79 contrary terms: 205
Bumyeat, Myles: 52 conventional truth: 94
Butchvarov, Panayot: 274 conventions, for usage of symbols: 19
Conze, Edward: 4, 5, 88
co-reference: 259,260,264,274,278,
C 283; (siimiiniidhikarafJya): 187,
calm (upasama): 81 262,278
Candragomin: 229 counterextension: 158, 254
Candrananda: 249 counterfactuals: 164
Candrarahula: 226 creator: 46
Caraka: 29 criterion (pramiifJa): 60
Cardona, George: 119, 302 criterion of reality: 14
Carvaka: 44 "critical realism"; 16
case affixes (vibhakti): 171 (See also Cynic school of philosophy: 51
inflectional affixes.)
caste (jiiti) system: 79
catalepsy (abhisafifiii-nirodha): 82 D
categories: 235 Dad pa'i shes rab: 228
causal efficiency (arthakriyii): 14, 15, de Jong, J .W.: 36
18,20,23,26,225 death, existence after: 45, 90
causal relation: 18,24, 163,254,260 debate: 93
causation: 143 defining attribute (lak~af)a): 56, 73
character (samskiira; samkhiira): 81, 86 deliverance (apavarga): 253
Chatterji, Durgacharan: 10 demonstration: 29; (pariirthiinumiina):
Chenna: 10 25,26
Ching, Julia: 106 denotation, Satkari Mookerjee' s usage
Citta Hatthisariputto: 84 of term: 19
 Index
derivative idea: 54,88,91,92
desire (tr$lJii; talJhii): 85
Dge lugs pa school: 4
Dharmadharmatavibhangakiirikii: 227
DharmakIrti: x, xiii, 3-5,7, 10, 11,
14-17,20-22,24,29,30,32,33,35,
37,95,119,162,171,224,253,
260, 308-310; DiI'maga contrasted
with: 15,20, 137; inference
according to: 252; sensation
according to: 137; Stcherbatsky's
view of as "moderate": 12
Dharmotuua:x,4, 7,10,11,17,21,22
differentiation (bheda): 27
dialectics: 89,90,91
Dlgha Nikaya: 45
Diimaga: ix, xi, I, 2,4-17, 20, 22-31,
78,95,111-127,135,136,149,
150,153-158,163,166,175,
178-183,186-190,193-205,
208-215,223,226,229,235,236,
239,240,246,253-269,272-289,
294,297,303,308-311; association
according to: 196; DharmakIrti
contrasted with: 15,20, 137;
dissociation according to: 196;
evidence, 3 characteristics of
according to: 121; inference
according to: 254; linguistic signs
according to: 188; mind, view of:
138; Nyaya school, critique of: 136,
206; particulars according to: 189;
reasoning according to: 180;
semantic theory of: 2597;
Stcherbatsky's view of as anti-
MMhyamaka, anti-skeptic and
"moderate" 12, 13; truth, theory of:
204; universals, argument against:
182; Vasubandhu's influence on:
172
Diogenes Laertius: 51
discipline (sikkhii): 82
disjunction (of classes): 113
disregarding the differences
(bhedagraha): 28
disjunctive syllogism: 276
dissociation (vyatireka): 118, 120, 130,
152, 158,241,298; in grammar:
190
distress (dul,lkha; dukkha): 50, 81, 84
divinity (devata): 253
dogmatics, Buddhist 33
355
domain (vi$aya): 193
doxastic minimalism: 52
Dravid, Raja Ram: 15,20,32,246
dravya: 27
E
earth (prthivf): 235 ,
eidos, to: Plato's: 73; Socrates s: 73
element (bhuta): 56; (dhiitu): 100
emancipation: 5 (See also nirviilJa.)
