A Study On Water Quality and Pollution Status of Dikrong River Flowing From Senkiview To Doimukh

International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences ISSN NO : 2249-7455
A STUDY ON WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION STATUS OF

DIKRONG RIVER FLOWING FROM SENKIVIEW TO DOIMUKH
HAGE ARUNAa, YAMEM TAMUTb & BIDYALAXMI DEVI YUMNAM c

a
Graduate student (ESE), Department of Civil Engineering, NERIST, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India
b
Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering, NERIST, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh,
c
Assistant professor, DepartmentofCivil Engineering, NERIST, Nirjuli, Arunachal Pradesh, India
Email: arunahage@yahoo.in, Email: parong@gmail.com Email: bidya.nerist@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Water is very essential for all types of living beings. By using polluted water many people suffers from water borne diseases like
diarrhea, dysentery, cholera, typhoid, jaundice, etc. People undergo medical treatment with huge expenditures due to serious water borne
diseases. One can avoid the expenditures on medical treatment by proper maintenance and consumption of potable water. Dikrong river enters
the Twin City from Senkiview(Itanagar) flowing through Rajiv Gandhi Govt. Polytechnic area (Chandranagar), Barapani (Naharlagun),
Doimukh and to Banderdewa. Itis one of the main sources of surface water that is used for supplying drinking water in the capital complex,
Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh. Therefore,physico-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of Dikrong river water flowing from Senkiview to
Doimukh have been studied. The four sampling stations viz., Site 1- Senkiview, Site 2-Govt. Polytechnic, Site 3-Barapani RCC Bridge and Site
4-Doimukh Bridge were chosen for the collection of water samples during February, March and April, 2016. The various water quality
parameters such as temperature, pH,colour, turbidity, total solids, suspended solids, dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, BOD, COD, total
hardness, alkalinity, chlorides, conductivity, sulphate, nitrate, calcium, fluoride, iron, e-coliform bacteria were studied.The collected samples
were tested in the Environmental Laboratory, Civil Engineering Department, NERIST and PHED Laboratory, Itanagar, Govt. of Arunachal
Pradesh.The important parameters like hardness, fluoride, iron, e-coli bacteria were determined by EDTA method, water testing kit,
spectrophotometer and MPN test respectively.In the present study,the fluoride concentrations in all sites were found below the permissible
limits,the concentration of turbidity has been recorded high during the rainy days and exceeds the permissible limit the e-coliform bacteria have
been found positive by MPN test in the sample of site 3.
Key words : Dikrong River, Itanagar Arunachal Pradesh, water quality and pollution status.
1. INTRODUCTION
Freshwater is essential for agriculture, industry and human existence; it is a finite resource of earth. Without adequate quality and
quantity of freshwater, sustainable development will not be possible [4-5]. Freshwater resource is deteriorating day-by-day at very faster rate.
Now water quality is a global problem [5].
Water is one of the most vital components of life, and essentially required for the survival of human beings, animals and plants lives
on biosphere. In recent years, because of continuous growth in population, rapid industrialization and the accompanying technologies involving
waste disposals, the rate of direct discharge of the pollutants into the natural environment is far higher than the rates of their self-purification
system. But on the other hand the domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes have been discharged back to these water sources, from which
these water resources get polluted and ultimately lead to different types of diseases and toxic effects. In hydro biological studies, [7] have shown
that urbanization is the root cause of water pollution. It is therefore essential to monitor the physico-chemical and biological quality of water
supply in rural areas in order to highlight the quality of water supply to sustain government intervention.
Volume 7 Issue 11 2017 47 http://ijamtes.org/

