Hypothesis Testing

Understandable Statistics
Seventh Edition
By Brase and Brase

Presented:

Dr. Tapan Dutta

Panskura Banamali College
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 The P Value
The P value is the smallest level of
significance for which the observed
sample statistic tells us to reject the null
hypothesis.
The P value is also called the probability
of chance or the attained level of
significance.

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 If the P value is :

We reject H0.

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 If the P value is >:

We do not reject H0.

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 In a right-tailed test
P value = area to the right of the
observed sample statistic

P value = probability that the mean

computed from any random sample of
size n will be greater than the observed
sample statistic

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 In a right-tailed test
P value = Probability that the mean
computed from any random sample of
size n will be > observed sample statistic

Area = P value

z = Sample test
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statistic 7
 In a left-tailed test
P value = area to the left of the observed
sample statistic
P value = P(any sample statistic <
observed sample statistic

Area = P value

z = Sample test statistic

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 In a two-tailed test
P value = sum of the areas in the two tails
If the observed sample statistic falls in
the right half of a symmetric curve, P
value = 2P(sample statistic > observed
sample statistic)

Area = 1/2 of P value

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 In a two-tailed test
P value = sum of the areas in the two tails
If the observed sample statistic falls in
the left half of a symmetric curve, P value
= 2P(sample statistic < observed sample
statistic)

Area =1/2 of P value

z = Sample statistic
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 Compute the P value
The manufacturer of light bulbs claims that
they will burn for 1000 hours. ...The bulbs
will be returned ... if my sample indicates that
they will burn less than 1000 hours.

H0: = 1000
H1: < 1000

Sample results: n = 36, mean = 999 hours,

s = 3.4 hours, z = 1.76
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 In a left-tailed test
P value = area to the left of the observed
sample statistic
Use Table 5 in Appendix II to find the
area.

Area = P value

z = 1.76
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 Finding the P Value In a Left-
Tailed Test
P value = area to the left of the observed
sample statistic

Area = 0.0392

z = 1.76
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 Conclusion
Since the P value is the smallest level of
significance for which the sample data
tells us to reject H0, we reject H0 for any
0.0392.
For < 0.0392, we fail to reject H0.

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 Hypothesis Test Example
Your college claims that the mean age of its
students is 28 years. You wish to check
the validity of this statement.
H0: = 28
H1: 28
Sample results: n = 49, mean = 27.5 years,
s = 2.3 years, z = 1.52

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 In a two-tailed test
P value = sum of the areas in the two tails

Area =1/2 of P value

z = 1.52
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 Finding the P Value In a Two-
Tailed Test
P value = sum of the areas in the two tails
P value = 2(0.0643)
P = 0.1286

Area = 0.0643

z = 1.52
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 Conclusion
P = 0.1286
We reject H0 for all 0.1286.
We fail to reject H0 for all < 0.1286.

Area = 0.0643

z = 1.52
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 Caution
Establish the level of significance before
doing the hypothesis test.
The level of significance should reflect
your willingness to risk a Type I error
and may be affected by the accuracy and
reliability of your measurement
instruments.

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 Advantage of Knowing P Value

We know all levels of significance

for which the observed sample
statistic tells us to reject H0.

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 Use of P Value
If P value is , reject H0.

If P value is >, do not reject H0.

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