ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITCNICA DEL

LITOTAL.
FACULTAD DE INGENIERAS DE CIENCIAS DE LA
TIERRA

SANITARY ENGINEERIN PROJECT.

DESIGN OF A SEWAGE MAIN AND SYSTEM OF STABILILATION PONDS.

MEMBERS:

Milton Saltos Quinez.

Steven Navarrete Franco.
Paul Aazco Campoverde.
Ana P. Avila Gordillo.
Ma. Angelica Vera Loor.

PROFESSOR:

Ing. Julio Acosta Vega.

DELIVERY DATE: Wednesday, 21th February 2017

Term II 2016-2017
Contenido
Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1
Objects. ............................................................................................................................................... 2
General ............................................................................................................................................ 2
Specyfics. ......................................................................................................................................... 2
Theoretical framework ........................................................................................................................ 3
Peak Flowrate Factors ..................................................................................................................... 3
Minimun Flowrate factor ................................................................................................................ 3
Manning equation ........................................................................................................................... 3
Average flow velocity ...................................................................................................................... 4
Potential for sulfide generation (Z) ................................................................................................. 4
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) ............................................................................................... 4
EBOD ............................................................................................................................................... 4
Nitrification ..................................................................................................................................... 5
Waste Stabilization Ponds ............................................................................................................... 5
Anaerobic Ponds ............................................................................................................................. 6
Facultative Ponds ............................................................................................................................ 8
Calculations. ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Flow Calculation ............................................................................................................................ 13
Biological Treatment ..................................................................................................................... 19
ANALYSIS OF RESULTS ....................................................................................................................... 26
Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 26
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Introduction
The wastewater comes from housing and industrial sanitary or agricultural services, are
evacuated by public or private sanitation facilities to the different receiving means, diluted or
not, with any groundwater, surface or rainwater that has been incorporated.

Discharges of wastewater to bodies of water not only impact aquatic life, but mainly affect
human health. The bacteriological contamination present in the municipal black waters is
the most relevant at the sanitary level, since these contain in large quantities pathogenic
microorganisms that generate multiple diseases.

The effective management of wastewater results in an effluent that can be safely discharged
into the environment, since the return of these rivers or lakes makes us direct or indirect
users as the population grows.

A stabilization pond is a simple structure for reserving waste water in order to improve its
sanitary characteristics. Stabilization ponds are constructed from shallow depths (2 to 4 m)
and with relatively large retention periods (usually for several days).

When the wastewater is discharged in stabilization ponds, a process known as self-

purification or natural stabilization is performed spontaneously, in which physical, chemical,
biochemical and biological phenomena occur. This process is carried out in almost all
stagnant waters with high content of biodegradable putrescible organic matter.

The parameters most used to evaluate the behavior of the wastewater stabilization ponds
and the quality of their effluents are the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), which
characterizes the organic load; and the most likely number of fecal coliforms, which
characterizes microbiological contamination.

Also important are the total settleable, suspended and dissolved solids.

Generally, when the organic load applied to the lagoons is low (<300 kg BOD / ha / day),
and the ambient temperature varies between 15 and 30 C, the upper stratum of the lagoon
usually develop microscopic algae populations which, in the presence of sunlight, produce
large amounts of oxygen, causing a high concentration of dissolved oxygen, which in many
cases reaches supersaturation values.

The bottom of these lagoons is usually anaerobic.

These gaps with low organic loads are called facultative.

When the organic load is very large, the BOD exceeds the oxygen production of algae (and
surface aeration) and the lagoon becomes fully anaerobic.

It is appropriate that stabilization ponds work under conditions that are definitely facultative
or definitely anaerobic since oxygen is a toxic to anaerobic bacteria that perform the process
of degradation of organic matter; and the lack of oxygen causes the aerobic bacteria that
perform this process to disappear.

