MEMBERS:

GALERA, HANNAH JOY E.

SANTIAGO, ORLANDO JR.

ROMERO, EDWARD VICTOR I.

FIESTA, EARL JOHN S.

ALBOS, GERSHOM B.

I. OBJECTIVES
To identify different types of refrigerants and its characteristics
To determine the application of refrigeration in different cycles and systems

II. INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOME

To learn the refrigeration system
To learn the six main components of refrigeration system
To learn the principles of refrigeration
To learn the applications of refrigeration
To learn the required characteristics of refrigerant
To learn the significance of refrigeration

III. DISCUSSION

A. BASIC REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

REFRIGERATION

Refrigeration is a process of removing heat from a low-temperature reservoir and transferring it to a

high-temperature reservoir, the work of heat transfer is traditionally driven by mechanical means, but can also
be driven by heat, magnetism, electricity, laser, or other means. Refrigeration has many applications, including,
but not limited to: household refrigerators, industrial freezers, cryogenics, and air conditioning. Heat pumps may
use the heat output of the refrigeration process, and also may be designed to be reversible, but are otherwise
similar to air conditioning units.
THE 6 MAIN COMPONENTS OF A REFRIGERATION SYSTEM

THERMOSTATIC EXPANSION VALVE (TXV)

Is a device that controls the amount of refrigerant that flows to the evaporator, it also helps to separate
the high pressure and the low pressure sides of an air conditioning system. Through the systems liquid line, high
pressured liquid refrigerant enters the valve but with the TXVs presence, the amount of liquid refrigerant entering
the evaporator will be abridged.

EVAPORATOR

The purpose of an evaporator is to remove the unwanted heat from the product through liquid
refrigerants. The liquid refrigerant must be at a low-pressure. This low-pressure can be determined by two factors
one is the heat being absorbed from the product to the liquid refrigerant and the other is the removal of low-
pressure vapor by the compressor.

CAPACITY CONTROL SYSTEM

The capacity control system regulates the power and energy consumption, although it can also manage
dehumidification or decrease compressor cycling. The on/off cycling of the compressor is the simplest form of
capacity control.

COMPRESSOR

This draws low-temperature and low-pressure vapor from the evaporator through the suction line, the
vapor will automatically be compressed once diverted there will also be a rise in the temperature if the vapor is
compressed. In simple terms, a compressor can convert low-temperature to high-temperatures, which can be the
cause of an increase in pressure. Through s compressor, heat can be easily released.

CONDENSER

This device can extract heat from the refrigerant. Fans placed above the condenser unit draw air over the
condenser coils. The temperature of condensation should range from around -12C to -1C, vapor will be cooled
until it becomes a liquid refrigerant again, whereby it will retain some heat.
 RECEIVER

A temporary storage and a surge tank for liquid refrigerant, the receiver acts as a vapor seal. With a
primary purpose of preserving the vapor moving down the liquid line to the expansion valve, receivers can be for
both horizontal and vertical installation.

REFRIGERATION TOOLS

Are used in performing preventive maintenance and repair on air conditioners, refrigerators, freezers, and
automotive air conditioner. They are as follows:

