Example 2 Parametric Study of Beams For Quantity of Steel Using Method of Curtailment

PROJECT REPORT
ON
PARAMETRIC STUDY OF BEAMS FOR QUANTITY OF STEEL USING METHOD OF
CURTAILMENT
A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE
BACHELORS DEGREE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

CONFERRED BY
UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI
SUBMITTED BY
AHER TUSHAR S.
BOROLE RITESH V.
DESHPANDE HARSHAL G.
GADDAM SHWETA N.
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SECTOR-3, AIROLI, NAVI MUMBAI-400708
2011-12
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DATTA MEGHE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
SECTOR-3, AIROLI, NAVI MUMBAI-400708
2011-12
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled PARAMETRIC STUDY OF BEAMS FOR
QUANTITY OF STEEL USING METHOD OF CURTAILMENT duly submitted by the
following students
AHER TUSHAR S. BOROLE RITESH V.
DESHPANDE HARSHAL G. GADDAM SHWETA N.
has been completed under my supervision in a satisfactory manner and is a partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the award of Bachelors Degree in Civil Engineering to be conferred by
the UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI. In my opinion the work embedded to this report is
comprehensive and fit for evaluation.
Dr. G. S. KAME
(Supervisor)
Forwarded for further persual:
Dr. H.S.Chore Dr.S.D.Sawarkar

Prof. and HoD (Civil) Principal
DISSERTATION APPROVAL SHEET
The project entitled PARAMETRIC STUDY OF BEAM FOR QUANTITY OF STEEL
USING METHOD OF CURTAILMENT
Submitted by students namely,
AHER TUSHAR S.
BOROLE RITESH V.
GADDAM SHWETA N.
is hereby examined by board of examiners and approved for further perusal.
_____________________
Examiner-I
Date:
Place:
_____________________
Examiner-II
_____________________
Supervisor/co-Supervisor.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This is not included only to complete the formalities as per the tradition. Because, everything is
important in life can be achieved only as a result of team work or collective efforts perseverance.
Inspiration and motivation have always played a key-role in success of any venture. At this level
of understanding it is often difficult to realize the wide spectrum of knowledge without guidance
and advice.
It is a great sense of accomplishment to express our sincere gratitude to our supervision from
Prof. G. S. Kame for his constant interest, encouragement and valuable guidance during
completion of the project work.
We would like to extend our gratitude to honorable Head of Department, Civil Engineering, Dr.
H. S. Chore who gave us valuable suggestions whenever necessary.
We are thankful to Dr. S. D. Sawarkar, Principal, for providing us the facilities time to time in
college for carrying out this project.
AHER TUSHAR S.
BOROLE RITESH V.
GADDAM SHWETA N.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
CONTENT
No. No.
DISSERTATION APPROVAL SHEET iii

ACKNOWLEDGE iv
LIST OF FIGURES viii
LIST OF TABLES v
ABSTRACT vi
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-15
1.1 General 1
1.2 Literature review 1
1.2.1 Effective span of simply supported beams 2
1.2.2 Effective span of continuous beams 2
1.2.3 Beams monolithic with frames 2
1.3 Design criteria of beam 4
1.3.1 Design for serviceability requirements 5
1.3.2 Design for strength requirements 5
1.4 Reinforcement detailing for beams 8
1.4.1 Flexural reinforcement detailing 8
1.4.2 Shear reinforcement detailing 11
1.4.3 Torsion reinforcement detailing 11
1.5 Concept of curtailment 12
1.5.1 Concept of theoretical curtailment distance 12
1.5.2 Concept of practical curtailment distance 12
1.5.3 Analysis of theoretical and practical 13

curtailment
Chapter 2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 16
2.1 Aim of project 16
2.2 Objectives of project 16
Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY 17-25
3.1 General 17
3.2 Conditions for curtailment of reinforcement 17
3.2.1 Rules for continuation of positive moment 17

reinforcement in span region of supports
3.2.2 Rules for continuation of negative moment 18

reinforcement beyond the point of
inflexion
3.2.3 Rules for continuation of curtailed bar 18

beyond theoretical point of cutoff.
3.2.4 Rules for maintaining shear capacity at 19

region of flexural reinforcement in steel
3.2.5 Rules for curtailment 20

according to B.S:8110
3.3 Analysis of different types of beams using rules for 20

curtailment
3.3.1 Simply supported beams 20
3.3.2 Continuous beams 24
Chapter 4 PARAMETRIC STUDY 26-53
4.1 Introduction 26
vi
4.2 Parametric Study 26
4.2.1 Sample calculation (Conventional method )

27
4.2.2 Design calculations for BM1,BM2,BM4 and

BM5 (Conventional method) 31
4.3 Design calculations (Curtailment method) 33
4.3.1 Sample calculation (Curtailment method) 33
4.3.2 Design calculations for BM1,BM2,BM4 39

and BM5 (Curtailment method)
4.4 Comparison of reinforcement detailing between

43
conventional method and curtailment method
4.4.1 Reinforcing details for beam BM1

43
44
45
46
47
4.5 Results
48
4.6 Conclusion 51
4.7 Scope of future work 51
Chapter 6 REFERENCES 52
Chapter 7 APPENDIX 53-90
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
Caption
No. No.
1.1 Influence lines for moments in beam 4
1.2 Moment and loading patterns on a beam 7
1.3 Division of beam for critical shear 9
1.4 Theoretical curtailment in beam 13
1.5 Position of curtailment of reinforcement in a beam 14
3.1 Rules for continuation of bars into and from supports 18
3.2 Rules for continuation of bars into and from supports 18

(IS 456: 2000)
3.3 Simplified rules for curtailment(BS: 8110) 21
3.5 Simplified rules for curtailments in continuous beams 24
3.6 Shear and bending moment envelopes 25
4.1 Shear force and bending moment diagram for beam BM3 28
4.2 Reinforcement details of beam BM3 using conventional method of 30

detailing
4.3 Shear force and bending moment diagram for beam BM3 34
4.4 Reinforcement details of beam BM3 using curtailment method of 38

detailing
4.5 Reinforcing details of beam BM1 43
viii
4.10 Comparison of quantity of steel (graphical representation) 49
4.10 Comparison of quantity of steel in beams ( bar chart representation) 50
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
Caption
No. No.
1.1 Maximum clear spacing between tension bars (mm) 9
4.1 Bar bending schedule for beam BM3 using conventional method of 31
detailing
4.2 Shear force and bending moment calculations 31
4.3 Quantity of steel in beams using conventional method 32
4.4 Bar bending schedule for beam BM3 using curtailment method of 39
detailing
4.5 Shear force and bending moment calculations 40
4.6 Quantity of steel in beams using method of curtailment 42
4.7 Comparison between quantities of steel 48
ABSTRACT
In the present report a parametric study is carried out and results for quantity of steel are
compared with that obtained using conventional method of detailing of reinforcement. In this
study total five simply supported beams of various spans as well as cross sections are considered
for analysis and design.
In the parametric study the analysis and design of beams are carried out using the procedure
given in text book as well using STAAD-Pro v8i software. The quantity of steel is estimated for
conventional method of detailing as well as adopting rules for curtailments.
The results for quantity of steel adopting method of curtailment are compared with that obtained
using conventional method. The results are also compared with the output obtained using
STAAD-Pro v8i software.
From the results it can be concluded that for higher spans the difference in quantity of steel
increases.
Keywords: Reinforced concrete, Curtailment, quantity of steel, simply supported beams,