1
Objects.
General
Design a sewage main and a system of stabilization ponds

Specyfics.
Calculate flow rates and dimensions geometric relevant
Design the sewage main in concrete. Complying with Interagua regulations
Calculate potential of H2S generation
Design the biological treatment

2
Theoretical framework
Peak Flowrate Factors
The flowrate peaking factors (the ratio of peak flowrate to average flowrate) most frequently
used in design are those for peak hour and maximum day. Peak Hourly flowrates are used
to size the hydraulic conveyance system and other facilities such as sedimentation tanks
and chlorine contact tanks where little volume is available for flow dampering.

5,5
= 0,18

Minimun Flowrate factor

Its the ratio of peak flowrate to average flowrate Calculated using the average flowrate.

= 0,20,16

Manning equation
The Mannings equation is an empirical equation that applies to uniform flow in open
channels and is a function of the channel velocity, flow area and channel slope. Used to
describe the flow in sanitary sewers and can be written in the form.

1 5/3 1/2
=
2/3
D
h= [1 cos ( )]
2 2
sen
A=( ) D2
8
D
P=
2

Replacing the hydraulic depth (h), wet area (A) and wet perimeter (P), we have the next
equation:

2 5 8 1
3 ( )3 20,16 3 2 = 0

3
Average flow velocity
It can be calculated using the wet area and the flow rate.

Maximum velocity

It depends of the material. Generally a velocity of 5 m/s is recommended in runoff to gravity.

Minimum velocity

This velocity wont be inferior to 0.6 m/s in the initial length and 0.75 m/s in the next length.

Potential for sulfide generation (Z)

It can be assumed using the formula (Pomeroy and Parkhurst, 1977).

= 0.308
0,50 0,33
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Parameter of organic pollution applied to both wastewater and surface water is the 5-day
BOD. This determination involves the measurement of the dissolved oxygen used by
microorganisms in the biochemical oxidation of organic matter. The BOD test measures the
strength of the wastewater by measuring the amount of oxygen used by the bacteria as they
stabilize the organic matter under controlled conditions of time and temperature.

EBOD
Is the effective Biochemical oxygen Demand in mg/L, defined in the next relation:
= 1,0720

Algae

Microscopic photosynthetic plants; this process produces new plant life. Algae are atrophic
using carbon dioxide as a carbon source.

Aerobic

A condition in which free or dissolved oxygen is present in an aquatic environment.

Anaerobic

A condition in which free or dissolved oxygen is not present in an aquatic environment.

4
Nitrification
An aerobic process in which bacteria change ammonia and organic nitrogen in wastewater
into oxidized nitrogen (usually nitrate). The second-stage BOD is sometimes referred to as
the nitrification stage. (The first stage is called the carbonaceous stage.)

Waste Stabilization Ponds

Refers to a diverse array of suspended growth biochemical operation with the common
characteristic that they do not include downstream clarifiers and associated settled solids
recycle. Ponds are typically used to stabilize biodegradable organic matter. There are five
kinds of stabilization Lagoons: anaerobic, facultative, maturation, aerobic, and macrophyte.
The usual arrangement of WSP is, first the Anaerobic Pond, second the facultative pond
and next, one or more maturation ponds if needs to achieve the required effluent quality.

Figure 1.- AIWSP system (adapted from NWA website).

Advantages of WSP

Simplicity
- Simple to construct
- Simple to operate and maintain.
- Less skilled labor needed.
Low cost
- If cheap land is available, WSP have the lowest capital and O/M costs.
- Money spent in land is an investment.
- WSP do not need electrical energy for operation
High efficiency

5
 - Can achieve BOD , TSS and ammonia removal > 90%
- 50 90 % oil removal
- Particularly efficient in pathogen removal
- Effluent can be easily reused in agriculture and aquaculture
Robustness
- Resilent to both organic and hydraulic shock loads
- They can cope with high levels of heavy metals, which can be too toxic for other
biological treatment processes.

Disadvantages of WSP

Main disadvantage: Large area requirement.

Unless lad is plentiful and cheap, WSP are impractical.

Figure 2. Waste water facility and Lagoon System

Anaerobic Ponds
Designed for BOD and TSS removal, BOD removal is achieved (as in septic tanks) by
sedimentation of settleable solids and subsequent anaerobic digestion in the resulting
sludge layer. Its a low rate anaerobic process in which biodegradable organic matter is
stabilized through its conversion to carbon dioxide and methane. These are constructed as
relatively deep structures, typically ranging from 2 to 6 m deep. This minimizes the lagoons
surface area for a given volume, thereby minimizing oxygen transfer, odor release, and heat
loss from the surface.

