Chng IV

CC S c K THUT THNG GP V GII PHP x L

TRONG THI CNG cc KHOAN NHl

4.1. V D M U

Xut pht t c im cng ngh thi cng cc khoan nhi l khoan to l trc trong
nn t; gi n nh vch h khoan bng ng vch, dung dch bentonite, v.v..., sau tin
hnh c cc theo phng php b tng trong dung dch bentonite. Cho nn, nu khng
c kinh nghim trong thi cng cng nh thit k th thng gp rt nhiu s c xy ra trong
qu trnh thi cng dn n vic nh hng cht lng khai thc cng trnh v cc s c k
thut thng rt kh pht hin bng mt thng.
Khi nim s c l nhng hin tng khc thng xy ra ngoi d tnh ca n v thit
k cng nh ca n v thi cng, dn n nhng hu qu lm h hng cc, gim kh nng
chu ti ca cc, v.v... Mc h hng c th t nh n ln v c th sa cha c hoc
khng th m phi thay th cc khc. V vy, nu cng trnh no gp s c' th s gy ra liu
qu rt nghim trng nh: lm tng gi thnh v ko di thi gian thi cng, i khi phi
hy b phng n thi cng cc khoan nhi m phi thay th bng gii php m ng cc khc
c th s rt tn km v khng kinh t.
Do vy, vic nghin cu, thu thp cc s c thng xy ra cho cc khoan nhi, (.ua
s tm cc nguyn nhn gy ra s c v a ra cc gii php x l thch hp cho lng
s c c th.
i tng nghin cu l: mt trng t, cng ngh khoan to l v b tng.
i vi nhng cng trnh xy dng c s dng cc khoan nlii vng ng bng sng
Cu Long thng gp mt s s c trong qu trnh thi cng. R nht v in hnh nht l s
c cc khoan nhi ca cc cng trnh sau;
Cc khoan nhi ng knh d = lOOOmm, di 37in ca Nh lm vic 10 tng ca Tng
Cng ty XDCT Giao thng 6, b s c; khi lng b tng thc t ln hn rt nhiii so
vi khi lng b tng tnl ton theo kch thc l khoan;
Cc khoan nhi ng knh d = 800mm, di 44m ca Nh my ximng Cn Tlio, b s
c: khi lng b tng thc t ln hn rt nhiu so vi khi lng b tng lnh ton tlico
kch thc l khoan;

cu Bnh in, s c l: khng h ht c chicu di lng thp theo thit k, v sau

quyt nh cho rt lng thp ln thi ra li, nhng li khng rt ln dirc. Ml d
trc khi h lng thp c cng on ihi ra v kim tra chiu su l khoan. Nguyn
nhn ch yu l do t vch h' khoan b sp l nhiu Irong qu trnh h lng thp lm Iri
ln t ngt ca y h khoan v chn vi mt on ca lns thcp trong thi gian ch
quyt nh x l, do lnc thp rt ln khng c.

138
 O.Om

H inh 4 -1 : S c i i s r 'c c k h o a n n h i n n n n ^
V I Tf^ c/i; v av (l C^ rh ao hii^ 6

139
 OOM

Hnh 4-2: S m t s c cc khoan nhi cng trnh Nh my hn xim^ c n Th

140
 Cu MT cc s 4 ru thp b Bc s c: b tng b phn tng su -80m gia 2 lp
btng l lp t st mn khoan ln bentonite. Nguyn nhn ch yu xy ra lc ma bo,
s cung cp btng khng lin lc dn Vi khi lng btng trc b ng cng.
Sau nh thu tip tc cho bctng mi vo to nn s khng lin tc hay khng ng
nht ca khi btng trong thn cc.

4.2. NH^G HHNG DO CC s c TRN GY RA

4.2.1. Nhng h hng mi cc

Nhng h hng mi cc rt thng hay xy ra do bn khoan lng ng y h

khoan v t di mi b xo ng v b do nho do bentonite hp ph. H hng ny rt
nghim trng i vi cc c thit k lm vic c s tham gia chu lc ca sc khng mi
cc, nht l cc c m rng chn v c th a ti gim ccmg ni ti ca b tng mi cc
hoc gim kh nng chu lc do lin nghim trng gy ra. Nhng h hng ny c th l:

B tn^ mi cc xp (sn nc hoc ln nhin hn khoctn) lm gim cht lig h

tiii ti nii c c, c th sa cha hit; cc pin va xiniiii.

Gii sc kliiii^ mi cc: do s tip xv ca niii cc vi t ii chu lc h git tip

hi lp bm lni n c1\' l kloaii. hoc (lo s rliay i thnl pln ca t di nii
cc (h do lho do heiitonite lp pi vo).

4.2.2. Nhng h hng thn cc

Nhng h hng thn cc ch yu l tnh khng lin tc ca thn cc nh:

Tlin cc phnh ra hoc dng r cy (lm khi lng b tng c cc tng rt nhiu so
vi khi lng b tng tnh ton tlico l thuyt) do s c sp thnh vch l khoan, hoc do
t bin ca lp t yu di tc diig y ca btng ti;

'Tin cc b co tht li (lm khi lng b tng c cc gim rt nhiu so vi khi

lng b tng tnh ton theo l thuyt) do s y ngang ca t;
C hang hc, r t ong trong thn cc (lm gim kh nng chu ti ca cc theo vt
liu) do s lu Ihng ca nc ngm lm tri cc b btng ti, hoc do b tng khng
st cn thit;
Bc tng thn cc b rt on bi thu knh t nm ngang hoc ln bn t, ln va
bcntoniic trong thn cc do c s c' sp thnh vch trong lc b tng, hoc do nhc ng
b tng ln qu cao;
Thn coc tip xc gin tip vi t vch bi lp o st nho nht.

Ci i kliociii trn (c khoan khi siu ni thy c h liig

NhCmg h hng trong btng cc khoan nhi ny l; ln bn t, ln dung dch bentonite

(b tii; c mu vng nht), v tt c u b t gy khi khoan ly li.

141
 y* % -n --
^ ....- .' .. - ' " ? '

Hnh 4-3: Li kliodii cc kocu Iilii cn ( chi MT

4.2.3. Nhn h hng phn trn u cc

B tng u cc b xp tio bt tp cht, xi mng nh ni ln trn mt b tng.

4.3. CC sc THUNG XY RA CHO cc KHOAN NHl

Qua ncliin cu cc cng trnh v dang xy diig Irong vng ng bni: sng Cu
Long vi s h tr ca cc thit b kim tra cht liig hin c trong v ngoi inrc. c th
tim kt cc s c chnh yu nht nh sau:

4.3.1. Trng cng on khoan to l

Trong cns on ny thng xy ra cc s c' k thut sau:

142
 V / t r h khoiin l yif()'/^ )li(i v ( (in ilm' i '(h C hi'). li h/) hnh , c c !)^ c
C) lm\' V/// /7/ (7/'//^' im su Irong liu d i\ r nlicii kh klin c h o vic khoan
to l i klii klnu ilic IUC v(V cc \' can trcii iroc.

^ Kli(n ha (i({- O^^ lni lci cao ( yu l u lioi klOiii kli^ m ; do gp m

ci hoc vl can khc\ v.v... ;

Sp liiil vcli l kliOiU: dc pht hin qua vic o kicm tra ng knh l khoan;
hoac s tri CII t nu(M cia y l khoan; hoc khi lni: d y cc thc t ln hn rt
nliiii ln so vi lnl ton l thuy (iheo kch thc cc), v.v...
D////V / / // h i ' i o i i i c (n\> i ilc/nl v iliii .XUO d \ ' l k h o a n : dc pht hin C|ua
vic o kicm tra bc cly cua lp bn ne ng y l klioan; hoc t vic kim tra cht
lng ca dng dch (dium dch beiitonitc ho nc) v.v...

L ) ti^ o s hhi c/iuiiili v li l khoiii i ly: dc pht hin qua vic th i

tiih ( sc chu li clo Iia st him rat ihp), v.v...

4.3.2. T ro n cu to, ^ia cn v h ln thp

Trong cng on Iiy ihiiiiu xv ra cc s c sau:

Khng lia c lnn ct hp v l khoan; (do lng thp b bin dng, hoc un cong
troni qu Irnli cu lnu ihp);
ng vch b iin (do Irco lng thp qu nng Icn ni vch);
Lng Ihcp b Iiep lionu t;

4.3.3. Tron; cng (lon u btn K cc

Tr ong c ig cloii Iiy ihtrng Xiiy ra cc s c sau:

Tc nehcn bc tHG trong ng;

Mc bc lim h h xung khi rt ng vch Icn;

Hoc khi rl ig vch lm ko iheo c khi b lng v phn cc di ng vch cOng b

lng Ihcp ko len ihco, ht)c to vng rng trong blng;

B lng thn cc b phn tang, r v c vt l (nhu: thu knh bn, u va bentonite,

v.v...), c pht hicn qua vic o cht lng cc (sicu m, khoan ly mu, v.v...).

4.4. CC NUYN NHN GY RA s c CHO c o c KHOAN NH

4.4.1. Tron cng on to l

4.4. J . . S ( kh/li^ h (c '^ cl^ c cao c vi cchi loc khoan khi^ M

Ncuyn nhan gy ra s c nh nu trong mc 2.4.2.1. Gp s c ny c th dng loi

gu khoan ihch hp ph vt cn ny ri tip tc h tip, hoc dng cc Ihict b khoan

143
ct, trc vt vt cn ln. i vi nhng trng hp c bit khng th trc vt vt cn ln
c phi dch chuyn v tr cc khoan nhi hoc thay phoig n cc khoan nhi bng loi
mng cc khc.

4.4.1.2. S c'sp thnh vch h'khoan

S c sp thnh vch h khoan c th do cc nguyn nhn chnh sau:

a) K hi khoan gp t t qu yu. li ki c '/i^ Viu i

Tng t qu yu c: Mun bin dng Eo < 50 k G /c n i\ gc ma st irong Po< 10, h

s nn a > 0,05cm /kg, st B > 0,75, sc khng xuyn mi q^, < 4kG/cm% ch s xuyn
tiu chun ca t N < 4.

ua kinh nghim thi cng cc khoan nhi vng ng bng sng Cu Leng cho thy
vi c im cc tng t yu nh nu trn u trng thi do chy n ciy. V vy,
khi khoan to l s d gy ra hin tng sp thnh vch nu khng c ng vci inc d c
dng dung dch bentonite gi n nh. Do vy, trong qu trnh khoan cn kiin tra li a
cht i chiu vi s liu th nghim, c gii php x l kp thi, chng hn nh iu
chnh li chiu di ng vch;

h) Cc ch tiu k thut ca cliHi clch hentonite kliii thch hp vi a rii hi khoan

Do mi loi t c tnh cht c l ho khc nhau, cng nh s khc nhau V thnh phn
v loi ca dung dch bentonite. Cn thng xuyn kim tra v iu chnh c; ch tiu k
thut ca dung dch (khi lng ring, nht, hm lng ct, t l cht keo, lng mt
nc, lc ct tnh, tnh n nh v tr s' pH) cho ph hp vi cc quy nh v ding c nh
hng rt ln n vic gi n nh l khoan.

c ) p l c l i y CI t r o n ^ rn c t , c r p h a s t q u lii

Khi khoan gp tng ct c cha nc ngm vi p lc ln, nc ngm c [ ny s chy

vo trong h khoan mang (heo t ct vch h khoan (hin tng ct chy lm cho h
khoan ti tng ny rng ra, c th ko theo cc tng pha trn b sp. Nu gp sr c ny nn
a ng vch qua lng ny, hoc dng bin php h mc nc ngm trc khi kloan. Hoc,

d) Do chn kv tiiit, tit h koan kliii ph p vi t l/i

Do tc khoan qu nhanh va bentonite cha kp hp ph vo thnh vih, hoc vic

nng h gu khoiin qu nhanh gy hiu ng Pitng dn 'n sp thnh vch khoan. c
trnh sp vch cn phi chn loi khoan thch hp vi thao tc khoan nh ihng, trnh
nhng ng tc t ngt. Hoc,

e) Do i liii' thp va vo thnh vc h l kloii

Khi h lng thp nhanh c th va vo thnh vch h khoan dn n sp Vich l khoan.

Do , cn phi h lng thp nh nhng v ng tm h khoan irnh sp vci. Hoc,

f ) Do rlii CII in ko (li ia kli khoan to l v d h tn> cnj i\ (1 .s c sj)

vch l kioan.

144
 4.4.1.3. S c do dun' ich hentonite ng t nhanh v nhiu xung y l khoan
S c k thut Iiv c 'hc do vic chn dung dch bcntonitc khng ph hp vi iu kin
nn, chng hn !ih:
1) Nu dung dcli hciitonitc cha nhiu khong cht st kaolinit th dung dch s ng
t mnh.
(2) Nu p l < 7 hay nc tr l n mn th kh nng ng t (phn hy) dung dch
khoan s xy ra. Nuoi ra. cn c nhiu yu l khc nh hng n hin tng ng t ca
dung dch.
4.4.1.4. S c do lp mng o st bm quanh vch h khoan qu dy
Do nht cua duiii; dch bentonilc tng lm b dy lp mng o st tng theo (4mm),
nguy hi hn do nins o st ny trng ihi nho nht. Dn n vic gim ma st hng
gia cc v t r nhicu ly gim kh nng chu lc ca cc.

4.4.2. Tron cu to, ^ia cng v h lng thp

Kn< h (i/c vt thp v klion: do lng thp b bin dng (un cong trong
qu trnh cu lp lii tip). Do vy, khi ch to cn lnh ton n bin dng ca lng thp,
b tr m c cu ph hp d trnh s c ny, hoc nn li lng thp v b tr thm mc cu
c trnh bin dng.

rii vci h liii: do lico ing thp, trng lng lng thp tng i nng l ln ng.
Khi c th gia cne clino ln cho ng vch hoc khng treo lng thp ln ng na
trnh ln ng.

Lit tlic) b ^p (: TICO q uy dnl, klii lng Ihcp c h m d y th n n g ln

5-lO cm . iu ny kh thiK hiii v khong cch qu Iili cho vic iu khin ti. Hn na
(lo lng thp nng IICII khi clim dy d ln vo nn, ncn khi nng h lng thp trn th
l n g th p vn ng p iron:; clt. V vy cn tu th eo dicLi kin c th i u c h nh k h o n g
cch ny.

4.4.3. T ron g cn on c cc

T c lglin h tii trong iti'; Do liin tng hiu ng vm khi b tng c gi mc

qu cao trong ng chim lini cho b tnq khng tro ln c gy tc nghn. Khi cn
phi nng ng dii btn ln, nhng ng vn phi nop irong btng t nht 2m, quy nh
l t 2m n 5m.
M c h r hi l xuni khi rit ng vc ln: Do tng t yu (khi rt qua tng t yu
ny) b t bin di p lc cia bctng ti lm tng thm tli tch ca btng (cc b phnh ra).

C kh i h tn^^ I OI I clii> h ko ln khi rt 'fi^ vch V. Do b tng ninh kt

qu sm, n s bin cht \'o n" vch. V vy, klii lt ng vch lm ko theo c khi b
tng v phn cc di nu vch cng b lng thp ko ln theo, hoc to vng rng trong
btng.

145
 B tng thn cc hi ph n ti. r t OH v c vt l (nh: tliii knh hi'in,it, va
heiitoiiite, y.v...): S c ny c th di, jc nguyn nhn chnh sau:

+ Do thit b btng khng thch hp hoc tnh trng lm vic xu;

+ Do vic b tng khng lin tc, oc do s rt ng dn b tng ln qu manh (
ngp ca ng dn btng trong btng khng m bo yu cu) s lm ln bn k h a n trong
b tng;
+ Do s dng b tng c thnh phn khng thch hp, st khng t yu ci lm b
tng r hoc phn tng;
+ Do s lu thng nc ngm lm tri va xinng, ch cn li ct liu (btng b r);
+ Do c s c sp thnh vch h khoan trong lc b tng lm ln t sp vo ) tng.
' + Khi gp s c ny c th khoan ra sch ri bm va xi mng vo.

4.5. CC GII PHP XL CC s THUNG XY RA CHO c c KHOANNHl

Trn c s ngliin cu cc nguyn nhn gy ra s c trn v bn cht ca c( nguyn

nhn, a ra mt s gii php x l cc s c nh sau:

4.5.1. Gii php v vic s dng ng vch gi n nh vch h khoan :ho cc

khoan nhi

ng vch gi n nh thnh vch h khoan trong qu trnh thi cng cc khoan ihi.
s dng n mt cch c hiu qu, ta cn phi xt qua v cu to, c im sdn; v tnh
ton thit k n.

4.5.1.1. c im s dng n g vch g i n nh vch l khoan

Yn cu: ng vch phi trn, kn, m bo bn, cng ca ng trong qu lnh vn

chuyn v h ng.

Chc Iii\:

+ nh hiig l khoan;
+ Gi n nh vch h' khoan khi khoan qua cc a tng t yu, ct chy, cc a tng
c nc chy ngm v c xuyn qua tng ct st;

+ Gi dung dch to ct p lc trong qu trnh khoan;

+ Lm vn khun b tng to cc.
Vt liu lm iii vcI : bng thp hoc Composite.

Hin nay, hu ht cc cn, trnh u s dng ng vch bnj, thp gi )n nh vch

l khoan, bi n c u im l d gia cng c h to, bn v cng cao, gi tinh r,
nhng n d b g, b n mn VI trng lng ca n nng gy kh khn cho 'ic vn
chuyn v thi cng.

146
 4 ,5 .1 2 , X c dih kch thc v tn h ton ong vch

ng knli troni.', chicLi dy v chiu di IIII vcli phi chn sao cho dm bo v mt
bn, ciu d; ph liop vi im k n h c o c , ng k iili Iig o i CLa d u k lio a n v d c
im a linh, da lim no'i (lii cng, c thc clioiinli sau.
(i) in kiil v ( ly ii vch
- n g kiil Ironu nii Vikii: D,,= +

(60-^ 15())(nin); hoc D , -1.1 X c. ming Mc va

bentonite
Trong d:
\ \ . : ung kih Iroiig ca ng vclr,
I^u.: ng knh n^oi ca du khoan;

60 -r 150iini. 1,1, inuc dch dniz dc Cao

iii chnh imhiiig lch kli cii Ilit, n g
d c bi ni c bn x , Cil c h y va ni
c nc mt nh cni rnh cu ce th c. y
ng d b nghing lch. na vch

Chiu dy: | - (1 1.5)7rDj,. hoc;

Sj =: 9 -i- ln in i klii D||, < iOOcni.

1 6 - 4 0 m m khi \ \ > lOOcni.

Tioiig d:

i\: chiii dy ng vc l. Hnh 4-4

^) C l i i i i d i n;^ v i h :

N i c ii ul: lli' c^ rnli r//, I'/I c th clii chicLi di n g vch da v o c c

yu cau sau:
-t- Cao miim im vch cao lin lc nc tli c)iig (MNTC) l 2ni.
+ Cao y ng vcl nm rong tng dnii c uc nia st roni> (p > 10, sl
B < 0,75 hoc sc khim xuyn ni q^. > 4kG/cm^. V(Si chiLi dy nqm trong tng ny sao
cho ng khng b ln th chiu di im c th lnh theo cng ihc;

L()v 4- I..Q+ 2in

1Vong ci:
L(^.: Cliicu di nu nh nhi c a nv. vch, (ii);

1.(1 ; Clic cao nh. MNTC n y sng, (ni);

Lj, : ChicL di ngam ca ng vch, (ni), c h s b chon Lj, llng qua vic: chn
cao dy nu vch imm vo tng cliu lc khng thm nc t 0,5 2m:

147
 Sau khi chn c L()y, ta kim tra iu kin ln ng:

Pgu, = Pcln + l ' ^ ' , f , ^ n P o v = P g y l , .

Trong :
r|: h s an ton , r| = 1,5;
P()V Pdn Trng lng v lc y ni ng vch, T;
u = 71 X D: Chu vi ngoi ca tit din ngang ng vch, m;
D|,: fng knh ngoi ca ng vch, m;
1|: Chiu di ca lp t th i tip xc vi mt hng ca ng vch, m;
! Sc chng tnh ton ca lp t th i ln mt hng ca ng, T/m ^

Ni ch c nc l^uni: i vi cc )ii< cc khoan nhi trn cn

C th chn chiu di ng vch da vo cc yu cu sau:

+ Cao nh ng vch cao hon mt t thi cng (MTC) l 0,5m v cao hn mc nc
ngm ti thiu l 2m.
+ Cao y ng vch nm cch MTC t 2 4m ni t tt trnh st l ming h
khoan do thit b v phng tin i li gn h khoan v khng cho bn t ri vo h khoan;
+ Cao y ng vch nm trong tng t c gc ma st trong > 10, st B < 0,75
hoc sc khng xuyn mi > 4kG /cm ^ Vi chiu dy ngm trong tng ny sao cho ng
khng b ln.
Tnh ton chiu di ng vch tng t nh trn.

4.5.2. Nhn xt
Gi n nh vch h khoan bng ng vch l mt trong nung gii php rt ng tin cy
nht hin nay, nhng chi ph li cao. Do , chi s dng n trong nhng trng hp tht
cn thit, c th kt hp ng vch v dung dch bentonite gi n nh vch l khoan.

4.6. GII PHP G I ' N N H TH N H VCH H K H O A N cc KH O A N NH l

BNG DUNG DCH BEN TO N ITE

Dung dch bentonite gm c st, nc v mt s cht ph gia, dng gi n nh cho

vch h khoan khi khng c ng vch hoc kt hp vi ng vch.

4.6.1. Thnh phn khong vt ca dung dch bentonte

c tnh quan trng nht ca dung dch bentonite l thnh phn ba nhm khong vt st gm;
1. MoniiiicililDiiitcAO^^SiOT.nHiO);
2. Ilit ( A iP v lS iO v iH .O ) ;

3. Kaolinit ( A l.O v 2 SiO 2 .2 H 2O).

148
4.6.2. Cc c dim co bn ca cc khoni st c trnh by nh sau

c im c bn ca cc loi khong st

Chiii dy hai st Tng din tch mt Hot tnh mt

Khong S C I
(Ao, Amslron) ngoi(mVg) ngoi(kG/cm)

Montmorillonitc 10 -:-5U 1 800 1,5 ^ 7 , 2

it 5{) -r 500 80 0,9

Kaolinit 100^ 1000 10 0,4

Qu a b n >4 trn, c tlic Iiliii thy kli nim n g t ca d un g dch bentonite ph th uc

v o c h i u dy lii.it SCI, cliicu dy liai st cim li th kh n ng n g t c n g mnh, kaolinit
ii t manh nht, k n l ilil \ t nht l montmorillonite. Nh vy dung dch
b e n t o n i t e c c h a nhiLi k h o n g st k ao linit lli k h n n g n g t c n g m n h .