STAAD-Pro v8i.
xi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Curtailment of reinforcing bars is the stopping of some of the reinforcing bars in tension, or
compression, where they are no longer needed for strength purposes. Curtailment can be applied
to simply supported beams but it is generally not economical and the real advantages occur with
repetitive multi-span beams and slabs. It can also be used to facilitate construction by curtailing
bars to practical lengths which are easier to handle. However, the saving in steel is off-set by
increased design calculations, detailing and site supervision.
However to get the idea of designing of curtailments in a beam it is important to understand the
procedure for analysis and designing of beams.
The provision of curtailment depends upon the factors like flexure, shear etc. and hence the study
of reinforced concrete beams with all design methods and types must be introduced at the
beginning.
1.2 Concept of curtailment
The curtailment means reduction or cutting in the amount of reinforcing bars in the R.C.C beams
by considering the exact nature of the change in bending moment and providing accurate amount
of steel by reducing the unnecessary reinforcement length and thereby reducing the quantity of
steel required in the beam. In R.C.C beams there is change in bending moment and shear force at
various points along span i.e. from maximum to minimum and hence the moment of resistance is
also accordingly changed which enables the provision of curtailment of beam reinforcements.
The method of curtailment of steel may proves economical in case of long span beams and
therefore it is required to be studied.
The curtailments of reinforcement in R.C.C beams are carried out in order to reduce the quantity
the steel required in the beam section. Curtailments are thus effective techniques of providing
appropriate amount of steel in the R.C.C members; considering the flexural and shear
characteristics of the beam
1.3 Advantage
In reinforced concrete beams the quantity of steel used is considerable in case of large
multistoried buildings. Using method of curtailment of reinforcement in such beams the quantity
of steel considerably reduced as compared to that using conventional method.
1.4 Aim of proposed work
As the curtailment of steel in beams is the technique leading to economy in construction

therefore, the aim of project work is to study the different methods of curtailment of
reinforcements and estimating the quantity of steel required for beams designed with and without
the method of curtailment of reinforcements. A parametric study of beams for the quantity of
steel required according to both methods is carried out.
1.5 Objectives proposed work
a) To understand the concept of curtailment of steel reinforcement in reinforced cement

concrete beams.
b) To carry out the study of various provisions and methods of curtailment.
c) To carry out the comparison between quantities of steel obtained with and without
adopting the procedure of curtailment for various sections of simply supported beams
keeping span to depth ratio constant.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
Beams and girders are most frequently used in R.C.C building designs. In such types of
monolithic constructions the load is transferred from slab to beams and from beams to columns.
It is based on the yield line pattern between the two adjacent patterns of the slabs. In addition
beams are subjected to their self weights.
The analysis of a beam for the bending moment and shear force is generally made by the elastic
theory. The reinforced concrete material of the beam is considered elastic and homogeneous. The
moment of inertia may be calculated by considering the gross section of concrete ignoring
reinforcement or considering effective section of concrete and steel. The former approach is
suitable due to its simplicity.
The study of characteristics of beams is important in order to understand the reinforcement

requirements to be provided in the beam. The review of literature is therefore included as study
of various types of beams and their flexural and shear properties.
1.2 Design criteria of beam
For understanding designing criterion of beams one must understand the failure of beams which
is the outcome of the loading and patterns of loadings. Loaded beams can undergo the failures
like shear failure and flexural failures. This is due to the shear forces and bending moments i.e.
positive or negative bending moments produced on beams.
Fig. 2.2 represents the nature of these bending moments and shears. To overcome these flexures
and shears the design of beam is carried out using various methods. Design of beam requires
determination of the cross sectional dimensions and reinforcement details to satisfy both
serviceability and strength requirements.
1.3.1 Design for serviceability requirements
The serviceability requirements for deflection is controlled by effective span to effective depth
Ratio as discussed earlier. Generally depth of the beam is governed by the strength requirement.
A L B
- L 1
(a) M ax im u m n eg ativ e m o m en t at A
A L B
(b ) M ax im u m p o sitiv e sp an m o m en t
A L B
- L3
(c) Maximum positive span moment

Fig. 2.2 (a, b & c) Moment and loading patterns on beam
L1
L2
L3
-
-
(d) Maximum moment diagram
Reinforcement for negative

moment
Reinforcement for positive

moment
(e)Reinforcement for positive

and negative moment

Fig. 2.2 (d & e) Moment and loading patterns on beam
The requirement of lateral stability is also satisfied because of the large cross sectional area
except in cases where the span of the beam is very large. In such case use of I.S. code is done.
The serviceability requirement of crack is controlled by the spacing of reinforcements. In beams
the spacing of reinforcements bars are small and governed by the minimum spacing requirements
than the maximum spacing for crack control.
1.3.2 Design for strength requirements
It comprises of two types of designs namely,
A) Design for moments and
B) Design for shear
A) Design for moments
The design for the flexural reinforcements is made for maximum moments. These bars are
placed along the span of the beams and necessary curtailments of bars are made based on the
moment envelope diagram. The moment envelope diagram is can be obtained from the
superposition of the moment diagram for critical maximum moments.
The bending moment and shear force patterns are very important to analyze the behavior of any
beam under various types of loadings.
It is hence essential to get an idea of nature of these bending moments and shear forces before an
accurate designing of any beam. The reinforcement detailing is entirely dependent on the
position and magnitude of bending moments and shear forces at various sections of any loaded
beam.
Such diagrams are shown in the Fig. 1.2
The figure indicates following,
Fig.1.2 a) shows the maximum negative moment at support A and corresponding loading
patterns.
Fig.1.2 b) and Fig.1.4 c) shows maximum and minimum span moments and the corresponding
loading patterns.
Fig.1.2 d) shows maximum moment diagram
Fig.1.2 e) shows reinforcement provision for positive and negative moments
The moment diagram for critical moments indicate that a considerable length of beam may be
subjected to either positive or negative bending moment depending on the position of the live
load as shown in Fig. 1.2 e). The reinforcements at bottom of beam are as shown in Fig. 1.2,
provided for dealing with the positive moment while the top level reinforcements are provided in
order to deal with the negative moments produced in the beam due to loading.
B) Design for shear
Design of shear for beam is made by dividing the span of beam into several segments for
providing uniform spacing of stirrups in each segment. Generally the beam is divided into three
spans. The end segments of length equal to 0.25times the span of the beam. Each segment shall
be designed for maximum shear force envelope diagram .the critical section for shear in the end
segments of beam shall be at the distance of effective depth of beam from the face at the support.
The shear reinforcement shall be designed for maximum shear in the segment minus the shear
resisted by the concrete as shown in the Fig. 1.3 a) and Fig1.3 b) the design of reinforcement
provision depends upon the maximum shear force, critical shear force and position of critical
shear force. Hence it becomes necessary to get the exact magnitude of shear force acting on the
beam and thus suitably dividing the beam into three segments on the basis of shear acting at each
segment. This helps in getting an idea of the actual requirement of shear reinforcements at each
section.
1.3 Effective span
1.3.1 Effective span of simply supported beam
The effective span of beam that is not built integrally with its support shall be the distance
between the center of support and the clear distance between the supports or the effective depth
of the beam, whichever is less.
1.3.2 Effective span of continuous beam
The effective span of the continuous beam depends upon width of support as described below,
1. If the width of the support is less than 1/12th of the clear span or 60 cm whichever is less,
the effective span shall be the distance between the center of support or the clear distance
between the supports plus the effective depth of the beam, whichever is less.
2. If the width of the support is less than the 1/12th of the clear span or 60 cm whichever is
less the effective span shall be the clear span between the supports plus the effective
depth of the beam in the case of intermediate span or end span with the outer end fixed.
1.3.3 Beams monolithic with frames
Its effective span shall be taken as distance between the center of support even though analysis
for moment are made on the basis of effective span, in monolithic construction it is permissible
to design the section at the support on the basis of moment at the face of support. The bending
moment and the shear force at any point in a continuous beam depend on the nature and Position
of the live load.
As the dead loads are fixed in a position, in buildings live load considered are generally
uniformly distributed either loaded or unloaded on the entire span. The maximum moment or
shear force at the section depends on position of live load. The influence line diagrams for
moments at critical section and corresponding position of live load are shown in the Fig. 1.1
The critical load positions of moments are adopted as,
a) For maximum positive span moment at point p load and all other alternate spans.
b) For maximum positive moment at support p, unload the spans on either side of support P
and load the next span.
c) For maximum negative moment at support p, load the spans on either on either sides of
support p and all other alternate spans.
d) For maximum negative span moment at point p load the two spans adjacent to that span
and all other alternate spans.
The maximum value of shear force is obtained from case 3 loading. The U.D.L on either side of
support p causes the maximum shear force .shear force at the left of support p is given by
V = Q + [M2 - M1] / L
where,
Q = Shear force at the left of support p when simply supported.
M1and M2 = Support moments on the left and right supports of span under consideration.
L = Span under consideration.
When the design is based on the limit state method of collapse; the analysis is made for the
ultimate load which is service load multiplied with partial factor of safety. The design is made
for the ultimate moments and shears obtained by assuming an elastic system even though the
ultimate loads may cause nonlinear effects. The design is made for the ultimate moments and the
shears obtained by assuming an elastic structure subjected to ultimate load. This provides a safe
and adequate design. For explaining this design method we must understand the development of
the shear forces and bending moments due to loads on a beam. Loading on beam is responsible
for producing bending moments. They are further categorized as,
a) Positive bending moment