Anaerobic ponds are deep treatment ponds that exclude oxygen and encourage the growth
of bacteria, which break down the effluent. It is in the anaerobic pond that the effluent begins

6
breaking down in the absence of oxygen "anaerobically". The anaerobic pond acts like an
uncovered septic tank. Anaerobic bacteria break down the organic matter in the effluent,
releasing methane and carbon dioxide. Sludge is deposited on the bottom and a crust forms
on the surface as shown in Fig

Figure 3.- Operation of an Anaerobic ponds

Anaerobic ponds are commonly 2-5 m deep and receive such a high organic loading (usually
> 100 g BOD/m3 d equivalent to > 3000 kg/ha/d for a depth of 3 m). They contain an organic
loading that is very high relative to the amount of oxygen entering the pond, which maintains
anaerobic conditions to the pond surface. Anaerobic ponds don't contain algae, although
occasionally a thin film of mainly Chlamydomonas can be seen at the surface. They work
extremely well in warm climate (can attain 60-85% BOD removal) and have relatively short
retention time (for BOD of up to 300 mg/l, one day is sufficient at temperature > 20oC).
Reduce N, P, K and pathogenic microorganisms by sludge formation and the release of
ammonia into the air. As a complete process, the anaerobic pond serves to:

- Separate out solid from dissolved material as solids settle as bottom sludge.
- Dissolve further organic material.
- Break down biodegradable organic material.
- Store undigested material and non-degradable solids as bottom sludge.
- Allow partially treated effluent to pass out.

7
 Table 1. Design values for anaerobic ponds (Mara and Pearson 1996)

Water surface area and detention time

( )()
=
( )( )

A= pod water surface area, 2

= water depth, m. Usually =2 5 m. Mara recommends using 3 m.

= influent BOD, kg/3

Q= influent flow rate, 3 /d

= mean detention time, days. Mara recommends using = 1 d

= volumetric BOD loading, kg/3 .d

Facultative Ponds
These Ponds are inexpensive to construct and operate (1-2 m deep), and are also simple
to operate. Solids production is low because some of the biodegradable organic matter is
stabilized anaerobically, and residual solids are stored in the pond. The large solids storage
capacity allows solids to be managed on a periodic basis, which simplifies operations. Two
kinds exist:

Primary facultative: receive raw wastewater (after preliminary treatment)

Secondary facultative: receive settled wastewater, usually the effluent from an
anaerobic pond.

They are designed for BOD removal on the basis of a relatively low surface loading (100-
400 kg BOD/ha d at temperature between 20C and 25C) to permit the development of a
healthy algal population as the oxygen for BOD removal by the pond bacteria is mostly
generated by algal photosynthesis. Due to the algae facultative ponds are colored dark
green, although they may occasionally appear red or pink (especially when slightly
overloaded) due to the presence of anaerobic purple sulphide-oxidizing photosynthetic
bacteria. The algae that tend to predominate in the turbid waters of facultative ponds are the
motile genera (such as Chlamydomonas, Pyrobotrys and Euglena) as these can optimize
their vertical position in the pond water column in relation to incident light intensity and
temperature more easily than non-motile forms (such as Chlorella, although this is also fairly
common in facultative ponds). The concentration of algae in a healthy facultative pond
depends on loading and temperature, but is usually in the range 500-2000 g chlorophyll a
per liter.

8
Functioning

Effluent entering the facultative pond from the anaerobic pond (secondary facultative pond)
is converted into carbon dioxide, water and new bacterial and algae cells in the presence of
oxygen aerobically. Algae populations within the aerobic pond require sunlight. They
develop and produce oxygen in excess of their own requirements. It is this excess of oxygen
that is used by bacteria to further break down the organic matter within the effluent. The
algal production of oxygen occurs near the surface of aerobic ponds to the depth to which
light can penetrate (typically up to 500 mm). Oxygen can also be introduced by wind.