Tube Cutter - refrigeration tool use to cut copper tubing from sizes 1/8 to 1/2 outside diameter.
Flaring Tool - is a refrigeration tool use to spread the copper end outward until a flare is formed.
Swagging Tool - is a refrigeration tool use to expand the inside diameter of a copper tube so that the
resulting diameter is the same as the outside diameter. It is used to join two copper tubes of the same
diameter.
Brazing Torch - is a refrigeration tool use in soldering the joints of two copper tubes together. 800 degrees
Fahrenheit is required to solder copper tubing.
Copper Tube Bender - is a copper tube bending refrigeration tool.
Adjustable wrench - is a wrench with an adjustable jaw. A six inch adjustable wrench is very useful in the
field of refrigeration repair. It can accommodate nuts and bolts.
Flat Edge Screw Driver - is a screw driver with a flat driving end. An 8 inch screw driver with a blade width
of 1/4" is the most useful size.
Philip Screw Driver - is a screw driver with a cross driving end.
Allen Wrench - is an angle hexagonal driving wrench. They are made of hardened steel. You will need Allen
key when removing the squirrel caged fan of a window type air conditioner.
Long Nose Plier - is a plier with a long pointed nose. You will find the many uses of a long nose plier; from
hard to-reach areas like removing a clip from a fan or holding the copper tube when brazing alone.
Slip Joint Plier - is a mechanical plier with a slip joint in order to adjust the size.
Electrical Plier - Insulated plier use by electrician. There are time when it is necessary to remove a live fuse
from a fuse box. Or arranging the stranded wires.
Pipe Wrench - is a wrench for fastening tubes and pipes. Sometimes we have to remove a rounded hex
nut.
Socket Wrench set - wrench with driving socket. You will need a socket wrench to remove a remote hex
nut or bolt where you have to add extension just to remove it. The set come with a ratchet which is also
a very handy tool.
Nut Drivers - Hand held driver to drive or remove hex nuts or bolts. Mostly applicable to deep down places
where our hand is not able to reach. Straight hand grip type and the T-type drivers are available for you
to choose.
Box Wrench - Hand held box type wrenches. Usually they are in combination as far as the size is concern.
A practical tool for assembling and disassembling home air conditioner and automotive air conditioner
compressors.
Open Wrench - Open end hand held wrench. It is most useful when you are removing a machine bolt
where access is only 50 to 75 percent, or the area is restricted that the wrench can make only one half
turn.
Flat File - flat hardened steel with cutting ridges. Used for filing a newly cut copper tube ends to square it.
Or to remove burrs from steel brackets. File surface joints so that they can fit squarely.
Round File - round long hardened steel with cutting ridges. Round file is very useful in enlarging a hole by
filing.
 Half Round Files - Half round shaped long hardened steel with cutting ridges. When it is necessary to make
a hole larger where the application of a round file is not practical. The half round side can finish a curve
surface, and the flat side for the flat surface.
Carpenters Saw - a hand tool with tooth blade used to cut wood. Fabricating wooden frame for a window
type air conditioner, cutting wooden sticks to be used to elevate an air conditioner unit.
Tape measure - steel tape measuring device. Either you are going to make measurement for the length of
the copper tubing you will need for a certain project, or measuring the volume of a room.
Hack Saw - a hand tool with tooth blade used to cut iron pipes or iron bars, maybe you need to shorten
the length of a certain PVC pipe, or fabricating a bracket for a new air conditioner. Cutting the window
frame so that the new air conditioner will fit.
Electric Drill Gun - s also a good refrigeration tool a refrigeration mechanic should have. Need in doing
different things, like installing a new compressor and I need to make new holes for the anchor bolts.
Bench Vise - a refrigeration tool with two jaws for holding works. Most of the time we need a vise to hold
the copper tube so that we can braze the joints correctly. Or we must clamp the machine bolt so that we
can remove the hex nut. Or simply clamp a piece of steel bar so that we can cut it into the size we need.
Yoke Vise - a pipe vise. Yoke vise is a common refrigeration tool a mechanic should have. Either you are
lengthening your water pipes or removing electrical conduit pipes, a yoke vise clamps the tubing without
deforming them.
Gauge Manifold - refrigeration tool pressure gauges. Whenever you are reprocessing a refrigerator, or
replacing a new compressor for a freezer, or charging refrigerant to your automotive air conditioner, you
need a gauge manifold to tell you if you are doing it right.

B. RANKINE CYCLE
RANKINE CYCLE

The Rankine cycle is a model that is used to predict the performance of steam turbine systems, though
the theoretical principle also applies to reciprocating engines such as steam locomotives. The Rankine cycle is an
idealized thermodynamic cycle of a heat engine that converts heat into mechanical work while undergoing phase
change. The heat is supplied externally to a closed loop, which usually uses water as the working fluid.

RANKINE CYCLE PROCESS

 There are four processes in the Rankine cycle. These states are identified by numbers (in brown) in the
above Ts diagram.

