Human Coelomic Divisions

Coelomic Cavities
Coelom = body cavity within lateral
plate mesoderm, lined by mesothelium
and partitioned during development in
all amniotes
Peritoneum = mesothelium & conn.
tiss. that lines the abdominal coelomic
cavity and the abdom. visceral organs
Retroperitoneal = Description of
something that is outside the
peritoneum (bladder, rectum, kidneys)
 Coelomic Cavities
Transverse septum = separates
pericardial & pleuroperitoneal cavities
Pericardial Cavity = coelomic cavity
around the heart
Pleuroperitoneal cavity = coelomic
cavity around all visceral organs except
the heart
Peritoneal cavity = abdominopelvic
cavity; lined by peritoneum
Coelomic Cavities

transverse septum
 Coelomic Cavities
Pleural / Pulmonary Cavity =
coelomic cavity around the lungs
evolved independently in reptiles and
mammals
Pulmonary fold = (in reptiles) forms
along the dorsal midline of the
pleuroperitoneal cavity...
grows ventrolaterally around each lung.
Each lung in separate pleural cavity.
 Avian Cross Section
pulmonary
fold

pleural
gut cavity

pericardial heart peritoneal

cavity cavity
 Post Hepatic Diaphragm
Unique to Crocodylians
 Mammal Coelomic Cavities
Coelomic (pleuroperitoneal) fold = in
mammals, forms transversely across
the dorsal pleuroperitoneal cavity,
behind the lungs and...
grows ventrally to meet the transverse
septum.
Diaphragm = mucularized coelomic
fold separating pleural and peritoneal
cavities (anterior to the liver)
Mammal Longitudinal Section
coelomic fold
pleural
cavity
peritoneal
cavity
liver

pericardial
cavity
Developing Human Coelom
 Mammalian Diaphragm
Coelomic fold component of
diaphragm becomes muscularized.
Transverse septum component of
diaphragm become the central tendon.
Human Coelomic Divisions
 Amniota

prehepatic
diaphragm;
1 pleural cavity 2 pleural cavities

* posthepatic diaphragm
 Digestive System
Human Digestive System (and
assoc. digestive organ)
Development
General Digestive Terms
Human Digestive Tube Overview
(Oral Cavity to Anus)
Human Associated Digestive Organ
Development and Overview
Comparative Digestive Anatomy
 Digestive System
Digestive tract = continuous tube; for
extracting nutrients from food.
Endoderm surrounded by splanchnic
mesoderm.
Digestive System Development
Endoderm = epithelial lining of most of
digestive tract; usually simple epithelia.
Splanchnic mesoderm = surrounds
endoderm, muscle and conn. tissues
Stomodeum = ectoderm; forms most
of oral cavity & some salivary glands;
stratified squamous epithelium.
Proctodeum = ectoderm; forms cloaca
(posterior rectum); strat. squamous
epithelium.
Human Endoderm Development
Human Endoderm Development
 Endoderm Development
Pharyngeal Pouches = paired anterior
pouches (mammals 4, but the last one = 2
pouches; in non-mammalian gnathostomes = 6).

2nd pouch of tetrapods forms Eustacian

tube between middle ear and pharynx
Thyroid Bud - between 1st and 2nd pouches
Other buds that form are respiratory
(Osteichthyans), hepatic, dorsal
pancreatic, ventral pancreatic, & allantoic
 Human Endoderm Development
four pairs
pharyngeal
pouches
thyroid bud
respiratory bud
liver bud
ventral dorsal
pancreatic pancreatic
bud bud

yolk sac
allantoic
bud
 Human Liver
Liver = Largest coelomic organ; regulates
chemical metabolism (detoxifies, glycogen
storage, secretes serum albumin) & produces bile
(emulsifies fats & contains RBC waste).
Develops from ventral hepatic bud from
duodenum in ventral mesentary. Mostly
endodermal; a little lateral plate mesoderm.
Bile released into duodenum via hepatic duct
then common bile duct.
Gallbladder = Stores bile; connected to bile
duct through cystic duct.
Vertebrate Embryo (section)

gut

coelom
 Vertebrate Embryo (section)

dorsal
mesentery gut
(splanchnic mesoderm) coelom
hepatic bud
ventral mesentery
(splanchnic mesoderm)
 Vertebrate Embryo (section)

