Finite Volume Method for Diffusion Problems

Chapter 4:
The Finite Volume Method for Diffusion

Problems
Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Sezai

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Eastern Mediterranean University
Fall 2010-2011
Introduction
General transport equation is

( )
div( u ) div(grad ) S
t
For steady diffusion:
div(grad ) S 0
Control volume integration gives
div(grad )dV S dV n (grad )dA S dV

CV CV A CV
ME555 : Computational Fluid Dynamics 2 I. Sezai Eastern Mediterranean University
1
Finite Volume Method for One-dimensional Steady State Diffusion
Steady-state diffusion of a
general property in one-
dimensional domain is
d d
( ) S 0
dx dx
Step 1: Grid generation:
Step 2: Discretisation
Integration of the diffusion equation over the CV gives
d d d d
dx dx dV S dV A dx
V V e
A S V 0
dx w
To find expressions at the east and west faces, use

Taylor series approximations
2 x 2
( x x ) ( x ) x 2
x x x x 2
2
2 x 2
( x x) ( x) x 2
x x x x 2
2 x 2
E P x 2
x P x P 2
2 x 2
W P x 2
x P x P 2
Neglect
E W
Adding and subtracting
x P 2x
E P
At the east face
x e x
Rewriting the diffusion equation for an interior point P:

d d
dx dx dV S dV 0
V V
d d
A A S V 0
dx e dx w (4.4)
On a uniform grid linear interpolation of is
W P P E
w e (4.5)
2 2
Diffusive flux terms are
d E P
A e Ae (4.6)
dx e xPE
d P W
A w Aw
(4.7)
dx w xWP
3
The source term S may be a function of express S in linear form as:
S V Su S pP (4.8)
Substituting (4.6), (4.7) and (4.8) into (4.4)
P W
e Ae E P w Aw ( Su S pP ) 0 (4.9)
xPE xWP
Rearranging,
e (4.10)
Ae w Aw S p P w Aw W e Ae E Su
xPE xWP xWP xPE
or, aPP aW W aEE Su (4.11)
where, aW aE aP
w Aw e Ae
aW aE S p
xWP xPE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A W P E B
xWP xPE
Special case: no source terms (S = 0), boundary values A ,B specified.
For the point near a west boundary (point 2):
P A
e Ae E P w Aw 0
xPE xWP
e
Ae w Aw P 0.W e Ae E w Aw A
xPE xWP xPE xWP
or, aPP aW W aEE Su
aW aE aP SP Su
e Ae A w Aw
0 aW aE S p w w
xPE xWP xWP A
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
qw
W P E B
xWP xP
No source terms (S = 0), heat flux qw specified at west boundary.
For the point near a west boundary (point 2):

e Ae E P qw Aw 0
xPE
e
Ae P 0.W e Ae E qw Aw
xPE xPE
or, aPP aW W aEE Su
aW aE aP SP Su
e Ae
0 aW aE S p 0 qw Aw
xPE
Summary of Boundary Conditions
For a one-dimensional CV of width x near boundary B:

1) Set coefficient aB(i) = 0 (i P) x
qB
2) Add source contributions B P
(a) Fixed value B:

k B AB
Add: Su B aBB
x / 2
k A
S p B B aB
x / 2
to the source terms Su and Sp
(b) Fixed flux qB:
Add qBAB in the form of Su + SpP to the source terms Su and Sp.
5
Step 3: Solution of equations
Discretised equations of the form (4.11)
aPP aW W aEE Su (4-11)
must be set up at each nodal point.

We obtain a system of linear algebraic equations
Solve the system for values
Use any matrix solution method.
e.g. Tri-diagonal matrix algorithm.
Tridiagonal Matrix Algorithm

