UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH

COURSE: MATHEMATICS 1
CODE : ST00102
LECTURER : MDM. NORAINI ABDULLAH
CREDIT HOURS : 2

CHAPTER 3 : FUNCTIONS

DEFINITION: A function is a rule that assigns exactly one

element y in a set B to each element x in a set A – y = f(x).

- Set A is called the Domain of f and all values in set B is

called the Range of f.
- Refer x as the independent variable and y as the
dependent variable.

3.1 Relations and Functions

Consider two sets A and B; A = {a, b, c, d, e}, B = {1, 2, 3,

4}.Represented by small letters f, g, h to show relations.

a
b 1 a 1
c 2 b 2
d c 3
e 3 4
(1) f d (2) g
4
e

1
 a
b
c 1
d 2
e 3
4
(3) h
d
Definitions - Function f is when every element in set A
is related to only one element in set B , such that
there is no two different elements in set B is related
to the same elements in set A.
• h is a function but g is not.

• Function f is said to map A to B and can be written

as f:A→B or A → B .
f

• If f:A→B , then A is the domain of f and B is the

co-domain for f.

• For every function f:A→B, the responding set

{(a, f (a)): a ∈ A} ⊆ AxB is called the graph of f.

• Range is the set of all images of the elements in set

A under f , i.e. {( f (a): a ∈ A}.or {b∈ B : exist a ∈ A
with {b = f (a)}.

• We named ‘a’ as the independent variables which

can take any value in the domain and ‘b’ as the
dependent variables with values depending on ‘a’.

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3.2 Types of Functions

Identity Function (Identiti)

Definition: Function f:X→X is defined as f(x)=x for
i
every x ∈ X is called Identity Function, x .

Equal Function Sama)

Definition: Two functions f:A→B and g:A→B are said
to be equal if f(a)=g(a) for every a ∈ A . Written as f=g.
Both will have the same graphs.

Algebraic Relation (Hubungan Aljabar)

i. Addition: (f+g)(x) = f(x) +g(x)

ii. Subtraction : (f-g)(x) = f(x) – g(x)
iii. Multiplication : (fg)(x) = f(x).g(x)
iv.If g ( x) ≠ 0 , we get-
1 1
  ( x) =
•
g g ( x) , the inverse.
 f  f ( x)
  ( x) =
g g ( x) , division product.
•
 

v. With α and β as constants-

•
(α f )( x) = α f ( x) , scalar multiplication
•
(α f + β g )( x) = α f ( x) + β g ( x) , linear combination

One-to-One Function (Satu-Satu)

f:A→B is said to do one-one (1-1) if all the different
elements in A have different images, i.e. x1, x2 ∈ X and
x1 ≠ x2 ⇒ f ( x1) ≠ f ( x2 ) .
This means that different
elements from X are mapped to different elements in Y.
1-1 function is also known as injection function.

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Tutorials: Surjection and Bijection function.****

Inverse Function (Songsang)

Definition: Say f is 1-1 and whole. The inverse function
for f is written as f-1 and is defined as the range of f to the
domain which satisfies the following equation.
f ( f −1( x)) = x for all x in the range of f. If f(x)=y then
f −1( x) = x . Meaning that f relates x to y and f-1
relates y to x.
∴ f −1 = {( y, x):( x, y) ∈ f }

f
A y B
x
f -1

y
y=x
f

f-1
x
Tutorials: Odd & Even Functions and Chain Rule. ****

Composite Function (Komposit/Majmuk/Gubahan)

Given two functions f:A→B and g:B→C.
-

f g g
A B C

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 gº f
The function from A to C maps all the elements in a ∈ A to
c ∈C .
Symbol:
( g o f )(a) = g ( f (a)) = C ∀a ∈ A .

Special Functions (Khas)

- Polynomial Function : n is the degree of the polynomial
f ( x) = a + a x + a x2 + a x3 + ... + an xn
0 1 2 3

- Fraction Function: division between two polynomials.

p ( x)
f ( x) =
q( x) with q( x) ≠ 0 .

- Absolute Value Function: Modulus Function.

x

f ( x) = x =  0
x>0
x=0
− x x<0 y
x

−1

f ( x) =  1 x<0
0 ≤ x <1
2
- Step Function:  1≤ x
y

- Largest Integer Function: f(x)=[x] where x is the largest

integer ≤ x.
Eg. [2]=2, [-2]=-2, [2.3]=2, [-2.3]=-3

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 - Layer Function: form from several layers.
 −x

f ( x) =  x x<0
0≤ x <1
 x
 1≤ x

Trigonometric Function
- relationship between the triangles and the angles.
- sin x, cos x, tan x, (cosec x, sec x, cot x).
- In calculus, the angles are in radians : 360º =2л radians.
- ASTC( all pos., sin pos., tan pos., cos pos.)
- Refer to the ‘theta’ table.
- Refer to the identities and formulas on sum of angles.
• sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
• 1 + cot2 θ = cosec2 θ
• 1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ
Note: sin(-θ) = -sin θ
cos(-θ) = cos θ
sin(л/2- θ) = cos θ
cos(л/2- θ) = sin θ

• sin(A±B) = sinA cosB ± cosA sinB

• cos(A±B) = cosA cosB m sinA sinB
tan A± tan B
• tan(A±B) = 1mtan A tan B
- When A=B:-
• sin2A = 2sinA cosB
• cos2A = cos2A - sin2A
= 2 cos2A – 1
= 1 – 2sin2A
• sin3A = 3sinA – 4sin3A
• cos3A = 4cos3A – 3cosA

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Hiperbolic Function
x −x
f ( x) = sinh x = e − e
• hyperbolic sine : 2

x −x
f ( x) = cosh x = e + e
• hyperbolic cosine: 2

2x
f ( x) = tanh x = e −1
• hyperbolic tangent : e2 x + 1

Inverse:
1
f ( x) = csch x =
• Csch: sinh x .

1
f ( x) = sec hx =
• Sech: cosh x .

f ( x) = cosh x
• Coth : sinh x

Identities-
• csch2 x - sinh2 x = 1
• 1 - tanh2 x = sech2 x
• cosh2 x – 1 = csch2 x

Inverse Trigonometry Functions

Normally not 1-1 functions but if its domain lies in an interval
the it can be a 1-1 and whole function.

f −1( x) = sin −1 x,cos−1 x,tan −1 x,cos ec−1x,sec−1 x,cot −1 x

Note:
1
sin −1 x ≠
sin x

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Exponent Function
Function in the form of f ( x) = a x where a is a positive number
and x is real.
Basic Laws on Exponent:
a0 =1,
a x+ y = a xa y ,
(a x ) y = a xy ,
(ab) x = a xb x ,
1
a− x = x
a
Note: when e=2.718…, then a=e.

Logarithm Function

If x = a y , then y is said the logarithm of x with base a, i.e.

x = a y ⇔ y = loga x .
Log Func. = Inverse Exp Func.

Basic Laws on Logarithm:

loga 1 = 0,
loga a =1,
loga (bc) = loga b + loga c,
loga bc = loga b − loga c,
loga b x = x loga b,
loga b = log1 a
b

Note: when a=e, then y=ln x.

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