The Dikrong river basin is situated in the western part of the Arunachal Pradesh. The total area of the catchment is 1,556 km2, out of
which 1,278 km2 falls in Arunachal Pradesh and rest falls in Assam [8]. It is located between 2700 and
and 2725 N latitudes, and 9300 and
9415 E longitudes. Dikrong river water flows through forests, agricultural lands and also through urban areas. It is a pere
perennial river. In the
monsoon season, the Dikrong river water carries tremendous amounts of silt,
silt, gravel, small boulder, leaves, branches, trees, plastic materials,
woody debris and many organic matters due to turbulent flows of water that causes flood in some parts of the catchment area. Besides this, there
are various other anthropogenic activitiess like deforestation in the catchment, defecation along the river bank, urban runoff, washing vehicles,
utensils and cloths, bathing and quarrying activities that increase the pollution level of Dikrong river water. The Dikrong iis a major source of
useable water for local people there and is also the abode of diverse fish varieties [1] some of which are endemic to the region and some are in
vulnerable status as per the IUCN Red List Categories of 1994. The main sources of disturbance in Dikrong river system are urbanization,
siltation, piggery wastes, defection along the river bank and quarrying [8]. Thus, considering the importance of Dikrong from biodiversity
perspective and also for the people of this area and the swiftness and increasing extent of disturbance
disturbance because of rapid urbanization, the present
study was undertaken to investigate the current status.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area
The present study covers about 35 km approximately stretch of River Dikrong starting from the upstream of Senkiview to the
downstream Doimukh. A total of four sampling sites were selected for the study of ofDikrong river water quality. Selection of sampling stations
was based on degree of anthropogenic disturbances in and around the river system. The reference station was selected in the upstream of
Senkiview where no pollution is expected (Site 1: 285 masl, N 2700635.5 and E 9303630.5). To find out the impact on river system when
river enters to the township area, at backside of government polytechnic college,
coll Itanagar (Site 2: 181 masl, N 2700421.6 and E 9303617.6)
and to the densely populates area of Naharlagun, at below Barapani RCC bridge ((Site 3: 157 masl, N 2700604 and E 9304115.6). To view the
change in quality of Dikrong river water as it flow
ow down masl N 2700816.3 and E
downstream, sampling station atDoimukhBridge (Site 4: 136 masl,
930453.9) is also selected. The approximate distance between Sites 1 and Site 2 is 7.23 km, Site 2 to Site 3 is 17.85 km and Site
S 3 to Site 4 is
9.98km. These sampling stations are shown in figure below.
Fig.1: Map showing 4 different sampling sites from Senkiview to Doimukh