empirical knowledge: 88
empirical realm: 81
Encompassment (ak$epa; 'phen pa)
relation: 261
epistemology: I, 16,23,29,32;
Buddhism, place of in: 3,6
emptiness (sunyatii): 56, 61, 71, 93; as
antidote to opinions: 62
epiphenomenon: 90
episteme, in Plato: 74
errancy (vyabhiciira; 'khrul pa): 113,
155,255
essence (svabhtiva): 95
essential aspect (to eidos): 73, 86
essential man (puru$a) in Samkhya: 264
essential relationship (svabhiiva-
pratibandha): 162
ether (iikiisa): 235, 277
Euthyphro: 72
evidence (hetu): 113, 146, 181,231,
253; legitimate, three characteristics
(tririlpa) of: 121
excluded middle, law of; Nagarjuna's
adherence to: 58
exclusion (apoha): 184,211
expressor relation (viicyaviicaka-
sambandha): 260
extension: 169,254; oflinguistic sign:
193,278
extensionally (arthatas): 294
external object (btihyartha): 132
external reality: 19
external sandhi: 297
F
faculty of reason: 216
faith: 5
fallac y (jtiti): 25
feelings (vedanti): 81, 86
 356
field of operation (vi$aya; yut): 174,
232
figurative language: 199; constraints on:
265
fire (tejas): 235
folk designation (loka-vohtira): 85
folk expression (loka-nirutti): 85
folk idea (loka-pafifiatti): 85
folk name (loka-samafifiti): 85
foolish masses of people
(btilaputhujjanti): 110
formal debate: 130; (viida): 145
Frauwallner, Erich: 10, 16,20-24,
29-32,37,41,108,133,163,277,
305,310
full awakening (sambodhi): 81
G Hellenistic Skeptics: xiii
gamogenesis: 90
Gangesa: 10
general attribute (stimanyalak$ar;a):
135,238
general term: 195-199,205,261,288;
(jatisabda; rigs kyi sgra): 202, 255,
257; relative scope of: 288
genitive case: 146
genus-species relations: 163,287
Gillon, Brendan S.: xiv, 172
Gnoli, Raniero: 38
gnosis: 34
gnosis, in Plato: 74
God: 34
'Gos khug pa: 226
'Gos 10 tsa ba Gzhon nu dpal: 227
"Gotama'srazor": 50
grammar (vytikarafJa): 229
grammarians, Sanskrit: 119, 156, 190,
200,206,250,275,280,302,304;
DiIinliga influenced by: 41
grammatical case: 146
grammatical subordination
(upasarjana): 262
Grand Path (Mahayana): 96
grounds of application (pravrttinimitta):
206, 207 (See also warrant for
application.)
gymnosophists, influence on Skeptics:
51
Index
H
Haack, Susan: 250
habit-energy (vtisana): 32
Hall, Bruce Cameron: 98,99,109
"hand-maiden of theology": 5
happiness, true (siva): 53, 55
Haradatta Misra: 305
Hattori Masaaki: 26-31, 36, 38,132,
139,170,226,230,302,306-308
Hayes, Elizabeth A.: xiv, 39
Hayes, Richard P.: 36-39, 109, 159,
170,250
"Hayes-Diimliga" system oflogic, H.G.
Herzberger's critique of: 159
head word (pradhtina): 262
heaven (svarga): 239, 253
Hellirlija: 260, 278, 305
hell: 239
Herzberger, Hans G.: 157
Herzberger, Radhika: 26, 30-32, 38,41,
311
HetucakranirfJaya: 111-131, 145,
151-154,159,161,165,241,242
hetu-trairupya: 121
homomorphs: 297
homonymity: 296
Hospers, John: 135
Humble Path (Hfnaytina): 96
hypothesis: 112; (pratijfiti): 60
I
ideal form (to eidos): 104
Idealists: 13
identity: 54, 78, 87
identity relation: 194
identity theory of universals: 274
idiomatic expression (rucfhi; grags pa):
271
impact (pratightita), three types of: 173
incompatibility (virodha): 113
Indian logic: 29, 30
indirect implication (arthtik$cpa): 276
individuals: 32,75; (vyakti): 19,255,
261
induction domain: 113, 118, 125, 127,
129,242
 Index 357

inerrancy (avyabhicara): 255 K

inferable object (anumeya): 144 Kaiyata: 305
inference: 1,5,14,15,20,23,29, Kalamas: 48
178-180, 253; fallibility of: 178, kalpanii: 135
180; test for accuracy of: 14; theory Kamalasila: x, 5, 7,10,16,18,27,170,
of, Diimaga's: 24; theory of, 253,263,300,303,306-308
N yaya-Vaise$ika: 24 Kanakavarman:25,219,224,234,247,
inferential sign (/inga). 8, 24, 29, 132, 248,257,264,272,296,302,304
146,181,187,203,211,245,255, Kapila: 253
277,294 karman: 79, 251 (See also action.)