Consider a system of equations that has a tridiagonal form
d 22 c23 b2
a32 d 33 c34 b3
a43 d 44 c45 b4
. . . . . . . .
aii 1 dii cii 1 bi
. . . . . .
an 2n 3 d n 2n 2 cn 2n 1 bn 2
an 1n 2 d n 1n 1 bn 1
In matrix form:
d2 c2 2 b2
a d3 c3 b
3 3 3
a4 d4 c4 4 b4

ai di ci i bi

an 2 d n2 cn 2 n 2 bn 2

an 1 d n 1 n 1 bn 1
6
Subtract (a3/d2) times row 1 from row 2 obtain 0 in a3 position.
a3
d3 d3 c2 Note: c2 is not altered
d2

b b a3 b
3 3 2
d2
In general
ai
di di ci 1
di 1

b b ai b (3 i n 1)
i i i 1
di 1
At the end of the forward elimination phase, the form of the system
is as follows:
d2 c2 2 b2
d3 c3 b
3 3
d4 c4 4 b4

di ci i bi

d n2 cn 2 n 2 bn 2

d n 1 n 1 bn 1
Of course, the bis and dis are not as they were at the beginning of this process, but
the cis are. The back substitution phase solves for n1, n2,, 2 as follows:
b
n 1 n 1
d n 1
1
n 2 (bn 2 cn 2n 1 )
d n 2
In general
1
i (bi cii 1 ) (i n 2, n 3, ......., 2
di
7
Use single dimensioned arrays (ai), (di), (ci), (bi)
Store the solution in array (i).
subroutine Tri(n, a, d, c, b, )
real array a(n), d(n), c(n), b(n), (n)
integer i, n
real mult ! (multiplier)
for i = 3 to n1 do
mult ai/di1
di di (mult)ci1
bi bi (mult)bi1
end for
n1 bn1/dn1
for i = n2 to 2, step 1 do
i (bi cii+1)/di
end for
end subroutine Tri
Worked Examples: 1) One-dimensional steady state diffusion
d dT
Governing equation k S 0
dx dx
k , T, S = heat generation per unit volume
Consider the problem of source-free heat conduction in an insulated
rod whose ends are maintained at constant temperatures of 100 oC and
500 oC respectively. Calculate the steady state temperature in the rod.
Take thermal conductivity k = 1000 W/mK, cross-sectional area A =
10103
In this case, S = 0
8
Solution: Let us divide the rod into 5 equal control volumes (CVs).
Rules for grid generation:
1) Locations of the CV faces are defined first.
2) Then nodal points are placed at the centers of the CVs.
3) Numbering starts from the boundary node at left.
4) All CVs have a volume of x.A
5) Inter-nodal distances are equal to x, (xWP = xPE = x)
6) Near west boundary (node 2), xWP = x/2
7) Near east boundary (node 6), xPE = x/2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TA TB
x/2 x x x/2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
W P E (4.8)
A B
x
xPW xP
For interior nodes (nodes 3-5): E (4.9)
P W
e Ae E P w Aw 0
xPE xWP
e (4.10)
Ae w Aw TP w Aw TW e Ae TE
xPE xWP xWP xPE
or, aPTP aW TW aETE (4.11)
where, aW aE aP
w Aw e Ae
aW aE S p
xWP xPE
9
(4-11)
General equation: aPP aW W aEE Su

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A W P E B
x
xPW xP
E
aW aE aP Sp Su
Interior nodes (nodes 3-5):
w Aw e Ae
Su = 0, Sp = 0, = k aW aE S p 0 0
xWP xPE
aW aE aP Sp Su
For boundary node 2: e Ae kA kA
0 aW aE S p TA
xPE xWP xWP
aW aE aP Sp Su
For boundary node 6: w Aw kA kA
0 aW aE S p TB
xWP xPE xPE
The resulting system of equations are
aP2 aE2 T Su2

2
aW3 a p3 aE3
T3 Su3

aW4 a p4 aE4
T4 Su4

aWi a pi aE i
i T Su i

aWn2 a pn2 T
a E n 2 n 2 Su
T Su
n2

aWn1 a pn1 n 1 n 1
Solve the system of equations using Tri-diagonal matrix algorithm

(TDMA) for T2, T3, Tn-1 , where (n = 7)
10
The solution is:
T1 100
T 140
2
T3 220

T4 300
T5 380

T6 460
T 500
7
Exact solution is:

Comparison of the numerical result with the
analytical solution.
T 800 x 100
Homework 1:
Write a computer program to find the temperature distribution in
the problem given in Example 1. Use 5 control volumes.
Use the algorithm given in the Pseudo program to find the aE
coefficients and source terms in 1-D Diffusion Problems given in
page 34 of the lecture notes.
11
The governing equation is: d dT

k q 0
dx dx
d d
The general equation is: S 0
dx dx
Comparing the above equations, where S V Su S pP
= T, = k, Su = qV Sp = 0 where, V = Ax
Take area A = 1 in the y-z plane