b) Negative bending moment
Positive bending moment is the sagging moment and negative bending moment is the hogging
moment. Conventionally sagging is taken as positive while hogging is taken as negative. When a
beam is loaded by certain loads both positive and negative moments are produced on the beam to
take care of such moments the provision of reinforcement and other design criterion are
formulated to understand the nature of these moments a continuous beam is taken as an example.
In Fig.1.2 the loading and moments on beam are explained in detail
A B C P D E F G
A continuous beam
D
+ +
- - - -
a)Influence line for moment at D
b)Position of loads for positive moment at D
c)Position of loads for negative moment at D
(+)
+ +
- P - -
d )Influence line for moment at p
e)Position of loads for positive moment at P
f)Position of loads for negative moment at P
Fig. 1.1 Influence lines for moments in beam
In the absence of more rigorous analysis, moments and shears may be obtained from empirical
coefficients.
1.4 Reinforcement detailing for beams
The reinforcement detailing for beams for flexure and shear shall be made in accordance with the
following provisions.
1.4.1 Flexural reinforcement detailing
The flexural reinforcement detailing shall be made as discussed below. Arrangement of flexural
reinforcement bars in tension shall be arranged conforming to the requirements of cover at the
bottom and side faces and horizontal and vertical spacing of bars as shown in Fig.1.5. The
maximum clear spacing between parallel bars and clear distance of corner bar from the corner of
beam near the tension face shall not be greater than the values given in Table 1.1 depending on
the amount of redistribution carried out in the analysis and the characteristic strength of
reinforcement. The spacing given in the table are not applicable to members subjected to
particularly aggressive environments unless the ultimate moment of resistance
has been calculated by limiting fy to 300 N/mm2.
C ritic al sectio n
fo r sh ear
E n d seg m en t M id d le seg m en t
0 .2 5 L 0 .5 L
(a) D iv isio n o f b eam in to th ree seg m en ts fo r u n fo rm

sp acin g o f sitrru p s in ea ch seg m en t
0 .2 5 L 0 .5 L
C ritical sh ear in sh ear resisted

en d seg m en t b y co n creted
C ritical sh ear in ce n tra l seg m en t
) C ritic al sh ear in en d an d cen tral seg m en t

Fig. 1.3 Division of beams for critical shear
Table 1.1 Maximum clear spacing between tension bars (mm)
Characteristic Percentage redistribution to or form

Strength section considered
fy(N/mm2) -30 -15 0 +15 +30
250 215 260 300 300 300
415 125 155 180 210 235
500 105 130 150 175 195
Area and diameter of flexural reinforcement IS Code provisions for area of tension, compression
and side face reinforcements are as follows.
a) Tension reinforcement
The area of tension reinforcement shall not be less than Ast, min given by,
Ast min = 0.85 b d/fy
where,
Ast min = the minimum area of tension reinforcement
b = the width of beam or width of web of flanged beam
d = the effective depth of beam
fy = characteristic strength of reinforcement in N/mm2

The area of tension reinforcement shall not be more thanAs1. max given by,
Ast max = 0.04 bD
where,
Ast max = the maximum area of tension reinforcement
D = the total depth of beam
b) Compression reinforcement
The area of compression reinforcement shall not be more than Asc, max given by,
Asc, max = 0.04 b D
10
where,
Asc max = the maximum area of compression reinforcement
c) Side face reinforcement

It shall be provided where the depth of the web in a beam exceeds 750 mm. The total area of
the side face reinforcement shall not be less than 0.1% of the web area and shall be
distributed equally on the two faces at spacing not more than 300 mm or thickness of web,
whichever is less.
1.4.2 Shear Reinforcement Detailing
In shear reinforcement detailing shall be made in accordance with the following provisions.
Shear reinforcement in the beam is provided in either of the following forms.
a) Vertical stirrups.
b) Longitudinal bars bent inclined.
c) Combination of vertical stirrups and longitudinal bars bent inclined.
Shear reinforcement provided by vertical stirrup shall be anchored adequately at its both ends.
The shear reinforcement provided by bending the longitudinal bars inclined through the depth of
beam. As the inclined shear reinforcement are provided by bending the longitudinal bars where
they are no longer required, these inclined shear reinforcement are combined with the vertical
stirrups to resist shear force.
Area, spacing, cover and diameter of shear reinforcement
The area of shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall not be less than Asv,min given by,
Asv, min 0.4 b Sv 0.87

fy
where,
Asvmin = the minimum area of stirrup
Sv = the spacing of stirrups smaller of 0.75d and 450mm.
11
fy= the characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement in N/mm2 415 N/mm2.
1.4.3 Torsion reinforcement detailing
A member subjected to torsion shall be designed for equivalent bending moment and shear force.
At least one longitudinal bar shall be placed at each corner of rectangular and flanged sections.
The transverse reinforcement shall be in the form of closed rectangular stirrups. In case of
flanged sections, rectangular stirrups shall be provided for each rectangular part of the section.
The spacing of stirrups shall not exceed the least of x1,(x1+y1)/4 and 300mm, where x1 and y1
are short and long dimensions of the stirrups respectively. Where multi-legged stirrups are
provided, the stirrups going round the outer face only shall be considered for resisting torsional
moment.
1.5 Concept of curtailment

The curtailment means reduction or cutting in the amount of reinforcing bars in the R.C.C beams
by considering the exact nature of the change in bending moment and providing accurate amount
of steel by reducing the unnecessary reinforcement length and thereby reducing the quantity of
steel required in the beam. In R.C.C beams there is change in bending moment and shear force at
various points along span i.e. from maximum to minimum and hence the moment of resistance is
also accordingly changed which enables the provision of curtailment of beam reinforcements.
The method of curtailment of steel may proves economical in case of long span beams and
therefore it is required to be studied. The curtailments of reinforcement in R.C.C beams are
carried out in order to reduce the quantity the steel required in the beam section. Curtailments are
thus effective techniques of providing appropriate amount of steel in the R.C.C members;
considering the flexural and shear characteristics of the beam.
1.5.1 Concept of theoretical Curtailment distance
A part of a beam subject to a bending moment, which varies along its length, is shown in Fig.1.4
At section A, the bending moment is a maximum and four bars are required in tension. Further
along the beam at section B, the bending moment has reduced to approximately half and only
two bars are required. The bars are shown in Fig. at different levels in the elevation for purposes
of illustration. Theoretically two bars can be stopped, or curtailed, at this section. However, the
bars must be anchored by further extension. The shear force at this section also introduces an
axial stress in the bars and this must be taken into account.
12
1.5.2 Con
ncept of Pra
actical Curttailment disstance
A bar exxtends beyon
nd the point at which it is theoreticaally no longer required for the folloowing
reasons
a) Continnuing bars arre at the desiign strength..
b) Large cracks may appear at thhe curtailmennt section beecause of thee abrupt channge in section
propertties. This maay reduce thee shear strenngth of the member
m and therefore
t it is
i advisable to
t
Fig..1.4 Theoretiical curtailm

ment in beam
m
staggerr the curtailm

ment points in
i heavily reeinforced meembers.
c) To alloow for inacccuracies in looading and thheoretical annalysis.
d) To alloow for inacccuracies in placing bars.
e) To resist the sheaar force. Thhe shear forcce at a section in bendding introducces an addittional
tensile force
f in thee longitudinaal steel. Foor singly reeinforced beeams this iss catered foor by
increasinng the bond length by thhe effective depth (d) .F
For beams with
w shear reinforcemen
r nt the
additionaal bond len
ngth is calcculated from
m the additiional tensilee force in the longituudinal
reinforceement which
h is related too the shear foorce,
13
F 0.5V D cot cot

