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ABSTRACT
The dairy farming is one of the major food industries in India nowadays and it produces dairy products such as ghee, cheese, butters,
etc. and it also produces large amount of animal waste and pollute the natural environment such as water and soil. The dairy wastewater is
characterized by high BOD, COD, pH, turbidity, alkalinity, oil and grease, etc. In order to study the quality of wastewater discharge by the
Lakhimpur Dairy Farm, this project has been undertaken. Dairy farm has many milk containers and pipeline systems for the processing and
packaging of milk. The floor area of the processing unit is also required to be washed for every milk processes. Therefore, the containers,
pipeline systems and floor areas were washed with caustic soda every day and the same was washed with sulphuric acid twice a month. The milk
containers and pipeline systems were run to wash with around 100-120 litres of hot water with a temperature of about 80C for 15-20 minutes.
Both the caustic soda and acid washed wastewater of the farm were directly discharged to the nearby soil which ultimately pollutes the nearby
streams. After caustic washed, some physical and chemical parameters of wastewater such as turbidity, BOD, TS, TDS, SS, pH, alkalinity and
chloride content were tested and their values were found as 348 NTU, 6056 mg/L, 1090 mg/L, 901 mg/L, 189 mg/L, 12.37, 1770 mg/L and 996
mg/L respectively. Such wastewater has to be treated before discharging it into land or water bodies in order to restrict the pollution.
The dairy wastewater collected from the study area was treated in the laboratory scale in two different methods namely sand-gravel
layer filtration and activated carbon filtration method. The sand-gravel and activated carbon layers were placed in a circular plastic container
separately which has number of small pores for percolation and filtration. It was found that the percentage reduction of turbidity was 89.03% by
sand-gravel layer filtration process while that of the activated carbon filtration was 94.32 %. The percentage reduction of alkalinity was 31.98 %
by the sand-gravel filter media while that by activated carbon filtration it was 58.53 %. The percentage reduction of the chloride content by the
sand-gravel filter was 74.89% while that by activated carbon filter it was 82.93%. The total solids were reduced by 63.67% by the sand-gravel
filter and 68.35% by the activated carbon filter. The efficiency of BOD reduction by sand- gravel filtration was 80.79 % while that of activated
carbon filteration was 89.27 %. The result shows that the activated carbon filter is more efficient in reducing the wastewater characteristics than
sand-gravel filtration but both the treatment processes were not efficient in reduction of pH values. According to Standard Value of Uttar
Pradesh Pollution Control Board Dairy Milk Effluent, all the values after treatment by both the methods were found within the permissible limits
except pH and BOD value. Hence, some amounts of coagulants may be added during plain sedimentation process to reduce the BOD and some
amount of acids may be added during washing process to bring back pH to its permissible level. After the treatment wastewater can be
discharged directly to water bodies or land areas.
INTRODUCTION
Dairy industry is one of the major food industries in India and India ranks first among the maximum major milk producing nation. The
dairy industry produces different milk products such as milk, butter, ice-cream, milk desserts, cheese, etc. The pipelines and equipments of the
processing units and also the floor area of the processing room of the farm is very much require to wash and clean with detergents at least twice
a day in hot temperate region and also it require to wash and clean with acid once in a week or twice in a month which produce large amount of
wastewater everyday. Thus, the amount of wastewater generated and discharged from these industries has also increased and polluting the
natural environment such as water and soil everyday.The characteristics of these effluents vary widely both in quality and quantity depending on
the type of processing units and methods of washing and cleaning . The amount of pollution is assessed by physico-chemical parameters of dairy
wastewater which includes determination of pH, temperature, acidity, alkalinity, TDS, SS, TS, fats, BOD, COD, etc. Ultimately, the untreated
dairy wastewater is discharged directly into the land or water bodies which pollutes the ecosystem and water bodies causing serious health
hazards and environmental problems. Due to the highly biodegradable nature of dairy wastewater its treatment requires urgent attention.
Study Area:
The study site was selected at Lakhimpur dairy farm in Borimuri village of Lakhimpur district in Assam, India. It is situated about 52
km from NERIST, Nirjuli where the laboratory setup and testing were done. The study area lies at 27.267706E and 94.125766N .
METHODOLOGY
Sampling:
The sample bottles was rinse properly by the same wastewater and then the samples was collected from the outlet of the discharge
pipe where wastewater is being discharged into the drain. After the sample bottles were filled and stoppered, they were transported into the
laboratory.
Experimental Setup:
a) Sand and gravel treatment method:
To treat the wastewater, a sand-garvel filter was set up in laboratory scale. Three gravel sizes layers were used as filter media. Gravels passing
through 6.3 mm and retaining on 4.75 mm sieve were used in the lowest part of the filter layer. The gravels passing through 4.75 mm and
retaining on the 2.36 mm sieve were used in the middle part of the gravel layer. The gravels passing through the 2.36 mm sieve and retaining on
the 2 mm sieve were used in the top part of the gravel layer. Above the gravel layers, a sand layer was used. Sand particles passing through
600 sieve and retaining on 425 sieve were used. The gravel and sand layer was made 15 to 20 cm thick.
Chloride content: The chloride content of the dairy wastewater was found to be 996 mg/L before treatment. After passing the wastewater
through sand and gravel filter layers, the chloride content was found to be 250 mg/L. When treated with activated carbon filter layers , the
chloride content was reduced to 170 mg/L. The efficiency of chloride content reduction by sand and gravel filter layers is 74.89 % while that of
activated carbon filter layers is 82.93 %.
BOD: The BOD of the dairy wastewater was found to be 6056 mg/L before treatment. After passing the wastewater through sand and gravel
filter layers, the BOD value was found to be 1163 mg/L. When treated with activated carbon filter layers, the BOD value was reduced to 650
mg/L. The efficiency of BOD reduction by sand and gravel filter layers is 80.79 % while that of activated carbon filter layers is 89.27 %.
Total solids: The value of TS of the dairy wastewater was found to be 1090 mg/L before treatment. After passing the wastewater through sand
and gravel filter layers, the value of TS was reduced to be 396 mg/L. When treated with activated carbon filter layers, the value was reduced to
345 mg/L. The efficiency of TS reduction by sand and gravel filter layers is 63.67 % while that of activated carbon filter layers is 68.35%.
Total dissolved solids: The TDS of the dairy wastewater was found to be 901 mg/L before treatment. After passing the wastewater through sand
and gravel filter layers, the TDS was found to be 342 mg/L. When treated with activated carbon filter layers, the TDS was reduced to 312 mg/L.
The efficiency of TDS reduction of sand and gravel filter layers is 62.04 % while that of activated carbon filter layers is 65.37 %.
Suspended solids: The SS of the dairy wastewater was found to be 189mg/L before treatment. After passing the wastewater through sand and
gravel filter layers, the SS was found to be 53 mg/L. When treated with activated carbon filter layers, the value of SS was reduced to 33 mg/L.
The efficiency of SS reduction of sand and gravelfilter layers is 71.96 % while that of activated carbon filter layers is 82.54%.
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