Process 12: The working fluid is pumped from low to high pressure. As the fluid is a liquid at this stage,
the pump requires little input energy.
Process 23: The high-pressure liquid enters a boiler, where it is heated at constant pressure by an
external heat source to become a dry saturated vapor. The input energy required can be easily
calculated graphically, using an enthalpyentropy chart (hs chart, or Mollier diagram), or numerically,
using steam tables.
Process 34: The dry saturated vapor expands through a turbine, generating power. This decreases the
temperature and pressure of the vapor, and some condensation may occur. The output in this process
can be easily calculated using the chart or tables noted above.
Process 41: The wet vapor then enters a condenser, where it is condensed at a constant pressure to
become a saturated liquid.

C. STANDARD VAPOR-COMPRESSION SYSTEM

VAPOR-COMPRESSION REFRIGERATION CYCLE

The vapor-compressor refrigeration cycle is the most widely used refrigerant cycle in transferring heat
from a low temperature to a high temperature. The purpose of a refrigerator is the removal of heat, called the
cooling load from a low temperature medium. The purpose of a heat pump is the transfer of heat to a high
temperature medium, called the heating load. When we are interested in the energy removed from a low
temperature space, the device is called refrigerator. When we are interested in the heat energy supplied to the
high temperature space, the device is called heat pump.

Important Components of the AC System

1. Air Conditioning Compressor

The AC compressor is the workhorse of the system and is

driven by your cars engine via a series of belts and
pulleys. Its function is to transfer and compress gas from
the low-pressure (intake) side of the ac system to the high
pressure (discharge) side of the closed system. The ac
compressor draws the refrigerant (while in gas state)
from the ac evaporator, where it has gathered heat from
your vehicle interior. It then compresses the gas
refrigerant under high-pressure and send it off to the ac
condenser. Once the hot compressed gas enters the
condenser, it begins to cool and expel heat as it travel
towards the bottom of the ac condenser where it has
reverted back to a cool liquid state. The cooled liquid gas
then begins its journey back toward the ac evaporator.
This gives a general idea (oversimplified) how the process
There are basically 5 types of air conditioner compressor
works.that are commonly used in the HVAC industry:

Reciprocating
Scroll
Screw
Rotary
Centrifugal
 2. Receiver Drier

Air conditioning systems utilize a receiver drier to extract

moisture from the system. The receiver drier is used on
ac systems which make use of on expansion valve to
control refrigerant flow and is located on the high-
pressure side of the system, between compressor and the
condenser. The receiver drier stores a portion of the
systems refrigerant and contains a moisture absorbing
substance to remove any moisture the system may
become contaminated with.

Receiver Driers, Accumulators and In-Line Filter are canisters used to filter debris and remove moisture
to protect the A/C system. Various inlet and outlet fitting types and sizes are used. Many also have system
protection devices, moisture indicators, charge ports, sight glass, fuse plugs, high pressure relieve valves,
mounting brackets depending on the requirement from the original equipment manufacturers.

Receiver Driers are usually located at the high side of the A/C system before the expansion valve. The
receiver drier receives liquid refrigerants from the condenser, stores it, filters out the contaminate from the
A/C system and removes moisture. A/C system using receiver drier use an expansion valve to control refrigerant
flow.

Accumulators are similar to that of the receiver drier. It is usually mounted on the low side, and the
outlet of the evaporator. The accumulator accumulates or stores excess refrigerants and filters and dries the
refrigerant. Accumulators are used on CCOT (Cycling Clutch Orifice Tube) or FFOT (Ford Fixed Orifice Tube)
systems. These systems use an orifice tube instead of an expansion valve to control the refrigerant flow.

3. Condenser

The ac condenser and your cars radiator often look quite

similar in appearance. The compressor of the car
generate compressed gas and sends it along to the top of
the condenser, where the gas begin to cool. The gas
continues to cool and condense as it makes it way
through the serpentine-like coil arrangements, before
exiting the bottom of the condenser as a high-pressure
liquid. The condenser is usally located in front of your
cars radiator.
Three Types of Condensers:

Air cooled condensers: Air cooled condensers are used in small units like household refrigerators, deep
freezers, water coolers, window air-conditioners, split air-conditioners, small packaged air-conditioners
etc. These are used in plants where the cooling load is small and the total quantity of the refrigerant in
the refrigeration cycle is small. Air cooled condensers are also called coil condensers as they are usually
made of copper or aluminum coil. Air cooled condensers occupy a comparatively larger space than
water cooled condensers.