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A W P E B
x
xPW xP
E
Solution is similar to the previous example.
12
(4-11)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
A W P E B
x
xPW xP
E
Interior nodes (nodes 3-5): aW aE aP Sp Su

w Aw e Ae
x, Sp = 0, = k
Su = qA aW aE S p 0 x
qA
xWP xPE
aW aE aP Sp Su
For boundary node 2:
e Ae k w Aw kw Aw
0 aW aE S p x
qA TA
xPE xWP xWP
aW aE aP Sp Su
For boundary node 6: w Aw ke Ae ke Ae
0 aW aE S p x
qA TB
xWP xPE xPE
Node number 2 3 4 5 6
The solution is:

T1 100
T 150
2
T3 218

T4 254
T5 258

T6 230
T 200
7
Comparison of the numerical result with the
analytical solution.
T T q
Exact solution is: T B A ( L x) x TA
L 2k
13
The governing d dT d dT 2
kA hP(T T ) 0 or n (T T ) 0
equation is: dx dx dx dx
hP
d d where n2
The general equation is: ( ) S 0 kA
dx dx S V Su S pP
Comparing the above equations, V = Ax
= T, = 1, Su = n2TV Sp = n2V
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TB W P E
x q=0
xPW xP
E
Solution is similar to the previous example. Find coefficients of
aPP aW W aEE Su
14
(4-11)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
TB W P E
x q=0
xPW xP
E
Interior nodes (nodes 3-5): aW aE aP Sp Su
Su = n2VT, Sp = n2V, w Aw e Ae
aW aE S p n 2 V n 2 VT
=k xWP xPE
aW aE aP Sp Su
For boundary e Ae w Aw w Aw
0 aW aE S p n 2 V n 2 VT TB
node 2: xPE x / 2 x / 2
aW aE aP Sp Su
For boundary node 6: w Aw
0 aW aE S p n 2 V n 2 VT
xWP
The solution is
T1 100
T 64.22
2
T3 36.91

T4 26.50
T5 22.60

T6 21.30
T 21.30
7
15
Comparison with the analytical solution
Node
2
3
4
5
6
Maximum error: 6.27%

The numerical solution can be improved by employing a
finer grid.
Consider the same problem, but use 10 control volumes.
Comparison of the results is given as follows
Maximum
error: 2.08%
16
Homework 2:
Write a computer program to find the temperature distribution in the
rod in example 4.3. Compare the results obtained using 10 and 50
points on a graph. Use the algorithm given in the pseudo program
appearing in the following slide.
The geometry of example 4.3.
Pseudo Program to Find aE Coefficients and Source Terms in 1-D Diffusion Problems
Main program
call grids
call internal_coefficients
call boundary_coefficients
call ap_coefficient
call tdma
end program
subroutine grids
for i = 2 to N1
Find xw(i), xe(i)
end for
end subroutine grids
subroutine internal_coefficients
for i = 2 to N1
Aw Ae
aW (i ) ; aE (i ) ; S p (i ) n 2 V , Su (i ) n 2 VT
xw (i ) xe (i )
end for
end subroutine internal_coefficients)
17
subroutine boundary_coefficients (overwrite on near-boundary coefficients)
for i = 2 (west boundary)
Su (i ) Su (i ) aw (i )TB
Sp(i ) Sp(i) aw (i )
aw(i) = 0
end for
for i = N1 (east boundary)
no corrections are needed for Su and Sp since qe = 0 ( Su (i) Su (i) qe Ae )
ae(i) = 0
end for
end subroutine boundary_coefficients
subroutine a_p coefficient
for i = 2 to N1
ap(i) = aw(i) + ae(i) Sp(i)
end for
end subroutine a_p coefficient
Finite Volume Method for Two-dimensional Diffusion Problems
Consider the two-dimensional steady state diffusion equation

S 0
x x y y
Integrating the above equation over the CV,

18

x x dx dy y y dx dy S dV 0
V V V
Noting that Ae = Aw = y and An = As = x, we obtain:

e Ae w Aw n An s As S V 0
x e x w y n y s (4.53)
Equation (4.53) represents a balance of the generation of in a CV and the fluxes
through its cell faces
P W
Flux across the west face w Aw w Aw
x w xWP