1.5.3 Analysis of theoretical and practical curtailment
Determine a) The theoretical and
b) Practical curtailment point for 2T 20mm dia. bars for the cantilever beam shown
in Fig. Assume b=300 mm, d=700 mm, and C20/25 Grade concrete.
The cantilever beam is subjected to loading equal to 20 kN/m. Hence the analysis should be done
as per the bending moment and shear forces produced on cantilever beam due to loading. The
load of 20kN/m is designated as q.
Solution:
Stage a) for a beam with shear reinforcement the theoretical curtailment point occurs where the
design bending moment plus shear force can be resisted by 2T20 reinforcing bars. Equating
moments of resistance at a distance x from the end of the cantilever
MR M
F qx
AS z f
A 2
AS z f 0.5q /AS qx /2
Fig. 1.5 Position of curtailment of reinforcement in a beam
Assuming that the steel stress is at the design strength, z = 0.9, d = 630 mm, and q = 20kN/m =
20 N/mm, the value of x is determined as follows:
.
z z
x z/ 2 AS f d z/q
2 2
14
.
630 630 500 630
2 628 630
2 2 1.15 20
The theoretical curtailment point for 2T20 bars in 3,84m from the end of the cantilever.
Stage b)
Basic anchorage length
1
l , /f
4
500
20 1.15 9.66mm
4 2.25
where the design bond stress for high bond bars
1.5
f 2.25n n f 2.25 1 1 2.25MPa
1.5
design bond length with 30mm cover
l l , 1 0.85 966 821mm
where,
C 30 20
1 .15 1 05.1 0.85
20
Check if greater than the minimum anchor length in tension
l 0.3l , 0.3 966 29
or
10 10 20 200
or 100m
Stage c)
Distance of the practical curtailment point from the end of the cantilever
15
x x l 3.84 0.821 3.02
Use x 3m.
therefore,
The practical curtailment distance is 3m.
16
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 General
As far as curtailments are concerned, the beams designed with curtailments are designed by
considering certain rules and conditions mentioned in standard practice codes in civil
engineering. In this chapter the concept and rules for regulation are mentioned in detail as per the
standard codes of practice. In present work provision for curtailments of reinforcements in
various codes of practice in civil engineering are required to be taken into consideration for
detailing of the beams. As far as curtailment of reinforcement is considered IS: 456-2000 and
BS: 8110 are mainly used in this analysis.
3.2 Conditions for curtailment of reinforcement
In most of the cases, the bending moment varies appreciably along the span of the beam. From
the point of view of economy, the moment of resistance of the beam should be reduced along the
span according to the variation of bending moment. This is effectively achieved by reducing the
area of reinforcement, i.e. by curtailing the reinforcement provided for the maximum bending
moment. In general, all steel, whether in tension or in compression, should extendd or12
(which ever is greater) beyond the theoretical point of cut off (TPC).
3.2.1 Rules for continuation of positive moment reinforcement in the span region of
supports (IS: 456:2000)
a) At least one third the positive moment reinforcement in simple members and one fourth
the positive moment reinforcement in continuous members shall extend along the same
face of the member into the support to an equal length to Ld/3.
b) When a flexural member is a part of the primary lateral load resisting system, the positive
reinforcement required to be extended into the support as in Figure shall be anchored to
develop its design stress in tension at the face of the support.
c) At simple supports should be satisfied.
16
Fig
g. 3.1 Rules for continuaation of bars into and froom supports
3.2.2 Ru
ules for co
ontinuation of negativve moment reinforcem
ment beyon
nd the poin
nt of
inflexion
n (P.I)
At least one third off the total reeinforcemennt provided for

f negativee moment at the supportt (i.e.
Ag/3) shhall extend beyond
b the point
p of infleexion (P.I.) for a distancce not less than
t the effeective
depth (d)) or or one
o sixteenthh of the clearr span whichhever is greaater.
Fig. 3.2 Ru
ules for conttinuation of bars
b into andd from suppoorts (IS 456:: 2000)
3.2.3 Rules for contiinuation of curtailed baar beyond theoretical

t p
point of cutooff
As per IS Code, ev
very bar thaat is to be curtailed
c shaall continue for a distaance equal too the
effective depth of th
he member or (whhichever is greater)
g beyyond the theeoretical poiint of
cutoff, except
e at th
he simple suupport or end
e of canttilever. Thus the distannce betweenn the
theoretical point of cutoff
c (TPC) and the actuual point of cutoff (APC
C) should be greater thann d or
alsoo the distancee of the poinnt of max. B..M. should be
b at least Ld.
17
3.2.4 Rules for maintaining shear capacity at region of cutoff of flexural reinforcement in
tension zone
Curtailment of flexural tension reinforcement results in the loss of shear strength in the region of
cutoff, and hence it is necessary to make provision to guard against such loss. Flexural
reinforcement shall not be terminated in a tension zone unless any one of the following condition
is satisfied:
a) The shear at the cutoff point does not exceed two thirds that permitted, including the
shear strength of web reinforcement. In other words, the total shear capacity shall at least
1.5 times the applied shear at the point of curtailment, thus
2
V V V
3
where,
Vuc = shear capacity of concrete, based on continuing reinforcement only.
Vus =shear capacity of shear reinforcement.
Vu = applied shear at the point of curtailment.
Stirrup area in excess of that required for shear and torsion is provided along the terminated bar
over a distance from cutoff point equal to three fourth the effective depth of the member. Excess
area of the shear reinforcement is given by,
0.4 b s
A
fy
where,
. 87 fy Asv
s d 8
.4 b
where
18
b) for 36 mm or smaller bars, the continuing bars provide double the area required for
flexure at the cutoff point and the shear does not exceed three fourth that permitted
thus,
M 2m
and
v v 1.33V
where,
M = moment of resistance of remaining or continued bars.
3.2.5 Simplified rules for curtailments as per B.S: 8110
The sub sequential conditions are given for effective curtailments of the reinforcements in the
beams or in general flexural members,
The rules of curtailments are mainly based on the consideration of type of end support, type of
reinforcement as per its function i.e. tensile reinforcements and the intensity of flexure at various
sections of beams. Some alternative anchorage methods are also incorporated along with the
curtailment considerations for beams. Following tables and diagrams represent the rules and
requirements for curtailments as per B.S.8110Simplified rules for curtailment
3.3 Analysis of different types of beams using rules for curtailment
3.3.1 Simply supported beams

Simply supported beams do not occur as frequently as continuous beams in in- situ concrete
construction. They are an important element in precast concrete construction. The effective span
of a simply supported beam is defined in BS8110: Part 1, clause 3.4.1.2. This should be taken as
the smaller of,
a) The distance between centers of bearings
b) The clear distance between supports plus the effective depth
19
Fig. 3.3 Simplified rules for curtailment (BS: 8110)
20
A) Curtaailment and
d anchoragee of bars
General and
a simplifieed rules for curtailment of bars in beeams are set out in BS81110: Part 1,
section 3.12.9. The same section also sets ouut requiremennts for anchoorage of barss at a simplyy
supportedd end of a beeam. These provisions
p a set out beelow.
are
B) Generral rules forr curtailmen
nt of bars
Clause 3.12.9.1 of th
he code statess that exceptt at end suppports every bar
b should exxtend beyondd the
point at which
w it is no
o longer requuired to resist moment by
b a distancee equal to thee greater of
a) The efffective deptth of the beam
m
b) Twelvve times the bar
b size
In additiion, where a bar is stoppped off in thee tension zonne, one of thee following conditions must
m
be satisfiied
Fig. 3.4 General rulees for curtaillment (BS: 8110)

8
1) The baar must exten

nd an anchoorage length past the theooretical cut-ooff point;
2) The baar must exten

nd to the poiint where the shear capaacity is twicee the design shear force.
3) The bars continuing past the actual cut-off point provvide double the area to resist momeent at
that point.
21
These requirements are set out in Fig. 3.4 for the case of a simply supported beam with uniform
load. The section at the centre has four bars of equal area. The theoretical cut-off point or the
point at which two of the bars are no longer required is found from the equation.
wl 2 wlx wx 2
= =
16 2 2
Which gives x = 0.146l.
In a particular case calculations can be made to check that one only of the three conditions above
is satisfied. Extending a bar a full anchorage length beyond the point at which it is no longer
required is the easiest way of complying with the requirements.
a) Anchorage of bars at a simply supported end of a beam
BS8110: Part 1, clause 3.12.9.4, states that at the ends of simply supported beams the tension
bars should have an anchorage equal to one of the following lengths:
1) Twelve bar diameters beyond the centre of the support; no hook or bend should begin before
the centre of the support.
2) Twelve bar diameters plus one-half the effective depth (d/2) from the face of the support; no
hook or bend should begin before d/2 from the face of the support.
b) Simplified rules for curtailment of bars in beams
The simplified rules for curtailment of bars in simply supported beams and cantilevers are given
in clause 3.12.10.2 and Figure 3.24(b) of the code. The clause states that the beams are to be
designed for predominantly uniformly distributed loads. The rules for beams and cantilevers are
shown in Fig. 3.4
All the above rules are best explained by solving an appropriate example which includes almost
all criterions for curtailments .hence an example is presented to understand the curtailment rules
in detail.
22
3.3.2 Con
ntinuous beeams
Continuoous beams arre common elements
e in cast-in-situ
c c
construction .
a) Curtaailment of bars
The curtaailment of bars
b may be carried out in
i accordancce with the detailed
d provvisions set out
o in
BS8110: Part 1, clau
use 3.12.9.1. These weree discussed earlier.
e The anchorage of
o tension baars at
the simpply supported ends is dealt
d with inn clause 3.112.9.4 of thee code. Sim
mplified rulees for
curtailmeent of bars in continuouus beams aree given in clause 3.12.100.2 and Figuure 3.24(a) of
o the
code.
The clausse states thatt these rules may be usedd when the following
f prrovisions aree satisfied:
1) The beeams are dessigned for prredominantlyy uniformly distributed loads;
l
2) The sppans are apprroximately equal
e in the case
c of contiinuous beam
ms.
The simpplified rules for curtailment of bars inn continuous beams are shown in
Fig. 3..5 Simplifiedd rules for cuurtailment off bars in conntinuous beam
ms
23
a) Shhear envelopes
b) Bendingg moment ennvelope

