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Reduce
Reuse
Recycle
Called the three Rs of waste management, this waste hierarchy is the guidance suggested for creating a sustainable life. You might be wondering
as to how can you incorporate these principles in your daily life. They are not hard to implement. All you need is to bring a small change in your
daily lifestyle to reduce waste so that less amount of it goes to the landfill that can reduce your carbon footprint.
The three Rs reduce, reuse and recycle all help to cut down on the amount of waste we throw away. They conserve natural resources, landfill
space and energy. Plus, the three Rs save land and money communities must use to dispose of waste in landfills. Siting a new landfill has become
difficult and more expensive due to environmental regulations and public opposition.
By refusing to buy items that you dont need, reusing items more than once and disposing the items that are no longer in use at appropriate recycling
centers, you can contribute towards a healthier planet.
Is there something else that can be used for this purpose? Using multi-use items is essential to beginning reduction. One example
would be a coffeepot and a cappuccino maker. Both of them do distinctly different things, but you can buy a coffeepot that has a
steaming attachment on it so it can do both. The purchase of the one item means that you dont use two. It reduces the amount of
production, and the amount of waste packaging material that will be generated.
Is this something that needs to be done? A lot of our waste material comes from items that are considered to be disposable. Not in
the sense that you use something once and then throw it away, that can actually be a part of environmental responsibility when you are
working with medical items disposable in this sense means whether or not what the item allows you to do has any real meaning or
purpose.
Is the item a part of something that you need to do, or want to do in your life? There is a limit to what you need to be prepared for in
life. Chances are you wont need a car that is equipped to handle a sandstorm in the desert. Buying one encourages production, wastes
your resources and creates more generative waste than you can imagine. Always make sure that what you consume, or keep in your life
as preparation matches the reality of potential opportunity in your life.
Here are some of things you can do to reduce the waste:
1. Print on both sides of the paper to reduce paper wastage.
2. Use electronic mail to reach out to people instead of sending paper mail.
3. Remove your name from the mailing lists that you no longer want to receive.
4. Use cloth napkins instead of paper napkins.
5. Avoid using disposable plates, spoons, glass, cups and napkins. They add to the problem and result in large amount of waste.
6. Avoid buying items that are over-packaged with foil, paper, and plastic. This excess packaging goes to waste.
7. Buy durable goods that have long warranty. They generally run longer and save landfill space.
Number 3 deals with the problems created by living within a culture of consumerism. This type of consumption driven culture also makes fulfilling
the second R difficult, but it is getting easier to do.
(b) Differentiate between Sanitary and Industrial Landfills, also describe the land selection criteria for
Landfills.
Types of Landfills
Sanitary landfills - landfill that uses a clay liner to isolate the trash from the environment SANITARY LANDFILLS
Sights where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe. It is considered safe when it has completely
degraded biologically, chemically, and physically. Sanitary landfills use technology to contain the waste and prevent the
leaching out of potentially hazardous substances. There are two main methods used in sanitary landfills, the
trench method and the area method.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills - uses a synthetic (plastic) liner to isolate the trash from the environment This
type of landfill collects household garbage and are regulated by state and local governments. The Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) has established minimum criteria that these landfills must meet. Some materials may be
banned from disposal in municipal solid waste landfills. Items such as paints, cleaners, chemicals, motor oil, batteries,
and pesticides are some of the common items that are banned from MSW's. However, some household appliances can
be turned into MSW's for disposal.
Construction and demolition waste landfills - consist of the debris generated during the construction, renovation, and
demolition of buildings, roads, and bridges. These types of landfills used for debris generated during construction,
renovations, demolitions of buildings and bridges. The types of debris include: concrete, wood, asphalt, gypsum (the
main component of drywall), metals, bricks, glass, plastics, trees, stumps, earth, rock, and building components (doors,
windows, plumbing fixtures).
Industrial Waste Landfills- nonhazardous solid waste, consists of nonhazardous waste associated with manufacturing
and other industrial activities Industrial hazardous waste is a separate form of waste consisting of nonhazardous waste
associated with manufacturing and other industrial activities.
Land area and volume should be sufficient enough to provide landfill capacity so that the projected need
can be fulfilled for several years. In this way the cost coming on all that procedure can be justified.
The landfill site should not be at locations where suitable buffer zones between land fill site and population
are not available.
The landfill area having steep gradient (where stability of slope could be problematic) should not be
selected.
The water level in ground water table should be sufficient below the base of any excavation to enable
landfill development.
The land which is significant environmentally (lands of biodiversity); the sensitive ecological area of such
a land should be present within potential area of landfill site.
Public & private irrigation water supply wells should be well away from the boundaries of landfill site
because these supply wells will be at risk of contamination.
Landfill area should not be very close to significant water bodies (water courses or dams). There will be
the risk of contamination of water bodies, which can be hazardous for aquatic life.
No major power transmission or other infrastructure like sewers, water supply lines should be crossing
through landfill developmental area.
No residential development should be near the boundaries of landfill site. The waste disposal site must
be very away from residential or commercial areas and water resources.
Landscaping and protective shelf should be included in the design so that to minimize the visibility of
operations.
Unstable areas that have significant seismic risk which could cause destruction of berms are not
recommended for landfill site.
There should not be fault lines and significantly fractured geological structure. These fault lines can allow
the unpredictable movement of gas within 500 meters of perimeter of proposed landfill development.
Groundwater quality should not be disturbed during the site developmental phase. There should be
monitoring facilities at site in order to ensure that ground water quality is maintained.
In areas under the laws of concerned municipality it should be responsibility of municipality to identify
landfill site and handover to operators for operations.
Selection of landfill site should be based upon the examination of environmental issues.
The landfill site should be near the wastes recycling facility otherwise, the waste recycling facility should
be planned as integral part of landfill site.
Biomedical wastes should be disposed off in accordance with guidelines issued by Ministry Of Health,
Government of Pakistan.
Landfill site should be away from airports. There is need of approval of airbase authorities like civil
aviation authorities of government of Pakistan for setting up of landfill site in case if site is to be locating
within ten kilometer of an airport boundary.
Q. No. 4. (a) What are vaccines? Classify these and discuss DNA vaccines in detail.
(b) What are causative organism and vector for dengue, enlist possible ways of prevention from dengue.
Q. No. 6. (a) What do you know about the Remote Sensing Techniques? Explain resolution and write down
the names of its various types?
(b) What is hydrological cycle? Discuss its importance.
Q. No. 7. (a) What is tsunami? How the tsunamis generated and what are their characteristics?
(b) What is an earth quake? Discuss Richter Scale in this context. What was the intensity of the earth quake
in Pakistan dated 26 October 2015 and where was the locus?
Q. No. 8. (a) Explain the shape of water molecule with the help of Molecular Orbital Theory, also draw its
orbital diagram.
(b) What are the gamma rays? Explain their applications.