Sampling
Water samples were collected from preselected sites for three consecutive months from February to April 2016 in the morning hours.
The samples were collected in clean polyethylene/plastic bottles and prior to collection, the samples were rinsed two or three times thoroughly
with sample water, unless the bottle contains a preservative or dechlorinating agent. Utmost care was taken to avoid spilling of water and
bubbling of air during sampling [2]. Selection of sampling depth varies with the purpose of work and the parameter to be tested. In this study,
the sampling depth was taken to be 15-20 cm. This was because the main focus of this study was surface water pollution analysis. Generally,
heavy metal concentration analysis needs sample from a deeper section [3].
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Temperature: Temperature is one of the most important environmental parameter. The temperature was recorded lowest at Site 1 and highest at
Site 4 in the month of February and April respectively. Increased in temperature from Site 1 to Site 4 is due to the time lapse between sampling
collection.
Turbidity: Turbidity was recorded highest in the sample of February month because of raining just the previous day of sampling date. The
highest turbidity has been recorded as 424 NTU at Site 2; it may be because of high turbulent flow and river bank soil erosion due to heavy
rainfall. According to the drinking water standard, the water sample of February month is not in the standard range while the turbidity of the
samples of other months are within the range because of undisturbed laminar flow of the river water.
Total Solids (T.S): A total solids was recorded high in the samples of February month. High and low turbidity of water samples are interrelated
with high and low amounts of T.S respectively. The lowest value has been recorded as 130 mg/l in Site 1for the month of March whereas highest
value has been recorded as 1840 mg/l at Site 2 for the month of February. But the total solids in all the Sites were found to be within the
permissible range.
Suspended Solids (S.S.), Dissolved Solids (D.S.) and Electrical Conductivity (E.C): The suspended solids, dissolved solids and electrical
conductivity were recorded lowest value at site 1 in the samples of March month i.e. 80 mg/l, 50 mg/l and 173.33 mho/cm respectively whereas
highest value were recorded at Site 2 in the samples of February months i.e. 880 mg/l, 960 mg/l and 2453.33 mho/cm respectively.
pH: The pH values of the entire sites were found slightly alkaline in nature and are within the permissible limits of 6.5 to 8.5 i.e. the lowest and
highest pH value of our sampling sites were 7.03 and 7.6 respectively.
Dissolved Oxygen (D.O): Dissolved oxygen was recorded lowest at site 3 and highest at Site 1. This may be due to anthropogenic activities and
direct disposal of domestic as well as industrial sewage from the surrounding areas. The D.O value was found lowest in the samples of February
month i.e 7.5mg/l and found highest in the samples of April month. But all the sites have a high concentration of D.O value which is good for a
healthy aquatic life.
BOD: The BOD concentrations were found nil at site 1 and highest at site 3 i.e 3.5 mg/l. All the BOD concentrations for all the samples at
different sites from different months were found below 5 mg/l which implies that the Dikrong river water is not polluted by any anthropogenic
activities.
Hardness: The total hardness concentrations were found lowest at site 1 in the samples of February month i.e. 40mg/l whereas highest at site 3
in the samples of April month i.e.112 mg/l. It is found suitable for drinking, cooking and washing purposes as well as fit for aquatic life.
According to the category of hardness site 1 sample is found soft and site 2, site 3, and site 4 samples are found moderately hard.
Alkalinity: The alkalinity concentration were found lowest is at site 1 in the samples of February month i.e 28 mg/l and highest at site 3 in the
samples of April month i.e. 62 mg/l. The concentrations of alkalinity of all sites for different study months are found within the permissible
range which indicates that the alkalinity value do not affect the pH value of the river waters.
Chloride: The chloride concentration were found lowest at site 1 in the samples of February month i.e 1.98 mg/l and highest at site 2 in the
samples of February month i.e 11.91 mg/l. In the present study, the concentrations of chloride of all the samples at all sites for different study
months are found within the permissible range. Therefore, it implies that Dikrong river water is not polluted.
Sulphate: The sulphate concentration were found lowest at site 1 in the samples of February months i.e 18.4 mg/l and highest at site 4 in the
samples of April month i.e 24.2 mg/l. Sulphate concentration in all sites for different study months are found within the permissible limits. This
shows that the geological activities do not affect to the water quality of DikrongRiver.

Nitrate: The nitrate concentrations were found lowest at site 4 in the samples of February month i.e. 3 mg/l and highest at site 3 in the samples
of April month i.e 11 mg/l. The nitrate concentrations in all sites for different study months are found within the permissible limits. Therefore, it
indicates that there is no organic pollution.
Fluoride: The fluoride concentrations in all sites are below the permissible limits. It will lead to dentalcaries and possibly osteoporosis (a bone
disorder which leads to a decrease in bone mass and an increase in bone fragility).
Calcium: The calcium concentrations were found lowest in site 1 in the sample of February monthi.e 30 mg/l and highest at site 3 in the sample
of April month i.e120 mg/l. But the concentrations of all the sites for different study months are found within the permissible range.
Sodium:The sodium concentrations were found lowest at site 4 in the sample of March month i.e 0.52 ppm and highest at site 2 in the sample of
April month i.e. 1.61 ppm. But the concentrations of all the sites for different study months are found within the permissible range.
Potassium: Potassium is a naturally occurring element. The potassium concentrations were found lowest at site 4 in the samples of February
months i.e0.5 ppm and highest at site 3 in the samples of March months i.e 2.48 ppm. But the concentrations of potassium of all the sites for
different study months are found within the permissible range. In general, the concentration of sodium remains quite higher than the potassium
in natural water. The concentration of sodium is higher than that of potassium except in case of site 3.Thus, high values being an indication of
pollution by domestic sewage [9].
Iron: Iron concentrations were found lowest at site 1 in the samples of February month and highest at site 1 in the samples of April months. But
the concentrations of iron at all the sites for different study months are within the permissible range. In general ground water contains much
higher levels of iron than surface water.
E-Coliform: Microorganism and their activities indicate decomposition of organic matters in the water body. MPN value was found as 2
MPN/100 ml of the sample at site 3 whereas MPN values are found nil at site 1, site 2 and site 4. The presence of 2 MPN/100 ml is the
indication of positive value of e-coliform bacteria in site 3 and e-coliform bacteria is the indicator of faecal pollution and the possible presence
of pathogens. The presence of faecal coliforms in water indicates contamination with faeces and presents a serious risk to animal and human
health [6].
Table 1. Monthly variation of Temperature, Turbidity, Total Solids
Month Temperature (0C) Turbidity (NTU) Total Solids (mg/l)