Aerobic pond is more accurately termed "facultative", as in practice the pond usually has an
aerobic upper layer and anaerobic lower layer. This facultative condition occurs because
high oxygen levels cannot be maintained to the total depth of aerobic ponds. So a fully
aerobic surface layer develops, along with an aerobic/anaerobic intermediate layer, and a
fully anaerobic layer on the pond bottom. Oxygen is unable to be maintained at the lower
layers if:

- The pond is too deep, and the color too dark, to allow light to penetrate fully.
- The demand for oxygen in the lower layer is higher than the supply. Demand is
increased with high levels of organic matter. The anaerobic layer will be deeper
in an aerobic pond where there is an extremely high organic matter content of
the inflowing effluent.
- The surface layer, rich in oxygen, is not adequately mixed with the bottom layer.
- There is a combination of these conditions.

As a result of the photosynthetic activities of the pond algae, there is a diurnal variation in
the concentration of dissolved oxygen. For a typical facultative pond, the water column will
be predominantly aerobic at the time of peak sun radiation and predominantly anaerobic at
sunrise. After sunrise, the dissolved oxygen level gradually rises to a maximum in the mid-
afternoon, after which it falls to a minimum during the night. The position of the oxypause
(the depth at which the dissolved oxygen concentration reaches zero) similarly changes, as
does the pH since at peak algal activity carbonate and bicarbonate ions react to provide
more carbon dioxide for the algae, so leaving an excess of hydroxyl ions with the result that
the pH can rise to above 9 which kills faecal bacteria. The wind has an important effect on
the behavior of facultative ponds, as it induces vertical mixing of the pond liquid. Good mixing
ensures a more uniform distribution of BOD, dissolved oxygen, bacteria and algae and
hence a better degree of waste stabilization. In the absence of wind-induced mixing, the
algal population tends to stratify in a narrow band, some 20cm thick, during daylight hours.
This concentrated band of algae moves up and down through the top 50 cm of the pond in
response to changes in incident light intensity, and causes large fluctuations in effluent
quality (especially BOD and suspended solids) if the effluent take-off point is within this zone.
The operation of the facultative pond is shown in Figure 3.

9
 Figure 4.- Processes taking place in waste water stabilization ponds. Source: Water
quality, by Tchobanoglous and Schroeder, Addison Wesley, 1985

The facultative pond will remove odor and kill most pathogenic microorganisms. As a
complete process, the facultative pond serves to

- Further treat the effluent anaerobically through separation, dissolving and

digestion of organic material.
- Aerobically break down most remaining organic solids near the pond surface.
- Reduce the amount of disease-causing microorganisms.
- Allow the loss of 20% to 30% of the ammonia, contained within the effluent, into
the air.
- Store residues from digestion, as well as non-degradable solids, as bottom
sludge.

Allow treated effluent to pass out into a waterway or additional treatment system (i.e. an
additional pond, wetland system or for land application).Designed for Bod removal, oxygen
needed for BOD consumption is generated by algae. Wind, neat and pond inlet design
influence the degree of mixing. Mixing minimizes hydraulic short-circuiting and dead spaces.
Sludge accumulation and digestion at the bottom occurs only in primary facultative ponds.
Using surface loading rates:

(,, 3 / )( , /3 )
= ,

,
.

Permissible organic loading (Mara and Pearson, 1998)

= 350(1.107 0.002)25

= Surface loading rate, kg/ha.d

10
 = 80 kg/ha.d if T8C (Mara and Pearson, 1998)

Minimum value of detention time= 5 d if T<20C, and 4 if T20C

Water depth=1.0 1.8 m. Common: 1.5 m

BOD removal

The activity of further anaerobic oxidation and the aerobic conversion of effluent to carbon
dioxide, water and new bacterial and algae cells can result in removal of 80% of the BOD5
of the effluent flowing into the facultative pond (which means an overall removal in the order
of 95% over the two ponds). This removal, and the subsequent quality of the outflow,
depends on:

- An adequate oxygen supply.