4.6.2. Cc c im ca duri dch bentonite c th nh hn n s mt n nh cho

cc khoan nhi

Vi thnh phii nh nu Irn, nn duno dch bentonite c nhng c im ni bt

nh sau:

- D//I,' / / l; cui (ch i)ciit(Vite //,> :

I3iii)g tioiii: ciia dch bcnlonilc tliay di t =1,02 1,5g/cm^ ty thuc vo

hm lng cu;i beiuoniti; c iroiv., (iiuig (lrli (l 6 ^ 14), tiui ra mt p lc ln hn p lc
thy tnh ca nc nuni Iroiic h khoan, u''c dng (l gi n nh vch l khoan. Ty
tng loi t v inc IIC ngm m c th c h o n bcn thch hp, nu c h n k h n g pli hp

(Yhcn < Yhen ycuciu,) ll >;' h khom .

- T n h liiiYn p h IV/ (l Iili:

'fnh huyii ph l tk) plin im vt l cia cc hl khong st mang in tch cng du

cl nhau iroim mi trne nirc (lim bcntonite, khong 6 -^14%). Nh tnh huyn ph
ny in cc lit cio vcli l s Iim l liig trong dung dch, trnh c hin tng lng
ong bn t v li khoan.

nht c Ik ) phcp ca dun dch IX 45s. Nu d nht gim ih s xy ra hin tng

bn t lim doiie \ h khoan v vch h khoan b st l do tnh keo nht khng
khA nng lin kt ui cc hat dt ri lai, nmrc li nht tng th hin tng lng ng
bn t gim nhnc chicLi dv CLia lp innc o st tim (4mm) lm thnh V':h h khoan
d st l v iii.n Iia st hnL;; v a b c n t o n i l c b m d nh c t t h p n h i - l m g i m k h n n g
diih bm gia c tnp \' b lne.

149
 - Tnh cht xc hin:

Th hin qua kh nng ng kt nhanh khi yn v ho tan nhanh khi c tc ng c

hc, c c trng bng ng sut ct tnh sau khi yn, xc nh bng lc l tnh. Tnh
cht ny nhm gip cho thnh vch n nh v thun tin trong qu trnh khoan

- Lng m t nc:

Tr s lng mt nc cho php 10 -r 25cm^ sau SOpht. Nu ln hcfn s tiay i tnh

cht ca dung dch ( nht tng) v to ra mt lp o st dy > 4m m trong hkhoan d b
bong lm thnh vch l d b sp l v lm gim ma st thnh gia cc - t vih.

- Tnh n nh ( phn tng):

phn tng cho php nh hn 4 8% sau 24gi. Nu ln hn s lm tiay i tnh

cht ca dung dch gim lm sp vch l khoan) v xy ra hin tig mg t dung
dch bentonite xung y h khoan.

- p H ( a dung dch hentoiiite:

pH c trng cho tnh axt hay baz ca dung dch khoan, n c nh hrng rt ln
n cht lng dung dch, v n tham gia, tc ng n cc phn ng ha hc pH cho
php t 7 H- 9.

Khi pH =10 th bt u th hin nh hng ca xi mng. Nu pH : 11 th tnh

nht v mt nc tng ln, nh vy, dung dch khng cn m bo yu cu. ('pH < 7 hay
nc t l n mn th kh nng ng t (phn hy) dung dch khoan s xy ra

Tm li: nu cc c im c bn nh: , nht, pH khng tyu cu th

s gy ra s c cho cc khoan nhi nh: sp vch l khoan, gim m a st hn;, gim kh
nng dnh bm gia ct thp - btng v c lng ng (ng t) bn t -oentonite
y l khoan.

4.6.3. Cc gii php x l cc vn m t n nh

Tu theo phng php thi cng, loi a tng v mc nc ngm, m ta ni chn (Ybei,,
nht, pH v cc ch tiu tnh nng khc ca dung dch bentonite theo Ph lc d- ca
Tiu chun TCXD 206 : 1998.

Dung trng Ybgn h chn theo iu kin cn bng n nh vch h khoan h sau;

Phng trnh cn bng ti mt im bt k trn vch l khoan:

z p lc ) = z p lc gi

z p lc y bao gm; p lc tnh ca mc nc ngm (w Z,i) . p lc chu ng a t (Ojj);

150
 2^ p lc gi *)at) lii: p lc: tinli ca ct bcnlonitc lc kling cl cu trc ca
lp o st (t^);

hay: CT^ + = 7 ,,.Z|, + T, (4.1)

+7u-^n (4.2)
Yh =

Trong :

Y| Z|,: clu li: iroii v chiu cao ca CI va bentonite;

y^^,, z: tliim lioim v chicu cao ca mc mrc Iigm;

vi: c = 7(1.V ; k,,.y.z ; Ig'(45--^ );

v.y.7..tu'(45' -
(4.3)
1-v

v: h s poiss.)n;
, (p, z: duim irnu, uc ma sl Iroim v chiLi cao ca ct ;

= Ycii/b >g'p + ^'= (Y - 1 K + c (4.4)

Vi: y, Yii ,tf, c': cluim irnu t Iihicii, day ni, gc lu st troii v lc dnh ca lp
o st;

Chiu su chn coc H m)

Hnh 4,5

151
 Di vi (( vch l ct: c \ (() ca o st c llic dc liih di t gi l:' tp cua t
c;l ban u nh sau:

+ c c th' ly bng gi tr trung bnli ca lc dnh ban u (c,|) v lc Jih (s) do d

nn hp ph bentonite:

c = ( c ^ + c J / 2 (4.5)

T h n g thiig c = 2c

=:> c = l,5c (4.6)

(p c Ihc ly bng g c ma st trong ca dt sl ((Pj|). hoc:

(p= (p - 3" + 3 D; (theo Bolton 19N4) (4.7)

D: l cht tng i ca ct;

i vi cht vch l ( st: do d m lng ln Iin c , cp ca o SCI du nh) hn gi ir

c, (p ca t sl ban rLi, lc dnh ca lp o st r n h c lli XCIII nui' bn; 0 (c^ = 0 ).

c , (pc th xc nh nh sau:

c c th tnli iheo cng thc sau:

c = . c \ , . i ; i (4.<S)

a: h s cliil yini lc (lnh, c llic ly .55;

c; Lc dnh khng lliol nc han du ea d ncn;

I h s' clii gim ph lliiic vo chicii su cc.

(p c ihc ly bng uc ma st tronu cua t st ((p j), hoc:

cp = (p ~ 3 (4.9)

i v i su' c h n ( t - l ) e n t o n i t e chi n i ( ( l y h kiocin ( il o kKxhii^ ,'( t. ( Iili,

d pH ... ):

Khonu vt scl ca bcnlonitc; cn kicm tra ch ing v ncii chon c nhic kliong vi
montnioriloiiil d trnh hin iim n u t va bciilonitc.

nhl thch hp: ph Ihiic vo Iihnu plip thi c n g , loi cia lng M inc liKc
ng m , N i irc nuh in cu l lluiyct n ihc tin v tim k nh haim - 1 9 . N u o

nlil giin ih c llic ihcni 1 bcnlonite lioc (),05H-29f chi phu ia (CVI<\ l loi bi
do x i lio hc cht ihi c a ciii ntiliip g i y in c , uni c a r l l n i , cclkiloK, v IIII s

ch klic c c Na, Mu...; N a ^ c o , ; . . . ) c li cl nh't ca cliiim dch bcnioni?.

152
 Nu pH oiiliii <'' clo b irunu ho hi nc nqm lm cho dung dch b ng t th
nn cho thm vo diin clch bcnloiiilc ho cht iu gii (HCl, ...) tng pH ln trong
k ho n g 7^9.

Tr s d) nht thch hp ca dung dch

P .P h p Bin php
nhl
Tnh hnh d a c h s d n ^
Tn<i d al
thch hdp Khi nht Khi nht
cng Irnh du nu
5 ()()^ 7 ()()cc , s thp cao
d .h

C l in in 23-27

m n Th m 1^2% Thm 0.05-
C l iru rv ^ -it) 2X-35
Nc
hon b c n to n itc 0.1 7r cht
C u i si 37-45
Khi icu im m hoc 0 .0 5 : 2 % gim nc,
kin C i m in 24-28
I ch ph gia hoc thm
cng ln h Cl truim-lo 32-40
CMC nc
Irnh ri C u i si 45-55

bnh
Nc C l m in 23-35 Thm 17( Thm 0.1-
i^Pluan
i h n u
neani C i iru im - lo 33-40 bcnlDnitc 0.2% cht
h n i
IlhlCLI Cui S I 55-65 nu hi i m n c ,

C l m i n 23-35 th in thm nc

11' iih Cl ining lo 3 7 15 {)AM).2% ch khng thch

CvC si 70-X0 ph gia CMC hp na

Doi vi ,sif l ihn 111(1 st Iiii: do nhi gim lm cho l(fT o st tr nn nho nht
dn n gim Iiia st diih tzia coc-d;, khi d cn c bin php tng nht ca dung dch
ninr ncLi trcii.

D i vi Sif i ^uin liiil hm ^ii c! tlp v )tin>: do nht tng lm va bentonite

dnh bm nhici! vo c ihcp, khi cn c gii php lin gim nht ca dung dch nh
thcm nc vo cluiiL! cicli.

4.7. C C C !HM CA CAC LOAI T THUNG GY RA s c CHO cc

K H O A N N l l l VA (,IAI PHP X L Y

4.7.1. T n h h p phu tu a keo clat

Hp ph l int ironu nlinm biu hin r rl vc kh nng c bit ca cc ht st. S

hp ph c c h i a liin 5 l oai nliir s;ui:

153
 4.7.1.1. Hp ph c hc
L kh n n g g i li c c ht l l ng tro ng n c (dd b e n t o n i t e ) khi n thiT qua t.
Loi hp ph ny c trng cho t ct, n ph thuc vo rng, t l cc cp phi ht
ca cu trc t v th hin kh nng gi li cc hl ho ln Irong du n g dch khi dung
dch thm qua.

4.7.1.2. Hp ph l hc
Hp ph l hc hay k ni ht l hc ca t, c trng kh nng ht ;; vt cht
xung quanh do b mt t do trn mt tip xc gia cc ht t vi dung dch bentonite hnh
thnh cc mng hp ph v to sc cng b mt nh hng ng k n n Jnh ca t
vch h khoan.

4.7.1.3. Hp ph ho hc
c trng kh nng gi li trn b mt ca ht t cc cht ho tan dng kt :a khng
tan hoc tan bng cc phn ng ho hc xy ra trong dung dch t to ra cc mui t tan
trong mi trng axit t cc cht ban u l s o 4' , P 0 4 . Cc phn ng ha
hc nh sau:

Na 2S 4 + CaCl 2 -> CaS 0 4 + 2NaCl

Al^^ + P O ^ - ^ AIPO4

Fe-^+ + ^ FeP 4

3Ca-^ + 2 P 0 ^ ' Ca 3(P 0 4 ) 2

7.4.1.4. Hp ph l-ho hc (hp ph trao i)

Tnh cht ny th hin qua phn ng l - ho hc gia keo t vi ion trori dung dch
t. t c th trao i nhng cation b ht n b mt cc ht nh t trc (nh Ca'^,
Na^, v.v...) ly nhng cation ca dung dch ang sp tip xc vi n trn c s tng
quan v ng lng dn n s thay i r rt cc tnh cht c l ca t ty thuc vo
thnh phn vt cht c trong dung dch t. PH cng ln th hp ph cng m nh

4.7.1.5. Hp ph sinh hc
L hp ph lm cho t (th nhng) giu nhng cht tnh ly c trong q i trnh hot
ng sng ca cc vi sinh vt, N l yu t quan trng ca qu trnh to thnh th nhng
v cng c nh hng ln n tnh cht ca t.
T m li: Cc loi hp ph trn khng xy ra ring l tng loi, m chng y ra cng
mt lc. pH cng ln th kh nng hp ph cng mnh. Trong t ct, ch yu ch xy
ra h p ph c h c v l hc; trong t st m m th hp ph l h c v l-hOc h c l ch
yu, to thnh lp o st tng i mng, cn i vi t st cng th ch yu l qu trnh
trao i ion ch tip gip gia va bentonite va t vch, to thnh m t lp n n g o st
rt m n g .

154
4.7.2. Cc c im cua cc loi t st yu thng gy ra s c cho cc khoan nhi v
gii php x l

c i m da cht '.III d n g b ng nc ta c bil l n g b n g s n g Cu L o n g

u xut hin lp t \ u dng bn st vi chiu dy t 15 n 30m, trong cc hot ng
thi cng o h khoan h cc khoin nhi u phi xuyn qua tng t nu trn. Nu trong
t o tn ti c c cation c kh nng hp ph v trao i cation cng yu (tc l cation c
ho tr nh, n ng thp, pH thp v bn knh hydrad ho ln) th kh nng lng ng
bn t xung y h khoan cng cao.

Nu trong dt o c cng nhiu cht CaClo v NcioCO, th kh nng ng t bentonite

c n g m nh XLins y h khoan theo phn ng sau;

Na
u
Ht ?+ __ Ug ___
st AI +2N a3C q+ H ,0 - ^ + AI(OH + 2 0 ^ :

Na

Nu trong t c nhiu khong st Kaolinite th s lm tng khong ny trong dung

dch bentonite dn n no t nhiu bentonite xung y l khoan. Trng hp trong t
c nhiu khono sct Montmorillonitc th s lm cc tnh nng ca dung dch b thay i v
nht l khi nhl tng cng cao th b dy ca bentonite bn quanh ct thp (nht l thp
gn) cng ln.

Cc gii pp x IV<'/( s c:

Gii php kh;ic phc hin tng lng ng bn t di -h nng hp ph v trao i

cation yu, l thm vo dung dch khoan ho cht c cation ho tr cao hoc nng cao
hoc tng pH, v.v...

Gii php khc phc hin tng ng t bentonite do t c nhiu CaClo v Na-,C0 3 :
thm vo dung dch khoan ho cht trung ho bt 2 cht trn.

G ii php khc phc hin tng ng t bentonite trong t'C nhiu khong st
kaolinite, c th l sau thi khoan thay dung dch bentonite mi.

Gii php khc phc hin tng bentonite bm quanh ct thp qu dy do trong t
c nhiu khong sl montmorillonite ( nht tng), c th thm nc vo dung dch
bentonite gm nht.

4.7.3. N ghin cu cc c im ca cc loi t ct thng gy ra s c cho cc khoan

nhi v gii php x [

Ly v d xt s phn b tng a cht vng ng bng sng Cu Long thng nhn thy
rng tng t ct c int hu ht cc vng, nm bn di tng t yu v xen ln vi cc

155
tng t st, xut hin cc trng thi t cht n xp ri, vi cc tn gi theo thnh ht
nh ct to n ct bi.

4.7.3.1. c im ca cc loi t ct thng gy ra s c cho cc khoan nhi

- c dini chung ca cc loi t ct l: thnh phn ht dng cp phi, cc ht ri rc
khng lin kt vi nhau, rng tng i ln v thng trong tng ct c cha nc ngm
n nc p lc.

- Do vy, thnh vch o trong tng ct thng st l (khnc n nh) v nht l khi
trong tng ct c nc ngm c p, khi d s xut hin hin tng ct chy.
- i vi tng ct ri xp th d gy ra s c cho cc khoan nhi nh; thnh vch h
khoan b st l, thn cc b phnh, c dng r cy.

An hH' cu liii riiii r t chy:

Do dng bn ct chy vo trong h khoan di tc dng ca lc thy ng v c hit l

nc c p lm cho vch h khoan b st l rng ra v c th lm sp tng t khc bn
trn. c ra cc gii php x l thch hp ta cn im qua v quy lut, icu kin pht
sinh hin tng ct chy.

in kin plt siiil hin tiCii^ ct c lv:

Hin tOTg ct chy chi xy ra khi: t l t ct, ct pha bi ( lc dnh k c rnh ) v

l rng cha y nc v nht l nc c p.

Nguyn nhn chnh ca ct chy l p lc thu ng ca dng nc ngm truyn vo ct

ht t khi khoan l. Do tnli thm nc yu ca ct chy nn p lc thy ng gy r;i p
lc thm truyn vo ht cl lm c h o ht ct di c h u y n theo hng g i m gradien thm.
l.V.Ppv d xc nh rng: Tr s gradien thm lm cho ct chuyn sang trng thi chy,
tnh theo cim thc:

Igh = ( y o - 0 ( 1 - n )
Trong :
(); Trng lng lil t;

n: rng ca dt;
Khi p lc thy ni bng hay vt hn dung trng y ni ca hal t, sc lm clu)
chuyn sang trng thi l lng v s di cluiycn.

0 = Idn Yn = Ydn ; Idn = y j

Trons d:

0 : p lc Ihy dng;
y^ii,: dung Irng ay ni;
y : l trng inrc;

156
 Khi /,, = 1 (h I , khi I^ii, ln hn Ih th ct cliy bt du xy ra;

t ci cliuvcn sanu trng thi chv s m lin kc kin trc. Cc ht chuyn sang trng
l l i i lo ' I LI 1>;

4 .7 3 .2 . Cc gii p h p x l cc s c

Ti irni hp iroiiu unti t cl c hin tng ct chy nn s dng n vch gi n

dnh Ihnli vch l khoan.

rni n" hp tronu tng cl c hoc khng c mch nc ngm c p th c th s dng

du n g dcli bentonilc "L n nh thnh vch l khoan, vi c c l d o nh sau: (1) D u n g
iriig cua clun dch bentonitc > l g / c n r \ s to ra p lc ln hn p lc ca mc nc ngm
nn gim diic tc nhn <zv sp vch l khoan. (2) Di p lc cia ct dung dch bentonte
s ihni nhp vo thnh vch ct ca h khoan to thnh lp o st, khi xy ra qu trnh
lip ph CO l hc ia ct v benionite. Cc ht ct ri rc Irong lp o st s c lin kt
li vi nhau bi tc nhn ximng ho-keo bentonile. Lp o st ny c bn (lc dnh c )
tim t 2^3 ln ca lp ct ban u, lm tng lnh n nh ca thnh vch l khoan.

Cc dc dicm ca nc trong t i khi cng c th nh hng n s n nh ca

tliili vch l khoan cc kiioan nhi v giai php x l;
Nirc imni dang nc t do c t trng ban lg /c m \ Vic xc nh cc tnh cht vt
l, thnh pliii ho hc v dim thi (.'a nc quan h n tnh ph hp troiig vic la chn
gii php i n nh thiih vcl h khoan v nh gi kha nng n mn ho hc ca nc
di vi b lnu ct thp.
'li theo diLi kiii Ih nm ca c c tng mrc di d c th chia n g thi nc di
dt lni 2 loi nh siui (nc thng lng, nc ngm);
Niio'( ilui'ii\ tH-. nm tiong tiig t xp ri tng trcn cng ca v tri t. Lng
IIUC (hiu'. liig do inrc mira, nc ngiriig t hay nc l c gi li v tch t trn b
inl ca lp dt cch lurc hoc thm nc yii, b dy lng nc c th t ]-r2m vi
din phn b han ch v mang lnh lc thi. Do vy, khi khoan t khu vc c nc
Iiiun lng, noc ny s chy vo h khoan lm giam tnh nng ca va khoin lc , c
iIk gy s c sp vch li khoan v nu nc nhim bn bi nc sinh hot hoc nc th
. uiig nghip, gy n mn, ct thp, b tng cc sau ny.

- Niic ii^ni: l nc Iim di tng nc thng tng, kt ihc cia tng ny l tng t
khng Ihm niic.

Nghin cu gii php x l cc s c trn

Theo r.ii phn tch trn, th d pH xc lin cc phn ng trao di xy ra thng l
ln hn 7 Do vfiy, nu pH ca dt vch hay ca nc ngm trong h khoan cng thp th
p n cua vua bcntonilc Irirc khi ii xung h khoan cng cao (thng pH > 0), sau cho pH
ciui va khoan trong lii trnh khoan ( b trung ho vi pH ca t vch) vn ln hn 7.

157
 Nu nc ngm c tnh n mn b tng ct thp (c cha acide cloride, a c iie sulfate
v pH thp), khi nc ngm chui vo b tng s gy trcng n nhanh ch n nc v
cement, t gy ra nt cc b hay nt lin tc b tng. Do cn phi thit k lp b
tng bo v bc ngoi lp b tng chu lc, thng lp ny dy khong lOcm. Mac b tng
chu lc thng tng thm mt cp. Nh vy, nu cc c ng knh lOOcm, mc 300, khi
c xt tnh n mn th ng knh cc yu cu l 120cm, mc l 400.

Trng hp h khoan i qua cc tng t c chc nc thng tng hoc nrc ngm
c p cao th gii php tt nht l dng ng vch gi thnh vch l khoan, n bo va
khoan khng b nhim bn v khng gim tnh nng ca n. Cn nu nc ngm khng c
p th c th dng dung dch bentonite gi n nh thnh vch l khoan v cr phi ch
n vic chn tnh nng ca dung dch bentonite sao cho ph hp iu kin ct nn v
tnh cht l ho ca nc ngm nh nu trn.

4.8. NHN X T V KT LUN

Loi cc khoan nhi, ngoi cc u im nh nu chng 1, cn tn tii mt s

nhc im c th hin qua cc s c nh trnh by trn. Cc s c trn ci khi rt
phc tp kh khc phc sa cha, c th dn n ch ph rt cao, hoc khng sa c m
phi thay cc mi. Do , cch tt nht l nn d phng cc s c c th xy ra h u r cc
nguyn nhn v c bin php phng nga.
C th nhn xt rng: khi thi cng cc khoan nhi thng gp nhiu s c l do c qu
nhiu yu t nh hng n n, m kinh nghim thit k v thi cng ca nc ta cha
nhiu v cha quan tm ng mc n cc nh hng ca cc yu t , cho nn thng
gp phi cc s c nh trn. Cc yu t l; iu kin a cht thy vn cng lnh (t
yu, ct, st, nc trong t , v.v... Trong kho st hin nay ch xt v tnh cht c, l ca
n m cha quan tm n tnh cht ho t, ho nc, hin tng ct chy vi t sp,
v.v...), dung dch bentonite (cha xt mi tng tc tht y gia n v mi t n g t
nn), v.v...