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4
Feb 17 19 20 21 14.24 424 32.73 22.53 830 1840 1000 830
Mar 19 22 25 23 0.35 9.09 15.39 6.59 130 320 470 170
Apr 21 24 27 28 1.00 5.83 6.59 3.52 260 270 320 200
Table 2. Monthly variation ofSuspended Solids, Dissolved Solids and ElectricalConductivity
Month Suspended Solids (mg/l) Dissolved Solids (mg/l) Electrical Conductivity(mho/cm)

Feb 300 880 180 50 530 960 820 780 1106.6 2453.3 1333.3 1106.6
Mar 80 200 360 90 50 120 110 80 173.3 426.6 626.6 226.6
Apr 190 170 220 90 70 100 100 110 346.6 360 426.6 266.6
Table 3. Monthly variation ofpH, DO, BOD
Month pH DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l)

Feb 7.05 7.34 7.44 7.47 10.6 9.3 7.9 8.5 0 1.97 2.36 1.98
Mar 7.03 7.05 7.40 7.45 10.2 9.2 7.5 8.3 0 1.97 3.95 3.95
Apr 7.05 7.26 7.50 7.6 10.1 8.8 7.5 8.3 0 1.97 3.95 2.36

Table 4.. Monthly variation of

ofHardness, Alkalinity, Chloride
Month Hardness (mg/l) Alkalinity (mg/l) Chloride (mg/l)

Feb 40 80 84 48 28 58 62 40 2.5 11.96 3.47 1.99
Mar 64 80 88 72 30 44 62 36 3.47 5.99 5.47 2.97
Apr 56 104 112 64 32 36 60 34 4.46 7.44 5.95 4.46
Table 5.. Monthly variation of

ofSulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride
Month Sulphate (mg/l) Nitrate (ppm) Fluoride (ppm)

Feb 18.4 21.7 22.4 20.8 5 9 8 3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4
Mar 21.3 22.7 23.1 22.4 6 10 5 4 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5
Apr 22.9 24.3 24.1 24.2 5 10 11 4 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.5
Table 6.. Monthly variation of Calcium, Sodium, Potassium
Month Calcium (mg/l) Sodium (ppm) Potassium (ppm)

Feb 30 60 60 20 0.81 1.80 1.39 0.78 0.63 1.59 2.35 0.50
Mar 70 40 90 70 0.75 1.09 1.58 0.52 0.64 1.82 2.48 0.41
Apr 100 100 120 60 0.64 1.61 1.50 0.66 0.52 1.47 2.19 0.46
Table 7. Monthly variation of Ironand E-Coliform
Month Iron (mg/l) e-Coliform (MPN/100ml of sample)

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4
Feb 0.107 0.121 0.118 0.173 0 0 0 0
Mar 0.194 0.189 0.178 0.183 0 0 2 0
Apr 0.198 0.188 0.179 0.185 0 0 2 0
30 450
25 400
Temperature (C)
350
Turbidity (NTU)
20 300
15 250
200
10 150
5 100
50
0 0
February 17 19 20 21 February 14.24 424 32.73 22.52
March 19 22 25 23 March 0.35 9.09 15.39 3.85
April 20 24 27 28 April 1 5.83 6.59 3.52
Figure 2: Monthly Variation in Temperature. Figure 3: Monthly Variation in Turbidity.