Fig. 3.66 Shear and bending
b mom
ment enveloopes
Reinforcement as perrcentage of that
t requiredd for
a) Maxim
mum hogging
g moment ovver support and
a
b) Maxim
mum sagging
g moment inn span.
The envelopes are sy
ymmetrical about
a the cennterline of thhe beam.
24
CHAPTER 4
PARAMETRIC STUDY
4.1 Introduction
For the parametric study total five simply supported beams of various spans as well as cross
sections are considered for analysis and design. In the parametric study the analysis and design
of beams are carried out using the procedure given in text book as well using STAAD-Pro v8i
software. The quantity of steel is estimated for conventional method of detailing as well as
adopting rules for curtailments.
4.2 Parametric study
For parametric study following data is used
1) Type of beam: Simply supported beam

2) Category of beam: The analysis is carried out for total five beams as
listed below
a) BM1 - (Span = 3metres).
b) BM2 - (Span = 4metres).
c) BM3 - (Span = 5metres).
d) BM4 - (Span = 6metres).
e) BM5 - (Span = 7metres).
3) Grade of steel: Fe415
4) Grade of concrete: M20
5) Span/depth ratio: 1/10
6) Ultimate load: 50kN/m
7) Width of beam: 250mm
8) Effective cover: 50mm
26
4.2.1 Design calculations (conventional method)
Design calculations for beam BM3 (Span = 5m)
Width of support b 250mm
Characteristic compressive strength of concrete fck = 20N/mm2
2
Grade of steel fy = 415 N/mm
Span by depth ratio 10
Overall depth D= 500mm
Effective cover = 50mm,
Therefore effective dept d 500 50
= 450 mm
Bending Moment a mid point BM
= 156.25 kN-m
Shear force at support SF
= 125 mm
Position of neutral axis from top,
X 0.48d 0.48 450 216mm
27
u n ifo rm ly d is trib u te d lo a d 5 0 k n /m
5000m m
S .F C ritic a l
125 K n
125kn
b /2 + 4 5 0
S h e a r fo rc e d ia g ra m
m a x im u m
b e n d in g m o m e n t
a t L /4 = 1 1 7 .1 8
1 5 6 .2 6 k n -m

B di di
Fig. 4.1 Shear force and bending moment diagram for beam BM3
Flexural reinforcement
Area of steel required,
CU TU
0.36 F K b x 0.87 f Ast
0.36 20 250 216

Ast
0.87 415
Ast = 1076.85mm
Use 16mm # bars
Ast
No of bars
16
4
No of bars 5.35 6nos.
Use 6- #16mm
Ast . .
.
Ast 0.04bD 0.04 250 500 4500mm
28
Ast Ast Ok
Provide 6- #16mm as bottom reinforcement.
Hanger bars
Compression reinforcement is not required. Therefore provide nominal reinforcement as the

beam is singly reinforced.
Provide 2- #10mm at top reinforcement
Shear Reinforcement
Critical section of shear = deff. From the face of column
Critical section from centre of column = b2 effective depth
Shear force at critical section,
SF 125 50 0.575 96.25kN
Total shear stress on the section,
S. F.

bd
Percentage of steel,
Ast
%pt. 100
bd

6 16 100
4
250 450
%pt. =1.0723
Critical shear stress,
0.634 [IS-456 (Table19), page 73]
Comparing vand c,
Shear reinforcement is required,
29
V SF bd
96.25 10 0.634 250 450
V 24.925 kN
Using 2Legged-#8mm stirrups,
Spacing for stirrups,
.
Spacing (S ) =
V
.
Spacing (SV )
.
= 655.3 mm
Check for shear reinforcement
300 mm
0.7 337.5
.
362.96mm
.
Provide 2L-# 8mm @300mm c/c as shear reinforcement.
Top reinforcement
2#10mm
5000mm
250
Shear reinforcement
Bottom reinforcement 2L-8mm@ 300mmc/c
6 bars of16mm
Fig. 4.2 Reinforcement details for beam BM3 using conventional method of detailing
30
Table 4.1 Bar bending schedule for beam BM3 using conventional method of detailing
Cutting Number Total Weight

Sr. Quantity Quantity
Particulars Diameter length Of bars length per
No. (kg) (Newton)
(m) (Nos) (m) meter
Shear
1 8mm 1.386 17 23.562 0.395 9.31
reinforcement
Bottom
2 16mm 5.392 6 32.35 1.58 51.11 657.46
reinforcement
5.350
3 Hanger bar 10mm 2 10.7 0.617 6.6
Total 67.02
Quantity of steel required in Newton = 657.46
4.2.2 Design calculations for BM1, BM2, BM4 and BM5 (conventional method)
Using the design steps adopted for BM-3 the calculations are repeated for BM1, BM2, BM4 and
BM5 and results are reported in the Tables 4.5 and 4.6
Table 4.2 Shear force and bending moment calculations
Designation Span Breadth Depth Cover Effective Factored B.M S.F

(m) (m) (m) (m) depth loading maximum maximum
(m) (kN/m) (kN-m) (kN)
BM1 3 0.25 0.3 0.05 0.25 50 56.25 75
BM2 4 0.25 0.4 0.05 0.35 50 100 100
BM3 5 0.25 0.5 0.05 0.45 50 156.25 125
BM4 6 0.25 0.6 0.05 0.55 50 225 150
BM5 7 0.25 0.7 0.05 0.65 50 306.25 175
31
Table 4.3 Quantity of steel in beams using conventional method
Reinforcement detailing
Span
Designa- Breadth Depth Bott Quantity Quantity
(m) Top Shear
tion (m) (m) om (kg) (N)
2L-#6
BM1 3 0.25 0.3 4-#16 2-#10 @200mmc/ 29.62 290.5722
c
2L-#6
BM2 4 0.25 0.4 3-#20 2-#10 @200mmc/ 34.42 337.6602
c
2L-#8
BM3 5 0.25 0.5 6-#16 2-#10 @300mmc/ 67.02 657.466
c
2L#-6
BM4 6 0.25 0.6 7-#16 2-#10 @200mmc/ 96.04 942.152
c
2l-#6
BM5 7 0.25 0.7 9-#16 2-#10 @200mmc/ 135.24 1326.7044
c
32
4.3 Design Calculations (curtailment method)
For the parametric study following data is used
1) Type of beam: Simply supported beam

2) Category of beam: The analysis is carried out for total five beams as
listed below
a) BM1 - (Span = 3metres).
b) BM2 - (Span = 4metres).
c) BM3 - (Span = 5metres).
d) BM4 - (Span = 6metres).
e) BM5 - (Span = 7metres).
3) Grade of steel: Fe415
4) Grade of concrete: M20
5) Span/depth ratio: 1/10
6) Ultimate load: 50kN/m
7) Width of beam: 250mm
8) Effective cover: 50mm
4.3.1 Sample calculation (curtailment method)
Design calculations for beam BM3 (Span = 5m)
Width of support b 250mm
Characteristic compressive strength of concrete fck = 20N/mm2
2
Grade of steel fy = 415 N/mm
Span by depth ratio 10
Overall depth D= 500mm
Effective cover = 50mm,
33
Therefore effective depth d 500 50
= 450 mm
Bending Moment a mid point BM
= 156.25 kN-m
Shear force at support SF
= 125 mm
Position of neutral axis from top,
X 0.48d 0.48 450 216mm
u n ifo rm ly d is trib u te d lo a d 5 0 k n /m
5000m m
S .F C ri tic a l
125 K n
125kn
b /2 + 4 5 0
S h e a r fo rc e d ia g ra m
m a x im u m
a t L /4 = 1 1 7 .1 8
1 5 6 .2 6 k n -m
B di di
Fig. 4.3 Shear force and bending moment diagram for beam BM3
34
Bending Moment at midpoint
wl
BM
8
BM 156.25kNm
Maximum shear force at support is
wl 50 7
SF 125kN
2 2
Calculation of flexural reinforcement
For providing curtailment in flexural reinforcement the entire beam span is divided in 3 segments
a) Interior Segment:
It is the central span with length as half of the span and varying from span/4
to 3 span/4 from the left.
b) End Segment:
It is the segment which is at L/4 distance from both left and right support. For designing
this segment we consider the bending moment at distance L/4 and 3L/4 from the left
support. Bending moment values at L/4 and 3L/4 will be equal.
a) Flexural reinforcement for Interior Segment
For Interior segment we design the beam for bending moment at midpoint which is maximum
bending moment.
BM 156.25kN m
Area of steel required,
C TU
0.36 F K b x 0.87 f Ast
0.36 20 250 216