158
 Chng V

KIM TRA, TH TI cc, NGHIM THU

5.1. C N G TC KIM TRA NGH IM THU

s.1.1. Yu cu chung
Vic kim tra, gim st cht lng v nghim thu cc khoan nhi phi thc hin ti hin
trng v phi cn c vo kt qu th nghim ca cc phng th nghim hp chun.
Cc dng c, thit b kim tra cht lng thi cng cc phi m bo chnh xc, tin
cy. Cc h s, ti liu nghim thu, cc kt qu th nghim v.v... phi c y v m bo
chnh xc.
Cc cn b k thut, cc th nghim vin lm cng tc th nghim, kim tra, gim st v
nghim thu k thut cht lng phi c trnh chuyn mn v c o to, hng
dn cng ngh thi cng cc khoan nhi.

5.1.2. K im tra cng tc khoan to l

Trong qu trnh khoan cc cn kim tra cc thng s v s l khoan theo bng 1 sau y;

Bng 1

TT Thng s kim tra Phig php kim tra

- Kim tra bng mt v n di.
1 Tinh trng l
- Dng phofng php siu m hoc camera ghi chp thnh l khoan.
- So snh khi ng t ly ln vi th tch hnh hc ca cc.
" TTieo lng dung dch gi thnh vch.
1 thng ng v
- Theo chiu di cn khoan.
su
- Dng qu di.
- My o nghing, phcfng php siu m.
- Mu, calip, thc xp m v t ghi ln nh ca ng knh.
3 Kch thc l - 'Tieo ng knh ng .vch.
- Theo m ca cnh mi khoan khi m rng y.
- Ly mu v so snh vi t, lc khoan. o su trong khong
thi gian khng nh hn 4 gi.
Tinh trng y l
4 khoan v su - sch ca nc thi ra.
ca mi cc - Dng phorng php th qu ri hoc xuyn ng.
- Phng php in (in tr, in dung v.v..,)

159
 Trc khi b tng cn phi thc hin kim tra l cc theo cc thng s b;ng 1 v
lp thnh bin bn lm cn c nghim thu.

Cng tc thi cng v kim tra nghim thu v; V tr v kch thc hnh hc 1( khoan;
Cng tc gia cng lp t lng ct thp; Cht lng b tng cc khoan nhi c (uy nh
trong bng 2.

5.1.3. Kim tra cht lng b tng cc

Tt c cc ch tiu k thut ca ct liu ln th theo TCVN 1772:1987 ".si xy

diig - Phofng php th . i vi cc loi vt liu khc cn thc hin cng tc kin tra v
cng tc th nghim xc nh thnh phn hn hp b tng cc thc hin theo ni lung
nu chng III.

S lng cc phi kim tra ty vo mc quan trng ca cng trnh cng nh tv vo s

hon thin ca thit b v kinh nghim ca n v thi cng m c quan thit k' hoi t chc
t vn quyt nh nhiig khng t hn t l % (so vi tng s cc) quy nh trong bn; 2.

B ng 2

i tiig Phngphp
Sai s cho php
kim tra kim ra

1 2 3

/. sai cl cho plp v v tr hn cinl v v

trc xii (sa) ca cc kloan so vi hit k: (i
heo ^i tr (1 - di((yn<^ knl cc):

Khi h'r rt h> cc heo clnli cn:

0,04 ; 1:200 - Trng hp thi cng trn nc. Tng cc Ngh im hu (o

bng mv hu
bnh, I di v
thc ly)

0,02 ; 1:200 - Triig lp thi cng trn cn. nt n

Kl h r hai hoc hiii l cc theo mt chinh cu:

0 , 1 ; 1:100 - Trng hfp thi cng trn nc. nt n

0,05 ; ]: 100 - Trng hp thi cng trn cn. nt n

2. Sai s cho php (il theo cn) v kch hc thc t

ca l khoan v kch c t rng hu dy cc:

25 - Chiu su khoan ( cao trnh) Tng l khoan Kim tra o theo

ch dn cia thit
k mn cc)

5 - Theo 'ng knh l. nt n

160
 O ~ Theo chicii !.ii ciia don hnh tr m rn bu. Tng on nt
m rng
1 0 - T h e o ir ii: k ih m' r im . nt nt
5 - T h e o c h i c u c a o doii hn h trum r n g . nt nt
Sa i s clo p h p ( CO Cf) v v tr c ln^ c t
lip roi^ 'C kOH so vi li k:

- Theo v Ir t ct thp dc vi nhau trn ton Tng lng Kim tra (bng
chu vi ca lng. ct thp thc cun thp
v thc dt)
5 - Theo ciicu di thanh ihcp. nt nt
2 - Tlieo c ly c c b u c a i x o n c. nt nt
O - Theo khonu cch cc vng ai cng mt nt nt
lng thp.

10 - Theo khong cch cc con k to lp bo v nt nt

ct thp.
l - T h e o c h i u c a o c o n kc nt nt
2 - Theo ( n u k n li c a n iz h p l i v tr t nt nt
vng ai cng.

4. S ai s c ) o pi) vc i h in \' h-Ni> vi ln k im

hil p -Oc, (o h-/ roi^^ ic va o lHi
KH' lco Pu'(>'i\^ p h a p ii H'^ to i liu i/i (n^:

2 c n i ' T h e o Ir s c siil. I'hco Theo

TCVN 3106:1993 TCVN 3106:1993
2 % - T h c u t l t;cl \' a VI t c h n c . Theo Theo
TCVN3I09:993 TCVN 3109:1993
5. S(i s c h o ph) \'(' c h i !itii I v c c klo an :

Khng c vi pham v dh icn tiic trcn on chiu di ax: 2 cc cho Kim tra bng
int cu thit b c chng
v quan st
+ 20; - 5% Cim bc-ing nt Kim tra 6 mu t
li khoan qua cc.

5.1.4. K im t r a cn ln tron< l

Cng tc kicm tra cn lng trone l phi Ihc hin nuav sau khi kt thc vic to l v
x l lnc cn. Trc klii d b lng phai o li cao d dv l khoan, chiu dy ca lp cn
liig xung cLri v o (ncLi cn) ph ghi vo nlit k khoan l v khng c vt qu
quy nh iroig bn^ 3.

61
 Bng 3

TT Loi cc Sai s cho php

! CG-chng h :< 5 cm
2 Cc chng + ma st h < 10 cm
3 Cc ma st h < 20 cm

5.1.5. Kim tra cht lng dung dch khoan

Trc khi b tng, khi lng ring ca dung dch trong khong 50 cm k t yl
khoan phi nh hn 1,25, hm lng ct < 8%, nht < 28 s Dung dch va s dng
thi cng cc khoan nhi phi c cc ch tiu k thut ban u ph hp vi cc quy nh
trong bng 4.

B ng 4

Tn cc ch tiu Yu cau Phng php kim tra

1. Khi lng ring T 1,05-1,15 T trng k dung dch st hoc B>meke
2. nht T 18 - 45 sec Phng php phu 500/700cc
3. Hm lng ct <6%
4. T l keo >95% Phong php ong cc
5. Lng mt nc < 30 cc/30 pht dng c o mt nc
6. dy ca o st T 1-3 mm/ 30 pht dng c o mt nc
7. Lc ct tnh Ipht: 20-30 mg/cm' Lc k cl tnh
lOpht: 50-100 mg/ci"
8. Tnh n nh < 0,03 g/cm'
9. Tr s pH T 7-9 Giy th pH

5.1.6. Kim tra sc chu ti ca cc

m bo chnh xc sc chu ti gii hn ca cc n phi cn c vo tnh cht trng

yu v cp ca cng trnh, iu kin thc t a cht cng trnh, yu cu thit l; v tnh
hnh thi cng cng trnh m t chc th tnh hoc th ng c tin cy cho cc on v
lu nhng im sau:
- Khi khng th tin hnh nn tnh cc n n ti trng gii hn th c quan t vn thit
k phi quy nh ti trng nn ti thiu ln cc theo quy nh ca tiu chun th tn h cc.
- Vic la chn phng php th tnh cc cfn phi da trn cc tiu chun do c quan t
vn thit k yu cu vi s chp nhn ca ch u t.
Khi ri vo mt trong nhng trng hp sau y th phi th nn tnh cc n theo
phng thng ng:

162
 1) Mng coc cua COII; tinh quan (rong,

2) Trc khi Ilii cnc cc ca cns Iinh cha thc hin th tnh cc n m c mt
trong cc trni: hp sau cy: iu kin a cht phc tp; tin cy v cht lng thi
cng cc thp; Mnc coc ca cnq tinh t quan trng nlumg c s lng hn 30 cc.
3) Cng trnh mng coc chhi tc diiim ca lc ko hoc lc nn ngang ln theo quy nh
ca tiu chun xy dng TCXD 88: 1982 Cc - nhng php th nghim hin trng phi
Ihc hin cna tc th nh.

S lng cc cn th thng thng ly 1% tng s cc nhng khng t hn 3 cc, i

vi cng trnh c tns s' coc di 50 cc th phi th nghim 2 cc.

Plin vi lin () iliiii ci'n i?hfi I>I) th n^

Ngy nay nc ta d p dng kh rng ri cc phng php kim tra sc chu ti thng
ng cc n bii pliii php th ng c tin cy. Khi ri vo mt trong cc
trng hp sau dy th phi kim tra th ti cc bng phng php th ng:
1) Mng ca cnc trnh quan trng m khng c kh nng thc hin th nn tnh cc n.
2) Kim tra b suim clio vic th cc bng nn lnh.
3) Mng cc ca cim trnh thng thng, t quan trng v c c quan t vn thit k
yu cu.
S lng cc cn phi Ih nu do c quan tvn thit k yu cu thng thng ly 4%
lng s cc nhna khna t hn 5 cc,

N / i i n i c n lii V iii vi iiini^ p h p rli i i n h s a u :

1) Phoig pliiip bicii tlaii li (PDA) ihiing tliic dim lioiig ili ng cho cc. Khi th
iig phi c y du cc loi ihit b o dc nli: o c chi; chi n hi v.v...
Vic (h ng theo phuonu plip hin i phi do nhri k s c trnh v kinh nghim
thc t thc hin.

2) Kt qu ca phoHi plip th ng c xem l tin cy nu n c so snh i

chng vi kt qua lli' nn tnh coc tron >4 diu kin a cht cng trnh tng t v khng
c sai lch nhau qu, sau ding phong php ng kim tra vi s lng lfn cc
thi cng.

5.1.7. N ghim thu cc khoan nhi v i

Cc phi oc kini tra tronc tt c cc cng on lm coc, ghi vo cc mu bin bn

qiKn l cht lnu c ch u t thng nht v chp nhn lc trng thu, lp thnh h
s nghim thu v c lu tr theo quy dinh ca nh nc.
H s nghim thu cc 1110112 2 m cc ti liu sau y;

Ph i vhu

- Tn cng trnh, tn ch u t v tn n v thi cii;

163
 - Ngi pl rch cng riili;
- N g y , thng, ntii th cniz. llii tit, nliit d;

- Ten gi hoc s hiu ca phan cng trnh, s hiu cc, nu knh v di llic k
ciia coc:

- Loi phng php ihi cng, llict b lli cng, nu knh tU} <ln! :
- Bn vc ct a chl thi cig.

Plih t o l:

- Mirc nc ngm hoc mc nc sim bicii;

- Tc v qu trnh thi cng to l;
- Kch thc v v ir hc ca l cc (mc lch m v d Ihig dne);
- ng knh v su l klioan, dng knh v cli ca nu clng loc ng dili v
' tnu ml; di thc t ca c c , ihnu clng ca c c .

- Bicn bii ki m tia theo bim 1 v biig 2.

Plihi linli vch v '0 lp:

- Loi dung dch gi thiih v bin php quii l dung dcli;

- Thi cian thi CIU clo Iii giai (lon;
- B Ir c ihcp, pliiig php ni c ihp;
- Bin bn kicii tra llieo hng 4 v bim 5;
- Nlng irc trc v s c IICLI c v cch x l;
- I .oi ih va s nuiri tlai eia ilii cim .

Plii kii i cl l'i\ c c :

- Bo c o kicm Ira cli lirig c o c theo bnu 6 v sc clu li cLa LC trii;

- Bi vc hon c n g m i m c c khi d o h m n u dn c tliil kc;
- N ghim ihu i c o c gm cc loi ti liu s;ui dy;

- Bicn bn ihi cn v kicii Ira ct tlip bc l n g di cc;

- Bin bai vc cl n e o uia dii c c vi i c c , c li ni cp bin ca c c o n i c p d i , lp ho

v ct thp di coc;

- Biii ghi d dy, bc di v h rim ca i c c v m la hn n^oi di c o c .

5.2. TU CHUN CHAT LUNCi c c KHOAN NHl

Saii khi khoan dt v ra l xong phai dnu cc llict b d kim tia v tr l khoan. chicLi su
l khoan, iriiu knh l khoan, tling dng ca l khoai, bc dv bn liii ciiri ! kloan.

5.2.1. Sai s cho php

Q c sai lcli c h o plicp v chi krm l khoan x c m b n g sau:

164
 Sai leeh cho p h p ca coc k h o a n nhi

ri' H.iiii: niiic S a i CCI c h o p c p Ghi ch

S a i I c c h v In ( \ i i i moiL! c o c \ Ocm
'

M t cc doii A < 5cni

2 m kii c o c D lUcm D: iu k n h c c thi k

3 n g h ic n u eua coc Cc hng d ng l/l .o o o

4 C h i u su co c k h o an - C c nii! s;: K h i i i z l n u h ii tr
s tlicl kc

- C o c cloiii:: K l i n e I i n g loi 5 c m

5 B d v bn lne - C o c n u s;il \ 4,0cm

6 Cir'im d bc (nu ;ii c i r n u d i h i k Bnli q u n 3 m u

irc plicp su' cLiim cic piiroim pli) kliL pl iioai c c c kicni ra cht lng b tng
nh': khoan ly liau, siu aii co loc, hiu niz din Iiirc... y ciiig phirim php khoan
ly m u c kicni Ha clt liKVim coc.

' K h o a n lay m a u : K lioan lv niu I co c / lon b nliinc o c

- Kloaii kici ira mun ni coc: KluKin kini ia ion b s kriig c c v phi khoan
\ u y c n C|ua nii L'IK'

" (Yic c c klioan (.'O imhi v.in vc cli lirnu ha y Lu Irnl ihi c iig c s c ih n h t ihit
pliU klioaii kicni lia L'lia hroim cu;i C'0 C k h o a n nhoi.

B n e c c o c kli();iii n h o i i h c o p h o n e p l i p n u ( i a n v a d i c l i u v c n t h n g d n g p h a i

ih o ii in r in c c y c i i c i i s .iu :

( h t l i a r n u hc l oi u \ ;'i c; licp pliai ph\ l i o p VI ^ r C V N 4 4 5 3 - S 7

- K h n u c \ c nt
- ( ' l i i c u s i i c l i i c c k l o i i u n h o l i o i i v u c a u cLa l i i c t k

- o a i d a u c o c imii v a o h c o c v c h i c u cli c t ( h p n c o t r o n g bk h n g nh hn 40

li i c l i r m k n l i co i t h c p .

5.2.2. CnX tc theo cli. iihi elip \ a lay m au

- Qu riiil k i o i i i':i Iv' l o n e pli;ii i h i v n i : \ U \ C I 1 k i c i i i a c I k i r n e b c ii: v d y

e l i i i N c n h l o n u ! 0 ! 1 L ! l i i o c .

- Cc m au b c U ) i m p h a i I>1\ lu' p h c ii c l u i a OIIU d a i i c k i c i i r:i cl l i i h clnL;, ci n h i v

d i k i i a i i kLM i;k

165
 - kim tra cht lng b tng phi c hai nhm mu, mi nhm 3 mu ving vi
kch thc 150 X 150 X 150mm hoc mu tr trn 150 X 300m m tu theo quy ni ca
n thit k.
- Trong qu trnh b tng cn kim tra v ghi nht k thi cng cc s liu sau
+ Tc b tng
+ cm su ca ng vo va
+ Mc va b tng dng ln trong l khoan
+ Cc s liu v va b tng v s d chy va b tng
Vic quan st v ghi chp cn tin hnh 30 pht m t ln. Khi bt u b t n th vic
ghi chp tin hnh sau 10-15 pht (xem mu nht k ph lc).
- Cht lng b tng cc khoan nhi v chiu dy mn y cc cn c kim ra bng
phng php khoan mi cc, khoan ly mu sau 28 ngy c cc cng c th dngphng
php s dng my siu m, phng x, sng c hc. Kim tra cht lng cc toi b s'
lng cc trong mng.

5.3. CC PHU^NG PHP THTI c c KHOAN NHl

Nh bit, i vi cc ng, sau khi h c cc vo trong t n cao trnh thit k

v khng c s c g xy ra th xem nh cc c thi cng ng thit k.
Cn i vi cc khoan nhi, do c cc ti ch trong l khoan (thng tnng va
bentonite) nn vn cht lng b tng thn v kh nng lm vic thc t ca (C lun
lun cha c xc nh r rng. Do vy, cn phi c phng php kim tra n h i cht
lng kh nng chu lc thc t ca cc khoan nhi so vi tnh ton thit k xen xt c
th chp nhn cc hay khng. C th kim tra bng cc phng php truyn thng nh
khoan ly mu, nn tnh, v.v... hoc s dng m t s' phng php mi nh; phoig php
kim tra khng ph hoi N D T i vi thn cc v m t s phcmg php th ti tnng tnh
truyn thng, phng php th ti trng tnh bng hp ti trng OSTERBERG, phcmg
php tnh ng STATNAM IC v phng php bin dng ln PDA.

5.3.1. Phong php th ti trng tnh truyn thng

N guyn l:

Dng h thng cc neo hoc dng cc vt nng cht pha trn nh cc lm i rng
gia ti nn cc.
Phng php ny ch thch hp ni c m t bng rng, ni khng c nrc mt
(sng) v cc th c ti trng nh (< 2000 tn).
Chi ph cho vic lm i trng s cng ln khi ti trng cc th cng ln v nht l ncfi
sng nc.
V d: trn hnh 5-22; dn th ti trng tnh ca Cng ty 68, nn cc khoan ihi cu
vt Sng thn thuc d n ng Xuyn :

166
 Hnh 5-1: Dn th ti trn^ tnh cc khoan nhi
cu ri/ Sni Thn tluc d n i^ Xuyn .

5.3.2. Phng php th ti tnh bng hp ti trng O sterberg

5.3.2.1. Nguyn l
Dng mt hay nhiu hp ti trng OSTERBERG (hp thy lc lm vic nh 1 kch thy
lc) t mi cc khoan nhi hay 2 v tr mi v thn cc trc khi b tng thn cc
(xem hnh 3-11, Chng III), Sau khi b tng cng , tin hnh th ti bng
bin du thy lc c to p lc trong hp kch. i trng chnh l trng lng cc v sc
chng m a st hng.

Theo nguyn l pluin lc, lc truyn xung dt mi coc hng lc truyn ln thn cc.
Vic th s t ti ph hoi khi mt trong Iiai ph hoi xy ra mi cc v quanh thn cc.
Da theo cc thit b o ciiLiyn v v o lc gn sn trong hp ti trng OSTERBERG s
v ra c cc biu tium h gia lc tc dng v chuyn v mi cc v thn cc. Tu
theo trng hp ph hcKii c th thu c mt trong 2 biu quan h ti trng - chuyn v.

Vic gia ti v o dc, p dng theo tiu chun ASTM DI 143-1995 Trnh t th ti
nhanh ca M.
Cch xc nh li trong gii hn: Do c mt ph hoi mi hoc thn cc nn phi p
diig phng php ngoi sLiy tin ph hoi th hai, v c tnh theo cng thc sau:

pg h c c = ^pg l i m i +^ *pg h l h n
N u khng tin tim ncoi sLiy v thin v an ton (ly tr s b), ta c th ly :

5 3 .2 .2 . P h m vi p dn g

C th thy nuay phng php ny ph hp vi cc cc c sc chng gii hn thnh bn

v mi cc tng nt: nhau. Cn trong trng hp sc chng gii hn ca mi nh hn

167
sc chng thnh bn th c th t 2 tng mi cc v thn cc th. Cao tr;h t tng
thn phi m bo iu kin Pghm i - P g h o n Ihn AB- Cu M T thc liin heo phimg
php ny.

Khi trnh t cht ti s phc tp hn c th xc nh c Pghnii f*gh D i i Ih n AH v

^ghdon Ihii BO

Hnh 5-2: Cu ro hp ti Oscrli

168
 Huh 5-.?; Gi a ci'-^ p d p U rni Osterier^^.
Ciit M ' } rosi oiii d o n i^i ()\1 loi^ c t t hp

5.3*3. Phn phap th tnh ng STA TNAiMIC Ong c n

3.1. N g u y e n l

Dua trn iiiiiiNcn lc hiii lc ca clim

C(V ICII la, n m r i la i o ra l l lliic h dat

Irn dii c o c c kcii ihci doi Ironu vra u,

c hc . !1(S u v p l i a n lc li vii clati c o c c i h i c l h

yhi cliLiycMi v cua c oc Iionu C|LUI trili n,

kct Kvp o cic lionu so ieii dnu \' eia
lc clu c c . Sau cliim t c phiroiti plp

Iihu' p h i r i g p h p p lur oi iu iriih l r u } ! i s n g

hoiic c n g d n g s lnh LIC SL'C cliu ti

ciui cc.
H i n h 5 - 4 : S d h r i l)
5.3.3.2. P h m vi p dung S T A T N A M I N ' t l i a i ri' nl

Pling php nv c ihc dng cho tl c cc loi cc ng v nghing Irong mi icu

kicn a cht.

T nm bne pluroi php STATiNAMlC Iii ta th c ti trng 0,1 MN

v n nm 1994 d phi tricn th dc ti trng 'n 30MN. Phng php ny c p
dung nhiu Canada, M, H Lan, Nhl Bn, c, Hn Quc, v.v... Nm 1995 Cng ty T
vn Anh quc d d nsh th cc nu thp (ti tronc th 3M N) ti cng Container Tn
Thun bng thit b ny Iihng khns c chp thun do nhiu l do trong c l do
cha c cc nh qun l xy dng Vit Nam bit dc"n.