inflectional affixes: 216 Kasikiivrtti: 229
inner peace (ajjhattasantirh), by Kathavatthu: 91
abandoning opinions: 44,45 Katsura Shoryu: x, xiii, 10,29,251
insight (cakkhu): 81, 84 Katyayana: 30,31
insight (vipasyana) meditation and Kim Samu Sunim: xiv
logic: 168 Kitagawa Hidenori: 25,26,29,31,39,
instantiation of universal (jiitimat): 196, 132,238,243
261,263,269 Knitter, Paul F.: 40
instrumental cause (karafJa): 141 Kochumuttom, Thomas A: 98, 109
intension: 169, 197; linguistic sign, of: Krishan, Y.: 79, 106
193,278 Kumarila Bhatta: xiii, 8,10, 16, 17, 19,
intentional object (dngos po; *vastu): 22,27,199,270,303
259 Kun dga' rgyal mtshan: 3
intensionally (sabdatas): 294 Kunjunni Raja, K.: 27
intellect: 68, 74, 82, 105
interpretation of signs: 1, 33
intuition (pratibha): 28 L
Isipatana (Deer Park): 81 La Vallee Poussin, Louis de: 93,108
ISvarasena: 224 lak:;afJa: 90; and to eidos compared: 73
Lamotte, Etienne: 79
language: I, 15,20,30; DiI'lnaga's
J theory of: 32, 33
Jainas: 17 LaI'lkavatlira SUtra: 103
Jainism: 79 lexeme: 261,265,269,288,297,302
JambUvijaya, Muni: 304,307 liIiga:26
jati: meaning of term: 106 linguistic convention: 208, 252, 255,
Jhalala1car, Bhimaclirya: 261 294
jhiina, first: 66 linguistic science (sgra rig pa;
Jayanta Bhatta: 20 *sabdavidyii): 229
Jinendrabuddhi: xiv, 8, 11, 12,26, 199, linguistic sign: 187,203,250-252,277
200,223-225,228-234,238,243, living being (sattva): 90
245,250,251,253,255,258,259, locative case: 146
262,264,265,268-270,273-275, Locke, John: 98
284,285,290-296,298,302, logic: 10,23,29, 163; Buddhism, place
304-306 of in: 3,5,12,13; DiI'lnaga's theory
Ji'ilinasrimitra: x, 7 of: 32,35;
Ji'ilinendra: 305 logically complete sentence: 194
Joyce, James: 89 Lukasiewicz, Jan: 146,169
judgement: 14, 15,37, 135,255;
impairment by emotion of: 46; test
for accuracy of: 23
 358
M ~oksiikaragupta: 229
~dhava, Vidyaraoya:44
~dhyamaka school: 16, 25, 88; early
phase of: xi, 41, 144; mysticism
and: 12,58,61; skepticism and: 12,
13
Magi, influence on Skeptics: 51
Mahayana Buddhism: 3, 12
~ahayanasfitras:6,42
~aitreyanatha: 227
major premiss: 130
~allaviidin KsamMramal)a: xiii, 8
~alvania, Dalsukh: 7
~ibhadraraksita: 227
~u, social codes of: 79
material form (rupa): 95
materialism, Carvaka: 44
Matilal, Bimal Krishna: x, xiii, 171,
203,251,302,306
MATup (taddhitapratyaya): 263, 272
~atthews, P.R.: 302
means of acquiring knowledge
(prama1)a): 253
means of understanding (buddhyupaya;
rtogs pa'i thabs); 237
meditation: 100 (See also jhana)
meditation adept, sensation of (yogi-
pratyak$a): 136
memory: 273, 274
mental image: 19
mentality (caitta): 175
metaphysical categories: 206
metaphysical doctrines: 20
metaphysical parsimony: l3
metaphysical presuppositions: 20
metaphysical terminology: 204
metaphysics: 10, 16, 163
metonymy (upacara; btags pa): 265
~etrodorus of Chios: 51
~inda,King:67,86
