Physical Education Notes

Sexual Health -

Female Reproductive System -

The female reproductive system has five main parts to it, all with different purposes:

Ovary Contains eggs

Fallopian Tube Tube that connects an ovary to the uterus
Uterus Where a fertilised egg will implant to develop into a baby
Cervix Strong muscular connection between uterus and vagina. Can expand during childbirth to
allow baby to exit the uterus
Vagina Fleshy canal through which menstrual blood leaves body

Male Reproductive System -

The male reproductive system has some more parts to it:

Bladder muscular, membranous sac that contains urine

Testicle Enclosed in the scrotum, and produces the sperm
Scrotum located behind and underneath the penis, sac which encloses the testicles
Urethra where urine and also sperm (in the form of semen) is excreted, a duct which runs in the
penis
Seminal Vesicle holds liquid which combines with sperm, in order to create semen
Prostate gland- also produces liquid which combines with sperm to create semen
Ejaculation (useful term) The release of seminal fluid (semen) through the urethra

Sex and safe sex -

Sexual intercourse Sexual behaviour involving genitals of either one of both partner and can include
vaginal, oral or anal sex.
Sexual activity Sexual intercourse, kissing, hugging, caressing and touching all fall under this category.
Kissing, hugging etc. are examples of sexual activity that do not involve intercourse.

Safe sex preventing the transmission of body fluids between partners (only form of this is
abstinence-not having sex at all)
Safer sex using condoms and other physical barriers to prevent unplanned pregnancy and sexually
transmitted infections (STI) and is not 100%

Contraception the prevention of conception (pregnancy). Many contraception methods, however,

do not provide protection against STIS. Condoms are the only ones that do.

Unplanned pregnancy -

Consequences for females and males -

* baby puts strains on body of female
*financial strain during pregnancy and after birth for both sides
*social pressure by friends and parents
*time is taken up by baby, more responsibilities
*gets in way of priorities, such as working, studying etc.

Contraception methods -
Condom (male) a thin rubber sheath placed around a males penis (prevents STIS)
Condom (female) a piece of thin rubber inserted into womans vagina (prevents STIS)
Diaphragm how a diaphragm works
Emergency Contraception Pills taken after unprotected sexual intercourse in order to avoid
conception. It is commonly called the morning-after pill, and is safe and effective.
Contraceptive implant an artificial hormone implant which produces hormones for the body which
makes the uterus wall thicker, making it impossible for sperm to pass through, and so nearly removing
the risk of conception. Must be done with trained doctor with anaesthetic etc. It is a type of long term
reversible contraception methods, lasting for as long as 3 years.
Intrauterine Device When placed in the uterus, the IUD affects the way sperm moves and survives in
the uterus, making them die out and never being able to meet the ovaries. This is another long term
reversible contraception method, and can last for as long as 5 years.

Birth control pills Similar to emergency contraception pills (see above) but they are taken BEFORE
sexual intercourse and also daily. These pills affect the ways hormone and ovaries work.
Female sterilisation This is a PERMANENT method of contraception and cannot be removed.
Chances of pregnancy however still exist, but are very low. This does not stop the enjoyment of sex or
sex drive.
Vaginal ring Nuvaring Works similarly to the birth control pills in that it affects the way hormones
and the ovaries work. However, instead of being consumed as pill, it is a ring which is placed inside
the vagina for 3 out of every 4 weeks. It is effective and is useful for people who may forget to take
pills.
Male sterilisation (Vasectomy) The line which puts the sperm into the seminal fluid is snipped and
disconnected. Therefore, semen is still produced but there is no sperm inside. This is permanent but
there is still a chance of sperm getting across that cut line.

Therefore, no method of contraception is 100% effective, and most do not prevent STIS other than
condoms.

STIs Info -
Majority of STIS can be provided by -
*correctly using a condom during vaginal/anal sex
*abstaining from intercourse
*sexual activity such as kissing but not intercourse
*having intercourse with a partner which has been tested for STIS
Other info (statistics) -
*found predominantly in young people (15-24)
*in 2009 the most commonly diagnosed bacterial STI was chlamydia (National Centre in HIV
Epidemiology and Clinical Research)
*The rate of diagnosis of chlamydia is highest in age groups 15- 24 years
*In 1997 there were 9206 cases while in 2011 there were 79833
*Indigenous Australians have substantially higher rates of STIS compared to non-Indigenous
*rates of gonorrhoea and syphilis are steadily increasing
*rates of hepatitis however, are declining
*Estimated that 4% of young people do not use condoms with casual partners
*28% of young people use condoms IRREGULARLY
*The symptoms can go away, but the disease will still be there. Therefore it must be treated.