169
5.3.4, Phng php th ng bin dng ln PDA

5.3.4.1. Cc c s ca phng php

V c s khoa hc, nguyn l ca phng php th ng bin dng ln v thiD phn
tch ng cc PDA da trn l thuyt truyn sng ng sut trong bi ton va chm :a cc,
cc c trng ng theo Smith v da vo cc thnh tu ca k thut in tr v tin lc hin
i, v.v...

s.3.4.2. Phng trnh truyn sng

Gi thit cc n hi ng nht; t nn lm vic do l tcmg;
T cc kt qu ca l thuyt phng trnh truyn sng ta c th xc nh c lir khng
tng cng ca t khi ng cc theo biu thc sau:

R =
2
Trong :
R: sc khng tng cng ca t;
F: lc o c ti u cc;
v: vn tc o c ti u cc;
M; trng lng cc;
L: chiu di cc;
C: tc truyn sng ng sut trong cc;
t,: thi diin va chm ton phn (lc va chm cc i);
t,: thi im sng ng sut i ht 1 chu k t u n mi cc v phn x li

5.3.4.3. Phng php Case

Xt theo bn cht vt l:

R = R s + Rd
Trong :
R: sc khng tng cng ca t;
Rg! sc chu ti tnh, l gi tr ngi thit k quan tm v thu c khi th ti tnh,
ph thuc vo chuyn v;
R^: sc chu ti ng, do vic ng cc, sc cn ng, ph thuc vo tc :
c th loi b sc cn ng khi tnh Rj, c nh ngha nh sau:

Trong ;
J: h s sc cn ng;

170
 Z: tr kh ii cua c c = VlC/l,;

^mi cc- thuyt truyn sng c th tnh c t tc o

c ti llii im t, u cc;

Vnn,coc = 2 v ( t ,) - R / Z ;

Sau mt s bin i ta c:

(l-J).{F(ti) + Z V (t,) + (l + J ) . | F ( t 2 ) - Z V (t,)|

2
tnh h s cn ng J, Smith dng phng php so snh vi kt qu th tnh v gn
vi kch thc ht t, theo bng sau:

Bng : H s J

Loi t H s J Loi t H S J

Ct sch 0 ,1 -0 ,1 5 Bn st 0,4^0,7
Ct bn 0,15^0,25 St 0,7^1,00
Bn 0,25^0,4

53.4.4. Phn mm CPWAP: (Case Pile Wave Analysis Program)

Phn mm my tnh ny s dng phOTg php phn t hu hn gii bi ton tc dng
tng h ca h thng bia - cc - t. Cc c chia lm nhiu phn on, sc cn t s
dng m hnh ca Smith. xctn hnh 5-5;

Sc cn chung (tnh cng ng)

ca t ti phn on i gm 2
thnh phn:

R, = R s + Rd.
q; : Chuyn v tng i hn ch;

J : H s sc cn ng Smith;

Hnh 5-5: M lih sc cn t theo Srnith

171
 53.4.5. Cu to thit b PDA (M)
Ba ng; c th dng ba hi, ba Diesel c trni lng bng 1-2% sc chu i cc.

Cu to ca thit b phn tch ng cc - PDA s dng trong phng php th Jng bin
dng ln bao gm:

* u o i^ sit (2 u o): cc u o ny c kh nng o c lp ng sut (bin

dng) theo thi gian ti v tr gn trn cc trong mt chu k va chm. Cc s liu thu c
nh 2 gia tc k vi tn s cng hng khong 7500Hz t cc khong ccli xuyn tm
u nhau hai mt i din.

M y tnh in t c gn h hin di s liu: cc tn hiu t cc u do s c truyn

qua cp ni chng nhiu n thit b ghi v bin i s liu. TTiit b ny cn c osciloscope
giao tip vi ngi s dng v trnh din cc d ih: lc, tc . Tt c cc thit b ny
c gn bn trong 1 my tnh hin i.

s.3.4.6. Cc kt qu o c
Thit b phn tch cc - PDA c th a ra kt qu sau;
+ Sc clii ri ca cc;

Sc chu ti ca cc ti tng nht ba, tng cao ngp t ca cc;

Ma st thnh bn; Sc khng ca ini cc;

+ /Ii' sut troiii ( < .

im sut nn ln nht; ng sut ko ln nhi;

ig sut nn li in i cc.

+ S hot ciH ca hci:

Nng lc truycn lii nht ca ba ln u cc;

Lc tc dng ln nht ln u cc; lch lm gia ba v cc;
Hiu sut hot dng ca ba;
Tng s nht ba. S nhi ba trone 1 pht;
Chiu cao ri ba hoc ny ciia phn va p;

+ Tnh iiii\'i (li^ loc hliii ca cc:

Xc nh mc hoc v tr h hng ciia cc.

5 3 .4 .7 . Phm vi p dng

+ Thi cian th nhanh hn th lnh, chi ph tlip, th dc nhiLi cc troim Iiuy;

+ L a c h o n c li t h n g d n u c o c h o p l :

+ Tiu chun p cliuiL: iheo tiu chiin ASTM - D4945.

172
5.3.5. V d v th cc khoan nhi fl>2400mm, di S5,55M (cc th P2 ca tr neo T14
- Cng trnh Cau M

5.3.5./. c im a cht v v tr cc xu yn qua a tong

) c im a chat: lic) bim sau:
Bng 5-1

L c
Cao Dung G c
B Lc d n h
K tr im ni Chi
cl> d n h khng
li u y Lo i t st ma s
l p . th o t
l p i p , n h i ii st SPT
ni / ^ kG /m ^ nc
m t/nV
c .

M T K - .9 3

a -2 0 1 9 ,0 5 St m c n i 1.7 2 .3 4 1 10 7 ,0

C2 -3 9 19 Sci c ne 1 .8 5 0 20 20 4 5 ,0

S2 -5 4 15 C t tr iin s cht v a 2 ,1 35 4 5 ,0

C3 -7 2 18 Sct c im 1 ,9 6 0 17 30 5 ,0

S3 -130 5S G t tiin g cht v a-ch t 2 ,1 3X 5 2 ,0

5.3.5.2. Ni dung ca phong php th tdi tnh bng hp ti trng osterberg cu M T

n vi th ti: Loadtcsi Inc

Ngy Ihtar. ()S/U2/l^VH

iu khc bit daii ticn vc ngLiycn lc so vi pliiarn: php th ti tnh Iruyn tlnu l
khng t ti Icn rcn ii coc m t nay Ironu thn cc. Nli vy khim phi dim h liia
li bcn ngoi bnu cc di irim, h neo hay phi hp di irig v h neo (trong th ti tnh
truyci l ng ) m clig ngay h t tr n y bn thn ca c oc v m a st thnh bn lm i
Iroiig. to tai Iroiii lliii cc b tr cc hp ti roim lm vic nh mt kch thy lc
thiig ihnc v c cu tao ph hp chn sn trong ihn cc trc khi thi cnu. Sau khi
btiig cc d d cng d tin hnh lo lai bng cch bom dii thy lc vo trong kch d
chn trong cc, cc bc cht li v o chuyn v mi cc v dinh cc, thng qua cc ng
do cliii sn c lin hnh Iihir trong !h li tnh imyn thng.
Kct qu llui dirc sc l cc biu quan h chuyn \ v ti trng ch o mi c c v nh
coc dc xy dng dc lp. Tli nchim c xem l ki thc khi hoc t n sc khng
ma st gii hn hoc sc chng ini giSi hn.
S(y d nguyn l ca plnrmm php cht tai bng hp ti Irng Osterbcrg nh hnh 5-6a, b, c.
Theo s cli (ai ny. nu e tim cc lc ma st thnh bn trcn toan b chiu di cc
l lc chng .ni cc l v lc do hp li Irng Ostcrbcrg y ra l P() ta c nhn xt
nliu sau:

173
 Khi lo lc Pq Irong hp Osterberg, theo nguyn l cn bng phn l mt le Pq
truyn ln thn cc v hng Icn pha trn sc c cn bni bi lc ma st hnh bn v
Irng lng bn Ihn cc G, Mt lc Py khc hng xung di v c thng li bi
mt sc khng ca t nn di mi cc. Do trong qu trnh cht ti Pq tig dn, ta c
biu thc sau:

P() = (G + Pn ,s)< G + P,^,

H oc P() = (Pm ) < Pm.,,han

Cc th nghim s t n ph hoi khi t n cn bng ca mt trong lai biu thc

nu trn, tc l khi hoc b ph hoi mi trc (t di mi cc t n ph loi) hoc b
ph hoi thnh bn trc (cc v t bao quanh c chuyn dch do).

X y dng biLi quan h ti trng v c h u y n v tng ng u cc:

Do kt qu thu c l hai biu ti trng - chuyn v mi cc v u cci c lp nhau

nh nu trn, v vy dc tin dng trong vic s dng v so snh vi th t.i tnh iruycn
th n g phi x y d n g biu ti trng - c h u y n v u c c tng cnig nh lo n g v i c th
tnh truyn ihng. thc hin c cng vic trn ta da vo cc gi thic c)n sau y:

1- ng cong chuyn v - ti trng mi cc trong cc dc cht ti truyi thng tiig

ne nh ng cong chuyn v - ti trng c xy dimg vi dch chuyn i xing cia hp
ti trng Ostcrberg.

2- no cong chuyn v li trim ma st bn ca dch chuyn i ln troiu th nghim

hp ti trng l tnc; t nh dch chuyn i xung trong th li lnh truyn ihdig.

3- B qua d nn trong thn cc khi xem bn thn cc l vt rn.

Trn c s cc gi tliit ny, chn mt dch chuyn nh dicni 4 tr?n g conjz dch
chuyn i ln trn hnh 5-7a v ghi li ti trng ma st ti chuyn v . Do tiin cc l vt
rn, nh ca cc dch chuycn i xung c chuycn v ging nh mi cc. Do 'y, tm iin
4 trn ng c o n g dch c h u y n i x u n g c c h u y n v ing nh i m 4 trci Tig c o n a
dch chuyn i ln v ghi li ti trns tiig ng. Cng hai ti trng s cho i trng tnc
c n g do ma st bn XLing quanh thn c c v t nn v sc c h n g mi ti crv m t c h u y n
v i XLIII c a im 4 Ircn n g co n g ch u y n v i x u n g ca tli n g h i m di t r n g Iiy.

im 4 ca ng con trn hnh 5-7b c xy dng li.

Tin hnh tng ! cho mt s dim cho n im c chuyn v cc i (tan cng diri;
ca th nghim hp ti trng (cc im 1-5). Do trong th nghim ny ph ho xy ra tron
ma sl bn, dng con sc chng mi i xung c ngoi suy v ic corj; i ln c
do nh trnh by bi cc dim 6-12 trong cch hnh 5-7a v inti 5-7b. Frinh -7b th liin
dii cong cht ti nh cc tng ng. Cc hnh 5-7c v 5-7d ili hin CCI xy ciim
tng t clio trcnig hp khi ph hoi xy ra ti sc chng mi ca cc.

174
 Dm chun

Hinh 5-6(i: S(filn h'r C(( Ost<'rhi'i'y, ''l /l !lhj thit hi (o ((U
k! q u t h ti cc k h o a n nli c n M T

5.3.5.3. Qu trinh th tai

Vic th nghim kim tra kh nng chu ti thc t ca cc c thc hin qua 2 tng
kch thy lc dng khoang Ihp Osterberg gi tt l O-celI. Tng A 0-cell t trong thn
cc cch nh mi cc l,5in v tng B 0-cell t trong thn cc bn trn v cch tng A
khong 16m. mi tng b tr 3 kch thy lc dng khoang thp Osterberg hnh tr ng
knh 450mni vi kh nng chu c ti trng 33MN theo mi hng.

o c s gin n ca khoang thp s dng 3 dy chuyn v do dao ng bin thin

tuyn tnh (Linear variablc vibrating wire displacement transduccrs vit tt L V W D T s) ti
mi tng b tr khoang thp vi gin n li a 150mm sai s 0,0025mm. o s nn li
ca cc s dng 6 thanh thit b my d bo gn cng vi dy chuyn v do dao ng bin
thin tuyn tnh (mi thit b d bo c t ti on ni gia 2 lng ct thp). Trn sut
chiu di cc b tr 6 lng ct thp. o c phn nn ca cc c thc hin on gia
tng A v tng B.

175
 o chuyn v hp ti trong Oo chuyn V mi coc o chuyn V hp ti trng o chuyn VI mi co:

o chuyn V
1 ^ducc
^

H /ih S-6b, c: M ii o df^ ti iil ii ri^ hihi^ hp li rn\^ Ostcrhr^ t ell

Ti rong

H n h 5~7a: C (f\i C()i\ cli ri - c hn v i vi ( c lii ci s hi

176
 TRNG HP DAT N sc CHU TI BN GII HN

-2,4
12
-2.7

3 0 ^
3 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Ti trng

lini 5 -7 h : CO I^ h u y v o c i i d i i l i i i d i ^

=
-.p
b
jr
o

Ti trong

Hnh 5~7c: C c ( t ir V i : ( O n s i i r - c y v ( ( ( c n s i ' c n ^ m i h n ^ i i h n

177
 TRNG HP T N sc CHU TI BN GII t lN

>
c
5 8\
o -1.5
Thnh phn ma st o c _________ // 9 \\
- 1.8 Thnh phn sc chng mui ngoi suy
10

2.1

J
\i
-2.4

-2.7

-3.0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Ti trng

Hnh 5~7d: ng con^ cbuy v do ch ui (nh ns

Thng qua cc thit b my d bo ny cho php tnh ton chiu di on nn tng cng
ca cc trn sut 6 lng ct thp nu trn. Chuyn v u cc c o bng 2 ng h k
thut s vi chuyn v ti a l lOOmm sai s 0,0025mm. ng h k thut s da vo dm
chun t trn u cc. Dm chun dng kim tra quan st chuyn v, trong qu trnh th
nghim cc vi mc sai s kho st ln. Chuyn v ca dm chun tcmg i nh (ti a
khong 3mm).

178
 Thann ct thp dc ch c hn
ri du xung quanh tm thp trn
Thanh ct hp dng d lp t
hng ng b tng Tremie
Tm thp hnh vng xuyn
Tm Ihp trn dy lOOmm

LVVVD

Tm thp di dy SOmir.
ng knh d = 2.2m

H n h 5 8b: B ri kioa/i p i r 0 :.e'h c n ce tcu} ch' d kim tra sc klh u cc

3 khoang kch thy lc ng knh

d = 540mm, b'tr cho mi tng
Tm thp bn y day SOmm (lna cng gm 6 kch thy lc 2 tng)
Kh nng chu lc ca mi kch l
R = 11000 kN (cho mi hng)
Thp cnh lOOmm X 25nim / ^

Thanh thp doc ch , //'

4 thanh thep C100 X 11 c hn
bc ngang canh ngoi ca kch thy lc
L h d gn ng b ing Tremie xv

Bn thp vng xuyn dy 50mm

bn knh ngoi vng xuyn R = 68mm

H nh S-Hc: U) n hen kc c a r kc liuy c y kloani^ lp

Ong knh i d = 680mm

ng !Jn;i tm tnp di d = 2200mm

Trn thp dy 50mm

H n h 5~S: Mf c\ ( a koan'-^ p i cc kic y c

179
 52mm

H n h 5-8 e: M t ct lcii^ i ct hp h In I ik /l tlihi' d y cun^ c p thy h

Cc s'liu v kch t<\ l. g a, din tch v c triii{ p ii tch:

cmg knh danh nh thn cc 2,54m tnh cho on t cao -0,95m n 23,08m
cng l on coc c v ng thp.
ng knh danh nh thn cc 2,40m tnh cho on t cao -23,08m r -86,5m
cng l on cc nm tiong t bn di on c v ng thp.
ng knh khoang thp kch thy lc O-celI l 0,533m b tr 3 O-cell cho m tng A
v tng B.
Cao mt t l 2,22m
Cao nh cc btng l -0,95m
Cao y ca 0-cell tng B l -68,14m (Cao ny sthay i do trong cii trnh
th ti thn cc s dc h chuyn tri ln hoc ln xung v mi cc dch chuyn).
Cao y r^ 0-cell tng B l -84,14m (Cao ny s thay i do trong (u trnh
th ti thn cc s dc h chuyn tri ln hoc ln xung v mi cc dch chuyn).
Cao mi cc -86,5m
Cao sng 0,0m 1,0m
Chiu di cc b tch ra bn trn 0-cell tng A l 83,19m
Chiu di cc b tch ra bn trn 0-ceIl tng B l 67,19m
Chiu di cc b tch ra nm gia 0-cell tng A v tng Bl 16,0m
Chiu di cc b lch ra bn di 0-ce ll tng A l 2,36m
Trng lng tnh ca btng thn cc on trn 0-cell tng A l 4,88MN
Trng lng tnh ca btng thn cc on trn 0-cell tng B l 3,8XMN
Cng trung binh ca btng cc ti thi im thc hin cng tc th ti 1; 48MPa
(tng ng 489,6 kG/cm).

180
 5.3,5 . Cc giai oan ih ien tlu tai tnh cc

Q u l i n h t h t i l i i t i LOC l i u v lii:! q u a 5 y i a i d o n s a u :

(iai (on I: s dne O-coll (itiy A. ;u irim truycii xung on mi c c s dng sc

kliiu d ch c hu y n d c XIIIIL: qiianli laii coc phn tri lng A lm phn lc. Ti trng ln
nlil cung cp [vong giai don !i:\ li 2.\2VIN hay 2,365 T (2L-22) vi dch chuyn
x u o i m c a c c ( r v X L i n i i ) \ (> d t [ c n \l\ I 3 1 , 6 i i m .

G\i\ d t a n 1 v 5 - Sc ciiii ti c a d t n n b n d i l a n g A
i r 'i m Liia h l n - li t r n g O s t e r b e r g Cell
CoL liu P 2 / 4 i r u n e o b' N a m . c a u M T

5 l 15 20 25

H h 5 - 9 : \ii i sii'c c h li d i cii ili i' ('

(un (oi II: sdiu (,)-ccll iaiii! l. liii trnii Iriiycn xiing thnh bn xn quanh thn
(.'(K' o i e i a t i m A \ H. 1 ro 'Jiai c l o n n > ' h {h()U\i cLi i g c p t h y l c c a O - c e l l

taim A d ni v kliim imsLM lai iiDiii \uong mni coc. ri troim cung cp li a giai on
n\ l 10,3MN hay 1.030 ; | I 1 dty thn coc Xiim ni on 45,2mm. (Trong

hao uin 1,()MN hay 102 '1'tioii: lu )'n^ t ii;i c c ua iie A v lnu B v tng lc lm dch
cliiyen dc xuig quaiih lliii coc SL' (liing ron uiai doaii ny l 1 1,3MN hay 1,152 T). S
cluii: sc kliim d ch chuvcii (loc \L, 111' t|u;tnb thn coc oan trn 0-cell tng B lm phn
l c . P i i n t r n d i n h c u a 0 - c c l l laiii! f (Ki c l i i v i I ci i ( d a y I c i i ) I o n 2 , 9 i n m l i g i a i o n
c u i m c p l i i r o i i i i l n I i l i l ) . XCII hi;i 5 - 1 0 .

(idi (O III: s duni: O-ccll I'i2 \ l;n trn<z iruyn xunu dc xung quanh thn cc
p h n o a n t r n C ) - c c l l i u . 'I R ) t i j tu. t r n l t l u r c h i i i e i a i o a n n y h h no . c u n g c p

ilii;\ l c 0 * c c l l t i i i : A d i i i i k n c!c c i n u c ; p t i I r o i m t r v c n x u n g y m i c c t o phn

lc h suim . 'Vii I r i m s diiiiL: (' i lm dy llin c o c di ln trong giai on ny l

2 3 . 6 M i s iiay 2- 40 6 T. Dc) 1^0i Uii Ho iu M diine lm day li thii c c i ln Irn lng y

Iii c i i a c c d c n n n Icii l i kliii i Kui e CUII l c l i liai. V v v , l h p t i t r n g 19,7M N

hav 2.(H)N T (23,6MN hiiy 2,406 ' mr tronu lnii coc 3.9MN hay 397 T) phi c s
dii:iZ khi nh toi klia naiiu lini d;!' 1. 0 L MIIU cua phii cliLi dch c h u y n ny. T n g c hi cu
d i . o i i b a v n i p h n r c i i I.im \ l 2 6 , 9 n i n i l i i l i i i c n i c u n g c p t i t r n l i

nli.i. xcm hnh 5-11.

181
 Giai on 2 - Sc chu ti ma st hng ca on gia tng A-B
ng cong quan h ln - ti trng Osterberg Cell
Cc th P2/14 tr neo b Nam, cu MT
Ti trng (MN)
0 5 10 15 20 25

1
I

II
o>i

H n h 5-10: Xc cnh sc chu ti (lo ma st lin> ia ocn cc A-B v Itr c t S3

Giai on IV: s dng 0-c ell tng B, ti trng truyn xung thnh bn on gi; cc O-
cell. Mc tiu ca giai on ny l ng cc O-cell tng A, cung cp thm li rng
dn kim tra li sc khng mi ca t nn. Cc kch thy lc O-cell tng A m khng
truyn lc xung y mi cc. Trong qu trnh thc hin giai on ny s dng s: khng
dch chuyn dc xung quanh thn cc phn trn O-cell tng B lm phn lc. Ti rng s
dng ti a l 10,6MN hay 1.080 T (trong ly 14,5 MN tr i trng liig cc chn ny
l 3.9MN) lm y thn cc phn trn 0-ce ll tng B ln 1 on 4,3 mm (23,0mn tr di
is,7nim, 5L-0).

H n h 5-11: X c nh sc chu ti do ma s t hn cu doan c c trn tri B

182
 (}iai (ioii V: s dng 0-ccll tng A, truyn ti trng xung phn chn cc phn nm
bn di cc 0-celI tnu A s dng sc khng dch chuyn dc xung quanh thn cc phn
trn lm phn lc (cc 0-ccll lni B ng). Ti trnc s dng ti a l 24,9MN hay 2.538
T lm thn cc ln x u n e mt don 181,lmm. Trong qu trnh tng ti giai on cui ny,
s dch chuyn xung (lii XLing ca c c ) xy ra cng lc vi mt mt ng sut ca h
thng thy lc cung cp bn ircn mt t v vic th ti kt thc, xem hnh 5-9.

Bng 5-2 : rm tt cc giai on th ti cc khoan nhi

Ph lc B 0-cells @
Giai Xern
giai on Mc ch o
on Tng A hnh
cp ti Tiing B

1 IL. lU Hot im cung cp ng truyn Sc khng mi ca 5-9

ti trng ti trng t nn
2 U 2U

? M khn<z
3L, 3U w Iruvn
- Hot ng cung Dch chuyn xung 5-10
li troiU
I. cp ti trng quanh thn coc oan
gia O-cell tng A v
tng B

3 4L, 4U iii e!c iniycn li Hot ng cung Dch chuyn xung 5-11
Irng cp li trng quanh thn cc on
frn O-cell tng B

4 5L, 5U M(V khiiL iruyn Mot ng cung ng O-celI tng A

li trig cp ti trng

5 6L, 6U Mot ng t:uiig cp ng truyn Sc khng mi ca 5-9

tai trng ti trng t nn

53.5.5. Sc khng dch chuvn dc xung quanh thn cc

Ti trng s dnq ti a Iruyn xung cho on di 16m nm gia O-cel!, tng A v
0-cell tng B l 1 l,3M N (tronu d qm 10,3MN lc cung cp cng vi 1,0MN trng liig
thn cc on nm gia 0-ccll tng A v tng B). Gi tr ti hn n v ca sc khng dch
chuycn dc xung quanh thn cc c tnh l 93,7 kPa hay 9,56 T/m ' trong lp t ct cht
gia O-cell tng A v tn< B.