MimliIfisa school: 10, 17; "naive
realism" and: 16; sensation
according to: 132
Mlmamsaslokavarttika: xiii, 270, 272,
303
mind (monas): 83, l35, 140,235
minor premiss: 130
mirage: 140
misconception (avidya; avijja): 43, 94
modus tollendo ponens: 276
Index
~ookeDee,Satkari: 15-22,24,32,97,
309
moral behaviour, justification for: 90
Mulamadhyamakakarika: 55, 92
muni: 110
mysticism: 34
N
Nagarjuna: 13,35,41,52-59,69,70,
88-92,104,109,144
Nagasena: 67, 86
"naive realism": 12, 16
narrower term (vise$asabda): 288
nature (prakrti): 266
necessarily (dngos su; sak$at): 294
Nikiiya literature: 42
nirva1)a: 3, 18,33,34,42,69,81,83,
84,86,92,94,100,104,312;
Buddhist: 52; differing opinions of:
47; logic and: 168; Nagarjuna's
view of: 55; "numinous" nature of:
34
noble eight-fold path: 81
nominal affixes (Sup): 302
nominal compound (samasa; tshig
sdud): 270, 281
nominal existence (prajfiapti-sat): 28
nominal stem (pratipadika): 302
nominalism: 13,28,35,41,92,95, 173;
Buddhist: 20; Ditmaga's: 205;
objection to: 210; Ockham's: 77,87
nominalist theory of universals: 274
nominative case: 146
non-empirical realm: 81
numen, Otto's concept of: 34
Nyaya school: 8, l3, 16, 17,23,206,
262, 275; DiI'maga citicized by:
142; early: 10; inference theory of:
24; modem: 10; "naive realism"
and: 12, 16; pratyak$a, definition
of: 139; sensation according to: l32
Nyayabindu: 8,11,21
Nyayamukha: 23; Chinese translations:
29; Japanese translation: 29
Nyayasutra: 139
Nyayavarttika: xiii
Nyi rna rgyal mtshan: 229

o pondering (vikalpa): 53
observed precedent (dr~{anta): 25, 237
obverse proposition: 119
Ockham, William: 77,87,96
opinion (dmi; diUhi): 85; abandoning:
52; contamination through: 94; ill
co~sequences of: 44; impediments
to mner peace: 44, 51,92; non-
Buddhist teachers': 46
Otto, Rudolf: 34
overlapping of classes: 113
p 8,25
Pa tshab 10 tsa ba Nyi rna grags pa: 228
pak$adharmata: 121
Pali Canon: 42
Pill)ini: ix, 2, 30
Paramatthakasutta: 43
Parthasarathimisra: 10,223,224,264,
270, 272, 302-308
particular: 14,15,18,19,21,23,24,28,
73, 192,255,273; (bheda; khyad
par): 257, 276, 304; (svalak$ana):
26,27 . primary suffix (lqtpratyaya): 271
particular proposition: 154
particularity: 31
particularizing expression (bhedasabda'
khyad par kyi sgra): 255
Patai'ijali: ix, 27, 272; universals
according to: 183
peculiar attribute (svalaksana): 238
273 . . , proof: 112
perception: 5; (sarhlj'na' sanna): 81 82
86 ' "
perfection of wisdom (prajiit'iparamita):
89
person: 86, 90, 94; as mental construct:
45
pervasion (vyapti; khyab pa): 29, 113,
156,158,256,263
phenomenalism: 93,131,138,173
phenomenon (vijnapti): 99
physical resistance (avaralJa-
pratight'ita): 174
Pisacas: 253
"point-instant": 14, 15, 20
Plato: 73,78,81,96,258; Aristotle's
criticisms of: 75
pleasure, impairment of judgement due
to: 46
Index 359
Potthapada: 82, 83
Potthapada Sutta: 82,92