Ast
0.87 415
Ast = 1076.85mm
35
Use #16mm bar
Ast
number of bars
16
4
number of bars 5.35 6nos.
Ast . .
.
Ast 0.04bD 0.04 250 500 4500mm
Ast Ast OK
Provide 6 #16mm
b) Flexural reinforcement for End Segment
Bending moment at of span =117.1875kN/m
Therefore area of steel required is,
0.5 fck 4.6 Max. Bending Moment

Ast 1 1 b d
fy fck b d
0.5 20 4.6 117.187 10

Ast 1 1 250 450
415 20 250 450
Ast = 857.1485mm2
.
NumberOf bars 4.26 5nos.
Provide 5-#16 mm at (1/4) of span
Anchor bars
Compression reinforcement is not required. Therefore provide nominal reinforcement as the

beam is singly reinforced.
Provide 2# 10mm at top reinforcement
36
Shear Reinforcement
Critical section of shear = deff. From the face of column
Critical section from centre of column = b2 effective depth
Shear force at critical section,
SF 125 50 0.575 96.25KN
Total shear stress on the section,
S. F.

bd
Percentage of steel,
Ast
%pt 100
bd

6 16 100
4
250 450
%pt =1.0723
Critical shear stress,
0.634 [IS-456 (Table19), page 73]
Comparing v and c,
Shear reinforcement is required;
V SF bd 96.25 10 0.634 250 450
V 24.925KN
Using 2Legged -#8mm stirrups,
Spacing for stirrups,

.
Spacing (S ) =
V

.
Spacing sv
.
37
= 655.3mm
300mm
0.7d 337.5
.
.
362.96mm
therefore,
Provide 2L- #8@300 c/c as shear reinforcement.
5000mm
A B hanger bars
2nos.10mm
A B
250 250
5nos.16mm
6nos.16mm
6nos.16mm 2nos.10mm
5nos 16mm
Section A-A Section B-B
Fig. 4.4 Reinforcement details of beam BM3 using curtailment method of detailing
38
Table 4.4 Bar bending schedule for beam BM3 using curtailment method of detailing
Sr. Particulars Diameter Cutting Number Total Weight Quantity Quantity

No. (mm) Length Of bars Length per (kg) (N)
(m) (m) running
meter
1 Shear reinforcements 8mm 1.386 17 23.562 0.395 9.31
Bottom R/F
2
uncurtailed bars 16mm 5.142 5 25.71 1.58 40.62
i) 585.1
ii) Curtailed bars 16mm 2.692 1 2.692 1.58 4.253
Hanger bar
3 10mm 5.142 2 10.284 0.617 6.34
Total 59.63
Therefore the total quantity of steel required in Newton = 585.1.
4.3.2 Design calculations for BM1, BM2, BM4 and BM5 (Curtailment method)
Using the design steps adopted for BM-3 the calculations are repeated for BM1, BM2, BM4 and
BM5 and results are reported in the Tables 4.5 and 4.6
39

Table 4.5 Shear force and bending moment calculations
Beam Span Section From Shear Force Bending Moment

Left (kN) (kN-m)
At Support(0.0) 75 0
L/4 37.5 42.1875

BM1 3m
Midpoint (L/2) 0 56.25
3L/4 37.5 42.1875
L -75 0
L/4 50 75
BM2 4m
Midpoint (L/2) 0 100
3L/4 -50 75
L -100 0
L/4 62.5 117.1875

BM3 5m
Midpoint (L/2) 0 156.25
3L/4 -62.5 117.1875
L -125 0
40
Table 4.5 continued
L/4 75 168.75
BM4 6m
Midpoint (L/2) 0 225
3L/4 -75 168.75
L -150 0
L/4 87.5 76.5625

BM5 7m
Midpoint (L/2) 0 306.25
3L/4 -87.5 76.5625
L -175 0
41
Table 4.6 Quantity of steel in beams using method of curtailment
Total
Beam Span Segment Reinforcement Quantityof
In meters Steel(N)
Bottom Top Shear
End 2 Legged 6#
Segment(Left) 3-16# 2-16# @200mm c-c

BM1 3 Middle Segment 2 Legged 6# 254.12
4-16# 2-16# @200mm c-c
End 2 Legged 6#
Segment(Right) 3-16# 2-16# @200mm c-c
End 2 Legged 6#
BM2 4 Middle Segment 2 Legged 6#
338.15
3-20# 2-10# @200mm c-c
End 2 Legged 6#
End 2 Legged 6#
453.96
6-16# 2-10# @300mm c-c
End 2 Legged 8#
End 2 Legged 8#
577.09
7-16# 2-10# @200mm c-c
End 2 Legged 6#
End 2 Legged 6#
759.8
9-16# 2-10# @200mm c-c

End 2 Legged 6#
42
4.4 Comparison of reinforcement detailing between conventional method and curtailment

method
Shear reinforcement
Top reinforcement 2L-#6mm@200c/c
2-#10mm
B
3000mm 250
250
B
Bottom reinforcement
4 -#16mm 250
300
Section B-B
a) Using conventional method of detailing
Shear reinforcem ent

2L-#6m m @ 200c/c
A B
3000m m
250 250
A B
Bottom reinforcem ent B ottom reinforcem ent
3 #16m m 4#16m m
Top reinforcem ent
2#10m m
250
300
section A -A section B -B
b) Using curtailment method of detailing
Fig.4.5 Reinforcing details for beam BM1
43
shear reinforcem ent

T op reinforcem ent 2L -#6m m @ 200c/c
2-#10m m
B
250 250
B 4000m m
250
B ottom reinforcem ent
5-#16m m 400
Section B -B

T o p rein fo rcem en t S h ear rein fo rcem en t

2 -# 1 0 m m A 2 L -# 6 m m @ 2 0 0 c/c
B
2 50 25 0
A B 4000m m
1080m m B o tto m rein fo rcem en t
B o tto m rein fo rcem en t 5 -# 1 6 m m
4 - #16m m T o p rein fo rcem en t
2 -# 1 0 m m
2 50
40 0
S ectio n A -A S ectio n B -B
Fig. 4.6 Reinforcing details for beam BM2
44
Shear reinforcement
Top reinforcement 2L-8mm@300c/c
2#10mm
B
250 250
5000mm B
250
6-#16mm 500
Section B-B
Shear reinforcement
2L-#6mm@200c/c
A B Top reinforcement
2-#10mm
250 A 5000mm B 250

5-#16mm
Bottom reinforcement Top reinforcement

5-#16mm 2-#10mm

45
Top reinforcement Shear reinforcement

2-#10mm 2L-#6mm@200c/c
B
250 B 6000mm
250
250
9-#16mm 600
Section B-B
Top reinforcement Shear reinforcement

2-#10mm 2L-#6mm@200c/c
A B
250 A 6000mm B 250
Bottom reinforcement 9-#16mm
1500mm
6 -#16mm Top reinforcement
2-#10mm
250
600

46
Shear reinforcement
Top reinforcement 2L-#6mm@200c/c
2-#10mm B
250
B 250
250
9-#16mm 700
Section B-B
Top reinforcem ent Shear reinforcem ent

2-#10m m 2L-6m m @ 200c/c
A B
250 1750m m 250
A 7000m m B
B ottom reinforcem ent B ottom reinforcem ent