- Sufficient retention time.
- Warm temperatures.
- An absence of high concentrations of chemical pollutants. High concentrations of
cleaning chemicals and drenches will slow the system's ability to break down effluent
solids.

=

1 + 1 ( )

= unfiltered

Effluent BOD, including the algal BOD (70% - 90%). Filtered BOD= 25 mg/L is
acceptable for surface discharge in the European Union.

1()=1(20)(1.05)20

1(20)=0.3 1 For primary facultative ponds

1(20)=0.1 1 For secondary facultative ponds

Aerated lagoons system: These are simple and inexpensive to construct, and are simple
to operate. Operating costs are moderate bit higher than for anaerobic or facultative lagoons
because of the aeration equipment. Despite this unlike the other lagoons, the quality of
effluent can be reliably produced. Solid production from such systems is also low because
anaerobic stabilization of the removed suspended solids.

Maturation Ponds: These are designed primarily for fecal bacterial removal (domestic
sewage), and for nitrogen and phosphorous removal. Maturation ponds (low-cost polishing
ponds), which generally follow either the primary or secondary facultative pond, are primarily

11
designed for tertiary treatment, the removal of pathogens, nutrients and possibly algae. They
are very shallow (usually 0.9 1 m depth), to allow light penetration to the bottom and
aerobic conditions throughout the whole depth. The loading on the maturation pond is
calculated on the assumption that 80% of the BOD has been removed in the preceding
treatment. Maturation pond is the third pond in the multi- cell series of WOE system and is
designed for faecal coliform removal.

The size and number of maturation ponds needed in series is determined by the required
retention time to achieve a specified effluent pathogen concentration. Decor more
maturation ponds, each of one day detention time, will be required in order to achieve the
desired level of faecal coliform removal. Each of the maturation ponds can be expected to
remove one log cycle of MEN. In the absence of effluent limits for pathogens, maturation
ponds act as a buffer for facultative pond failure and are useful for nutrient removal.
Therefore, additional maturation ponds will only be needed if a higher quality effluent is
required for unrestricted irrigation.

Macrophyte ponds: Water hyacinth and duckweed ponds, for BOD and TSS.

Marais and Shaw Equation (Complete mix Tank-in-series Model): BOD consumption is
a first order reaction. All ponds connected in series are equal and completely mixed:

1
=( )
1 +

= Effluent 5 concentration at the nth pond, mg/L

= Influent 5 concentration, mg/L

= Mean detention time in each pond, d

= First-order reaction rate constant, = 1.21 at 35C

= 35 (1.085)35

T= minimum operating water temperature, C

Keep A/d304.8

d= pond depth, in m, between 0.9 m and 1.5 m

Keep maximum pond BOD mg/L (consistent with aerobic conditions) at:

213.4

+ 2.44

12
Design Parameters

The four most important parameters for WSP design are:

Temperature: The usual design temperature is the mean air temperature in the
coolest month, quarter or period of the irrigation season.
Net evaporation: Considered in the design of facultative and maturation ponds but
not the anaerobic ponds as the scum layer generated on top of anaerobic ponds will
prevent evaporation (Shaw, 1962). Net evaporation is equal to the evaporation minus
rainfall. The net evaporation rates in the months used for selection of the design
temperatures shall be used. Another way to look at this parameter is to calculate the
rainwater volume using "rainfall less evaporation" data, area exposed to the
rainwater and the degree of runoff/entry actually taking place. At the end, the
rainwater volume falling directly into the pond system should be accounted for the
load calculation. In addition, a hydraulic balance must be performed to insure the
workability of the pond.
Flow: A suitable flow design value is 80 percent of the in-house water consumption.
The design flow may be based on local experience in sewered communities of similar
socio-economic status and water use practice

BOD: If the wastewater exists, its BOD may be measured.