PrajfUUcaragupta: 169-171
prajnaparamita: 227
pramar:ta: 5; meaning of the term: 70
Pramar:tasamuccaya: x, 8, 10, 17,23,
26,27,129,162,172,177,187,
189,192,194,195,198,204-214,
218,219-243,273,277-280,285,
290,298, 303, 306-308; English
translation: 26; Japanese
translation: 25; Tibetan translations:
Pramar:tasamuccaya{fkt'i: 228
Pramar:taviirttika: 21, 22, 26, 38, 260,
308
prapanca:53,68
pratibhii: 212
preclusion (apoha): 223, 297
preconception: 135
predication: 196; simple: 193
Priestley, L.C.D.C.: 63
primary elements: 207
primitive idea: 92
p~mord!al matter (prakrti): 253
prunordlal substance (pradhana; gtso
' bo): 180,238,239,266
principled thinking (yoniso manaskiira):
92,93
process of elimination: 235
properties: 1
property-J?earer (dharmin): 137
property-possessor (dharmin): 146
property to be confirmed (siidhya-
dharma): 113,241,254
proposition: atomic: 281; defined: 56;
obverse: 119; particular: 152;
singular: 152; universal: 152;
universal affirmative: 119, 167
psychologism: 240
pudgala; puggala: 87
Pyrrho of Elis: 51,67
Pythagoras: 1
Q
qualificand (vise$ya): 286
qualifier (vise$ar:ta): 286
 360 Index

qualifier-qualificand relation (vise~aI:Ja Sakyabuddhi: 22

visesyabhliva): 31, 187,275,278; stimantidhikaraIJya: 286
symmetrical and asymmetrical: 291 SaIhkaracarya: 304
quality (guIJa): 31,206,271 Stirhkhya Karikii: 253
quasi-evidence (hetvabhasa; gtan tshigs Samkhya school: 17,23,143,180,239,
ltar snang ba): 241 253,266; Dinnaga influenced by:
133; sensation according to: 132
samyagjflana: 5
R sanketa: 256
radical momentariness, doctrine of Sanskrit language: xiii, 2, 146
(~aIJikaviida): 15, 19,23 Santabhadra: 10
Rahner, Karl: 40 S'antarak~ita: x, 5, 7,16,17,18,19,27,
Rahula, Walpola: 48 255,263,309
Rak~asas: 253 Sarvastivada: 16
Randle, H.N.: 10,250,251 satisfaction (of a symbol): 214
Rangaswami Iyengar, H. R: 10,27, Sautrantikaschool: 17,23,27,29,96
305,308 saviour (soter): 35
rational discussion (vada): 60 scriptural tradition (agama): 61, 70,
Ratnakrrti: x, 7,16,20 178, 236; accountability to reason:
Realists: 13,20 181
reality (sattva): 207 schools of Buddhism: 17
reasoning (anwnana): 1,61,70,135 Sde dge (Derge) Bstan 'gyur: 25,232
reasoning for oneself (svarthanumana): secondary suffix (taddhitapratyaya):
1,23,25,26 195,263,271
reference: S. Mookerjee's usage of sectarian affiliations, Dinnaga' s: 17
term: 19 seer (r$i): 179
rejaxepoid: 190 segregation (apoha): 211
relations: 19, 259; expression of in self: 91,94; (atman; attan): 53, 54,78,
language: 195, 197; reality of: 13; 81,82,87,235,266
(sarhsarga): 27; (sambandha): 270 self-cognizing cognition: 140
religious duty (dharma) in Brahmanism: self-referring expression: 360
179 semantics: 19
Renou, Louis: 301 sensation: 14,135,168,178-180,255,
representation ism: 97 274; (pratyak$a): 24, 61, 70,132,
resemblance: 246,273; (siirupya; 'dra 134, 139,234,273,283; yogin's:
