Name: Barcelona, John Rey D.

C.R. & YR.: BS-Mechanical Engineering 3

Experiment no: 1
TENSILE STENGTH OF METALS AND THERMOPLASTICS

I. OBJECTIVES:
-For students to determine the steel and thermoplastics specimens yield
strength, ultimate tensile strength and percent elongation.
II. THEORY:
-The strength of materials deals with the internal effects and deformations that
are cause by applied loads. A load applied to a mechanical member will induce
internal forces within the member called stresses when those forces are expressed on a
unit basis. The stresses acting on the material cause deformation of the material is
various manners. The applied loads may be tension, compression, flexure or bending.
The stresses and strains that develop within a mechanical member must be calculated
in order to assess the load capacity of the member. The term stress is used to express
the loading in terms of force applied to a certain cross-sectional area of an object.
Compressive stress is the stress state caused by an applied load that acts to reduce the
length of the material along the x-axis of the applied load. Shear stress is a tangent to
the plane on which it acts. Tensile stress is the stress state caused by an applied load
that tends to elongate the material along the axis of the applied load. Ductility is the
ability of a material to undergo plastic deformation when a tensile load is applied. It
can be expressed in terms of percentage elongation or percentage reduction in area.
Elasticity I he ability of a material to regain its original dimensions after a load is
removed. Plasticity is the ability to withstand high stress without being greatly deformed.
In this experiment, well determine the yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and
percent elongation of steel and thermoplastic specimens. Yield strength is defined as
the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Tensile strength is the
maximum strength of a material against pulling or stretching stress. The ultimate tensile
strength is the maximum engineering stress in an unaxial stress-strain test. The standard
tensile test is used to obtain a variety of characteristics and strengths that are used in
design to determine the strain relations or percent elongation for the stress-strain test, let
Lo = original gauge length
Lx = final gauge length after it has been stretched

In plotting the true stress-strain diagram is customary to use a term strain, sometime
called logarithmic strain. True strain is the sum of each incremental elongation divided
by the current length of the filament, or

Where Lx = Lo (Ao) Adc = Alh

III. Materials and Equipments:

1. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)

2. Vernier Caliper

3. X-Y Plotter

4. Mild Steel Specimen

5. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe specimen

IV. Diagram:
V. Discussion of Data and Results:
Mild Steel Specimen
Strain 1st Steel 2nd Steel 3rd Steel Average
0 2.5 600 900 560 686.67
2.5 5 1250 1400 1500 1383.33
5 7.5 1700 1700 1760 1720
7.5 10 1720 1730 1780 1743.33

Average dimensions:
Initial Length = 5cm Final Length = 6.02cm Radius: 0.56cm
Percent elongation = Lx - Lo x 100 = 6.02 - 5 x 100 = 20.4 %
Lo 5

Ultimate tensile strength = Force = 1743.33 = 1769.5.9kg

Area (3.1416)(0.56)2 cm2

PVC Pipe Specimen (BLUE)

Strain 1st Blue PVC 2nd Blue PVC 3rd Blue PVC Average
0 2.5 600 680 660 746.67
2.5 5 900 1200 1080 1193.33
5 7.5 1300 1330 1300 1310

Average dimensions:
Initial Length = 5cm Final Length = 5.61cm Width = 0.69cm Thickness = 0.39cm
Percent elongation = Lx - Lo x 100 = 5.61- 5 x 100 = 12.2%
Lo 5

Ultimate tensile strength = Force = 1300 = 4830.9kg

Area (0.69)(0.39) cm2

PVC Pipe Specimen (ORANGE)

Strain 1st Orange PVC 2nd Orange PVC 3rd Orange PVC Average
0 2.5 600 680 660 660
2.5 5 1100 1020 1000 1000
5 7.5 1400 1320 1300 1300
7.5 1.2 1480 1420 1410 1436.67

Average dimensions:
Initial Length = 5cm Final Length = 6.05cm Width = 0.63cm Thickness = 0.34cm

Percent elongation = Lx - Lo x 100 = 6.05- 5 x 100 = 21%

Lo 5

Ultimate tensile strength = Force = 1436.67 = 6707.1kg

Area (0.63)(0.34) cm2

Discussion:
The tables shown above are the datum needed to be able to draw the corresponding
stress-strain diagram for each specimen, Mild Steel, Blue PVC Pipe and Orange PVC
Pipe. The first columns of the tables show the amount of strain or the distance the UTM
machine went up, this can be measured with the built in ruler or measuring device
beside the UTM machine. While the following columns, 2nd, 3rd and 4th, shows the
amount of stress the UTM machine applied to the specimens which can be measured
through the built in dial of the UTM machine. The initial lengths and final lengths of the
specimens where measured to be able to calculate the percentage elongation. The
Mild steel specimen can withstand the greatest amount stress followed by the Orange
PVC pipe and the Blue PVC pipe being the least. The Orange PVC pipe had the
greatest percentage elongation with 21% followed by the Mild Steel with 20.4% and the
last is the Blue PVC pipe with 12.2%

VI. Conclusion:

The specimens have their own yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and
percent elongation. These properties can be easily acquired with the proper tools and
equipments. It was found out that among the three specimens, the Orange PVC pipe
specimen had the greatest percentage elongation and the Blue PVC pipe specimen
with the least. And that the Mild Steel specimen can withstand the greatest stress
before breaking apart and the Blue PVC Pipe specimen with the least. Also, based on
the stress-strain diagrams drawn in the journal, the Mild Steel specimen had the greatest
yield strength and through calculations, it was identified that the Orange PVC pipe had
the greatest ultimate tensile strength. In doing this experiment, proper data collection is
an important key for success especially in making the stress-strain diagram.

VII. Bibliography:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strength_of_materials#Definition

https://www.nde-
ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/Materials/Mechanical/StressStrain.htm

http://www.eduresourcecollection.com/civil_sm_Stresses.php

http://www.codecogs.com/library/engineering/materials/shear-stress.php

http://inventor.grantadesign.com/en/notes/science/material/S04%20Yield%20strength.
htm

http://www.engineersedge.com/material_science/ductility.htm

http://www.engineersedge.com/material_science/yield_strength.htm

book: Strength of Materials Phil. Edition by: Andrew Pytel and Jaan Kiusalaas