Calculations.
Flow Calculation
100
= 302 =
12

Data

40% Residential area

30% of commercial area

30% of industrial area

Residential part: 50% large lots, 40% small lots and 10% multi-storey lots

Total area 3000ha

Residential 0.4*3000ha=1200ha
area

Commercial 0.3*3000ha=900ha
area

Industrial area 0.3*3000ha=900ha

13
 13 1 3
Wastewater supply= 200 1000 86400 = 2.3148 106

Type Area (ha) Density Population Flow

(person/ha) (m3/s)

Large lots 0.5*1200=600 6 3600 0.008333

Small lots 0.4*1200=480 75 36000 0.083333

Multi-storey 0.1*1200=120 2500 300000 0.694444

lots

Total 339600 0.786110

Flow of the residential zone

3
= .

Flow of the commercial zone

13 3
Water supply commercial area= 1 = 0.001 900
1000

3
= .

Flow of the industrial zone

13 3
Contribution of the industrial average= 1 1000 = 0.001 900

3
= .

Infiltration and illicit connections

= 1000 3000 = 3000000

13 1 3
/ = 3000000 = .
1000 86400

3
sin / = 0.7861 + 0.9 + 0.9 = .

14
 Maximum Ratio

5.5 5.5
= 0.18 = = .
339.60.18

Minimum Ratio

= 0.2 0.16 = 0.2 339.60.16 = .

3
= 1.93 (2.5861) + 3.47 102 = .

3
= 0.508 (2.5861) + 3.47 102 = .

Average Daily Flow

3
= + + = .

Maximum Flow Rate

3
= Maximum Ratio= .

SIZE: HYDRAULIC SEWER

Q min 1.35 [m3/s]

Q mx. 5.03 [m3/s]

S 0.005

n 0.013

Cota i 90 [msnm]

Cota f 15 [msnm]

Section 5 [km]

According to the .

15
 Sewerage Network Design .


From INTERAGUA

Commercial diameter = 1673 mm=1.673m

=


= 2
4
1.35
= = . /
1.673 2
4

2 5 8 1
3 ( )3 20.16 3 2 = 0
2 5 8 1
3 ( )3 20.16 0.013 5.03 1.6733 0.0052 = 0
2 5
3 ( )3 + 4.73 = 0

= .

=
( )
2
8

5.03
= = . /
(3.74 3.74) 2
8 1.673

16
Commercial Condition Condition Maximum
diameter V min Hydraulic
[mm] V max Depth

H mx[m] Condicin

1065 15.71 Fails Correct 0.84 Correct

1220 10.00 Fails Correct 0.60 Correct

1370 8.88 Fails Correct 1.06 Correct

1525 4.36 Correct Correct 1.32 Fails

1673 3.74 Correct Correct 1.08 Correct

1830 3.35 Correct Fails 0.93 Correct

1980 3.09 Correct Fails 0.82 Correct

2135 2.88 Correct Fails 0.73 Correct

=
2
( )
= 2
8

The pipe you are going to work with will be D=1673mm.

Wet Perimeter 3.13 [m]

Wet area 1.51 [m2]

Calculation of Z Potential

D=1.673m

= 3.74

= 0.308
0.5
0.22

= 1.0720

17
EBOD 525.3 Biochemical demand for effective oxygen, mg/L

BOD 350 Biochemical demand for oxygen at 5 days, mg/L a

20 C

T 26 Residual Water Temperature in the Pipeline, C

So 0.005 Pipe slope

Q 2.586 Flow in the pipe

P 3.125 Wet Perimeter, m.

B 1.6 Top-Width Relation, m.

T min 22

EBOD 400.7

Average
temperature

P/B 1.95

Z 3266.13
Minimum
temperature

P/B 1.95

Z 2491.71

18
Biological Treatment
Usual arrangement of WSP

- First: Anaerobic pond

- Second: Facultative pond
- Next: One or more maturation ponds if needed to achieve the required effluent
quality.
Design of Anaerobic Lagoons

- According to the design methodology proposed by Mara & Pearson (1998).

- We select a design temperature: Average temperature of the air in the coldest month.
- We select a safe organic load, depending on the design temperature of the attached
table.