dorsal
mesentery gut
(splanchnic mesoderm) coelom
liver
falciform ligament
(ventral mesentery)
 Human Pancreas
Pancreas = A distinct gland located
along the duodenum with endocrine
(sugar metabolism regulation) and exocrine
function (digestive enzyme secretion).
Endodermal.
Develops from dorsal and ventral
pancreatic buds off of duodenum.
Human digestive enzymes enter
intestine through vent. pancreatic duct
connecting to common bile duct.
Pancreas Development
Human Digestive Development
Develop. Adult Human Epithelial Devel. Outpouchings

stomodeum anterior oral & parotid salivary glands

nasal cavities
pharynx oropharynx & submandibular & sublingual
(with openings) salivary glands
nasopharynx thyroid from thyroid bud
(only Eustacean tube)
trachea & lungs from resp. bud
esophagus long -
stomach present -
intestine small intestine liver + ducts from hepatic bud
(duodenum, pancreas from 2 pancreatic buds
jejunoileum)
cecum / appendix
colon ur. bladder in part from allantois
proctodeum rectum -
 Digestive Tube Structure (Human)
Esophagus to Rectum
1. Epithelium stratified squamous or endoderm
simple columnar epith. around lumen.
2. Lamina Propria loose conn. tissue. mesoderm
3. Muscularis Mucosae thin layer of
smooth muscle.
4. Submucosa loose connect. tissue.
5. Muscularis 2-3 layers of skeletal or
smooth muscle.
6. Serosa thin layer of loose conn. tissue
covered by a simple squamous epith.
(coelomic mesothelium)
 Esophagus Section
endoderm

mesoderm

muscularis mucosae
(thin lamina propria between
muscularis muc. & epithelium)

epithelium
(strat. squamous)
submucosa

muscularis
(2 layers, circular
& longitudinal))

serosa
Digestive Tube Structure (Human)
Esophagus to Rectum
Sphincter ring of muscle that can close
(or partially close) a point along the
digestive tube.
Peristalsis Rhythmic contraction of
smooth muscle that pushes something
along the digestive tract.
Ridges/folds in digestive tube that are
perpendicular to the axis of the tube =
slow movement
Ridges/folds parallel to the axis of the tube
= speed movement
 Cleft Palate
Cleft Palate = Secondary palate doesnt fuse
along midline during development.
 Human Salivary Glands
Salivary Glands = Oral cavity glands
produce saliva; simple cuboidal epith.
Parotid Glands - ectoderm
Submandibular Glands - endoderm
Sublingual Glands - endoderm
Human Pharynx
Human Oropharynx
 Human Esophagus Section
endoderm

mesoderm

muscularis mucosae
(thin lamina propria between
muscularis muc. & epithelium)

epithelium
(strat. squamous)
submucosa

muscularis
(2 layers, circular
& longitudinal))

serosa
Human Abdominal Viscera
 Human Stomach

lesser
curvature
greater
curvature
 Human Stomach Section
Muscularis has three layers, oblique, circular,
and longitudinal.
Human Small Intestine
Human Small Intestine
 Human Small Intestine

Plicae = folds of the intestinal epithelium.

Villi = multicellular finger-like projections
of the intestinal epithelium.
Columnar epith. cells have microvilli.
Human Large Intestine
Rectum
Liver Ducts
hepatic duct

cystic duct

common bile duct

pancreatic duct
 Human Liver
Two big lobes, left & right separated by
falciform ligament. Right lobe has
subsidiary caudate and quadrate lobes.