S nn ngn ca on nm trn 0-ccll tng B trong sut 3 giai on th ti c tm tt

trona bng sau. Ton b ti troiiu s dung l 19,7MN.

183
 Bng 5-3

on ni gia 2 lng
Cc b nn Chiu di Gi tr trung bnh phin triu
ct thp
Lng thp s 2 -1 ,52mm 1 1,6 3 it 131
Lng thp s 3 - 2 ,52mm 14,48m 105
Lng ihp s 4- 3 l,14mm 14,48m 07H
Lng thp s 5- 4 0,42mm 3,82m 030
Lng thp s 6- 5 0, Imm 1 l,48m 010
Tng cng 4,7 Imm 65,89m 324

5.3.S.6. Sc khng mi ca t nn
Ti trng s dng ti a truyn xung y mi cc di 0-cell tng A l 24,9 NN trong
giai on th 5 (6L-14). Cc b ln xung (dch chuyn xung) mt on 181mn. on
cc bn di ca O-cell tng A c kch thc 2,36m chu sc khng dch chuy;n xung
quanh thn cc (ma st hng). Gi thuyt c gi tr lc ma st on v ti hn (9;,7 kPa)
ging nh gi tr trng bnh ca tng t bn trn 0- ce ll tng A. S phn b tai triu t sc
khng mi ca t nn n ma st hng thn cc vi lp t cc xuyn qua nm in di
O-cell tng A c tnh l 1,7MN. Gi tr ti hn n v cia sc khng mi ca t nn
c tnh s l 23,2MN v kh nng chu lc n v l 5,17MPa, Irong bao gcm trng
lng cc vi gi thuyt ng knh mi cc l 2,40in.

53.5.7. Cc gii hn t bin:

Vic o c c thc hin t 2 n 4 pht di tc dng ca ti trng bt bim trong
sut qu trnh th ti bng O-ccll nhm cung cp cho ngi k s bit dc thii lin liu
ch v c trng ca cc gii hn t bin. Trn hnh 5-12, 5-13, 5-14 m t 3 ig cong
gii hn t bin trong qu trnh th ti cc. Mt dng cong gii hn l bin c :c nh
c tr s l 10,5MN sau khi dch chuyn cc mt on 7mm nm lp t nn ca iiCii cc
xy ra trong giai on th ti th nht. Mt iig cong gii hn t bin t n p tr
ln sc khng dch chuyn xung quanh thn cc (ma st hng) khong 7,8MN sau chi dch
chuyn cc mt on 5mm ca on cc nm bn di 0-ccll tng A xy ra tDiig giai
on th ti th hai. Mt ng cong gii hn t bin t n gi tr ln sc khmg dch
chuyn XLing quanh thn cc (ma st hng) khoang 17,7MN sau khi dch chuycii :c mt
on 13mni ca on cc nm trn xy ra trong giai on thr ti th ba. Qua kt ^LU trcii
cho thy t bin trc tip ng k ny s khng bt u xut hin mi cc cho i khi ti
trng cao nht truyn vo thn cc t gi tr 1I1 34, IMN lm dch chuyn cc t'i ln I
on 13mm.
- Th nghim th ti cc t c s thnh cng sau khi li trng c truycn di ii tr
kh nng chu ti ti hn trong 3 on cc bao gm: dch chuyn i xung (ln ic) ca
phn t nn mi cc, dch chuyn thn cc i xung (liin) ca on nm bn dir v dch
chuyn thn cc chi ln ca on trn xy ra xung quanh thn cc.

184
 - H n h 3 1 0 i ! i h b v ir s cll t l i r n e c oi m t a i Iroim u r n g ng c Ihnh lp ph
lp ihco Phu luc [). V n n v i ^Kt r i 3 9 V 1 N c u a c l i n u c o n u l i t r n g l n n h t t g

c k n e , s o licii ih lih io n i c l o h i t d c p h n mi coc c th sc ln m t o n khong

2^inn. Mt ccl Ihn irona c lic lnh php imoi suv l s liu dch chuyn xung quanh
lln c c (ma si hiii:) \ I lii coc khoiiG lOOnin sc ch o bic dc ti trng ln nht
l k h o n u 4 7 . 4 M N .

- X i n liLi r n i : d \ c d n l i l i r o n c c a o n h t c l u u m t a c t h l y i h n h p h n s c k h n g

i n i c a c c l i ' i ' di tiii r o n i : o i i b p h n m i c c ( 4 , 9 M N ) v d i v i o n g i a 0 - c e l l t n g

A \ 0 - c c l l laiL B pluii c o n e ihni trone liii hi c o c ( 1 , 0 M N ) c h o phn c c b dch

cliLiycn x u iii (l n ) irv d o c Ik ) d oan ny.

Tm lt kt cua do ti Iicn lai cLia c c bng ihit h my o nn d bo t nm chm

doan ni aia cc lim cot thp iroim cc:

(iic co I : diie coim uii han t hin ti niQi cc Cc s 2 Tr neo b Nam cu

M Thun

10 15 20 25

Tai trong MN)

JI/ 5'J: Dii li W' cni ili cc

185
 Giai on 2: ng cong gii hn t bin ma st hng on gn mi cc
5.0 - - - - - - - - 1- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - 1- - - - - - - - -

5.5

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5
3
a .
3.0
CM
lo
*9? 2.5
Xut hin gii hn
bn6,8MN
2.0
1

\
1.5
i
-
1.0

Q.5 1 / : . .

0.0 . .0._ _ _ _ ^ ...

10 15 20 25
Ti trng (MN)

Hnh 5-13: n con}^ ii('i hn t bin m a st hnn n c c o n di 0 - c e i^ B

Ti trng (MN)

H nh 5-14: G iai on 3: iyn^ coni^ ^i(i hn t bin m a s t ln^ thn c c irn O ccll B

86
 N G CO NG QUAN H D L N - TI T R O N G T N G N G T R N N H cc
coc THP2/14 TR NEO B NAM, CU MT
Ti trng tng ng trn nh cc (MN)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55

H nh 5-15: Biu th n> conii cuan h ti rrt Kni (fn^ trn nh cc - ln

Hng 5-4

Tng Cao nh Cao y Chiu di (m)

Tng 1 6K,4U 111 -83,64 m 15,24 m

Tng 2 : h ' i ,0 2 t n -67,65 ni 11,63 m

Tn g 3 41,44 rn -55,92 m 14,48 m

Tng 4 -26,85 m -41,33 m 14,48 m

Tng 5 12,96 m -26,78 m 13,82 m

Tng 6 -1,40 m -12,88 m 11,48 m

5.3.5.8. Nhn xt v cc kt qu th ti tnh cc khoan nhi tr neo b Nam cu MT

5 3 . 5 . 8 . 1 . C s nh

'ITieo h s thit k ban du, chiu di danh nh cc khoan nhi ca tr neo b l -85m
v tr thp l -lOOm. c th xc nh chnh xc vi chiu su cn thit p ng v mt
chu lc theo thit k th s phi thc hin vic kim tra a tng cc lp cc s xuyn qua
bng cch khoan h' khoan b sung v kim tra nh gi da trn cc kt qu th ti cc.

Trong h s u thu, cc cc khoan nhi c b gi vi chiu su gi thuyt l -85m.

icu ny dn n vic nu vn gi nguyn chiu di cc theo h s thu th s c nhng v
tr chiu di ca h mng cc phn cu chnh c th khng hay khng p ng v kh

187
nng cliu lc cng nh khng m bo bn ca c n s trnh cu dn ii vic i t xy
dng cu khng mang li hiu qu thit thc. Cn ngc li s c mt vi v tr chii di h
m n g c c c t h q u d t h a g y l n g p h k h n i n h r m v k i n h p h m CII anl h n g
nshim trno n tin thi cng.

Xut phi t nhng vn trn, Nh thu bo co Ch u t v T vn giir st clio

php thc hin vic th ti tnh cho tng v tr h mng xc nh kh nim chu c thc
t ca cc da trn s liu thit k.

Da trn kt qu th ti tnh, t c th quyt nh chicLi di cn thit ca C: khoan

nhi. Chiu di cn thit ca cc khoan nhi thc t ca mt vi v tr mng cii tn cu c
th s di hn hoc c ihc s ngn hoi so vi chiu di cc theo thit k c b gi.
Trng hcrp, nu chiu di cc thc t cn thit p ng kh n;n chu lc theo hit k
ln in so vi chiu di cc gi thuyt trong lc b thu thi khi lng phn chiudi cc
gia tng Ihm s c tnh tlini chi ph b sung so vi chi ph b thu.

Hai cc khoan nhi tr neo b Nam (tr s 14) c h su -85m vi chii di coc
thc t di hn so vi chiu di cc khoan nhi thit k cho tr neo, nhm nhn m;nh nic
tiu thc hin vic th ti cc qua cc a tng lin quan (c bit qua kVp t st G v 1(^
t ct S3). 'Ding qua kt qu th ti cc dn n vic quyt nh chiu su h cc; khoan
nhi cho tr thp b Nam l -95m cc h su vo lp t ct S3 mt on 2 n m nm
bn di on chuyn lip (nh th chiu di cc khoan nhi cn ihit d dc t ngn
hn so vi chiu di cc thit k l 5m).

5 . 3 . 5 . S . 2 . G iii thch v th t i cc-

Hai cc khoan nhi Ir neo b Nam c th l;ii vi s b In' tiii t nhau, iao gm
2 lng kcli Ihy lc d ng khoan ihcp tch bil nliau CII ci l 0 - c c l l s , diic h' l ti
su -68m (lnt B) v -S4m (tns A) so vi cao nii cc l -S6,4iii (xcni hnh 5-h).
Hai l]-) t chu lc chnh cuiig cp phn lc cc ti v tr tr nco h Bc v -> Nam
l tn<z t st C3 v tn dt ct S3.

Ti v tr li mng (r nco b Nain, don chuyn tip gia 2 lp t trn si kiiong

-70m, hoc bn trn 0-cells tiic B mt cht.

Cc 2 ai don chnh trong qu trnh ih ti cc khoan nhi bao m:

1. Truyn ti trng xung on di O-cells tim A ph hoi on mi coc;

2. Triiyn ti trng xiiim phn trn O-cells tns B trong khi d O-cclls tne \ d nio'
dc ph hoi don uia 0-ccll tng A v O-cell tng B;
3. Truyn ti trng xung phn trn O-cells tn B trone khi O-cclls tiiL A nu
ph hoi plin trn O-cclI tng B.
+ Giai con I: Giai on 1 ca qu trnh th ti cc cho php nh ii kh niii-cliu li
ca lp dt nn on mi cc trong tng ct S3, trong khi d eiai on II kini ra tr s
ma sl Irung bnli nm trong lp l ct S3,

ISS
 + Giai con //. cho bit In 'i' in;, si trung bnh cua coc nm bn trn su -68m, t
c th ch ng nh gii dc ma Siii ca tng clt st C3.

Qua kt qu thr ti liih cc khoan nhi th nht ca lni neo b Nam cho thy nu tng
cnig ma st gia thn cc v clt ncn xung quanh thn cc s lm tng kh nng chu lc
ca cc khoan nhi v c thc rt ncn c chiu di cc. Xut pht t suy lun trn, Nh
thu a ra Cck iu cliinh c thc hin trong k thul ihi cng hai cc ca tr neo b
Nam l gii php tng cng ma st hng gia thn cc v t nn xung quanh bng cch
s dng thit b chi qut.

Cc th nht c thi cne v th ti theo ng chiu di llic ca thit k v cc th hai

c thi cng ngn hn cc Ih nht mt t, vi mc bcntonite gim xung cn l,5m bn
trn mc nc ngm v lai cng ma st b lit h khoan (nm trong lfp st C2 v st
C 3 ) bng chi qut b tr cc si cp hn cht vo khi thp hnh Ir c rnh thot nc.

Gii thch vic th ti cc c thc hin vi gi thuyt ng knh trung bnh ca cc

l 2,45m (so snh vi 2,4m l kch thc ca gu Iigom). Trn hnh 5-17 trnh by vic so
snh kt qu th ti giai on ] ca mi cc, trong on mi cc th n ph hoi. Tieo
l thuyt v ng cong, dat c kt qu so snh s dng quy tc truyn ti trng
khng tuyn tnh, RATZ (Randolph, 1986), da vo kc't qu th ti cho thy tr s ma st l
90 kPa ln hn ma st thn coc v p lc ti hn ca t nn ini cc l 4,5MPa. Kt qu
th ti ca hai cc u tcfng l nhau v ph hp vi l thuyt ng cong.

Mt so snh toig t trnh bay hnh 5-18 i vi on di 16m nm gia 0-cells tng
A v 0 -cclls lng B Dc tin li, lliam kho phn Irih by ct kt qu th ti cho tr s' ma
st trung bnh nrn phn bn di hnh v. Trn C0 s kt qu th ti cc th hai cho thy
kh nng chu lc ca c hai g;1n nh tng t nhau, tuy nhin qua kt qu th ti ln hai
cho thy kh nng chu lc cao hn mt t. Kt qu th ti cn thit phi hiu chnh cho
phrn trng lng (chm) ca doan cc tng cnig vi phn ma st b sung l 7,3 kPa.

Cn c vo kt qu th ti coc s 1 tr neo b Nam (P1/P14) cho thy irmg cong i

gi tr cc i l 83 kPa trong khi tr s' ma st theo thit k l 90kPa, do tr s ma st
thit k l hp l.

G h i c h : V i x c d iili ti triii t dni trn ciili ct' d tr i ti i KII y n i

cid to '1 luhi cc (4 ,9 M N ).

r hnh 5-12, nhn thy rng mi ca cc ny s bt u cho ti khi cht ti trn nh

cc ln hn 34MN (ng vi chuyn v inh cc l 13mm). Cn khi cht ti tng ofng
trn nh cc ! 39MN th s chuyn v nh cc xp x l 25mm. Vic ngoi suy trn
mig quan h mang tnh ch quan cho thy c rnt ti trng l 47,4MN mt ln l
lOOnim.

189
 2m

Sl pha c 1

-:o m -

Si pha C2

Sl pha cl S2

i m
St pha C3

Ocell tng B
t cao
0 r^S?3r2?J3S3

H n h 5-16: M t ci di ch c c kou n h i P2 tr IO h Nc c u M T xuyci C/ICI

90
 Chuyn v (mm)

Hnh 5-17: So snh kt qua h tai c c r neo b N am - Sc kh on mi cc

c)
Q
JZ
TO
tn
ro
E Test: P2/14
c
iQ Test:P1/14
c

40 60 80 100

Chuyn v (mm)

Hnh 5-18: So .snh kt qu th ti c c r neo b Nam -

Sc kht on ^ia O -cell tH^ A Vdi 0 - c e l tri B

191
 Kt qu tnh ton cc th P2/14 Ir neo b Nam. Cu MT ca mt s tiu chun hit k:
Cc th c dnc knh (t)23(K)inni, cii X5,55ni, ni trong a lng nh nu ing 5-1
v irc lit kc liong bng 5.5:
Ghi ch: Sc ci i c lii v ho phi) ^/i ro^ hchg Q J d tr i r^
li 'i \^ ( \ ' t d i u (()(.' W ~ n X 2 ,4 '4 x S 5 ,5 5 x (2 ,5 - 1 } = 6 2 9 , 9 c).

S( i liii i c( h n (lo h (ii 3 9i ( a n , \ e n i I i i i l i 5 - 7 ;

Bn 5.5

Sc chu ti cc hn Sc chu ti cc hn Sc chu ti

Thnh phn lc Sc cu
do mi cc do ma st hng ca cc
p(t) ti c Sai s
TT Qp (Tn) Qs trong t: Qu(Tn) Qa (Tn)
H s Qs H S hn r %
Ri Dnh Ri Cc Cho
Trong p t: Dnh AT (Tn) AT tnh (t)
(ct) (st) (ct) hn php

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

1 TCXD195:97(PTN) 2,457 2,50 3400 451 3,850 2.50 6,307 2.523 3,90 38

2 ASSHTO 1998 - VI 1,610 2,00 3784 3200 6,984 174 5,519 3J72 3.90 29

3 AUSTROADS '92-C 4.006 2,50 2994 1576 4.570 2 50 8,576 3,430 3,90 55

Nliui \:
Tnh loii theo cim thc ca TCXD 195*th nghiin hin trng, cho gi tr schu ti
Uri han li licYii so vi gi tr Ihc l ncii tiih (38'^/), gi r sc chu ti do mi ct ln hn
ml l so vi thc t (2457 > 2360MN);

'l inh Ihco cnu thc ca ASSllTO - I R V D - 199K cng cho kt qu gn vi k u hc

l cit t]nh (ln li()!i khong 29%);
Ni chuim, ei I sc clu ti gii liii tiih theo cng thc ca AASH TO LRIF-1998,
AI STROADS 1992, ciig thc T C X D 195:1997 (th nghim trong phng) gn Vfi gi tr
sc chii ti uii lin ihc t (k qu ncii lnh).

('{} li yii h k (u ili hft^ 5-5 rhii^ c/na cc hu sau:

\^ s c CHU TI CC N D O M C C Qp SC C H U TI C C |^ N D p M A S 7 :s
, H E O CC TIU CHUN T H i T K (CU MT) THEO CC TtU CH U N THIT K (CI MT)
:d d
21 000
s 9 5CC s 9 500
o leorn lu
E
1800C
'6 5G
E 16 5GC
c 15.000
c 13500
? 120C 12.00C
\ 1'50 .. i

y ''Im o
9ono :b 8 4 ::::::
i ^500 7500
\'B
5
ei
4 snn
4Q06 '2
3
6000
4,500 :350 ; ........................... '70
2457 Ic 3.000
' 1610 (J
o 1 sno
S 0
co
1'C)D'95 h7i PTNi ASSHTO 1998 - M AUSTROADS'92 - c I TCXD 195 97(PTN) ASSHTO 1998 - M AUSTRiADS'92 c

Hnh 5-19 Hnh 5-20

92
 s c CHU T c c HAN DO MA SA' HN3 0 ,, SC CHIU TI c c HAN DO JVA ST HNG Q,,
THEO CC TIU CHUN THIT K THEO CC TIU CHN THiT K

S (Trong cc ip t dnh (set)) (Trong cc lp t ri (ct))
o
q 2 1 .0 00
a 2VC*30
^ 9 0 0 19^500
9 18,000 18.000
^ 1650 16.500
-S IS.OOO 15,000
c 13.500 13!^
12,000 12^000
o 10.50U 10. W 0
9,000 glo
7.500 7.500

4;50 '3400 '3784 299^ 6iis

'oO 3200
3,oon 2
1.500
!x:' 3,000
45:1:: 1576-
1.500
0
TCXD 195 : 97(PTN} ASSHO 1996 JS^'<CCS'72-JC TCXD 195:97(PTN) ASSHTO 1998 M AUSTRADS'92 -c

Hnh 5-21 Hnh 5-22

5.3.6. N h n xt, kt lu n

5.3.6.1. N h n x t

Qua cc phng php kicm tra cht lng cc khoan nhi trnh by trn c nhn
xt - k lun nh sau:
Khu kim tra cht liie cc khoan Iihi l khu rt quan trng khng th thiu c.
V vy, cn phi la chun phng php kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi sao cho vn
m b o y u cLi m chi ph li t!ip nht;

Trong cc phng php kim tra clit lng b tng cc khoan nhi th phng php
khoan ly li cho kt qu chnh xc nli.t, nliirng ch ph cao v thi gian kim tra lu nht.
K dn, 2 phiig plu) lia gauiiiKi vi siu Ani liLiyii qua l ciig cho kt qu iig tin
cy, thi gian kim tra nhanh v oi thnh khng cao, cn phng php bin dn g th
cIk) k t q u v i m c tin c y k l i i ig c a o n h n g th i g i a n t h li rt n h a n h v c h i p h rt
,c. Do vy, tu theo mc quan iron 2 ca cng trnh m ta s la chn phng php
Iio clio thcli hp;
Trong cc phng php th ti tiong coc khoan nhi: Phng php th ti trng lnh
truvcn tling tuy khnu dng thic b hin di nhng chi ph cng s rt cao khi gp iu
kin kh khn v mt bng. Kct C|ua th ti l sc chu ti tng c n g ca c c (khng cho
bic ricng: sc chu ti ca mi coc v sc chu ti thn cc). i vi v tr cc cc khoan
Iilii nm ni sng rns, lurc su hoc a linh cht hp th vic cht ti bng cc i
Iron; th ti nh truyn ihnii gp kh khn gy ln km, i khi khng thc hin c.
Bn canh d() i vi cc coc klioaii Iihi c sc chu ti t 4-10.000 tn hoc li hn th h
i imim gi;t li theo plurn ph|i n\ cnc s gp kh khn, khng thc hin c. Do
vy pliin vi p duim th li lnl Iiuycn thno ch yc'u s dng th ti cc cc c ti
troim cii 4.000 tn v cc b in' o Iiial btm rnc ri \' trn cn.
rhng php lli d ns bin tlaiiu li khne thav Ih hon ton c phng php th
liili Nlurne cc kct qua th dnt; bici dim ln s duiie thit b phn tch ng cc - PAD

193
dc phn tch chi tit, so snh vi th tnh v phn tch C A P W A P tng ng s gip
gim bt th tnh;

i vi cc cng trnh di nc nh mng, cng, cu, v.v... hoc cc d n nh rn vic

th tnh gp kh khn v iu kin thi cng, thi gian ch i lm tng chi ph th ti cc.
Khi vic th ng bin dng ln bng thit b phn tch ng cc - PDA l rt thch hcrp;

S dng thit b phn tch ng cc - PDA gip ta kim sot c cht lng cc trong
qu trnh thi cng. Theo di nhng vn c th xy ra i vi ba, cc, t s sTn pht
hin c cc s c x l kp thi nhng vn nh hcnig n tin thi c n v gim
c chi ph ri ro.

D dng kim sot c s hi phc hay gin ra ca sau khi ng i v v li. Xc

nh c sc chu ti ca cc ti tng nht ba, tiig cao t mi cc trong qu trnh
ng cc. Qua la chn c chiu di cc ph hp.