Average temperature 26 C

Minimum Temperature / Design 21 C

Temperature

BOD Volumetric Charge 310 g/m3/d

BOD Removal 62 %

Calculation of the Surface Area of the lagoon

( )()
= =
()

= 19

 3 3600 24 3 1 3
= . = 223439 = 55860
1 1 4

310
= =0.31
1000

dw Water Depth, m. 2-5 m. 4

Number of Lagoons 4

t Detention Time, Days 1-1,5 1

das

DBOi BOD in the influential, Kg/m3 0,35

Q Flow of the influential, m3/d 55860

LDBO, BOD Volumetric Loading, kg/m3/d 0,31

v

Surface area of the lagoon

(0.35 55860) 1
= = 15766.935482 = 1.5766
0.31 4 100002

Anaerobic lagoons

Settings Unit Status

Laguna Volume 63067,74194 m3

Units of Lagoons 4 Adimensional IN

PARALLEL

Area of Laguna 15766,93548 m2

Depth 4 m

Inlet Flow Rate 0,646527778 m3/s

20
 Output Flow 0,646527778 m3/s

Detention Time 1 d

BOD in the influential 350 mg/L

BOD in the effluent 217 mg/L

Design of Facultative Lagoons

Average temperature 26 C

Minimum Temperature / Design 21 C

Temperature

BOD influential 217 mg/L

Number of Facultative Lagoons in 8

Parallel

BOD Removal 62 %

Calculation of the Surface Area of the lagoon

(, )()
=

Maximum monthly flow, m3 / d. 33516

,

DBOi BOD in the influent, Kg / m3 0,217

LDBO BOD Volumetric Load, kg / ha / d 272,0630818

Surface area of each lagoon = 267326.6785 m2

21
 Dimensioning

t= =

A Surface area of the lagoon, 267326,6785

m2

Q Maximum monthly flow, m3 / 33516

d.

t Detention time, d min.4 (>=20C) -min. 11,96413706

5(<20C)

d Depth, m 1.0-1.8 1.5

First Optional Secondary Lagoon

=

1 + 1 ( )

1() = 1(20) (1.05)20

DBOi, Li: BOD in the influential 0,217 Kg/m3 217 mg/L

Temperature, C 21 C In parallel

Detention time, d 11,96413706 d

Reaction rate corrected at 20 C 0,1 d^-1

Corrected reaction rate 0,105 d^-1

Volume of Lagoons 400990,0177 m3

Effluent BOD, mg / L 96,17795067 mg/L 0,0962 kg/m3

Units of lagoons 8

22
 Area of Laguna 26.732667 ha

Depth 1.5 m

Inlet flow rate 0.3879 m3/s

Output Flow 0.3879 m3/s

Second Optional Faculty Lagoon

=

1 + 1 ( )

1() = 1(20) (1.05)20

DBOi, Li: BOD in the influential 96,17795067 mg/L 0,0962 kg/m3

Temperature, C 21 C

Area 11,84835581 Ha 118484 m2

Dw: Water Depth 1 a 1,8 m. 1,5 m.

Detention time, d 5,302701309 das 5

Reaction rate corrected at 20 C 0,1 d^-1 In parallel

Corrected reaction rate 0,105 d^-1

Volume 177725,3371 m3

Effluent BOD, mg / L 61,7799085 mg/L 0,0618 kg/m3

Units of lagoons 8

Depth 1.5 d

Inlet flow rate 0.3879 m3/s

Output Flow 0.3879 m3/s

Third Lagoon Optional Secondary

1() = 1(20) (1.05)20

23

=
1 + 1()

DBOi, Li: BOD in the influential 61,7799085 mg/L 0,0618 kg/m3

Temperature, C 21 C

Area 7,610791583 Ha 76108 m2

Dw: Water Depth 1 a 1,8 m. 1,5 m.

Detention time, d 5,185692499 das 5

Reaction rate corrected at 20 C 0,1 d^-1 In parallel

Corrected reaction rate 0,105 d^-1

Volume 114161,8738 m3

Effluent BOD, mg / L 40 mg/L 0,04 kg/m3

Units of lagoons 8

Depth 1.5 m

Inlet flow rate 0.3879 m3/s

Output Flow 0.3879 m3/s

Design of Maturation lagoons

Minimum Temperature / Design 21 C

Temperature

Partial Blending

Minimum 3 cells 3 En Serie

Parallel Units 8 Por cada serie

AERATION 3.7 - 4 Kg02 / kW.hr 3,8 Kg02/kW.hr

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 Calculation of the Surface Area of the lagoon

, Maximum monthly flow, m3 / 268128

d.