ventral view
(anterior view)
Human Bile & Pancreatic Ducts
Human Digestive System
 Comparative Digestive Anatomy
Oral Cavity = mouth to pharynx, no
separate nasal cavity in vertebrates
without a secondary palate.
Mammals, crocodylians, & many
turtles have a secondary palate, all
other verts. lack this.
Salivary Glands = Present as
multicellular, large glands only in
Tetrapods, largest in amniotes.
Pharynx- Esophagus
Pharynx in non-
amniotes also site or
respiration (gills).
Esophagus is much
longer in tetrapods than
in non-tetrapods.
Crop = Distended
region of the esophagus
in birds for food storage
 Stomach
Stomach is ancestrally absent in
vertebrates and its presence is a
synapomorphy of gnathostomes.
Secondarily lost in lungfishes and a few
groups of teleosts.
Gizzard = Highly muscularized stomach
body of archosaurs, stratified squamous
(keratinized) epithelium. (Gastroliths =
stomach stones)
Bird Digestive Tract
 Non-Tetrapod (Fish) Intestine
No lg. & sm. distinction, just intestine.
Pyloric ceca = out-pocketings of ant.
intestine for digestion & absorption in some
Actinopterygii.
Spiral valve = Spiral flap in intestine,
increases surface area. In all craniates
except teleosts & tetrapods. Spiral valve
ntestines with spiral valves usually shorter
and wider.
Rectal gland = out-pocketing of posterior
intestine; secretes excess salts in
Chondrichthys.
Shark Digestive Tract
Tetrapod Small & Large Intestine
Tetrapods have small & large
intestines separated by the Ileocolic /
Ileocecal valve.
Cecum = out-pocketing of anterior
large intestine for fermentation of
plant matter or other digestion.
Synapomorphy of amniotes
(ancestrally 1, birds have 2)
 Cloaca
Cloaca = (sewer in Latin) ectodermal;
intestine, reproductive system, & urinary
system all empty into the cloaca.
Vent = external cloacal opening
Cloaca lost in therian mammals and
Actinopterygiians.
Separate, external anal and urogenital
openings.
 Associated Organs/Glands
Liver usually large in chondrichthyans
because it stores fats for buoyancy.
Gallbladder in gnathostomes but lost
in many groups.
Pancreas distinct in gnathostomes
(may be incorporated into liver in some
teleosts & lungfishes as a hepatopancreas).
Pancreas may be single (as in humans
and most verts.) or double when the
two buds do not fuse.
 Craniates

stom. cecum
rectal gland

cloaca lost

lost
salivary
glands; spiral
valve lost; lg.
true teeth; & sm. intest.
stomach (illeocecal
intestinal spiral valve; cloaca sphincter)
Class Actinopterygii

Intestinal
spiral
valve
lost

cloaca lost (separate openings)

 Amniota

cloaca
gizzard
lost
crop;
2 large
intestinal
large intestinal cecum ceca
Subphylum Vertebrata

gallbladder; distinct pancreas

(from two developmental buds)
liver; pancreatic cells (diffuse in hagfishes & lampreys)
 Vertebrate Digestive Tube
Myxini & Chondrichthys Non-Teleost
Actinopterygii
lampreys
oral cavity oral cavity oral cavity oral cavity
pharynx gill openings gill openings gill openings
esophagus short short short
stomach absent present present
intestine simple with simple with simple with
spiral valve spiral valve spiral valve
cloaca present present absent
 Vertebrate Digestive Tube
Teleosts Lungfishes Amphibians
oral cavity oral cavity oral cavity oral cavity
pharynx gill openings gill openings gill openings
when larval
esophagus short short long
stomach present absent present
intestine simple, NO simple with NO spiral valve,
spiral valve spiral valve small intestine
large intestine
cloaca absent present present
 Vertebrate Digestive Tube
Montremes Therians Turtles
oral cavity 2ary palate - 2ary palate - small 2ary palate
oral & nasal oral & nasal - oral & nasal
pharynx no openings no openings no openings
(only Eustacean tube) (only Eustacean tube) (only Eustacean tube)

esophagus long long long

stomach present present present
intestine NO spiral valve, NO spiral valve, NO spiral valve,
small intestine small intestine small intestine
large intestine large intestine large intestine
(with 1 cecum) (with 1 cecum) (with 1 cecum)
cloaca present absent present
 Vertebrate Digestive Tube
liz. & snakes crocodilians birds
oral cavity oral cavity large 2ary palate oral cavity
- oral & nasal
pharynx no openings no openings no openings
(only Eustacean tube) (only Eustacean tube) (only Eustacean tube)

esophagus long long long with crop

stomach present present with present with
gizzard gizzard
intestine NO spiral valve, NO spiral valve, NO spiral valve,
small intestine small intestine small intestine
large intestine large intestine large intestine
(with 1 cecum) (with 2 ceca)
cloaca present present present
Cow Digestive System
Horse Digestive System
Human Digestive System