Flux across the east face e Ae e Ae E P
x e xPE

Flux across the south face s As s As P S
y s ySP
P
Flux across the north face n An n An N
y n yPN
By substitution of the above expressions into eqn. (4.53) we obtain

E P P
e Ae w Aw P W n An N s As P S S V 0
xPE xWP yPN ySP
Substituting the linearised form of the source term S V Su S PP
w Aw e Ae s As n An
S p P
xWP xPE ySP yPN
A A A A
w w W e e E s s S n n N Su
xWP xPE ySP yPN
This eqn can be written in the form:
aPP aW W aEE aSS aN N Su

where
aW aE aS aN aP
Aw Ae y w Aw e Ae s As n An
aW aE aS aN S p
As An x xWP xPE ySP yPN
19
Finite Volume Method for Three-dimensional Diffusion Problems
Steady state diffusion in a 3D situation is governed by

S 0 (4.58)
x x y y z z
A typical control volume is shown below.
Integration of eqn (4.58) over the control volume gives

e Ae w Aw n An s As
x e x w y n x s

t At b Ab S V 0
z t z b
which can be discretized as
E P P
e Ae w Aw P W n An N s As P S
xPE xWP yPN ySP
P
t At T b Ab P B ( Su S p )P 0
z PT z BP
Rearranging aPP aW W aEE aSS aN N aBB aT T Su
aW aE aS aN aB aT aP
w Aw e Ae s As n An b Ab t At aW aE aS aN
xWP xPE ySP yPN zBP yPT aB aT S p
20
Summary of Discretized Equations for Diffusion Problems
aPP anbnb Su
aP anb S p
source terms: S V Su S pP
aW aE aS aN aB aT aP
w Aw e Ae
1D aW aE S p
xWP xPE
w Aw e Ae s As n An aW aE aS aN
2D
xWP xPE ySP yPN S p
w Aw e Ae s As n An b Ab t At aW aE aS aN
3D
xWP xPE ySP yPN z BP yPT aB aT S p
Application of TDMA to Two-dimensional Problems
Line by line application of TDMA method

21
For a point P: aPP aW W aEE aSS aN N b
a) Sweep direction: n-s

Rearranging aSS aPP aN N aW W aEE b W and E are known
from previous
iteration
This is similar
to the TDMA a j j 1 d j j c j j 1 b j
equation
Procedure:
1) Solve along n-s direction along the line for j = 2, 3,, n-1
using TDMA
2) Move to the next n-s line
3) Repeat step 1-2.
b) Sweep direction: e-w
For a point P: aPP aW W aEE aSS aN N b
Rearranging aW W aPP aEE aSS aN N b S and N are known

from previous iteration
This is similar
to the TDMA aii 1 dii ci j 1 bi
equation
Procedure:
1) Solve along e-w direction along the line for i = 2, 3,, n1
using TDMA
2) Move to the next e-w line
3) Repeat step 1-2.
22
Application of the TDMA method to three-dimensional problems
For 3-D problems the TDMA method is applied line by line on a selected plane and
then the calculation is moved to the next plane.
To solve along n-s direction: aSS aPP aN N aW W aEE aBB aT T b
To solve along e-w direction: aW W aPP aEE aSS aN N aBB aT T b

Example:
Consider a 2D plate
Thickness = 1cm, k = 1000W/m/K
Calculate the temperature distribution
T = 100 oC
0.4 m
qw =500
insulated
kW/m2
0.3 m
insulated
23
T = 100 oC
(1, 6) (2, 6) (3, 6) (4, 6) (5, 6)

(M=6) j = 6
j=5 y(5)
yn(4)
j=4 y(4)
xw(3) xe(3)
qw = 500kW/m2 insulated
ys(4)
j=3 y(3)
x(2) x(3) x(4)
(1, 2) (2, 2) (3, 2) (4, 2) (5, 2)

j=2 y(2)
(1, 1) (2, 1) (3, 1) (4, 1) (5, 1)
j=1
i=1 i=2i=3 i = 4 i = 5 (N=5)
insulated
First draw control volumes, with equal spacings
Then, place nodes at the center of the control volumes.
x = Lx/N 2 = 0.3/(5 2 ) = 0.1, y = Ly/M 2 = 0.4/(6 2 ) = 0.1
The governing equation is