1000
2000 900
1800 800
1600 700
Total Solids (mg/l)
1400
600
1200
S S (mg/l)
1000 500
800 400
600 300
400 200
200 100
0 0
february 830 1840 1000 830 February 300 880 180 50
march 130 320 470 170 March 80 200 360 90
april 260 270 320 200 April 190 170 220 90
Figure 4: Monthly Variation in Total Solids. Figure 5: Monthly Variation in Suspended solids
1200 3000
1000 2500
E.C. (mh0/cm)
800 2000
600
DS (mg/l)
1500
400 1000
200 500
0 0
February 530 960 820 780 February 1106.67 2453.3 1333.33 1106.67
March 50 120 110 80 March 173.33 426.67 626.67 226.67
April 70 100 100 110 April 346.67 360 426.67 266.67
Figure 6: Monthly Variation in Dissolved Solids

Solids. Figure 7: Monthly Variation in E.C.
7.7 12
7.6
7.5 10
7.4 8
7.3
DO (mg/l)
7.2 6
7.1
pH
7 4
6.9 2
6.8
6.7 0
February 7.05 7.34 7.44 7.47 February 10.6 9.3 7.9 8.5
March 7.03 7.05 7.4 7.45 March 10.2 9.2 7.5 8.3
April 7.05 7.26 7.5 7.6 April 10.1 8.8 7.5 8.3
Figure 8: Monthly Variation in Ph .Figure 9: Monthly Variation in Dissolved Oxygen.

4.5 120
4
Total Hardness (mg/l)

3.5 100
3 80
BOD (mg/l)
2.5
60
2
1.5 40
1
20
0.5
0 0
February 0 1.97 2.41 1.98 February 40 80 88 48
March 0 1.97 3.95 2.41 March 64 80 88 72
April 0 1.97 3.95 2.41 April 56 104 112 64
Figure 10:: Monthly Variation in BOD. Figure 11:: Monthly Variation in Total Hardness.
70 14
60 12
Chloride (mg/l)
Alkalinity (mg/l)
50 10
40 8
30 6
20 4
10 2
0 0
February 28 43 60 34 February 2.48 11.91 3.47 1.98
March 30 44 62 36 March 3.47 6.45 5.45 2.97
April 32 58 62 40 april 4.46 7.44 5.95 4.46
Figure 12: Monthly Variation in Alkalinity. Figure 13: Monthly Variation in Chloride.
30 12
25 10
Sulphate (mg/l)
Nitrate (ppm)
20 8
15 6
10 4
5 2
0 0
February 18.4 21.7 22.4 20.8 February 5 9 8 3
March 21.3 22.7 23.1 22.4 March 6 10 5 4
April 22.9 24.3 24.1 24.2 April 5 10 11 4
Figure 14: Monthly Variation in Sulphate. Figure 15:: Monthly Variation in Nitrate.

0.6
140
0.5 120
Calcium (mg/l)
Fluoride (ppm)
0.4 100
0.3 80
60
0.2
40
0.1 20
0 0
March 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 March 70 50 90 70
April 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.5 April 80 100 120 60
Figure 16: Monthly Variation in Fluoride. Figure 17: Monthly Variation in Calcium.
2 3
1.8
1.6 2.5
1.4 Potassium (ppm)
2
Sodium (ppm)
1.2
1 1.5
0.8
0.6 1
0.4 0.5
0.2
0 0
February 0.81 1.8 1.39 0.78 February 0.63 1.59 2.35 0.5
March 0.75 1.09 1.58 0.52 March 0.64 1.82 2.48 0.41
April 0.64 1.61 1.5 0.66 April 0.52 1.47 2.19 0.46
Figure 18: Monthly Variation in Sodium. Figure 19: Monthly Variation in Potassium.
0.25 2.5
MPN (MPN/100 ml)
0.2 2
0.15 1.5
Fe (mg/l)
0.1 1
0.05 0.5
0 0
March 0.194 0.189 0.178 0.183 March 0 0 2 0
April 0.198 0.188 0.179 0.185 April 0 0 2 0
Figure 20: Monthly Variation in Iron. Figure 21: Monthly Variation in MPN.

IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
The lowest and the highest values of the water quality parameters found from the various tests of the water samples collected from all
the sites for the study months are temperature (17-28C), turbidity (0.35-424 NTU), total solids (170-1840 mg/l), total dissolved solids (260-500
mg/1), suspended solids (50-880 mg/1), dissolved solids (80-960 mg/1), electrical conductivity (226.67-1333.33 mho/cm), pH (7.03-7.6),
dissolved oxygen (7.5-10.6 mg/1), biochemical oxygen demand (0.0-3.95 mg/1), total hardness (40-112 mg/1), total alkalinity (28-62 mg/1),
chloride (2.5-11.96 mg/1), sulphate (18.4-24.3 mg/1), nitrate (3-11 mg/1), fluoride (0.1-0.5 mg/l), calcium (20-100 mg/l), sodium (0.52-1.8
mg/1), potassium (0.41-2.48 mg/1), iron (0.107-0.198 mg/l) and e-coliform bacteria (0-2 MPN/100 ml). It was found that all the physical and
chemical parameters are within the permissible limits of drinking water standard except turbidity, fluoride and e-coliform bacteria. The fluoride
concentration was found less than the permissible limits of drinking water standard in all the sites; therefore, it would cause dental carries and
bone disorder.The e-coliform bacteria were found positive in the Site-3 samples for the month of March and April which may be due to fecal
pollution. The turbidity value was found high during the rainy days samples and exceeds the permissible limits, which indicates that Dikrong
river water is not fit for domestic purposes. The physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters of the study shows that the quality of water is
safe and good for flora, fauna and aquatic life but the situation is in alarming condition and degradation is in the process due to anthropogenic
activities. It is likely that in near future this river water would lose its natural regeneration capacity due to improper disposal of solid and liquid
waste along the river side. Therefore, to improve the quality of Dikrong river water, there should be continuous monitoring of the pollution level
of the Dikrong river water, open defecation along the river bank, urban runoff, washing vehicles, utensils, cloths, bathing, piggery wastes, etc.
must be restricted.
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International Journal of Advanced in Management, Technology and Engineering Sciences ISSN NO : 2249-7455

A STUDY ON WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION STATUS OF

HAGE ARUNAa, YAMEM TAMUTb & BIDYALAXMI DEVI YUMNAM c

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II. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fig.1: Map showing 4 different sampling sites from Senkiview to Doimukh

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III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

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Table 1. Monthly variation of Temperature, Turbidity, Total Solids

Month Temperature (0C) Turbidity (NTU) Total Solids (mg/l)

Table 2. Monthly variation ofSuspended Solids, Dissolved Solids and ElectricalConductivity

Month Suspended Solids (mg/l) Dissolved Solids (mg/l) Electrical Conductivity(mho/cm)

Table 3. Monthly variation ofpH, DO, BOD

Month pH DO (mg/l) BOD (mg/l)

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Table 4.. Monthly variation of

Month Hardness (mg/l) Alkalinity (mg/l) Chloride (mg/l)

Table 5.. Monthly variation of

Month Sulphate (mg/l) Nitrate (ppm) Fluoride (ppm)

Table 6.. Monthly variation of Calcium, Sodium, Potassium

Month Calcium (mg/l) Sodium (ppm) Potassium (ppm)

Table 7. Monthly variation of Ironand E-Coliform

Month Iron (mg/l) e-Coliform (MPN/100ml of sample)

Figure 2: Monthly Variation in Temperature. Figure 3: Monthly Variation in Turbidity.

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Figure 6: Monthly Variation in Dissolved Solids

Figure 8: Monthly Variation in Ph .Figure 9: Monthly Variation in Dissolved Oxygen.

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Total Hardness (mg/l)

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IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

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