1.

Distinguish between the following pairs or sets of terms:

I. Active Transport
Primary and secondary
II. Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor Mediated
III. Exocytosis
2. Explain how large molecules or large volumes of molecules are
transported across a cell membrane
3. Explain how molecules move against a concentration gradient
 Explain passive transport across membranes by simple
diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
Explain the role of protein pumps and ATP in active
transport across membranes.
Explain how vesicles are used to transport materials within
a cell between the rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi
apparatus and plasma membrane.
Describe how the fluidity of the membrane allows it to
change shape, break and re-form during endocytosis and
exocytosis.
 Movement of molecules through a membrane can be
divided into two categories:
Passive Transport
Requires no cellular energy

Active Transport
Requires the expenditure of cellular energy
 What will happen to the rate of diffusion as the concentration
gradient decreases?
Rate of fusion decreases as the concentration gradient decreases
 As organisms became more complex, cells
required the ability to have a greater control
over their internal environments
This meant not relying on the external
environment to determine the direction
molecules move through the membrane.
Cells developed the ability to move nutrients are
against the concentration gradient
 Active transport
moves substances against their concentration gradient
requires energy, usually in the form of ATP
is performed by specific proteins embedded in the
membranes
allows cells to maintain concentration gradients that
differ from their surroundings

The energy can be accesses via:

The direct hydrolysis of ATP (primary active transport)
Indirectly coupling transport with another molecule that is moving
along its gradient (secondary active transport)
Fig. 7-17
Passive transport Active transport

ATP
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion
1. Three sodium ions bind to intracellular sites on the sodium-potassium pump
2. A phosphate group is transferred to the pump via the hydrolysis of ATP
3. The pump undergoes a conformational change, translocating sodium across
the membrane
4. The conformational change exposes two potassium binding sites on the
extracellular surface of the pump
5. The phosphate group is released which causes the pump to return to its
original conformation
6. This translocates the potassium across the membrane, completing the ion
exchange
Fig. 7-18

EXTRACELLULAR
+
FLUID
ATP + H+

H+
Proton pump
H+

+ H+
H+
+
CYTOPLASM
H+
+
Fig. 7-19
+
ATP H+
H+
+
Proton pump H+
H+

+
H+ H+
+
H+ Diffusion
of H+
Sucrose-H+
cotransporter
H+

Sucrose +

+ Sucrose
 Cotransport
active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of another solute
 Crash Course
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dPKvHrD1eS4
 Small molecules and water enter or leave the cell through the lipid
bilayer or by transport proteins
Large molecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins must cross
the membrane in bulk via vesicles
1. Endocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor Mediated
2. Exocytosis

Bulk transport requires energy

 ER
1

Transmembrane
glycoproteins
In exocytosis, Secretory
transport vesicles protein
migrate to the
membrane, fuse Glycolipid
with it, and
release their Golgi 2
apparatus
contents
Many secretory
Vesicle
cells use
exocytosis to
export their
products
3
Plasma membrane:
https://www.yout
ube.com/watch?v 4
Cytoplasmic face
=E_fLwOsf2zY Extracellular face
Transmembrane
Secreted glycoprotein
protein

Membrane glycolipid
 In endocytosis, the cell takes in macromolecules
by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane

Endocytosis is a reversal of exocytosis, involving

a different set of proteins

There are three types of endocytosis:

Phagocytosis (cellular eating)
Pinocytosis (cellular drinking)
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
 In phagocytosis a cell engulfs a particle in a vacuole
The vacuole fuses with a lysosome to digest the particle

PHAGOCYTOSIS
EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID CYTOPLASM

Pseudopodium

Food or
other particle
Food
vacuole

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pvOz4V699gk
 PINOCYTOSIS

0.5 m

Plasma
membrane

Vesicle
 In pinocytosis, molecules are taken up when extracellular fluid is
sipped into tiny vesicles
Pinocytosis = cell drinking

Copyright 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings

 In receptor-mediated endocytosis, binding of ligands to receptors triggers
vesicle formation
A ligand is any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another
molecule

Bulk Transport
http://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::535::535::/sites/dl/free/0072437316/1
20068/bio02.swf::Endocytosis%20and%20Exocytosis

Receptor Mediated
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/endocytosis.html
 RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS

Coat protein
Receptor
Coated
vesicle

Ligand

Coated
pit