ba): 265 136
resemblance theory of universals: 274 sense datum: 100,134,176,233,255,
resistance (pratigha; thogs pa): 236 273 (See also sensum)
revelation: 6; Buddhism, place of in: 12, sense faculties: 100, 135, 233
58 sensible objects: 26, 78
rigorous truth (paramarthasat; sensum/sensa: 135 (See also "sense
paramatthasat): 94 datum")
Rgyal tshab Dar rna rin chen: 253 sentence: function of words in: 280;
Rma 10 tsa ba: 227 logically complete: 193; primary
Rngog 10 tsa ba: 227 unit of speech: 212; (vakya; ngag):
Ruegg, David Seyfort: x, 230, 280 237,302; meaning of (vakyartha):
rilpadhatu: 101 28,212,215,238,254,290
sentential homomorphism: 297
set-subset relation (tadbhedatva): 198
S Sextus Empiricus: 52, 68
Sa skya Pru,c;lita: 3 Sharma, Dhirendra: 15
S'abaleya: 273
 Index
Shastri, Dhannendra Nath: 7,15,20,32,
97,309
sign: conventional: 1; linguistic: 211;
natural: 1; (linga): 231
simple predication: 194
Singh, Amar: 97, 108
singular proposition: 154
singular term: 188, 189,206;
(yadrccMsabda): 203
"skill in means" (upayakausalya): 4
skeptical rationalism: 41, 62
smell (gandha): 100,235
smoke: (See fire.)
Socrates: 49, 52, 72, 86
soteriology: 10, 34
soul, reality of: 13
sound sabda: 100
space, as an element: 58; (dis): 235
Stcherbatsky, Th.: 3, 11-17,21-22,37,
58,61,97,230
Steinkellner, Ernst: 5, 33
string of words (tshogs; *samaha): 290
structure/structuring (kalpanii): 134,
234,274
stupid chatter (apparihlrakatarh
bhiisitarh): 84
subject (pa/qa) of inference: 113
subject matter (vi$aya): 94
subjective constructions: 19
subjective idealism: 16,98,131
subjectlike class (sapa/qa): 116, 118
subordinate word: 262
subordination, grammatical
(upasarjana): 197,262
substance (dravya): 209, 235
substance (ousia), Aristotle's: 75
superior knowledge (abhinna): 46, 81;
nature of Tathligata's: 47
support (alambana): 174
Sutta Nipata: 44, 83,105,311
Sutta Pitaka: 100
Suzuki, Daisetz Teitaro: 89, 107
symbol: class: 192,200,206,288;
meaning of: 19; token: 192,200,
288
synonymous terms: 285, 288
synonymy: 289
T universal proposition: 154
tadbhedatva: 198
Taranli.tha: 10
361
TarkabMsii: 228
taste (rasa): 100,235
Tathagata: 46, 85
Tattvasangraha: 8, 18, 303
term: Diimaga's five types of: 203
theology: 10, 163
"thing universal" (arthajiiti): 31
three features (trairupya): 29
Tibetan Tripitaka: 227; Peking edition:
25
time (kiila): 235
Ting nge 'dzin bzang po: 226
touch (spada): 100,235
Toulmin, Stephen: 70
traidhiitukam: 101
Traikiilyaparuqii: 23
transcendental intuition: 89
Tripathi, Chhote Lal: 15
truth: 15; conventional: 94; ultimate: 93
Tsong kha pa Blo bzangs grags pa: 253
Tucci, Giuseppe: 10
U
Udayana: 11,249
Uddyotakara: xiii, 8, 10, 16, 19,22,27,
142,150,171,199,223,250,258,
264,265,302-304; Dil'maga
citicized by: 149
ultimate fact (paramiirtha; paramattha):
88
ultimate truth: 93