Symptoms and signs of STIS

*unusual discharge from genital areas
*pain during sex/urination
*sores, blisters, rashes, itchiness in genital areas
*persistent diarrhoea
*fever/flu like symptoms
*pains/bumps/bleeding in genital areas

HIV/AIDS
*HIV = Human Immunodeficiency Virus
*AIDS is CAUSED by HIV, which weakens the bodys immune system and allows other diseases to get
into the body system easily, without resistance
*HIV lives in body fluids such as blood, vaginal fluids and semen
How is it transmitted?
1. Exits body of an infected person
2.Enters blood stream of victim
3. HIV must be in sufficient quantities
4. HIV must survive the body environment
Symptoms/Effects
*can take many years for a person to become ill after contracting HIV/AIDS
*when a persons immune system is weak, they usually die from pneumonia or cancer
*there is no cure or vaccine for HIV, but there are alleviating drugs
Testing/Statistics
*TO test for HIV, a BLOOD test is carried out looking for the presence of HIV antibodies which are
made to fight the HIV virus
*a person needs to be tested 3 months later AGAIN after possible infection to be sure they do not
have the virus, as it takes 3 months for the body to make HIV antibodies
*majority of new infections occur in young adults
*most infected do not know they carry the virus
*In Australia, as of Dec 2011, a total of 32645 HIV cases had been diagnosed
*There were 24731 people living with HIV
*1137 cases were newly diagnosed that year
(National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research)
Who would be tested for HIV?
*people who has had unsafe sex
*shared needles/syringes or have had contact with them
*had another persons blood in a cut, sore or eye
*had a blood transfusion in 1980 1985 (in that time blood supplies were not tested)

Hepatitis C
*blood-borne infection
*caused by a virus in the blood which infects the liver
*can be transmitted through blood eg. Sharing a razor
*unclear whether it can be transmitted through saliva/breast milk
Symptoms (short term)
*fatigue
*joint pain
*itchy skin
*muscle soreness
*stomach pain
*jaundice (yellowing of skin and whites of eyes)
Symptoms (long term)
*cirrhosis of the liver (healthy cells in liver replaced by scar tissue)
*liver cancer
Treatment
*currently no cure of vaccine
*can be alleviated with anti-viral medicine
Statistics
*170 mil people worldwide infected with Hep. C
*226700 estimated to live with chronic Hep. C infection in Australia (2011)

Ways to obtain info on sexual health

*School programs
*Teachers
*Parents
*Doctors/Nurses
*Youth workers
Other ways to obtain info on sexual health (less reliable)
*media
*pamphlets
*friends (depends)
*internet

Sexual risk-taking

If you are in a situation where you are feeling threatened:

*remain clam
*try to act confident, know what you are doing
*do not insult or aggravate the situation
*avoid isolated areas
*seek assistance from a nearby reliable adult, or police (000) (112)
*call your parents and leave the party if situation appears unsafe
Ways to avoid sexual violence
*Always stay with trusted friends and look out for each other, have a plan where you can let friends
know that you feel unsafe
*Dont feel pressured to do anything
*Dont have drinks that are unsealed, they may be spiked (almost one quarter of sexual assault in
Australia is result of spiked drinks)
*Never force yourself on someone
*Always talk to parents, friends, or centres if you feel the need to

Communicating in relationships

Ways of misinterpretation
Mixed message one where words and actions contradict each other (eg. saying Im happy about this
in an angry tone
Missed message a message that is so vaguely stated that the person doesnt understand it (eg.
saying everything in a jumble and confuses other person)
Assumption- where people believe something is true without confirmation (eg. believing rumours)

Communication skills in relationships

Assertive communication
*clearly and confidently states opinion/request
*respects feelings of others
*listens to others as well
Active listening
*listened pays close attention to speaker
*concentrates on speakers words
*listener repeats what they have heard, putting into their own words
*listener shows that he/she has understood what speaker is trying to convey
*body language and eye contact shows listener is listening
Empathy
*identify and understand how another person is feeling
*aware of another persons feelings
*ask questions, read between the lines and interpret clues in order to identify their emotional state
Negotiation
*used to reach a compromise in something
*give and receive until a solution is found, where both parties is content
Conflict resolution
*resolving conflict and moving on in relationship
*negotiation and compromise is needed
Power

Power can be actual use of force or the threat of using force. Power can be used both positively and
negatively. It can contribute to building relationships and also used to protect rights and
responsibilities. There are four main types of power.

Physical power physical force exerted by a person or the threat of harm to another person eg.
bullying, robbers using guns to rob banks

Personal power degree of control an individual has over their own decisions. This can be described
as the ability to make and stick to your decision. Eg. made a decision to not take drugs, and despite
peer pressure does not take drugs at a party

Social power expressed in the way different people relate with each other. This can be described as
being cool or popular among a group of people. This power can be influenced by education, race,
age, gender and also financial status. Eg. The star player of the rugby team has a lot of social power.

Institutional power Also called structural power. This is seen in schools, workplaces, politics and
sport where some people have authority over others because of their position or amount of
responsibility placed on them. This position of power is usually linked to their expertise and
experience at that line of work. Eg. parents can tell their children what to do, a coach tells the team
what to do, a principal tells a teacher what to do.