6-#16m m 9-#16m m
250 250
700 700
Section A A Section B -B
47
4.5 Results
In Table 4.7 comparison of quantity of steel using STAAD-Pro v8i, method of curtailment and
conventional method is reported for beams BM1-BM5.
Table 4.7 Comparison between quantities of steel
Quantity of steel in Newton

Designa- Span
tion (m) Using Using Using Difference Difference
STAAD-Pro Curtailment conventional in quantity in quantity
Software method method of steel of steel
(N) (N)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (5-4) (5-3)
BM1 3 254 256 282.37 26.37 28.37
BM2 4 338.15 340 444.9 104.9 106.75
BM3 5 453.96 585 657.46 72.46 203.5
BM4 6 577.09 783.94 884.87 100.93 307.78
BM5 7 759.80 1083.09 1216 132.91 456.2
Fig. 4.10 shows a plot of comparison of quantity of steel among method of curtailment,
conventional method and STAAD-Pro v8i output.
In Fig. 4.11 a bar chart is shown comparing quantity of steel among method of curtailment,
conventional method and STAAD-Pro v8i output.
4.6 Discussion
In Figs. 4.10 and 4.11 the comparison of quantity of steel is shown. The difference in quantity of
steel increases with increase in span. For lower value of span the difference in amount of steel is
less but the difference in quantity of steel is higher for higher value of span.
The comparison in quantity of steel using procedure adopted from standard text books for
curtailment and output obtained from STAAD-Pro v8i software are comparable and the software
gives the quantity on further lower side.
48
1400
1200 Quantity of steel in

Newtons (with
curtail ment)
1000
Quantity of steel in
Newtons (with out
800 curtail ment)
Quantity of steel in newtons
600
Quantity of steel in
Newtons (Staad
Pro output)
400
200
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Span in meters
Fig. 4.10 comparison of quantity of steel in beams (Graphical representation)
49
1
1400
1
1200 Quantity of stteel in
Q
N
Newtons (Staaad Pro
ou
utput)
1
1000
Quantity of steel in newtons
800
Quantity of stteel in
Q
600
N
Newtons (withh
cu
urtail ment)
400
200
Quantity of stteel in
Q
0 N
Newtons (withh out
3 cu
urtail ment)
4 5 6
7
Fig. 4.11
4 Comparrison of quanntity of steel (Bar chart representatioon)
50
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE WORK
5.1 General
Curtailment of reinforcing bars is the stopping of some of the reinforcing bars in tension, or
compression, where they are no longer needed for strength purposes. Curtailment can be applied
to simply supported beams but it is generally not economical and the real advantages occur with
repetitive multi-span beams and slabs. It can also be used to facilitate construction by curtailing
bars to practical lengths which are easier to handle.
5.2 Advantage
In reinforced concrete beams the quantity of steel used is considerable in case of large
multistoried buildings. Using method of curtailment of reinforcement in such beams the quantity
of steel considerably reduced as compared to that using conventional method.
5.3 Summary
In the present report a parametric study is carried out and results for quantity of steel are
compared with that obtained using conventional method of detailing of reinforcement. In this
study total five simply supported beams of various spans as well as cross sections are considered
for analysis and design.
In the parametric study the analysis and design of beams are carried out using the procedure
given in text book as well using STAAD-Pro v8i software. The quantity of steel is estimated for
conventional method of detailing as well as adopting rules for curtailments.
From the results it can be proved that for higher spans the difference in quantity of steel
increases.
48
5.3 Conclusion
Since it is clear from the comparison of quantity of steel that saving in quantity of steel by
adopting method curtailment increases with increase in span. Therefore for more economical
construction the advantage of method of curtailment can also be taken but the saving in steel is
off-set by increased design calculations, detailing and site supervision.
However to get the idea of designing of curtailments in a beam it is important to understand the
procedure for analysis and designing of beams. The provision of curtailment depends upon the
factors like flexure, shear etc.
4.7 Scope for future work
a) The study can be extended for continuous beams.

b) In the present analysis the quantity of steel estimated is without applying the curtailment
rules to shear reinforcement .Therefore the study can be enlarged by applying the rules to
shear reinforcement also.
49
REFERENCES
1. Sinha, N.C. and Roy, S.K. (2007):Fundamentals of Reinforcement Concrete, S. Chand &
Company Ltd. Fifth Revised Edition. pp. 287-289.
2. Shah, V. L. and Karve, S.R. (Feb.2010):Illustrated Design of Reinforced Concrete Building,

Structures Publications, pp. 105-109.
3.Punmia, B. C. and Jain, Arun Kumar and Jain, Ashok Kumar:Limit State Design for
Reinforced Concrete Design.
4. IS 456 (2000):, Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of practice, Bureau of Indian
Standards.
5. SP 34 (1987):, Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing, Bureau of Indian

Standards, pp. 47-51.
6. SP 16 (1999):, Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards.
7. BS 8110 2 (1985):, British Standard.
8. Sushil Kumar,(1987):Treasure of R.C.C. Designs, Standard Book House, pp.48-52.
9. Jain, A. K.:Reinforced Concrete Limit State Design, 6th Edition,
10. Varghese, P.C.: Limit State Design of Reinforced Concrete.
11. Sayal, I.C. and Goel, A.K.(2001):Reinforced concrete structures, A.H.Wheeler & Co. Ltd.,
Allahabad, p.p. 27-31.
12. Nilson,H. and Darwin, David and Charles, W.:Design of Concrete Structures.
13. Reynolds, C.E. and Steedman, J.C.:Reinforced Concrete Designers Handbook.
14. Roberts, John. M. (Sept2004): Reinforced Concrete Structures.
15. Rafeeqi, S.F.A. and Lodi,S.H. and Wadawala, W.R.:Behavior of Reinforced Concrete
Beams strengthened in shear.
52
16. British Standarts (BS EN 1992-1-2:2004):Design of Concrete Structures.
17. Lawrence Martin and John Parkiss(EN: 1992): Concrete Design.
53
APPENDIX- I
(Report on Analysis of beams using STAAD-Pro v8i)
54
APPENDEX- I
(Report on Analysis of beams)
61
Sunday, April 22, 2012, 07:40 PM

PAGE NO. 1
****************************************************
* *
* STAAD.Pro *
* Version 2007 Build 04 *
* Proprietary Program of *
* Research Engineers, Intl. *
* Date= APR 22, 2012 *
* Time= 19:40:11 *
* *
* USER ID: SONU *
****************************************************
1. STAAD SPACE
INPUT FILE: Structure1.STD
2. START JOB INFORMATION
3. ENGINEER DATE 05-APR-12
4. END JOB INFORMATION
5. INPUT WIDTH 79
6. UNIT METER KN
7. JOINT COORDINATES
8. 1 0 0 0; 2 3.0 0 0
9. MEMBER INCIDENCES
10. 1 1 2
11. DEFINE MATERIAL START
12. ISOTROPIC CONCRETE
13. E 2.17185E+007
14. POISSON 0.17
15. DENSITY 23.5616
16. ALPHA 1E-005
17. DAMP 0.05
18. END DEFINE MATERIAL
19. MEMBER PROPERTY AMERICAN
20. 1 PRIS YD 0.3 ZD 0.25
21. CONSTANTS
22. MATERIAL CONCRETE ALL
23. SUPPORTS
24. 1 2 PINNED
25. LOAD 1 LOADTYPE NONE TITLE WU
26. MEMBER LOAD
27. 1 UNI GY -50
28. PERFORM ANALYSIS
C:\Documents and 55
Settings\SAI\Desktop\tushar\4.5M\Structure1.anl
STAAD SPACE -- PAGE NO. 2
P R O B L E M S T A T I S T I C S
-----------------------------------
NUMBER OF JOINTS/MEMBER+ELEMENTS/SUPPORTS = 2/ 1/ 2
SOLVER USED IS THE OUT-OF-CORE BASIC SOLVER
ORIGINAL/FINAL BAND-WIDTH= 1/ 1/ 6 DOF

TOTAL PRIMARY LOAD CASES = 1, TOTAL DEGREES OF FREEDOM = 6
SIZE OF STIFFNESS MATRIX = 1 DOUBLE KILO-WORDS
REQRD/AVAIL. DISK SPACE = 12.0/ 552.2 MB
***WARNING - INSTABILITY AT JOINT 2 DIRECTION = MX

PROBABLE CAUSE SINGULAR-ADDING WEAK SPRING
K-MATRIX DIAG= 2.1225686E+04 L-MATRIX DIAG= 0.0000000E+00 EQN NO 4
***NOTE - VERY WEAK SPRING ADDED FOR STABILITY
**NOTE** STAAD DETECTS INSTABILITIES AS EXCESSIVE LOSS OF SIGNIFICANT DIGITS

