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Understandable Statistics
Seventh Edition
By Brase and Brase
Presented:
We reject H0.
Area = P value
z = Sample test
Copyright (C) 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved .
statistic 7
In a left-tailed test
P value = area to the left of the observed
sample statistic
P value = P(any sample statistic <
observed sample statistic
Area = P value
Copyright (C) 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved . z = Sample statistic 9
In a two-tailed test
P value = sum of the areas in the two tails
If the observed sample statistic falls in
the left half of a symmetric curve, P value
= 2P(sample statistic < observed sample
statistic)
z = Sample statistic
Copyright (C) 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved . 10
Compute the P value
The manufacturer of light bulbs claims that
they will burn for 1000 hours. ...The bulbs
will be returned ... if my sample indicates that
they will burn less than 1000 hours.
H0: = 1000
H1: < 1000
Area = P value
z = 1.76
Copyright (C) 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved . 12
Finding the P Value In a Left-
Tailed Test
P value = area to the left of the observed
sample statistic
Area = 0.0392
z = 1.76
Copyright (C) 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved . 13
Conclusion
Since the P value is the smallest level of
significance for which the sample data
tells us to reject H0, we reject H0 for any
0.0392.
For < 0.0392, we fail to reject H0.
z = 1.52
Copyright (C) 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved . 16
Finding the P Value In a Two-
Tailed Test
P value = sum of the areas in the two tails
P value = 2(0.0643)
P = 0.1286
Area = 0.0643
z = 1.52
Copyright (C) 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved . 17
Conclusion
P = 0.1286
We reject H0 for all 0.1286.
We fail to reject H0 for all < 0.1286.
Area = 0.0643
z = 1.52
Copyright (C) 2002 Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved . 18
Caution
Establish the level of significance before
doing the hypothesis test.
The level of significance should reflect
your willingness to risk a Type I error
and may be affected by the accuracy and
reliability of your measurement
instruments.