T T
0 ( k )
x x y y
which can be discretised as
aPTP aW TW aETE aS TS aN TN Su
This equation is written for each node (i, j) in the domain

aP (i, j )T (i, j ) aW (i, j )T (i 1, j ) aE (i, j )T (i 1, j )
aS (i, j )T (i, j 1) aN (i, j )T (i, j 1) Su (i, j )
For interior points: (i = 2 4, j = 2 6)
Aw Ae As An yn
aW ; aE ; aS ; aN
xw xe xs xn xw xe
y
aP aW aE aS aN S p S p 0, Su 0
ys
x
24
After finding aP, aE,aW,aN,aS coefficients follow the following steps
1) Solve the general equation using TDMA along j = 2 line (nodes
(2, 2, (3, 2), and (4, 2))
aW TW aPTP aETE aS TS aN TN Su
unknowns Initially unknown, but set
them to zero
Temperatures along j = 2 are solved (Horizontal sweep)
2) Use TDMA along j = 3 line (nodes (2, 3), (3, 3) and (4, 3))
aW TW aPTP aETE aS TS aN TN Su
Known from Initially was set to
3) Repeat until j = 5 line previous iteration zero
4) Use TDMA along i = 2 line
Vertical sweep
5) Repeat until i =4 line
6) Go to step 1
7) Repeat steps 1-6 until scaled residual norm becomes R where

= tolerance (use = 1.E6)
r
R
aP (i, j )TP (i, j )
j i
where r is the residual norm defined as
r r (i, j ) (Note the absolute value sign)

j i
and
r (i, j ) aW (i, j )T (i 1, j ) aE (i, j )T (i 1, j )
aS (i, j )T (i, j 1) aN (i, j )T (i, j 1)
Su (i, j ) aP (i, j )T (i, j )
25
Fast Iterative Solvers for Linear Systems of Equations
Apart from TDMA, there are other iterative methods for solving the
system of equations. Unlike TDMA, which solves the problem line
by line, these iterative methods solves all equations simultaneously.
As a result these methods are faster than TDMA. Some of the fast
iterative methods are
1) SIP (strongly implicit procedure)
2) MSIP (modified SIP)
3) CG (Conjugate gradient method)
4) BiCGSTAB (bi-conjugate gradient stabilized method)
CG method is used for solving linear systems of equations which
have a symmetric coefficient matrix. All other methods mentioned
above are used for systems of equations involving non-symmetric
coefficient matrices.
Homework 3:
Write a computer program to find the temperature distribution in the
2-D plate problem given in the previous example. Use the algorithm
given in the pseudo program on the next page. (a) Use 5x6 grids (b)
51x51 grids and plot the temperature contours.
Thickness = 1cm, k = 1000W/m/K

T = 100 oC
qw =500 0.4 m
insulated
kW/m2
0.3 m
insulated
26
Pseudo Program to Solve the 2D Plate Problem
Main program
call grids
call internal_coefficients
call boundary_coefficients
call boundary_values
call ap_coefficient
for iter = 1 to itermax
call solver
call boundary_values
call residual
(check if residual is below a desired value)
end for
call print
end program
subroutine grids
for i = 2 to N1
Find xw(i), xe(i), x(i)
end for
for j = 2 to M1
Find ys(j), yn(j), y(j)
end for
Update near boundary values of xw(i), xe(i), ys(j), yn(j)
end subroutine grids
subroutine internal_coefficients
for i = 2 to N1 and j = 2 to M1
Aw Ae As An
aW (i, j ) ; aE ; aS ; aN
xw (i) xe (i ) xs ( j ) xn ( j )
S p (i, j ) 0, Su (i, j ) 0
end for
end subroutine internal_coefficients
27
subroutine boundary_coefficients (overwrite on near-boundary coefficients)
for i = 2 and j = 2 to M1 (!west boundary)
Su (i, j ) Su (i, j ) qw Aw
aW(i, j) = 0
end for
for i = N1 and j = 2 to M1 (!east boundary)
aE(i, j) = 0
end for
for i = 2, N1 and j = 2 (!south boundary)