Phng php th ti cc khoan nhi bng hp ti trng Osterberg mang li chnh xc

cao, c th kim tra c kh nng chu lc ca tng lp t cc i qua (thng qua gi tr
sc khng ma st thnh bn v sc khng mi ca t nn). Vi thit b th nghim gn
nh, loi th nghim dng hp ti trng Osterberg c th dng th ti cc chu tai 4 4-10.000
tn v c th ln hcni. Th ti bng hp ti trng Osterberg cell khc phc c khuyt
im ca phng php th ti tnh truyn thng nh: c th b tr th li cc ni sng
rng, su Iic chy sit hoc ni mt bng cht hp v.v... Nhc im ca th ti
Osterberg l cn c i ng chuyn gia k thut cao thc hin th nghim (hin nay c n g
ly Load Test Inc ca M l cfn v chuyn trch v th nghim ny). Hin ti tuv chi ph (h
ti cn cao, nhng tiig lai v lu di phng php th ti tnh bng hp ti trong
Osterbcrg c th s c chi ph thp v c xu hng s dng thay th hon chnh phng
php th lai tnh truyn thng trong cng lc th nghim cc khoan nhi ng knh ln.

s.3.6.2. Kt lun
Vi c im a cht, thy vn v v tr a l vng ng bng sng Ca Long vic
chn mng cc khoan nhi cho cng trnli cu cn quan tm n mt s vn sau:

+ a cht do s phn b tng i dy ca lp bn yu vi cc c trng chu lc rl

ihp, cho nn vic tnh ton cn phi quan tm n ma st ni do p lc y ngang ca nn
dt yu ln h m n g c c . n g thi c bit qu an tm n s xut hin c a 10 qu t t|Ua v
Ir xy dng cu.

+ V thit k do c nhiu b tiu chun ang lu hnh trong nc nhimg trong s

Tiu chiin thit k cu ca M ASS HT O-L RP D-1998 c u im vt tri v: c th tnh
ton kim tra c sc khng ina st thn cc qua tng lp t vi cc h s iu chnh sc
khng UriiR ng (trong tnh lon cc vng ng bng sng Cu Long kh n n g chu lc
chii VLI l sc kh n g m a st thn c c ).

194
 +- Vc thi cng cii dc bit chii \ d:'ii c c cr) k t h u t c th xy i vi cc cc khoan
nhi nli nu trong chng 4. Sii duim 01 ti v;:ch bng thp hoc coniposite vi chiu di
pliiii d XLiycn q u a ht chiLi dv tnu (l; bin st yu ng thi kt hp vi vic s dng
bciionite n h m hn c h c c s co st lo V;k h h k h o a n n m su b n di n g vch v hn
ch c s iiim cht lna btnu LOC do i n tp rht.
+ ng bng sng Cu Loim vi li tl ri2 siig ngi chng cht, c rt nhiu sng lfi,
su v nc chy xit, do thi conu coc du ihc hin trn h x lan. Nhm trnh cc tc
dng sng v, nc chy c th dnu cc h c6 nh x lan c bit.

+- v thit b thi cng khoan tao l : i vi cc c ng knh D800--D1500mm

thng dng nht l thit b khoan \;cli xoa y' kiu xoay trn, khoan phn tun hon v
giing xon. i vi cc cc c onu knh D 2 0 0 0 ^ D 3 0 0 0 m m c th s dng thit my
o uu ngom.
+- Cng tac kini tra thn cliii; iliiili vch h khoan c th s dng thit b o siu
iii KODEN - DM 6X2. Kicni tra chi lng cc khoan nhi ngoi cng tc khoan mu
bclne th cng tc th nghim do siu ni ng nht btng thn cc mang li hiu
qu cao.

+ (.'ng tac ihir t;ii cc; thii thiii di vi cc cc c ng knh DKOOH-DlSOOmm v

tr thi ciiii trn cn v khng viii: mt bvng th ih ti tnh bng cht ti truyn thng l
mang li hicLi qua kinh l Iiht. 'noiiu kli; i vi cc cu c mng cc khoan nhi
ng knh ln c thc s diie plnroiii |-)lip tl tiii tnh bng hp ti trng Osterberg l hp
l nht.

195
 Chng V I

PHN TCH NH GI MT s CH TIU KINH T-K THUT

CA MNG CC KHOAN NHl TRONG CNG TRNH CU

6.1. KHI Q U T CH UN G

i vi cc cng trnh c th a ra cc gii php x l nn mng khc nhau, tuy mi

gii php c nhng lai khuyt im ring nhimg chng c c im chung l u p ng
cc yu cu k thut, khi nh gi gii php no kinh t nht - ch tiu so siih l
kinh ph thc hin cho mt tn ti.

Ngay c nhng phng n c ia chn ny thi gian thc hin mi gii php nhanh
chm khc nhau, vic sm a cng trnh vo s dng c th mang li hiu qu kinh t rt
cao do vy ch liu tin hon thnh cng vic cng ht sc quan trng. Ch tiu tin
cy cho mi gii php cng hon ton khc nhau.

C th ni rng mi gii php c xc nh bi cc ch tiu kinh t k thut, cc ch

tiu ny phn bit s khc nhau gia gii php ny v gii php khc.

i vi mi loi hnh cng ngh thi cng cc khoan nhi ngoi cc ch tiu kinh t k
ihiit chung nh ch tiu kinh ph thc hin cho mt tii li, chi tiu tin hon thnh
cng vic, thiig cn c cc ch tiu kinh t k thut c trinig. V d nh chi liu tiu hao
Bcntonite i vi cc phng n khoan gi thnh vch bng Bentonite, ch tiu tiu hao
li dao ct i vi cng ngh khoan vch xoay.

Tm li, mi gii php x ! nn mng bao gm mt tp hp cc ch tiu kinh t k

thut, khi so snh la chn iu kin bt buc phi p ng cc yu cu k thut cn c
cc hm mc tiu c th l mt hoc tp hp cc hm mc tiu. Cng nh vic gii bi ton
ti iru a mc tiu phi a ra mt s hm mc tiu thnh iu kin rng buc. Cc hm
mc tiu cn li cui cng c th l gii php kinh t nht, gii php hon thnh sm nht,
gii php c tin cy cao nht.

6.2. M T S CH TIU KINH T K THUT CA c c KH O A N NHl TR ONG

XY DNG C U V NG N G B NG SNG c u LONG

phn tch nh gi mt s yu t v kinh t, k thut ca cc dng mng cc khoan

nhi p dng trong xy dng cu ng bng sng Cu Long, c th a v mt s chi
tiu c bn sau y:

1%
6.2.1. Chi tiu kinh t

6.2..I . Chi p h u t thit bi, cng nghe

Ch ticLi ny thng c dc cp klii ciiLin b u t thit b v cng ngh mi. Chi ph

ny ph thuc vo loi cnc nuhc \; imun c;c my mc thit b c sn xut. Nhn
chung cc thit b thi cng coc khoan nhi c nhp t cc nc Chu u, Nht Bn, c ,
M c gi thnh cao hn cc thit b Iihp tlYi.ing Quc, Nga.
i vi cc loi hnh cim nehc coc khoaii n hc i hin ang s dng trong xy dng cu
ng bng sng Cu Long ph hin nht ] coc khoan nhi c ng knh SOOmm n
()l200mm. Mt vi cu trung v cu ln sdiin cc khoan nhi c ng knh l 4 0 0 m m
ii lSOOniiii Irong cc mne coc Ir cu I.lip thng thuyn hay cc tr phn cu chnh
Ihi c n g theo n gu yn l iLin hon Iigc \ m ing xon c vch xoay. i vi c c khoan
nhi trig knh ()2000mm ckioc ihi ke v thi cng cho cu BP v cu R M (ang trin
khai Ihi cng) cc c thi cng llico cr.g ngh gung xon vch xoay. i vi cc c
diig knh ln (|)250()mm n (|)3()()0niin iti cnc ngh khoan to l bng gu ngom mang
li tin d thi cng nhaiili nht. Kinh ph du ur iliit h phc v cng ngh thi cng cho cc
dng cc khoan nhi c th tham khao saii:
- Cc khoan nhi bim m}' khoan \'ch \(XI\-: Rt cao
- Cc khoan nhi theo Iimiycn l iLKin hdii iisc: Cao
- C c khoa n nhi e i i n g xoii. Vcii Xv)a\: nr o ig i c a o

- Cc khoan nlii cng imh kho.ui hang gii nsorn: R'i cao

6.2.1.2. C h i p h vn chuyn my mc thit /}

i vi cc ciig trnli lii, khoanc cci vn chuycn gn chi ph vn chuyn tliit b

chim t l nh trong lng s ui thanli. Do lnh c th ca vng ng bng sng Cu
l.oiig c li thng sng ngi chiii cht cluim thi h ihng giao thng ng b chim mt
t l nh so vi hc ihnc 2 ao thoii: (tim snc, v tli liin nay vic vn chuyn thit b
Ihi cng a s thc hin bns mau ih()ii'_; dirim thy. Clinh v vy kinh ph vn chuyn a
phn da Irn kinh ph vn cliLiyn baim x hin k n l kinh ph bc d thit b.'

i vi cng trnh c quy m nho nliir Iiit s cn trnh cu cc tnh vng su, cc
cu tuyii giao ihng niie lliun. c ly \n chuyn tn di di, chi ph vn chuyn
cliim l l kh ln.

Trong vic phn tch v chi pli \ii cbu_\'cn thit b cn thit phi xem xt v dy chuyn
cng ngh llii cnc.

6.2.1.3. Chi ph thit lp CII Iriini

Clii ph thit lp cng trm pliii ihiic \o mt bn thi cng trn cn hay di nc.
Chi ph trn bao gm kinh ph p dao hoc lp dng sn o, sn thao tc khi thi cng

197
di nc hoc kinh ph san i mt bng khi thi cng trn cn. Kiiili ph lm ig cng
trng, m i nh, kinh ph x y dng ng d y din v trm bin p. Ricnii Ihi Cing trn
sng nc i vi gu ngom c th s dng h nh v sn o gn trn x lan c
iu chnh bng h thng kch thiy lc nhm gim cc sai s' v v Ir thi cng c. Ni
chung chi ph thit lp cng trng ph thuc vo v tr, mt bng thi cng v cng Igh thi
cng c th.

6.2.1.4. Gi thnh thi cng

i vi gi thnh thi cng cc khoan nhi, ly thuc vo klui vc da cht, hi b,

ng knh, chiu su c hay khng s dng ng vch, c hay khng ycu cu th ti
cc v.v... tt c cc vn trn u nh hng n gi thnh thi ciig ca cc khoanhi.

Qua tham kho gi thnh thi cng cc cc khoan nhi trong khu vc dng big sng
Cu Long, kinh ph i vi cc phng php khoan to l h khoan c th sp x;'p theo
th t nhit sau;

1- Cc kh oan nhi khoan to l bng my khoan vch xoay kiu xoay trn: R.t cao.

2- Cc khoan nhi khoan to l bng my khoan vch xoay kiu kp lc: Cao

3- Cc khoan nhi khoan to l bng my khoan phn tun hon: Cao

4- Cc khoan nhi khoan to l bng my khoan gung xon, gu xoay v my lo gu

ngom: Thp

Tham kho n gi trung bnh thi cng Olm di cc khoan nhi trong khu vtc ng
bng sng Cu Long bng 6-10 (Phn ph lc cui chng).

6.2.1.5. Thi gian thi cng

Chi ph khu hao thit b v chi ph vn hnh trong thi gian thi cng ph thuc o thi
gian thi cng. i vi mi loi hnh cng ngh thi cng thi gian thi cng khc nhai. Cng
iu kin thi cng c th sp xp thi gian thi cng ca tng loi hnh cng ngh c: khoan
nhi, cc ng v cc p tnh cho ton b mt h mng trong iu kin kh nng <hu ic
ca cc loi cc trn nh nhau:

- Cc khoan nhi khoan to l bng my khoan gung xon, gu xoay: Rt nhanl

- Cc khoan nhi to l bng my khoan kiu xoay trn: Nhanh

- Cc khoan nhi to l bng my khoan vch xoay kiu kp lc: Nhanh
- Cc khoan nhi to l bng my khoan phn tun hon; Chm
- Cc khoan nhi to l bng thit b o gu ngom: Nhanh
Tham kho bng 6-2 thng k thi gian quy nh thi cng cn thit

198
 n g 6.1

'IT ng knh cc khoan nhi n gi thi cng 1 mt di cc (VN)

h ---
ng knh HOOmni 3.449.640

2 iii knh () lOOOmm 4.283.273

ng knh 1200mm 5.192.193

4 ng knh () 1400rnin 6.175.752

3 ng knh () ISOOmni 6.702.532

ng knh 200Umni 9.830.000

7 ng knh () 2500mni 14.818.067

s ng knh 3000mm 21.739.807

Liai : n gi bng 6-1 c lp qua vic thng k kinh ph xy dng trung bnh cho
tng mcl di cc khu vc ng bng sng Cu Long.

Bng 6.2: Thi >ian cn thit cho thi cng cc

H s ph thuc ng knh (()) mm

K Thi liiui
Hng mc () 1000 ()1600^ 2000 -r () 2500 -
hiu (pll)

^ () 1500 2000 2500 3000

TI Thi iiian khoan liiing: 1,0 1,24 1,5 1,75

T2 Lp t lng c thp, 2Xi<t) h
cc "ng Ih riihim v
ng blng 11

T3 bCnng 6,4 () I.
1,0 1,53 2,0 2,5
T4 V sinh 1,5 h 1,0 1.5
T5 N vch 3,5 h
T6 Thit lp 71,6 100

H- Thi gian trn cha kc n thi ian thc hin cng vic di chuyn thit b ko di t
v ir cc ny sang v tr cc kia. thi qian gia cng lng thp, thi gian kho st, nh v tr
cc v thi ian th nghim siu ni, th ti cc.
+ Vic rit ng Triemic nm troim ihi gian hctng.
+ 'riii gian thit lp bao uin vic saii i mt bii, di chuyn my
VcVi h: chiu su khoan (m) L; chiu di coc (ni)

199
 Bng 6.3: Thi gian khoan Olm theo chiu su v cc lp a cht khc nhiu cho
cc ()1000 n lSOOmm bng my khoan vch xoay

Lp a cht ng bng sng Cu Long

Chiu su H s theo chiu su
N<20 N = 2 0 - 50 N> 0

0 - 15 1,0 16,10 25,60 3i,:o

15-20 1,1 17,71 28,16 34,2
20-25 1,3 20,93 32,28 40,5
25-30 1,5 24,15 38 ,4 0 4 6 ,a
30-35 1,7 27,37 43,52 53,(
35-40 1,9 30,59 48 ,6 4 59,3

40-45 2,0 32,2 51,20 62,4)

45-50 2,2 35,42 56,32 68,(4
50-55 2,4 38,64 61,44 74,S
>55 2,5 40,25 64 ,0 0 78,0

i vi cc ng knh cc khc nhau c th tham kho h s sau:

() 1600 - (|)2000mm ly h s 1,24

2000 - 2500mm ly h s 1,50
(|)2600 - (|)3000mm ly h s 1,75

6.2.2. Ch tiu k thut

6.22.1. tin cy v cht lng thi cng

Nh nu trong nh ngha v cc khoan nhi trong Chng 1, cc khoan nhd l loi
cc btng ct thp trong btng c ti ch. V vy cho d thi cng to lbng
phng php no i na nu khng c chng trnh kim tra v qun l cht lng :ht ch
s dn n c th xy ra mt s vn v cht lng cc nh nu cc s c cc: khoan
nhi trong Chng 4.
Theo s liu thng k qua cc cng trnh cu s dng mng cc khoan nhi ^^ ang
xy dng, thng thng mi cng trnh c th xy ra mt hoc vi cc c vn v cht
lng. Do hin nay, vic thit k thi cng cc khoan nhi thng a v h san ton
ln nn s lng cc i khi vt so vi kh nng cn thit theo yu cu thc t cho h
mng lm gia tng gi thnh xy dng.
Mun nh gi c cht lng cc t c yu cu hay khng phi chn khi
hon tt cng tc th nghim kim tra cht lng cc sau khi thi cng.
Ch cn mt vi vn xy ra trong cc trnh t thi cng cng c th nh hng n cht
lng cc. V vy cht lng cc hay tin cy cc l h qu ca cc trnh t thi cng cc
to ra. Mnh ny ch ng mt chiu. C ngha l khi cc thi cng t ic cht

200
krg tt tc l thc hin cc bc: thi cii: ; 0 ( cacli pliu lip. Nhng ngc li mc d
c cc bc thi cng ph hp cho liiu liiai (lotii chira chc mang li cht lng coc
thi cng l hon ton lt.
- Xt v ^ knl c c : qua ihani k h o inoi COILI rnh cu c m n g c c khoan nhi
v ang thi cng khu vc t v vnu lonn hiii sng Cu Long vi cc ng knh
cc khc nhau t ()800 -- (|)25()()mm, h i n Iia\ cc dn v thi cng v thit k thng c xu
hng s dng cc khoan nli c u knl nho hu lhng li nhiu cc mang li h s
an tcnin cao hn trnh c cc rui ro nh ncLi iroim phn cc s c cc khoan nhi trong
choig II.
X v )hC^ p l p khot o l li kli(hN c o hc tham khao v mc an ton c
nh gi th t qua bng sau:

Hn^ 6.4

TT Phng php khoan lo l ' nh ui h s in cy qua cc cp

1 M y khoan vch xoav kicu xoa Irn A
_ ^ ^
1 M y khoan iung xon, xoay 1 B

3 M y khoan phn lun hon B

4 M y khoan vch xoay kicu xoay kicu kcT Irc c*

5 M y o gu ng o m D*

Chi ch:
A: lt. B; kh tt, C: trung hiiih, l) km

* : D n g dc x c m xt s (insz vo ong lhc[) clo C(K

Quc bng nh gi trn th phnu php kho.in vci xoay kicii xoay Irn LO ci tin cy
cao hii so vi cc phiig php khik'. N clt chii rnu nioi lng dia cht va chng ngi
vt u c th x l c. Vic bctong thc liicn trong lig ony vch cho nn \ c sut
xu hin cc khuy tl cCing nh hn so vi pluKn: php s cluig ni) gung xon gu
xoay v phng php phi Uun hoi. Nhc diciii cua plng php n\ ch ng knh
cc b gii hn (800 -r c) 15()()nin c bit tni vi niy khOiUi dc biei c dng knh
200mm), do i vi cc cc c dg knh loi tir 2()())niii Iio len v chicu su ln th
phng php ny t ra khng thch hop, trong kh d phcrig php o gu ngom trong
ng vch t ra c u ii v vic fao ng knh li ciim nh co tin thi cng nhanh
hcyii cc phng php khc.

6 . 2 . 2 2 . c h n h x c t h e o p h o l n g n g c u a c o c

'lYong tnh ton thit k c c khoan Iihi ch vu \C! kha n ne chiu lai rong d c trc, d o
vy vic thi cng to chnh xc tlC( pline ihni: lii: l ttii quy inh cn thit v i
hi phi tun thu nit ccli kht khe.

201
 Nh ta bit, ty thuc vo tCmg phorng php khoan to l h khoan cc v loi thit
b khoan m c chnh xc theo phng thng khc nhau. chnh xc c th tham kho
cc s liu sau:
- Khoan vch xoay kiu xoay trn; 1/500
- Khoan vch xoay kiu xoay kp lc: 1/200
- Khoan phn lun hon, gung xon v o gu ngom: 1/100
Vic kim tra thng ng ca h khoan cc trc khi c btng cc khoan nhi
c thc hin c th bng thit b n gin hoc thit b c chnh xc cao nh my siu
m K O D E N DM - 682. Cng tc kim tra khng ch sai s thng ng cc cn phi
thc hin mt cch thfng xuyn trong giai on thi cng Khoan to l h khoan ng thi
cn phi c kinh nghim thc hin cng vic ny.

6.2.23. n v mc nh hng ca thit b thicng

Trong cc bc thi cng cc khoan nhi, ngoi vic rung h ng vch bng ba rung
gy chn ng, cn li cc ch tiu quy nh v n v mc chn ng do thit b thi
cng gy ra u nm trong phm vi cho php. Tuy nhin i vi cc cng trnh gn khu dn
c nn hn c h vic btng vo ban m v khi lng thit b tp kt ti cng trng
ln gy nh hng ln n cc hot ng dn sinh. Mt khc cng cn c bit quan tm
n mc nhim c hi n hoa mu v ngun nc s dng nu nh thi cng khoan
o t trong dung dch bentonite m khng c bin php lu cha vt liu t o t h
m ng ra cng nh dung dch bentonite thi ra trc tip xng khu vc thi cng.

62.2.4. Kh nng nh ling n thy lc thy vn hay ng lc hc dng sng

Nhng nm gn y vn l lt ng bng sng Cu Long din bin rt phc tp,
hu ht cc cu xy dng trc y u ng trc nguy c gim yu thm ch c th
gy do nc l gy ra. Vn ny xut pht t vic chn dng mng cc cha thch hp
v trong tnh ton thit k thng p dng vi tn sut l 1%, 2% v 4% , nhng thc t xc
sut xy ra nh l ti vng ng bng sng Cu Long rt cao. Do lu vc rng ln, lu
lng v vn tc nc rt mn h vic s dng cc cc khoan nhi trong thit k cu cn c
bit quan tm n chiu su h xi do l gy ra. Khi xem xt vn ny cn quan tm n
kh nng thot nc qua nn m n g cng trnh cu, chiu su h cc v chiu su cc h xi
cc b ti v tr cc m ng tr cu sng. Cng mt v tr h mng chu ti trng nh nhau,
nhng nu ngi thit k qu thin v an ton chn phng n s dng nhiu cc vi ng
knh nh trong khi vi cmg knh lfn nhng s cc li t s c th phi i mt vi mt
s vn cn phi gii quyt v xi cc b ti v tr h mng cng nh nh hng n
hng chy ca dng sng v.v... Theo kinh nghii thit k thin v an ton ngi thit k
c th chn ng knh v chiu su h cc ln kh nng ngm cht bo m bn
cng trnh cu khi xy ra l lt hoc to h xi xung quanh h mno cc.

202
 62.2.5. Mc tiu hao bentonite vi cc phng php khoan gi n nh thnh
vch h khoan bng dung dch bentonite
i vi vic qi n nh thnh vch bng dung dch bentonite, ty thuc vo tng
phng php khoan, iu kin a cht thy vn m quyt nh cc ch tiu t trng,
nht. Do vy m mc tiu hao beiitonite khc nhau. i vi phng php khoan to l bng
my khoan gu xoay lng tiu hao bentonite c tnh ton nh sau:

- Ch tiu dung dch beiitonite ; t trng: 1,02 ^1,04; nht 22 H-24s

- T l trn: 40 kg/m'
- T l thu hi sau khi thi cng cc l 60%
- Khi lng bentonite tiuhao cho 01 cc c tnh nh sau:

M = (k X A ) X h X 1,2 X 40 X 0,4

trong ;
M ; khi lng bentonite dng cho 1 cc (kg)
D : ng knh cc (m)
h : chiu su khoan (m)
1,2: h s hao ht
0,4; h s tiu hao bentonite ty thuc vo phng php khoan.