understanding (nar;a): 81
unity: 75; relationship with diversity: 85
universal: 13-15, 18-20,24,28,30-32,
41,75,85,187,210,246,254,261,
265, 270, 283; abstraction, as: 211;
ontological status of: 19;
signification of words, as: 195;
(jiiti; rigs): 28, 183, 206, 270, 276;
Dil'mliga's definition of: 296;
grammarian's definition of: 271;
properties of: 210, 300; relation to
particular instantiation: 274;
(samanya; spyi): 32; (samanya-
laksal)a): 26,27
universal-possessor: 196
universal affirmative proposition: 119;
implicit existential import of: 169
unrelated to thought (cittaviprayukta):
28
 362 Index

unsubjectlike class (asapak~a): 116, Vigrahavyiivartanl: 52, 59

118 Vijilaptimatratasiddhi: 103,239
Upani~ads: 79 Vinaya Pi{aka: 91
upasarjana: 263 Vinltadeva: 10,11,217
vipa~a: 254
Visaliimalavatl: 228
V viSe~afJavise~yabhiiva: 286
vacaka relation: 257 visible quality (rapa): 209
Vacaspatimisra: 10, 11,20 vital principle: 90
Vaibh~ika school: 25,28,96 vrtti relation: 257
Vaise~ika school: 8, 13, 16,23, 143, VyliQi: 27, 31, 32
206,235,236,262,282; inference VyiikarafJamahiibhti~a: 305
according to: 24; "naive realism" vyatireka: 119
and: 12; sensation according to: 132 vyavahtira: 256
Vaisesika Siitras: 249
Vajapyayana: 27, 28, 31
Vakyapadfya: 179,180,217,218,256, W
259,260,278,302,306 Warder, A.K.: xiii, 6, 32,79,309
van der Kuijp, L.W.J.: 4, 5 warrant for application (pravrttinimitta):
Vasetthasutta: 79 261,280 (See also grounds of
Vasettha and Bharadvaja, dispute on application.)
caste: 80 water (iipas): 235
Vasubandhu: 11,12,28,41,92,94-98, Wayman, Alex: 4,98
101,103,138,170,173,177,239, Weiss, Jason: xiv
311; DiI'maga influenced by: 97, whole-part relation: 194, 195,286;
173; sensation according to: 132 expression of in language: 194
Vasudhararaksita: 25,220,224,227, wider term (samanyasabda): 288
228,238,249-251,259,266,272, wind (vayu): 235
296,303,307 word: individual (pada; tshig): 237,
vedana: 48 302; meaning of: 19,215
Vedanta school: 17 word form: 265
Vedas: 49 word token: 265
Vedic injunctions: 31 "word universal" (sabdajiiti): 31
Venkataclirya, T.: xiii world of matter (rapaloka): 100
Venn, John: 114
verb root (dhtitu): 302
verbal affixes (TIn): 302 X
verbal communication, as form of Xuanzang: 29,108,253
inference: 181
verbal conjugational affixes (TIn): 325
verbal symbol (sabda): 211; parallelism y
with inferential signs: 298 Yasomitra: 173
verbal term: 206 Yijing: 10, 25, 30
verbal testimony (sabda; sgra las byung Yogacara school: 16,23,25,96,129,
ba): 237, 253 140
verbs and deverbatives (kriyasabda): Yuktidlpika: 253
203
Vetter, T.: 5,34
via antiqua and via moderna
(Aristotelian schools): 77 Z
Vidyabhiisal.la, Satis Chandra: 9, 10, Zen masters: 89
163,251 Zha rna rdo rje rgyal mtshan: 227
 Index 363

Zha rna Seng ge: 227

STUDIES OF CLASSICAL INDIA

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