aS(i, j) = 0
end for
for i = 2, N1 and j = M1 (!north boundary)
Su(i, j) = Su(i, j) +an(i, j)*Tnorth
Sp(i, j) = Sp(i, j) an(i, j)
aN(i, j) = 0
end for
end subroutine boundary coefficients
subroutine ap_coefficient
for i = 2 to N1 and j = 2 to M1
aP(i, j) = aW(i, j) + aE(i, j) + aS(i, j) + aN(i, j) sP(i, j)
end for
end subroutine ap_coefficient
Subroutine solver
Call horizontal_sweep
Call vertical_sweep
End subroutine solver
Subroutine horizontal_sweep
for j = 2 to M1
Calculate a(i), d(i), c(i), b(i) for TDMA for solving x(i) values along a
horizontal line for i = 2 to N1
call TDMA(a,d,c,b,x,N)
transfer values of x(i) to T(i, j) along a horizontal line for i = 2 to N1
end for
end subroutine horizontal_sweep
28
Subroutine vertical_sweep
for i = 2 to N-1
calculate a(j), d(j), c(j), b(j) for TDMA for solving x(j) values along a vertical line for j
= 2 to M-1
call TDMA(a,d,c,b,x,M)
transfer values of x(j) to T(i, j) along a horizontal line for j = 2 to M-1
end for
end subroutine vertical_sweep
SUBROUTINE PRINT !For contour plot of temperature using TECPLOT
OPEN (UNIT=15,FILE="txy.dat")
WRITE(15,*)'TITLE = "T data on XY plane,',N,',',M,' " '
WRITE(15,*)'VARIABLES = "X", "Y", "T" '
WRITE(15,*)'ZONE I=',N,' J=',M,' F=POINT'
DO J=1,M
DO I=1,N
WRITE (15,*) XCOOR(I,J),YCOOR(I,J),T(I,J)
END DO
END DO
CLOSE (15)
END SUBROUTINE PRINT
SUBROUTINE BOUNDARY_VALUES
! top
J=M
DO I=1,N
T(I,J)=100
END DO
! left
I=1
DO J=1,M-1
T(I,J)=Q*DXW(I+1)/COND+T(I+1,J)
END DO
! RIGHT
I=N
DO J=1,M-1
T(I,J)=T(I-1,J)
END DO
! BOTTOM
J=1
DO I=1,N
T(I,J)=T(I,J+1)
END DO
END SUBROUTINE BOUNDARY_VALUES
29

Finite Volume Method for Diffusion Problems

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Chapter 4:

The Finite Volume Method for Diffusion

Prof. Dr. Ibrahim Sezai

General transport equation is

div(grad )dV S dV n (grad )dA S dV

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Step 1: Grid generation:

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To find expressions at the east and west faces, use

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Rewriting the diffusion equation for an interior point P:

Summary of Boundary Conditions

For a one-dimensional CV of width x near boundary B:

(a) Fixed value B:

aPP aW W aEE Su (4-11)

must be set up at each nodal point.

Tridiagonal Matrix Algorithm

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Worked Examples: 1) One-dimensional steady state diffusion

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General equation: aPP aW W aEE Su

The resulting system of equations are

aP2 aE2 T Su2

Solve the system of equations using Tri-diagonal matrix algorithm

Exact solution is:

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The governing equation is: d dT

Comparing the above equations, where S V Su S pP

Take area A = 1 in the y-z plane

Interior nodes (nodes 3-5): aW aE aP Sp Su

The solution is:

General equation: aPP aW W aEE Su

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Maximum error: 6.27%

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The geometry of example 4.3.

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Finite Volume Method for Two-dimensional Diffusion Problems

Consider the two-dimensional steady state diffusion equation

Integrating the above equation over the CV,

Noting that Ae = Aw = y and An = As = x, we obtain:

By substitution of the above expressions into eqn. (4.53) we obtain

This eqn can be written in the form:

aPP aW W aEE aSS aN N Su

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Integration of eqn (4.58) over the control volume gives

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Application of TDMA to Two-dimensional Problems

Line by line application of TDMA method

a) Sweep direction: n-s

b) Sweep direction: e-w

For a point P: aPP aW W aEE aSS aN N b

Rearranging aW W aPP aEE aSS aN N b S and N are known

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To solve along n-s direction: aSS aPP aN N aW W aEE aBB aT T b

To solve along e-w direction: aW W aPP aEE aSS aN N aBB aT T b

(1, 6) (2, 6) (3, 6) (4, 6) (5, 6)

(1, 2) (2, 2) (3, 2) (4, 2) (5, 2)

The governing equation is

This equation is written for each node (i, j) in the domain

For interior points: (i = 2 4, j = 2 6)