6.22.6. Mc tiu hao dao ct i vi cc phng php khoan bng vch xoay kp
lc hoc xoay trn, gu ngom
i vi vic thi cng bng my khoan vch xoay kiu kp lc hoc kiu xoay trn, gu
ngom vi t thi cng cn quan tm n nht l dao ct hay rng gu ngom. Dao ct hay
rng gu ngom c ch to bng thp hoc hp kim thp c bit c cng tong
ng vi kim cong do gi thnh dao ct hay rng gu ngom tng i cao. Mc
tiu hao dao ct rt khc bit gia cc loi t cc a tng khc nhau. C th tham kho
tiu hao dao ct cho Im khoan qua bng sau:

Bng 6.5

Tiu hao dao ct cho Lp ct c

Lp ct c N < 20 Lp ct c N > 50
Olm/ ng knh cc N = 20 4- 50
SOO-llOOmm 0,0007 0,0035 0,0070

()1200- 1400mm 0,0008 0,0040 0,0080

1500 lOOmm 0,0010 0,0050 0,0100

l800-2000mm 0,0013 0,0065 0,0130

(|)2100-()2500mm 0,0016 0,0080 0,0160

2600 - 3000mm 0,0020 0,0100 0,0200

203
 6.22.7. H s hao hut btng i vi coc khoan nhi
I vi coc khoan Iihi bcu C ihcp, h s hao ht btng c ngi thit k v thi
cng quan tni Briig hao hul um c limg btng tng do phi btng cao hn cac
so vi yu cu t (),K l,5m, do cloan coc v tr ng vch tm c ng knh ln hn
^ g knh coc. do phn btng ly ra clc inu v kim tra st ngoi cng trng, ngoi
ra c n do tnh trane l khoan, d SUI h c i n g , c c y u t v tnh hnh a cht thy vn bri
irong h miu v.v... L khoan c ihc c yngknh li hn ng knh thit k do thit b
khoan (nht l thit b o o;u ngoam) c th m rng tng on h khoan do hin tng
sat l ihnh vch h klioai i vi vic khoan vch xoay, khi lng btng vo cc cc
thc d kin chih xc. cn cc pimvim plip khc kh c th tnh ton chun c Urng
bctng s d vo coc, Mc hao RII bctng c th tham kho thc t mt s cng trnh
cho tng phtng php khoan
- Phn plip kht)aii eLi xo ay , uunii xon; 13 -1 8 %
- Phcnig p h p k h o a n tun hoi Iiec 15 - 20%
- Phng plip khoan vch \oav 10 - 13%

6.2.3. Phn tch v ch tieu tn ti thn^ qua ng knh cc

i VI ngLi tlii kc la c h n n g knh m n g c c k h o a n nhi s d n g c h o c u l

Iiit cng vic Iircyng cli kh kn v phc tp v n i hi phi thc hin cng mt lc
dira ra cc phng n cUrng knh coc V,I chtu di c c khc nhau. Sau gii bi ton ti
u sao c h o nghiiTi ca hi ton thoa !Ti;m I.c i u kin v kh n n g chu lc p ng cc
quy dinh quy Irnh khng nhiu vc mai k thut tnh ton m c tnh ihit ihc v my
mc ihit bi v mt him kinh imlin t!ii cng ca cc nh thu, ng thi phng n cc
ira ra cnu ph mang lii hc s ;U lon it ly ra cc ri ro. Thng thng cc n v thit
kc laiu iure vn &A s da vo kiil Iiiliicm cc cng trnh qua a ra cc ng
knh coc uroig t cho cc cii: tmil cfiii ttoiig khu vc m h bit qua hi k thi cng
ve cicu di. clmu knh coc
Vic xc inh chi IILI k tluai vc ln li cho ni s ig knh cc lng i khc
khn. <rn gin ha vicc l;t choi a c tli dng cng mt v tr h mng, cng chu lc
v c cc c trimg i cht thuv vn nh nhau, ta i tnh lt c cc phng n sau la
cloi phg n ti u vc int k tlLii sao c h o m a n g li h s an ton, thi c n g m bc
cht liRn^ mang lai lic qui kniii tc giii liiinl h v tin thi cng nhanh nh.

6.2.4. Ch tiu kinh t, ky thu thon^ qua sut u t cc phng n ig knh cc

Nh d bici. khi la clion plurt)'!m an (.lng knh cc thng phi c bit quan tin n
vic so snh la chon plnrViiu n ti ini p lg v mt kinh t, k thut. Vic quyt ni
chicLi di c o c k h o a n n h i IV i h i i o c v;k) c i m a c h t t h y v n v tr x y d n g m n g
coc thii: qui cc ki qua khdaii dia ch hoc cc ti liu xy dng nn mng cc cc
cng irnh cau xy tlng roim khu \c v.v... Do vy ch tiu sut u t hay kinh phi
x\ dirne plrng n dng kiili coc cn thit phi xem xt n phn b a chl, c im
ihuv vn ca vifig cu (hc a quci inh u t vi ng knh cc no l kinh t nht. Sau
\ c th ihani khiU) \ ic tnl !o;ii so s n h la c h n p h o n g n n g k n h c c vng
n^~ bn^~ sn<i~ CiVn I oiii

204
 V (li: S cing s liu a chrl v kc't qii th ti cc khoan nhi tr n c o b N a m (Ir
P I 4 ) eua cu MT. tlns Tiu chun thit k cu ASS HT O-L RPD-1998 vi cc dng knh
v chicu cli coc khc Iiliaii lnh s liiim cc, dng lh'i sc la chii c loi dig knh
Iio l kinh t nhi p ng ti thicii ch licii k tliut theo yu cu (sc khng cc hn ca
c c theo cl nen).

lri 6.6a: 1nj hp kt qu tnh ton sc khni cc hn ca cc theo t nn

Khi niii chu li cia cc ihco ;t ncn

D uim
Sc Sc kh nu ma st thnh bn
knh Chiu Sc khng Sc khng
khiii
cc di cc l dnh cho php ti hn
'I"r mi ca -SQs =
l ri
L (m) cia cc Q;i ca cc Qu
cc Qp Qsd Q s d + Qsr
(nini) Qsr (ln) (ln) (un)
(ln) (ln)
(tn)
1 ()SOO 64,(J0 74,,S6 1.045,27 362,53 1.407,80 594,09 1033,72
*) (|) 1000 70,00 1i 1,82 1.4S2,72 453,17 1.935,89 826,20 1437,59
3 <|) 1200 70,00 154, 21 1.779.27 543,80 2.323,06 002,HI 1744,90
4 (|)1I00 80,00 901,54 2.1 18,96 13 i 8,46 3.437,43 1489,04 2590,92
5 1300 K(),00 965,94 2,270,32 1412.64 3.6S2,96 1603,52 2790,13
6 ()200t) XO,00 12S7,yi 3.027,09 1883.52 4.910,61 2192,19 3814,42
7 (|)25(K) S3,55 1609,<S9 3.7X3.S6 3200,45 6.9H4,31 3171,X0 551S,93
K ()3(KKJ K5,55 1931,<S7 4.540.63 3X40,54 8.3H1,7 3893,04 6773,90

Hing 6.6b: Kt qu tnh ton kinh ph sut u t cc phong n cc khoan nhi

p n ytu cu v sc khn^ cc hn quy nh (Q = 7800 tn )

S c khiii Sc khng S lne

H s T n g sc
l)('ne Cliic cc h 11 cc hn sau c c ycLi (n gi
iu k h n g cc l l i i i h lin
TT knh di I h c o lnh iu chnh cu 11 d/m di
chnh h n Qi , (dng)
(nnn) (m) o n Qi i Qu iroig h (ng)
(tn)
(lii)/cc (tn)/cc n('ni!

1 KO) 64.0) 103.^72 0,7 7 3 0 , 4H !2 8.765,81 3,449.740 2.649.40.32U

2 1000 70,00 1437,59 0,71 1.0 5 , 8 8 (S K. 1 2 7 , 0 7 4.283.273 2.398.632.S80

3 () 12K) 7() , )0 1744.90 0,71 1.233,05 7 8 . 6 3 i . 33 5.192.193 2.544.174.570

i

4 1400 S(),()() 2 S ^ ) {) } )2 0,71 l.s3(),yu 5 9.154,49 6.175.7.^2 2 . 4 7 ) . 3 ) ( ) . 8 ( X)

5 c) \M ) { ) so.oo 2790 0,7! .971.67 4 7.SX6,67 6.702.532 2 . 144.H 1 0 . 2 4 0

6 () 2 0 0 0 S(J,)(} 3814,42 0,71 2.69.^49 3 S.OH6,47 9.<S30.300 2.3fi9.272.(X)0

7.8(}(),00 14.818.067 2 371.264

7 c) 2.SU0 85,3.^ 5518,93 0,71 3 . 9 ( ) U, ) 0

3( )0() 85.5 6773,90 0,71 4.7S6,83 9 9.573.66 21.739.807 3.719.680.978

8

205
 Hnh 6-20a,b biu din kt qu tnh ton sc khng cc hn theo t nn v kinh ph xy
dng ca cc phoig n ng knh v chiu di cc khc nhau

Biu sc khng cc hn ca cc sau khi diu chnh

theo kt qu th ti vi cc phng n n knh cc khc nhau
6,000

*oD 4.786.83
5.000

3.900,00
4.000

3 3.000
'O m
cro- 1.830.90 1-971.67 - -i
2.000
o 1.233.05
1,015,88
c 730,48
<T3 1.000

D800 D1000 D1200 D1400 D1500 D2000 D250 D3000

ng knh cc (mm)

Hnh 6-

S biu din kinh ph xy dng cc khoan nhi

vi cc phng n ng knh v chiu di khc nhau
4-OOQ.OOO.OOQ
3. 719. 680, 978

3.500.000.000

3.000.000,000
2.649.-100.320
2 535. 371, 254
Q 2 398, 632, 880
2 470 300. 800
2.500.000,000 2.359 272, 000
> m
2 180. 721,060
CD 2,144 810, 240

^ 2 . 000 , 000,000
-c
X
Ic li
^ 1.5O.OG.QO '

1 . 000 . 000.000 -

500,000.000

D800 D1000 DI 200 D1400 D I500 D2000 D2500 D3000

L=64.00m L=70.00m L=70.00m L=80,00m L=80.00m L=80.00m L=85.55m L=8550m

Hinh 6-1 b

206
 ua cc Bnu 6.6a,b v linh 6 - la ,b nhn thy vi phirnu n Lrng knh cc lSOOmni,
chicLi di coc L = SOm s' lng 4 cc t yu cLi v sc khng cc hn tlico t nn v
kinh l nlit liay sut du t l hp l nlit.

6.2.5. S b la chn cln knh v chiu di cc khoan nhi trong xy dng cu

vi n bri sn Cu Lon

l n CO' s cc li liu k h o st da chl ca cc cLi d dc xy dng v c c h s plin

b laim da cht ca vng ng bng sng Cu Long, s b tnh ton vi phng n ng
knh cc no l hp l Iiht clio dc im a cht thy vn mang li hiu qu kinh t k
thut cho cim trnh cu. C th tham kho qua cc v d sau:
u Vi (l I : s dns s liu kho st a ch cii TO - Tr Vinh d s b tnh ton chn
phiroii: n irng knii cc.

Bng 6.7a

Sc khiig S
Chiu Tim sc n gi
iidi knh cc hn ihco l n i Thnh tin
di khng cc /ni di
(mm) lnh lon Qu cc yu (dng) (diii)
(m) hn Q;i (tn)
(ln)/cc cu n
(!) S(J() 32,00 433,07 10 4.330.73 3.449.740 1.793.864,800
(|) 1()()() 52,00 553,59 X 4.42<s,74 4.283,273 1.781.84I,56X
(|) 1200 5 2 .0 0 6 7 9 .0 1 6 4.()74,0X 5.192.193 i .6 19.964,216 1
(|) 1400 5 2 ,0 0 X 0 9 .3 4 5 4.046.6X 6.173.752 1.605.695,520
(|) 1300 3 2 ,0 0 8 7 6 ,3 4 5 4.3X1,68 6.7U2.532 1.742.658,320
(j) 2000 5 2 ,0 0 1229,71 4 4.91S,X3 9.S30.300 2.044.702,400
() 2500 52,uu 1613,71 3 4.X41,13 14.818.67 2.31 1.61 K,452
(() 3 0 0 0 32,O 2028,35 2 4.056,69 21,739.807 2.260.939,928

Bri 6.7b

K h n n u c h u li c a c c l l i c o d l n n
Dnu
C hicu Sc khng Sc khng
r r knh Sc k h n u ma sl i h n h bii
d i c o c Sc khiii
coc cho php li hn ca
nui ca cc d n h l ri i Q s = Qsd
L (m) ca cc Q;i <--oc Q
(nini) Qp (ln) Qsd Qsr +Qsi ( ln) (tn) (l'n)

1 3 4 5 6 7 X 9
1 (|) soo 52.00 128.10 310,13 252,54 562,66 2 4 X, S9 433,07
1 1()()() 52,00 200.15 387,66 315,67 703.33 31K,16 553,59
3 () 1200 52,00 307,43 465,19 37<s,80 844,00 390,24 679,01
4 c) 400 52,00 379,6 542.73 441,94 9cS4,66 465,14 809,34

207
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5 1500 52,00 381.29 581,49 473,50 1.055,00 503,64 876,34
6 2 000 52,00 508,39 775,32 631,34 1.406.66 706,73 1229,71
7 (|)2500 52,00 635,48 969,15 789,17 1.758,33 927,42 1613,71
8 () 3000 52,00 762,58 1.162,99 947,01 2.109,99 1 16,72 2028,35

Biu sc khng cc hn tnh ton ca cc vi

cc phng n ng knh cc khc nhau
2500

2028.35
20QQ

1613.71

a 1500
1229,71

o 876,34
1000 V
809,34
c
J=
< p 679.01 vV
jse: 553,59
433,07
500
CO

i
D800 DIOOO D120 D1400 D1500 D200 D2500 D3000
n g knh c c fm r.)

Hinh 6-2a

vS biu din kinh ph xy dng cc khoan nhi vi cc

phng n ng knh khc nhau, s dng a ch cu Tr on - Tr Vinh

2.500.000.000
2.311.618

2.044.7Q2.400
2 000 000 000 - -1-793.864.800
781.841,568
1 619 964 216 1.742.658,320
1.605 695,520
g 1.500.000.000
-o
r

~ 1,000.000,000 --
Q .

500.000.000 -

D800 D1000 D1200 D1400 D1500 D200 02500 D3000

L = 52.0 L = 52.0 L = 52.0 L = 52,0 L = 52.0 L = 52.0 L = 52.0 L = 52.0

Hinh 6^2b

208
 .\l(u x: iia \xu]i 6 .7 a. h \' hnh ( v 2 a . h L' ih so' ho Iilin \1 \(')i dicu kin da ch
nlii' (Iiriu knh e o c I 2 0 0 liii cicn () l^OOnii c kinh pli \ a \ cliim Ui'oiiiz di liip so
\<)'I I. .K p h i i t v i m n c h i i i : k i i l i c c CI l i .

h ) \ ilii 2 : S cl i i i i u s o l i u cla cl iil c a u B P - 1'P. I C l i M i n l c s b l n h t o n c h n

phu' (' niz ; u i ck r ' n i i k i l i c o c .

H n 6.Xa

S c khiiii Tnnu
1 D uVul! ; Cl i ci i S lutfiiL: D n izi
(.uv h a n i h c o sc k h n ^ T h n h lin
n knh di i coc ^ d/ni di
t n h l o i i Qii c c l i n Qij (nu)
' (Iiini (m ) y c i i c u ii inu)
('l'/coc iT
; 1
1 ' (|) s o o ; 7S.30 I.XOI. OO 1 3^J.62I>)S 1 3 . 4 4 ^ ) . 7 4 0 5 . ^ 3 7 . 7()(), yX0

0 !(){)() 7S.30 2.26U.74 !S 4 ) .S 5 . ^ . 41 4.2S3.273 6.052.264,74tJ

3 : () 2 0 0 7S.50 2 . 7 4 5 . S J 14 3S.442,45 : 5. 1^)2.1^)3 5 .7 0 6 .2 2 0 .1 0 7

4 : t. 4 0 0 . 7S.30 3 . : 2 ) . 4 3 ! 2 3H .753JS i 6.173.752 5.<s 1 7 . 5 3 8 . 3 X 4

3 (|) 1 3 0 0 , 7S.50 3 , 4 7 . . ^S 12 41.687,73 1 6.702.532 6.313.7<S5,I44

6 : 2()(K) 7S.50 4,724,45 s 37.795.61 y. S3( ). 3() ( ) f).173.42S,40()

*7
/ (,) 2M)( 7S. >( ) (>.021.16 s 4S. 6 9 . 3 2 14.S I S . 0 6 7 ').305.746.076

s 0 3(H)() 7X..^() 7.364,12 () 44.184,71 21.7.V ).S07 l ( ) . 2 3 9 . 4 4 ) , ( W7

iaiii 6.SI)

K h a 11;I'J lIili lai ciia LOC i h c o d;l nci

>l['iil: ( 'llK'll S v kli;i nii m a s;il l n h h n

STV khiii iii S c kliiiL
kii d Sc khim
11 imi ciia cli) p h p
ct>c L XQs = cuV liaii c a
[)t dnh D l r ^-
Cl >c ( )p c i h i c c ();,
C'( n n i ) ( ) Q .i +Qsr c u c Qi i ( l t )
QsJ (l;n)
itAni it)
(Un)

1 soo 7X.S0 i 14.00 2.374,3) 2.4SK,30 1.035,06 : 1.<S),()0

lKK) 7N.3U 163.5S 4 2 ,5 0 2>)67,ss 3.1 K . 3 8 i.3)4.45 2.26V.74

3 I2(KJ 7S.50 17.00 3.561.4.^ 3.732,43 2. 7 4 5 , XM

1
4 i-ioo 7K.50 4. 4.354,53 1.S56.00 3.22^).43

s 1300 7S.S0 213.7S 4 4.'S.S2 4.603.37 1 3.473.9K

f) :()()() ' mS.SO 2 <ss.{)() 6.220.76 4.724,45

/ 2 . ^ 00 7S.50 1 .tM6,-l() 35f).25 7.77:S/i4 3.460,44 : 6.021,16

s 3HH) 7S.50 427,30 St)3/)3 3 3 1 . 13 4.232,25 7.364,12

2W
 B iu sc k h n g cc hn tnh ton c a c c vi
cc phorm n ng knh c c k h c nhau
8000
73M.12

7000

6021,16
6000
0
c *

1
4724,45
5000
1

c
cp 4000
3473,98
2229,43
2745,89
D 3000
2269.74
1801,00
2000

>
1000

0800 D1000 D1200 D1400 DI 500 D2000 D2500 COOO

ng knh ci (mm)

Hnh 6^3a

S biu din kinh ph xy dng cc khoan nhi vi cc

phomg n ng knh khc nhau, a cht cu Bnh Phc - TP. H Ch Mirh

i
><
Q .

D800 D1000 D1200 01400 D1500 D2000 D2500 D:000

L = 78.50 L = 78.50 L = 78.50 1 = 78.50 L = 78.50 L = 78.50 L = 78,50 L = '8,50

Hnh 6'3b

210
 N h n xt: Qua kt qu lnh ton ()hns 6-8a,b v hnl 6-3a,b vi iu kin a ch
klni M IC cu BP - TP. H Ch Minh coc c ng knh SOO mm n () ISOOmm c kinh ph
xy dny lng i ihp so vi cc plnayng n dng knh cc cn li.

Bn; 6.9: 1 ng hp mt s ch tiu kinh t k thut

cc loi hnh cng nh cc khoan

ciis ngh thi cim cc khoai nhi

Ch ticLi kinh c, Khi)an
TT Khoan Khoan Khoan Khoan o
k thut tun hon
\'ch xoay iiaii xoay lUng xon gu ngom
ngc
Chi ph u ur
Ricao Truni bnh Cao Trung binh Cao
ihil h, cne nuh
Chi ph vn
chuycn my mc, C;u) Cao Thp Cao Cao
Ihic b
.
3 Chi ph Ihicl lp TB*/TC TB*/TC TB*ATC TB*/TC TB*ATC
cim triii QioVDN Cao*/DN Cao*/DN Cao*/DN Cao*/DN
4 Thi ^ian thi cne Nhanh Rinhanh Chm R nhanh R\ nhanh
5 D lin cy \ c cll Tim di Truni Mnh Trunu bnh Trung bnh Trung bnh
ln ihi CIIL Ciio
.
Do ;inh xc llict)
/2K-!/5(K) l/iK) l/KK) 1/100 1/100
piim ihnu i
7 D II v Iic
C) 0 0 o 0
chn nii
s Gi ihnh/ Tn lai Rl cao Thp C'(U) Thp Thp
_ 1 ..............
Ticii h:u) bcnloiiilc 0 , X X

l) Ticii hao dau C1i X

11 1 Hao hul bcliii! 10 ; 13^1 X'/r 13 ~2{y;} 13 IS +20'/r

, . ......

6.3. K i 1,UN V KIN NCill

('IU lc |')liii CI, nh ui iiio so ch liu kiiih tc, k tluit ca mn i c c khoan nh i

r o i i i i \ v cli: c u (y m c l a l IIOI c o n u \ i c p h c l p i h o i c i i iihi cLi t h i g i a n n g h i n
cu. Vi c clnli li can phin c o cv du c c tlinu ii v pln b laii! a cht c a lng v tr
xv dn\i. Nhiu coiiu l;c Cii ;ini nliu' diu Ini cc s liu iih lon thy vn, cc kc qu
tl li coc, cc' ho s l licli COL' d thi CI11 lni\)'c dy Irone klii vc dang d kin xy
cIul: \ a ..