DURING DECOMPOSITION. WHEN A DECOMPOSED DIAGONAL IS LESS THAN THE
BUILT-IN REDUCTION FACTOR TIMES THE ORIGINAL STIFFNESS MATRIX DIAGONAL,
STAAD PRINTS A SINGULARITY NOTICE. THE BUILT-IN REDUCTION FACTOR
IS 1.000E-09
THE ABOVE CONDITIONS COULD ALSO BE CAUSED BY VERY STIFF OR VERY WEAK
ELEMENTS AS WELL AS TRUE SINGULARITIES.
29. START CONCRETE DESIGN

30. CODE INDIAN
31. CLEAR 0.025 ALL
32. FC 20000 ALL
33. FYMAIN 415000 ALL
34. FYSEC 415000 ALL
35. START BAR COMBINATION
36. MD1 16 ALL
37. MD2 16 ALL
38. END BAR COMBINATION
39. MINMAIN 16 ALL
40. MINSEC 6 ALL
41. TRACK 1 ALL
42. DESIGN BEAM ALL
C:\Documents and 56
*** WARNING : MD2 MUST BE GREATER THAN MD1. NO BAR COMBINATION WILL BE
PERFORMED FOR MEMBER # 1
============================================================================
B E A M N O. 1 D E S I G N R E S U L T S
M20 Fe415 (Main) Fe415 (Sec.)
LENGTH: 3000.0 mm SIZE: 250.0 mm X 300.0 mm COVER: 25.0 mm
DESIGN LOAD SUMMARY (KN MET)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION |FLEXURE (Maxm. Sagging/Hogging moments)| SHEAR
(in mm) | P MZ MX Load Case | VY MX Load Case
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
0.0 | 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 | 75.00 0.00 1
| 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |
250.0 | 0.00 17.19 0.00 1 | 62.50 0.00 1
| 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |
500.0 | 0.00 31.25 0.00 1 | 50.00 0.00 1
| 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |
750.0 | 0.00 42.19 0.00 1 | 37.50 0.00 1
| 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |
1000.0 | 0.00 50.00 0.00 1 | 25.00 0.00 1
| 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |
1250.0 | 0.00 54.69 0.00 1 | 12.50 0.00 1
| 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |
1500.0 | 0.00 56.25 0.00 1 | 0.00 0.00 1
| 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |
1750.0 | 0.00 54.69 0.00 1 | -12.50 0.00 1
| 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |
2000.0 | 0.00 50.00 0.00 1 | -25.00 0.00 1
| 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |
2250.0 | 0.00 42.19 0.00 1 | -37.50 0.00 1
| 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |
2500.0 | 0.00 31.25 0.00 1 | -50.00 0.00 1
| 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |
2750.0 | 0.00 17.19 0.00 1 | -62.50 0.00 1
| 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |
3000.0 | 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 | -75.00 0.00 1
| 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 |
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SUMMARY OF REINF. AREA (Sq.mm)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 750.0 mm 1500.0 mm 2250.0 mm 3000.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 0.00 0.00 85.78 0.00 0.00
REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
BOTTOM 0.00 523.49 720.89 523.49 0.00

REINF. (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm) (Sq. mm)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
C:\Documents and 57
SUMMARY OF PROVIDED REINF. AREA

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
SECTION 0.0 mm 750.0 mm 1500.0 mm 2250.0 mm 3000.0 mm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOP 2-16 2-16 2-16 2-16 2-16
REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)
BOTTOM 2-16 3-16 4-16 3-16 2-16

REINF. 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s) 1 layer(s)
SHEAR 2 legged 6 2 legged 6 2 legged 6 2 legged 6 2 legged 6

REINF. @ 200 mm c/c @ 200 mm c/c @ 200 mm c/c @ 200 mm c/c @ 200 mm
c/c
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
============================================================================
********************END OF BEAM DESIGN RESULTS********************
43. CONCRETE TAKE

44. END CONCRETE DESIGN
C:\Documents and 58
************** CONCRETE TAKE OFF **************

(FOR BEAMS AND COLUMNS DESIGNED ABOVE)
TOTAL VOLUME OF CONCRETE = 0.23 CU.METER
BAR DIA WEIGHT

(in mm) (in New)
-------- --------
6 29.63
16 224.49
------------
*** TOTAL= 254.12
45. FINISH
*********** END OF THE STAAD.Pro RUN ***********
**** DATE= APR 22,2012 TIME= 19:40:11 ****
************************************************************
* For questions on STAAD.Pro, please contact *
* Research Engineers Offices at the following locations *
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C:\Documents and 59
C:\Documents and 60
Job No Sheet No Rev
1
Part
Software licensed to SONU
Job Title Ref
By Date05-Apr-12 Chd
Client File Date/Time

Structure1.std 22-Apr-2012 19:40
STAAD.Pro Query Concrete Design
Beam no. 1
Design Code: IS-456
2#16 @ 267.00 0.00 To 2000.00 2#16 @ 267.00 2000.00 To 3000.00
7 # 6 c/c 200.00 7 # 6 c/c 200.00
4#16 @ 33.00 0.00 To 3000.00
at 0.000 at 1500.000 at 3000.000
Design Load Design Parameter
Fy(Mpa) 415.000000
Mz(Kn Met) Dist et Load
Fc(Mpa) 20.000000
56.250000 1.500000 1
Depth(m) 0.300000
0.000000 0.000000 0
Width(m) 0.250000
0.000000 0.000000 0
Length(m) 3.000000
Print Time/Date: 22/04/2012 19:42 STAAD.Pro for Windows 20.07.04.12 61

Example 2 Parametric Study of Beams For Quantity of Steel Using Method of Curtailment

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PROJECT REPORT

A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE

BACHELORS DEGREE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

AHER TUSHAR S. BOROLE RITESH V.

DESHPANDE HARSHAL G. GADDAM SHWETA N.

Forwarded for further persual:

Dr. H.S.Chore Dr.S.D.Sawarkar

Submitted by students namely,

is hereby examined by board of examiners and approved for further perusal.

DISSERTATION APPROVAL SHEET iii

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1-15

1.2 Literature review 1

1.2.1 Effective span of simply supported beams 2

1.2.2 Effective span of continuous beams 2

1.2.3 Beams monolithic with frames 2

1.3 Design criteria of beam 4

1.3.1 Design for serviceability requirements 5

1.3.2 Design for strength requirements 5

1.4 Reinforcement detailing for beams 8

1.4.1 Flexural reinforcement detailing 8

1.4.2 Shear reinforcement detailing 11

1.4.3 Torsion reinforcement detailing 11

1.5 Concept of curtailment 12

1.5.1 Concept of theoretical curtailment distance 12

1.5.2 Concept of practical curtailment distance 12

1.5.3 Analysis of theoretical and practical 13

Chapter 2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 16

2.1 Aim of project 16

2.2 Objectives of project 16

Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY 17-25

3.2 Conditions for curtailment of reinforcement 17

3.2.1 Rules for continuation of positive moment 17

3.2.2 Rules for continuation of negative moment 18

3.2.3 Rules for continuation of curtailed bar 18

3.2.4 Rules for maintaining shear capacity at 19

3.2.5 Rules for curtailment 20

3.3 Analysis of different types of beams using rules for 20

3.3.1 Simply supported beams 20

3.3.2 Continuous beams 24

Chapter 4 PARAMETRIC STUDY 26-53

4.2 Parametric Study 26

4.2.1 Sample calculation (Conventional method )

4.2.2 Design calculations for BM1,BM2,BM4 and

4.3 Design calculations (Curtailment method) 33

4.3.1 Sample calculation (Curtailment method) 33

4.3.2 Design calculations for BM1,BM2,BM4 39

4.4 Comparison of reinforcement detailing between

4.4.1 Reinforcing details for beam BM1

4.7 Scope of future work 51

Chapter 7 APPENDIX 53-90

1.1 Influence lines for moments in beam 4

1.2 Moment and loading patterns on a beam 7

1.3 Division of beam for critical shear 9

1.4 Theoretical curtailment in beam 13

1.5 Position of curtailment of reinforcement in a beam 14

3.1 Rules for continuation of bars into and from supports 18

3.2 Rules for continuation of bars into and from supports 18

3.3 Simplified rules for curtailment(BS: 8110) 21

3.5 Simplified rules for curtailments in continuous beams 24