Air cooled condensers are of two types: natural convection and forced convection. In the natural
convection type, the air flows over it in natural a way depending upon the temperature of the
condenser coil. In the forced air type, a fan operated by a motor blows air over the condenser coil.

Water cooled condensers: Water cooled condensers are used for large refrigerating plants, big
packaged air-conditioners, central air-conditioning plants, etc. These are used in plants where cooling
loads are excessively high and a large quantity of refrigerant flows through the condenser.

There are three types of water cooled condensers: tube-in-tube or double pipe type, shell and coil type
and shell and tube type. In all these condensers the refrigerant flows through one side of the piping
while the water flows through the other piping, cooling the refrigerant and condensing it.

Evaporative condensers: Evaporative condensers are usually used in ice plants. They are a combination
of water cooled and air cooled condensers. In these condensers the hot refrigerant flows through the
coils. Water is sprayed over these coils. At the same time the fan draws air from the bottom side of the
condenser and discharges it from the top side of the condenser. The spray water that comes in contact
with the condenser coil gets evaporated in the air and it absorbs the heat from the condenser, cools the
refrigerant and condenses it.

Evaporative condensers have the benefits of water cooled as well as air cooled condenser, hence it
occupies less space. However, keeping the evaporative condenser clean and free of scale is very difficult
and requires lots of maintenance. Hence they are not favored by HVAC designers.

4. Evaporator

The ac evaporator serves in multiple capacities, but its

function is to absorb heat which may have built up on a
hot day inside your cars interior. The evaporator contains
cold Freon gas. The cold Freon gas passes through the
evaporator and makes the evaporator very cold. The ac
blower fan is located behind the evaporator and blows air
across it and that cold air travels through the dash duct
work and out the vents inside the car. The water you see
dripping from under the passenger side of the car is
coming from condensation at the evaporator core, and is
a result of the AC system doing his job.
Types of Evaporators

The evaporators used for the refrigeration and the air conditioning applications have different types of
construction depending on the application. Based on their construction the various types of evaporators are:

Bare Tube Evaporators

The bare tube evaporators are made up of copper tubing or steel pipes. The copper tubing is used for
small evaporators where the refrigerant other than ammonia is used, while the steel pipes are used with the
large evaporators where ammonia is used as the refrigerant. The bare tube evaporator comprises of several
turns of the tubing, though most commonly flat zigzag and oval trombone are the most common shapes. The
bare tube evaporators are usually used for liquid chilling. In the blast cooling and the freezing operations the
atmospheric air flows over the bare tube evaporator and the chilled air leaving it used for the cooling purposes.
The bare tube evaporators are used in very few applications, however the bare tube evaporators fitted with the
fins, called as finned evaporators are used very commonly.

Plate Type of Evaporators

In the plate type of evaporators the coil usually made up of copper or aluminum is embedded in the
plate so as so to form a flat looking surface. Externally the plate type of evaporator looks like a single plate, but
inside it there are several turns of the metal tubing through which the refrigerant flows. The advantage of the
plate type of evaporators is that they are more rigid as the external plate provides lots of safety. The external
plate also helps increasing the heat transfer from the metal tubing to the substance to be chilled. Further, the
plate type of evaporators are easy to clean and can be manufactured cheaply.
The plate type heat exchangers can be easily formed into various shapes as per the requirement. Thus in
the household refrigerators and the deep freezers, where they are used most commonly, they can be converted
into the box shape to form the closed enclosure, where various food can be kept in the frozen state. The plates
can also be welded together forming the bank of the plate type of evaporators that can be used the larger
evaporators of higher capacities.