21 1
 S liu ncii Ironu Ch o m ny ch l birc du xct c h o lit vi vnu ri bng SII]
Cu Loig. Mc dch l c lu ra Iiil lih hung c tiih cli v d dc bn c iham kho
i \i vic xy dni: lng cc khoan nlii Ironii xy dim cau vnu ng bni n\' nr
C|iia!i tii n Iit s vii d :
1- V tr xy dnu cne Iriili, lm quan trim ca cim trnh, dnu k cu nhp v chici:
di nhp d kici s clim (cu y vim, cu dni dc hiiii cn hne v.v...). Tai cc khu vc
d lli, kliii dii c v cc cau vx trone thnh ph vic s cine niim cc khoan nh)i
i oim xv dnu l lp l v Iilung u din cua n inani: li ihir ni bo cc vn v ini
trng, lin thi c n u ihch hp v k h n g c h i m lhicLi nil bng ,\v dim.

2- Cc khoan nhi hin nay zi thnli xy dii: cn lirom i cao so vi cc phng r

inim cc khc. Nuay c cng loi cc klioan nhi lhng vi cc dng knli khc nhau v
chicii di khc nhau s dn n cc kinh ph chcnh lch nhau. Do vy khi du t xy dn^
I i i m c c c n q u a n t m n n i l s c h i t i c u k i n h t, k i h u t d nLi t r o n g p l i i t r n l

d nm ht dc phm vi s cliiig cc v tnh c sut du t trcn c S la chn phirni;

n irnu knh v chicii di cc li u. iia thng k nh gi vi cc cu xy clne i
hne sim Cu Loim Iihn thy vi inu knh coc () 1200 ^ t)15()0nim v nil vi tririi!:;
hp 2()()()ni naiiii lai liiu Ciia kinh t nht. X c l v cliici di c o c cn ty ihiic v o S
phii b tiii da cht cc lp cl v tiili hnh thy lc, thy vn v v Ir xy dnu cu ni
a ra qiiyc nh cliu ci e the cho phcyiie n cc. Nlin s h c Ihe chon vi di
knh cc () 1200 -I- ()15()()miii lli clicii cli cc ihay i l 50ni en 73ni l hp l v kinh It
nlt. Riiie cc cau lii v sim Tin v snu Mu ili dni: kiih coc c the l
(|)2(){)0 ()3(H)0mni vi chiu cli t so cln 12()m.

3- a chi do s plin b Iirnu di dy ca lp bn yu vi cc dc rnu chu lc r

thp, CU) lcn vic tnl lon cn phi quan tm clh ma st m d o p c v liaiie ca nci
dt \C 1 1 ln h nim coc. im lli c hit qiiaii ti dn s xu liiii ca lfi qucl qua V

Ir xy tlinm caii. Klu liih toi lliLiv lc, thy vii ilnrm da vo n su 29c v 49
cti khi kliim phn iili ht lih thc l ca viii: ly do nc lfi thim xiiyn xy ra Iroii.
nm lr thniz 9 dn ihim 12 liii nm. Ml khk' vn dc xi cc b v xi chung nen lu j
do thi uiai izn dy dc tlico b snu Mu v Ticn Giaim ihnu xut hin xi uy sl Ic
li lii thit li niicii CIU trnh.

4- Vc tliic kc do c nliicii b licLi ctuii an lu hnh trone nc nlium lione s cl C(

cc licii clun sau dy s d u n u pli lip vi c truim vnu clni: hiiu snu ( ru Loiu (
l: Ticu chun TCXD l<)5-l W 7 ca Vii Nam, TicLi cliun ihit kc cu A USR OAD - 1w :
ca c v c bit l v\i\ cliiin thit kc criii cua M ASSHT0-LRFD-I99(S (TicLi cliLii
Ihi! k cu Vit Nam 22TCN 272-01) c LIU dicm \o1 Iri v c hc lnh ton kiciii \V
dirc sc khnu nia sl lln coc qua t]iiz lp dt vi cc h s dicii chinh sc kling luxnu
ii: (troni: iili loii cc \'I1U dii: bnu sim Cirii Lone kh nim chu lirc ch vu li
sc khiu Iia st Kn cc).

11
 5- Tuy nhin khi d a la pling n cc ngi thit k*cng nn c bit lu n cc
s c k thut thng xy ra di vi cc khoan nhi nh nu trong Chng 5. V
nhng s c trn i khi khng thc s dng dng mng cc khoan nhi m phi thay
bng phng n khc.
6- V thi cng nn s dng ng vch bng thp hoc coniposite vi chiu di phi
xuyn qua ht chiu dy tng t bin st yu ng thi kt hp vi vic s dng bentonite
nhm han ch cc s c st l vch h khoan nm su bn di ng vch v hn ch c
s gim cht lng btng cc do ln tp cht.
7- ng bng sng Cai Long vi h thng sng ngi chng cht, c rt nhiu sng ln,
su v nc chy xit, do thi cng cc u thc hin trn h x lan. Nhm trnh cc tc
nc sng v, nc chy c thc dng cc h c nh x lan.

8- V thit b thi c n s khoan to l : i vi cc c ng knh ()800-r() 15 0 0 m m

thng dng nht l thit b khoan vch xoay kiu xoay trn, khoan phn tun hon v
gung xon. i vi cc cc c ng knh ()2000-H()3000mm c th s dng thit my
o gu ngom.
9- Cng tc kim tra thng ng thnh vch h khoan c th s dng thit b o
siu m KODEN - DM 682. Kim tra cht lng cc khoan nhi ngoi cng tc kh oan
mu btng th cng tc th nghim o siu m ng nht btng thn cc m ang li
hiu qu cao.

l- Cng tc th ti cc: thng thng i vi cc cc c ng knh (|)800-i- 1500m m

v tr thi cng trn cn v khng viig mt bng th th ti tnh bng cht ti truyn thng
l mang lai hiu qu kinh t nht. Trong khi i vi cc cu c mng cc khoan nhi
ng knli kin c th s dng phng php th ti tnh bng hp ti trng Osterberg l hp
l nht.
11- ua phn tch v ch tiu kinh t, k thut c bit l sut u t c th s b a ra
phrn vi s dng cc khoan nhi vng ng bng sng Cai Long, t c the s dng
tham kho cho cng tc thm nh duyt d n u t xy dng cu s dng phng n cc
khoan nhi sau ny.

213
 Ph lc - Bng 6.10

B NG PHN TCH N GI CHI TlT

Cng trnh : Cu X

Hng mc: Cc khoan nhi D = 2, A30mm, L = 80in

nh mc xy dng Gi tr cho 1 cc

n Khi Khi
STT SHM Hng mc cng vic n gi Thnh tin Thnh tin
v lng lng

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 DA, 1240 Khoan to l ng knh

D = 2000mm 1m 1.602.511 80,00 128,200,905

(H s iu chnh ng
kinh l khoan 1.429)
-- ------- - ....... ----------------
B. Nhn cng : 91,872

Ngy cng 4/7 cng 5.99 15,344 91,872

c. My thi c n g : 1.510.639
My khoan ca o"l6 6,094J32 957^999^

Cu 50T ca 0.16 1.639.226 257,670

Slan400T ca 0.16 670,875 105,455
Slan200T ca 0.16 325o23 5,0TO

Tu ko 150CV ca 0.09 775.474 66,489

My khc % 5 71 ,9 35 '
2 DC.120 Va Bentonite chng sp
thnh l khoan (50%) 1m^ 115,458 276.8 31,958,741
A. Vt li u : 12l'844
Bentonite kg 39.26 3,000 117,780
Nc ngt 0.67 2,500 1,675
Vt liu khc % 2 2,389
6, Nhn c n g : 4 f cng 0.64 15,344 9,820
c. My thi cng : 99,252
My trn dung dch ca 0,055 23337 12,839

My sng rung ca 0,055 591,646 32,541

My bm 200m^/gi ca 0,055 76,793 4,224

S lan 200T ca 0.12 325^023 39,003

Tauko150CV ca Oi)1 7 7 5 ,^ 4 7,755

My khc % 3 2,891

214
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

3 C.2325 Cp phi btng cc nhi

M300 1m' 593.059

Ximng kg 455 882 401,310

Ct 0.448 63,636 28,509

m' 0.805 118,000 94,990

Sika R4 1% lt 4.55 15,000 68,250

4 HB.9220 Btng cc nhi 1m^ 837.625 276.8 231,854,561

A. Vt li u : 655.980

Va btng m 1.10 593,059 652,365

ng D=300mm m 0.019 18,500 352

Vt liu khc % 0.50 3,264

B. Nhn c n g : 4,5/7 cng 0.65 16,914 10,994

c. My thi c n g : 170.651

Cu 50T ca 0.042 1,639.226 68,847

My bm BT 50m^/h ca 0,042 1.433.318 60,199

S lan 400T ca 0.042 670,875 28,177

Tu ko150CV ca 0.013 775,474 10,081

My khc % 2 3,346

5 HD.1140 Sn xut btng qua dy

chuyn trm trn m' 10,880 276.8 3,011,473
................ -------- -
6- Nhn cng 555

Nhn cng 3/7 cng 0.04 13,878 555

C- Xe my 10,325

Trm trn 60mVh ca 0.0058 1.618.214 9,386

My khc % 10 939

6 HD.2430 Vn chuyn BT c ly < 2km 16,667 276.80 4,613,426

C- Xe my

t chuyn trn 10T ca 0.Q239 697I345 16,667

7 IA.6231 Ct thp cc nhi

> D = 18mm 1 tn 6.665.905 17.70 117,971,859

A. Vt liu : 5.908.533

Thp trn kg 1,020 5,581 5,692,569

Dy thp kg 14.28 5,571 79,554

Que hn kg 10.5 7,420 77,910

V t liu khc % 58,500

215
 4 5

S- Nhn cng 4/7 cng 11~88 15,344 182.287

C- Xe my 575.085

Myhn23kW ca 2.62 77,338 202,626

My ct un ca 0.16 39,789 6,366

Cu16T ca 0.06 774,540 46,472

Cau25T ca 0.14 1.120.935 156,931

S lan 200T ca 0.14 325,023 45,503

S lan 4 0 0 r ^ ca 0.14 670,875 93,923

____ _ _ _
Tu ko 150CV ca 0.03 775,474 23,264

NA.2210 Sn xut ng vch 1 tn 4.895.393 21.70 136,230,032

A. V li u : 4.198.002

Thp tm 10ly kg 1,025 3,905 4,002,625

xy chai 0.078 39,000 3,042

t n kg' 0.062 7,200 446

Que hn kg_ 7 .5 7,420 129,850

Vt liu khc % 1,5 62,039

B- Nhn cng 4,5/7 cng 18.50 16,914 312.909

C- Xe my 384.482

My hn 23kW ca 4.37 77,338 337,967

My cun ng ca oTb 43,589 21,795

Cu 16T ca 0.027 774,540 20,913

IVtykhc % T 3,807

YG. 15080 Bc ng vch ln xung xe 5,286 21.70 114,706

N k n (^ n g : 0,062/107x2 181

Nhn cng 3,5/7 cng 0.012 14,611 181

C .m y :0 ,0 3 1 / 1 0 T x 2 5,105

Cw16T ca 0.006 823.425 5,105

10 TT VR chuyn ng vch n
cng trng (30km) ng 737,098 1.00 737,098

C.My
T ^ u k o 272CV ca 1,00 737,098 737,098

11 HC.6410 Ve (p ng kim 4.276.014 3.263 13,952,634

1.996.287

kg 1,420 882 1,252,440

Fh gia [ntraplast - kg 17.04 43,653 743,847

z g ho n)

216
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

B. Nhn cng 547.781

- Nhn cng 4.0/7 cng 35.7 15,344 547,781

c. My 1.731.946

My trn va 801 ca 1,83 45,294 82,888

My nn kh 10"'^/ph ca 1.83 622,374 1,138,944

My bm va ximng 9m% ca 1.83 221,778 405,854

My bm nc 20kW ca 0.5 107,630 53,815

My khc % 3.0 50,445

Gi thnh ca 1 cc khoan nhi ()2000mm ; L = 80M 638.645.435

n gi bnh qun tnh cho 1m cc 7.983.068

T l khu tr bao gm:

- Ph hat ng lin doanh 7%

- Ph trch np cho Tng cng ty 5%

- Np thu 4%

- Ph iu hnh thi cng 1%

- Li nhun ca cng ty 5%

- Chi ph i ngoi 3%

- Chi ph kim tra cht lng cc 5.57%

Cng 30.57%

217
 MC LC

Tran
Li gii thiu 3

Chng I: p dng mng cc khoan nhi trong xy dng cu 5

1.1. MLi 5
1.2. Khi cLil v c im s dng mng cc khoan nhi trong xy dng cng trih
giao thng 6
1.3. Mt s Irng hp p diing mng cc khoan nhi trong cc cng tinh cu 7
1.3.1. Mt s trng hp in hnh 7
1.3.2. Mt s nhn xt 9
1.4. V cc tiu chun thit k, tiu ch u n thi c n g v n g h i m lliLi m n g c c klioan
nhi trong cc cng liiih cu 11

Chorig II: Co s tnh ton cc khoan 13

2.1. Cc phng php lnh ton sc chu ti dc Irc cia cc khoan nhi ang dc
p dng Vit Nam 14
2 .1. 1. X c nh sc chLi ti d c trc ca c c khoan nhi ih e o c n g thc l lluiyt
(theo kt qu lli nghim trong phng) Tiu chun Vit Nam TCXD 195-1997 14
2.1.2. Xc nh sc chLi ti dc trc theo tiu chun thit k Aiistroads-1992 ca c 17
2.1.3. Xc nh sc chu tai dc trc ca cc khoan nhi theo kt qua kho st
bng thit b th nghim hin trng 20
2.2. Phn tch, nh gi cc phng php tnh ton sc chu ti thng ng ca cc
khoan nhi ang s clii Vit Nam 32
2.2.1. p dng liu chiin thit k T C X D 195:1997 vi s liu th nghim
trong phng 32
2.2.2. V p dng tiu chun thit k 22TCN 272-01 ca Vit Nam v liu
chun AA SH T O - L R F D - 1998 ca Hoa K c s diing s liu ih
nghim hin lrng 33
2.2.3. V tiu chun thil k AUSTROADS : 1992 ca c 33
2.3. V d tnh ton cc khoan nhi 33
2.4. Cc tnh ton phc v thi cng cc khoan nhi 39
2.4.1. Cc vn cn tnh ton 39
2.4.2. V d v lnh ton n nh ng vch bng thp trong cc giai on thi cng 39

218
( 'h( MU III; ( Oni 4 n^lic coc kh o an nhoi 43
3.1. ( iu li u c lu m !^ \ c C O IIU I 1 ^ K ' lli c tiiu C (K k h o iin Iili i c h o c o n i : n iih c a u 43
I I . ( ' i t i a n b lli c o n i : 43
1.2. c V)I1U l;c kKaii ;k) lo 45
1 . V Dunu clicl klu>an 54
. ( 'oiiu u i c L-()l l l c p
t;c co hc o n u COL' k h o i i i i 62
1 I. D a iii b : i o 1\ \ \ l o a n kli ilii COIIL c o c k l i n i i n Iih o i 67
1 vii L o n u n i:h c llii C O I I L I L O C k h o . 111 I ) ' c : u i 111^ 6(S

2.1. ( ioi i h i u c l u n u 6S
^ ' ( i i ) l l i c u l a i i : l u v ! i i \ k l o a i i S O I I . M l : ( ' R l ' 3 - S ' l ' 69
:.,v 1 r n i l l u c ; i c hi uVc COIIU n uV.l i c 70
2 4, ( 'onu lc cliian h 71
2 ^ ( oil: lc klioaii lAO lo 73
l(^ Kiiii lio klioiiii 75
-) ^
( 'o iiu u ic c o l lho|') 7.^
IS. (,'oiiu uic Iv loni: 73
2 ( Vic l')ii '>li;ip a i i lo a n ll! c o n u COL k h c K ti! Iilio i 77
! conu 11'ihL' (hi conu L'oc kloiiii 1.3ii Ixtiiu ni;i\ kluKin CPS-1 5 c;m '1' 7S
c 'KVi lhi^;u clunu 7S
( 'hti;in hi 1hi C'niu 51
( t>iiu \ ICC kluKiii i;t(> l( 52
( onu liic ki(.'n) tr;i \ \c sinli lo kloiii MI
( oiiii 1;c llu niilicni llic lo 92
vfv ( onu lic eo! ihci 93
Coiiu l:c siM xiKil hc loiu \ ii CEIIII: ciip hc loiiu 96
\<s, K ioiii lia cl;il liio iiL

( ';k' lliic l'' s cluiL! c h u \ cu 101

o 11 !i.^.lio
. llii COIIU
V c t ). c k l u ) ; i n Iilioi Ciiuu. li inli CiUi \ T I '
\'.m IICII soiit: niiov \a tliiili \ \ \ i n llii coni: coc lOi
\ .111 liiih Bcnloiiilc tlunu ilicli ui llinli \cicli h lio' 1|X)II! (.|ii; irmli clo
d a i io k l i o ; i n 106
c Vk' ihicl hi ihi coiil: su ciunu o ;il hi) khoaii 1())
o k ic n i tni d o i Iku l : lnL: c i i a l i o k h o a n h i m lliicl hi s i c u i i i K O D l : N l ^ M - 6 8 2 iI1
( Ii.i loiil; lap cl.il loiie llici I 12
( ' o i i ; l ;i c lI() l i l o i m K K ' klnKtii Iihoi 1 14
\ Coim t;c liii lu)'p l^oloiiii 1 15

219
 3 .4. 7. o kicin ira liih n g Iih b l n g c c bnu Ihic b sicLi ni 1 16
3.4.S. Bni vQa gia c chn cc 1 19
3.4.9. Cng lc khoan ly niu bctng ct: 122
3.3. ve cng ngh lii cng cc khoaii vng dia cht c hang casi 123

Chng 4; Cc s c k thut thng p v gli php \ lytron thi cn

cc khoan nhi 13S
4.1. V d m u 138
4.2. Nling h hng do cc s c ircn gy ra 14 1
4.2.1. Nhng hir lnu mi cc 141
4.2.2. Nhng hir hng ihAn cc 141
4.2.3. Nhmi h hoiig phn ircndu cc 142
4.3. Cc s c thiiim xy ra cho cc khoan nlii 142
4.3.1. Tronu cna don khoan lo l 142
4.3.2. Trone cu lo, iia cng v h lng ihcp 143
4.3.3. Troim cnu on bclng dc cc 143
4.4. Cc ngycii nhn uy ra s c clo cc khoan nhi 143
4.4.1. Trone cng oii lo l 143
4.4.2. Trn cu lo, gia cim v h lig llp 145
4.4.3. Trong cng cloii c cc 145
4.5. Cc gii php x l cc s c tlniuz xv ra cho ' Cktioan lhi 146
4.5.1. Gii php v vic s cing IIU ' ch c ui n diih vcl h khoan cho
ce khoan nhoi 146
4.3.2. Nhn xcl l4cS
4.6. Cii php 2 n nl llinli Vikli h khoai cc klioan nhi bng cluiu tlcli
bcntonilc 14S
4 . 6 . 1 . Thnli pln klioiig v eiia (lung dch bcilDiiilc 14S
4.6.2. Cc c cliin c bn ca cc klicKna si clirc trnh by llur sau 149
4 . 6 . 2 . CYc dc dici ca cliin dch bciilonitc c tl h liuoim cln s l i
dnh c h o CC' khoan nlii 149
4 . 6 . 3 . Cc eiiii plip x l c c vn (J inl n ih 130
4 . 7 . C c d c d cni cua c c loai d lluim p y ra s c c h o ct)c kh o a n Iihi v
niiii php x l 153
4 .7 .1 . Tnli liap plu ca k c o cl I 3
4. 7 . 2 . Cc c dicni ca c c loi chil SI ycii ihiiim uy ra s c c h o C(K klioaii
nhi v gii plp x Iv 13-^
4.7.3. Nuliicn cu cc dc dicii cua . IC loi di cl ihuiii! uy ra s co clio coc
kioan nii v eiai php \ Iv 155
4.<s. Nliii xi v k lun 13S

220
C h o i ^ \ : Kit-ni tra, t h ti c o c , n g h i m t h u 159

5 . \ . (\)I1U I.c kicni ira imhim ilui 159

3. . Y cli c a i i c l L i n u 159

5. . 2. Kicm lr;i c im tc khoaii lo l 159

1.3 Kiciii Ira ch( luiu bc lnu c o c 160

5 .1 .4 . K i m tra c n l n u Iro ii u l 161

5.1.5. Kicni Ira ch liinu cliine dch khoan 162

3.1.6. Kicin Ira sc ciu tai cua c oc 162

5 . 1 .7 . N e l i i c m tlni c o c k h o a i n lii \' i 163

5. 2. 'Vicu cluian chl luom c oc khoan nhi 164

5.2.1. Sai s6 cho php 164

5.2.2. ('nu lc ilico di. ulii chp v ly mu 165

3.3. Cac plioi: php ih li c o c kluian nhi 166

3.3.1. Phuoii: plip Ili li tioim lnh Iriiycn tlini: 166

>.3.2. ^luiynu h h i ]iih bnu hp ti troim O s c r b c ! 167

Pluioiiu plip th nh cloii: S1'AT NAM 1C 169

5 . ^A, Pluavng php lliclni! bin dng lii P D A 170

5.3.5, \ tlii vc th c oc khoan nli ()24()()iiiii, ci S5.^5i {CC lluV P2 cua

l i u IICO ' r i 4 ) - C i \ t r i i h c a u M T 173

3.3. 6. Nl.iii xci. ki luii 193

( hon ^1* tch d n l i l il s o c h tiu k i n h t-kv ( h u t c a mn<

coc klioan nhi I ro n ^ con* trn h cu 196

(^. 1. K h i t| u; l cl niiiLi 19 6

6 .2 . Moi s cli icii kinli ! k llut cua c o c khoan lii (roim x y c" cu vng
(.lii hiL: noi u C' i i l . o n i : 196

6.2- . ('lii Iicti kiiih \c 197

6.2. 2 Clii licii k ihual 200

6.2.3. Pliit lch vc ci licu tn tai tlionu I|ua duim knh c c 204

6 . 2 . 4 . ( ' I ii t i i i k i n l i l , k liiut ( i o i m t|Lia s u a u l u ' c c p h u o i u i i r i i g k n h c o c 2U4

6.2.3. St)' b la chii Li''iiz knli v chicii di COL' kloaii Iihi li'()ig xy dng
cu vim dim bxuv. snLi Cu Loig 207
6.3. Kc liiii \' kin Ii.ulii 21 1

221
 cc KHOAN NHI
TRONG CNG TRNH GIAO THNG
C'i h d i )

C h u r c l i l l i .\ucil hci/i :

T R I M I X L N SN

Bicn lap : NCUYN m i n h k h i

C h e h a n cien l : v i N ( i TI I AN I
Siai han iu : 'NGUYHN M l N l I KI l l
rrnh hx )a : \ ' G U Y N I lL' T!NG

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