CHAPTER 2: Motion in One Dimension

Particle under constant acceleration

1 1
xf = xi + (vi + vf) t OR xf = xi + vi t + a t2
2 2

vf 2 = vi 2 + 2 a (xf xi)
vf = vi + a t

CHAPTER 4: Motion in Two Dimensions

Projectile motion
2 sin2
Maximum height, h =
2
2 sin 2
Horizontal range, R =

Particle in Uniform Circular Motion

2
Centripetal acceleration, ac = = r 2

2
Period, T =

2
Angular speed, = =

CHAPTER 5: The Laws of Motion
Newtons First Law of Motion (Law of Inertia)
In the absence of external forces and when viewed from an inertial reference frame, an object
at rest and an object in motion continues in motion with a constant velocity.

Newtons Second Law of Motion

When viewed from an inertial reference frame, the acceleration of an object is directly
proportional to the net force acting on itand inversely proportional to its mass.
Net force, Fnet = ma
Gravitational force, Fg = m g

Newtons Third Law of Motion

When two objects interact, both exert forces that are equal in magnitude but in opposite
directions to each other.

Particle in equilibrium
F = 0

Particle under a net force

F = m a

Friction force (static)

fs s Fn , whereby s is the coefficient of static friction

Friction force (kinetic)

fs = k Fn , whereby k is the coefficient of kinetic friction
CHAPTER 6: Circular Motion and Other Applications of Newtons Laws
2
Centripetal Force, F = m ac = m

Resistive Force on objects falling in air at high speed

1
Resistive Force, FR = D A v2
2
whereby
D is drag coefficient (~0.5 for spherical shape, up to 2 for irregular shape)
is density of the air
A is cross area of object perpendicular to velocity

When Fg = FR, then v = vT and a=0

2
Thus, Terminal velocity, vT =
CHAPTER 7: Energy of a System
Work done by a constant net force at an angle through displacement r
Work, W = (F cos) (r)

Spring Force, Hookes Law

Spring Force, Fs = k x
whereby k is spring constant & x is compression/extension of spring

Work done by a spring

1
Work by spring, Ws = k x2
2

Kinetic Energy (KE)

1
KE = m v2
2

Potential Energy (U)

Gravitational potential energy, Ug = mgh
1
Elastic potential energy, Us = k x2
2

Total mechanical energy of a system (Emech)

Emech = KE + U
CHAPTER 8: Conservation of Energy
KE + U + Eint = W + Q + TMW + TMT +TET +TER
whereby
W is external work on a system
TMW is energy transfer in the form of mechanical waves
TMT is energy transfer in the form of matter transfer
TET is energy transfer in the form of electrical transmission
TER is energy transfer in the form of electromagnetic radiation

Conservation of mechanical energy

Emech = KE + U = 0

Wother forces - fk d = KE

Eint = fk d
CHAPTER 9: Linear Momentum and Collisions

Linear momentum
Linear momentum, p = mv

Impulsive force, F =

Impulse, I = p

Conservation of momentum (Isolated system)

ptotal = 0

Perfectly inelastic collisions

1 1 + 2 2
vf =
1 +2

Elastic collisions
22
v1f = ( 1 2) 1 + ( ) 2
1 + 2 1 + 2

21 2 1
v2f = ( ) 1 + ( ) 2
1 + 2 1 + 2
CHAPTER 10: Rotation of a Rigid Object About a Fixed Axis

Rigid Object under Constant Angular Acceleration (Constant )

1 1
f = i + (i + f) t OR f = i + i t + t2
2 2

f 2 = i 2 + 2 (f i)
f = i + t
Arc length, s = r
v = r
at = r
2
ac = = r 2

atotal = r 2 + 4 = 2 + 2

Torque
Torque, = Fd = F r sin

(Source: Physics For Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics [pdf], Page 340)
Rigid Object under a Net Torque
Net torque, ext = I , whereby I is moment of inertia
Rotational Motion
1
Rotational kinetic energy, KER = I 2
2
Angular momentum, L = I

Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object

1 1
Total Kinetic Energy, Ktotal = ICM 2 + M 2
2 2

(Source: Physics For Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics [pdf], Page 350)
(Source: Physics For Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics [pdf], Page 340)

CHAPTER 11: Angular Momentum

Instantaneous angular momentum, L = rp = r mv sin

CHAPTER 12: Static Equilibrium and Elasticity

Rigid object in equilibrium

Fext = 0
ext = 0

Elastic properties of solids

Elastic modulus

Modulus Measures the resistance...

Youngs Of a solid to a change in its length
Shear To motion of the planes within a solid parallel to each other
Bulk Of solids or liquids to changes in their volume

Youngs Modulus, Y (Elasticity in Length)

/
Y = =
/

Shear Modulus, S (Elasticity in Shape)

/
S = =
/

Bulk Modulus, B (Elasticity in Volume)

/
B = = - = -
/ /

1
Compressibility =

CHAPTER 13: Universal Gravitation

Newtons law of universal gravitation

Every particle in the Universe attracts every other particle with a force that is directly
proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the
distance between them

1 2
Gravitational Force, Fg = G ,
2
whereby G = 6.674 x 10-11 N m2 / kg2

Gravitational acceleration, g = ( +)2

Keplers laws
1. All planets move in elliptical orbits with the Sun at one focus
2. The radius vector drawn from the Sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas
in equal time intervals
3. The square of the orbital period of any planet is proportional to the cube
of the semimajor axis of the elliptical orbit
a2 = b 2 + c2

Eccentricity, e = , whereby 0 < e < 1 for ellipse

Aphelion = maximum distance from the Sun =a+c

Apogee = maximum distance from the Earth =a+c

Perihelion = maximum distance from the Sun =a-c

Perigee = maximum distance from the Earth =a-c
Gravitational Potential Energy, U(r)

U(r) = - , provided ri = , rf RE

1 2
U = - , provided U 0 as r

Energy Considerations in Planetary and satellite Motion

Considering M >> m, and
object with mass M is at rest, and
object with mass m moving with speed v in vicinity of M
1
Emech = m v2 -
2

For circular orbits,

Emech = -
2

For elliptical orbits,

Emech = -
2

Escape speed
2
vesc =

From Keplers Third law ...

Orbital period, T
4 2
T 2
= ( ) a3

CHAPTER 14: Fluid Mechanics

Object floating in equilibrium

P = P0 + gh

Archimedes principle
Magnitude of buoyant force = Weight of fluid displaced

Buoyant force, FB
FB = fluid g Vdisplaced = Mdisplaced g

Bernoullis equation
1
P + v2 + g y = constant
2

Continuity equation for fluids

A1 v 1 = A2 v 2 = constant