5. Condenser Fan

The ac condenser fans job is to assist in cooling the hot

compressed gasses supplied by the compressor as they
pass through the condenser. The function of the
condenser fan, is also to supply additional cooling to the
vehicles radiator located just behind the condenser. In
the event the condenser fan is not operating as intended,
or has ceased to function at all, your system will not
operate efficiently . Air flow over the condenser and
engine radiator is essential. Inoperative fans will always
cause higher than normal HI side pressure.
Types of Condenser Fans

6. AC Blower Motor

The AC blower motor works in conjunction with the

evaporator to remove heat and cool your vehicle interior.
He is usually located underneath the dash and connected
to ducting where it pulls-in the warm air from the interior
and pushes it across the cool coils and fins of the
evaporator and send the cold air back to the cars interior.
 7. Expansion Valves

Expansion valves regulate the amount of liquid

refrigerant flowing from the condenser to the
evaporator based upon the evaporator pressure. A
thermal expansion valve will include a temperature
sensor and meters the amount of refrigerant flowing
into the evaporator.

Three Categories of Expansion Valve:

Capillary Tube

Small mass produced systems are often designed with capillary tube as it is a very low cost option.
Capillary tubes are not very efficient as they are not adjustable and are therefore designed for one ambient and
load condition, which results in inefficient operation the majority of the time. Capillary tubes are most often found
in domestic refrigerators.

Thermostatic Expansion Valve

This is by far the most common type of expansion device used in commercial refrigeration. The TX valve
is a mechanical valve designed for a specific refrigerant that uses both temperature and pressure inputs to control
the superheat. TX valves rely on a minimum pressure drop across the valve to drive the valve open. In colder
weather the condenser fans may have to be cycled or speed controlled to ensure this minimum pressure drop is
maintained. There are many different valve brands and series. Some valves have a fixed orifice for one capacity
range only and others have removable orifices to enable one body to cater for a range of refrigeration capacities.
TX valves are available with flare and solder connections as straight through or right angle connections.
Electronic Expansion Valve

Over the last decade electronic expansion valves and controllers have taken a substantial part of the
expansion valve market due to the increased energy efficiencies they provide. The EX valve does not rely on a
minimum pressure drop across the valve, as a motor drives the valve open and closed. This enables the condensing
temperature/pressure to be floated down with the ambient temperature which saves energy. As much as 25%
energy savings can be achieved by using an EX valve and floating the condensing temperature/pressure. EX valves
require an electronic driver to operate them and are usually available as a kit to make selection simple. Usually a
driver kit and an EX valve is all that is required.

D. REFRIGERANT
 A refrigerant is a chemical used in a cooling mechanism, such as an air conditioner or refrigerator, as the
heat carrier which changes from gas to liquid and the back to gas in the refrigeration cycle. Most common

Commercial refrigerants are the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which, because of their high ozone damaging
potential, are being phased out. And readily absorb heat at one temperature, then compressed by a heat pump
to a higher temperature and pressure where it changes phase and discharges the absorbed heat.

TYPES OF REFRIGERANT

Halocarbons

Halocarbons are generally synthetically produced. Depending on whether they include chemical
elements hydrogen (H), carbon (C), chlorine (Cl) and fluorine (F) they are named after as follows: CFCs
(Chlorofluorocarbons): R11, R12, R113, R114, R115,HCFCs (Hydrochlorofluorocarbons): R22, R123 and HFCs
(Hydrofluorocarbons): R134a, R404a, R407C, R410a

Zeotropic and Azeotropic Mixtures

Zeotropic mixture is one whose composition in liquid phase differs to that in vapor phase. The word zeotropic is
a combination of Greek words zeo (meaning boiling) and tropi (meaning change). Consequently, unlike
azeotropic refrigerants, zeotropic refrigerants do not boil at constant temperatures.

Azeotropic mixtures are mixtures of two or more refrigerants whose vapor and liquid phases retain identical
compositions over a wide range of temperatures.

Miscellaneous organic compounds

Miscellaneous organic compounds shall be assigned a number in the 600 series; numbers are given in
numerical order.

Inorganic compounds

Inorganic compounds shall be assigned a number in the 700 series, identification numbers are formed by
adding the relative molecular mass of components to 700.