DBOi BOD in the influent, mg / L 40

n Number of Lagunas de 8
Maduracion

Design Parameters m2

Hydraulic Stop Time t = (V / Q) 1,12 [d]

Minimum number of gaps in series 3

Parallel Lagoon flow 33516 [m3/d]

First order constant 0,276

First Order Constant for 21 Degrees 0,28594

Input BOD 46 [mg/L]

BOD output 20 [mg/L]

Unit Volume 37537,92 [m3]

Superficial area 25025,28 [m2]

Assumed Depth 1,5 [m]

Superficial area 2,502528 [ha]

BOD Effluent First Cell 34,8419 [mg/L]

BOD Effluent Second Cell 26,39043717 [mg/L]

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ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
The average waste water flow produce by the city represent a significant value about
the order of 2,58 m3/s, other quantities; as the maximum hourly flow is 5 m3/s a
representative value, the flow for the infiltration and seepage in waste sewer is not
representative due to his magnitude.
The slope of the natural land generates maximum velocities that were not allowable
using the Ecuadorian Norm, this involve we have had to reduce the slope because
every commercial diameter does not adjust to Ecuadorian Norm using the natural
slope. The slope used in the computations was 0,5%
The diameter of the sewers is 1673 [mm] in normal conditions the hydraulic depth is
1080 [mm].
The potential value Z in normal conditions is [3266,13] in minimum temperatures the
value of Z is 2491,71.
The Design of Anaerobic ponds were made using Mara & Pearson criteria, the
results give four lagoons in parallel, and the Area is 1,56 [Ha] for unit, the percentage
of BOD removed on the lagoons is the 62%, with a 217 mg/L BOD effluent
The facultative ponds design criteria we assume a facultative pond of second order,
in series of 3, with a unit area for the first pond 26,73[Ha], for the second pond 11,85
[Ha], for the third pond 7,61 [Ha].
The detention time of the facultative lagoons in total is 23 days from the first lagoon
to the last one with a BOD effluent of 40 mg/L
The maturation lagoons we used the Metcalf & Eddy criteria to design a 3 series
ponds with a detention time of 3 days, and the area 1,5 [Ha] and a final BOD effluent
of 26,39 mg/L.

Conclusions

Pipes complying with Interagua standards were chosen for the pipe with the largest
commercial diameter to be between all minimum and maximum parameters.

As the potential value Z is closer 10 000 there will be productions in peak

concentrations, so well as small corrosion especially in turbulence`s areas, and
some odorsgeneration.

The average daily flow is relatively high, due to the arbitrary values provided for the
calculations, for this reason the number of lagoons is representative as well as their
dimensions.

In order to avoid building big ponds, the flow was divided to work in parallel.

Partial mixture aerobic lagoons were used, algae based (natural process), to avoid
machine costs.

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 The slope of the pipe should not be less than that of the natural terrain, because it
would be exposed to the surface and in the design this is not technically correct;
Except in special cases where this situation occurs, the land could be filled, which
would represent an extra cost.

Load losses are bigger in a pipe if its length increases, if there are elbows, and
depending on the material from which the pipe is made of.

Water treatment is one of the main drivers of public health. Typically, wastewater
treatment begins with the initial physical separation of industrial solids using a grid
system, then sedimentation, disinfection, filtration, ponds.

Bibliography
- Metcalf & Eddy, (2003), Wastewater Engineering System
- L. Grady, G. Daigger, N. Love, C. Filipe, (2011), Biological wastewater treatment,
Taylor and Francis group
- Mara, Duncan and Pearson, Howard, Design Manual for Waste Stablization Ponds
in Mediterranean Countries Extracted from Duncan Mara & Howard Pearson
(1998)
http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~cen6ddm/WSPmanualmedcountries.html
- Extracted from: http://stabilizationponds.sdsu.edu/#Systems.

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