DESIRED PROPERTIES OF REFRIGERANT

Vapor density

To enable use of smaller compressors and other equipment the refrigerant should have smaller vapor
density.

Enthalpy of vaporization

To ensure maximum heat absorption during refrigeration, a refrigerant should have high enthalpy of
vaporization.

Thermal Conductivity
 Thermal conductivity of the refrigerant should be high for faster heat transfer during condensation and
evaporation.

Dielectric strength

In hermetic arrangements, the motor windings are cooled by refrigerants vapor on its way to the suction
valve of the compressor. Therefore, dielectric strength of refrigerant is important property in hermetically
sealed compressor units.

Critical temperature

In order to have large range of isothermal energy transfer, the refrigerant should have critical temperature
above the condensing temperature.

Specific heat

To have minimum change in entropy during the throttling process, the specific heat should be minimum. For
this, liquid saturation line should be almost vertical.

Leak tendency

The refrigerant may leak out of the system. The problems with leakage are wearing out of joint or the
material used for the fabrication of the system. A denser refrigerant will have fewer tendencies to leak as
compared to higher density refrigerant. The detection of leaks should be easy to loss of refrigerant. Leakage can
be identified quickly if the refrigerant has distinct color or odor.

Toxicity

The refrigerant used in air conditioning, food preservation etc. should not be toxic in nature as they will
come into contact with human beings. Refrigerants will affect human health if they are toxic.

Cost of refrigerants

The quantity of refrigerant used in industries is very less. The cost of the refrigerants is generally high when
compared to other chemicals in the industry. Very low industry professional will not take necessary action to
control the leaks.

Availability

Refrigerants should be available near the usage point. It must be sourced and procured within a short period
to enable the user in case of leaks, maintenance schedules etc.

REQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IDEAL REFRIGERANT

The refrigerant should have low boiling point and low freezing point.
It must have low specific heat and high latent heat. Because high specific heat decreases the
refrigerating effect per kg of refrigerant and high latent heat at low temperature increases the
refrigerating effect per kg of refrigerant.
The pressures required to be maintained in the evaporator and condenser should be low enough to
reduce the material cost and must be positive to avoid leakage of air into the system.
It must have high critical pressure and temperature to avoid large power requirements.
It should have low specific volume to reduce the size of the compressor.
 It must have high thermal conductivity to reduce the area of heat transfer in evaporator and condenser.
It should be non-flammable, non-explosive, non-toxic and non-corrosive.
It should not have any bad effects on the stored material or food, when any leak develops in the
system.
It must have high miscibility with lubricating oil and it should not have reacting properly with lubricating
oil in the temperature range of the system.
It should give high COP in the working temperature range. This is necessary to reduce the running cost
of the system.
It must be readily available and it must be cheap also.

E. REFRIGERATION

REFRIGERATION

Refrigeration is a process by which heat is removed from a location using a man-made heat-exchange
system. The system of refrigeration can be cyclic, non-cyclic, thermoelectric or magnetic depending on the
application for which refrigeration is needed.

PRINCIPLES OF REFRIGERATION

1. TEMPERATURE
Temperature is a measure of the degree of heat contained in a substance.
Fahrenheit and Celsius Scales
Kelvin and Rankine Scales
Ambient Temperature
2. HUMUDITY
Humidity is the amount of moisture in the air. In air conditioning we are concerned with the relative
humidity of the air. Relative humidity (rh) is the percent of moisture in the air as compared to 100 percent of the
moisture that air at that temperature can hold.
3. HEAT
Above absolute zero, every substance contains some heat. Things that feel cold still contain heat. Its
just that the amount of heat they hold (as measured by temperature) is less than the temperature of our body.
The unit of heat used in the United States is the British thermal unit (Btu). The unit of heat in the metric system
is the joule, or the kilojoule (kj), which is 1,000 joules.
4. HEAT FLOW
There is a saying, Heat flows downhill. This means that heat always flows from a warmer to a cooler
solid, liquid, or gas. The greater the T, the faster the heat flow. Heat flow is a basic principle of refrigeration -
in fact, of all HVAC work
5. HEAT TRANSFER
Heat transfer is the method by which heat flows. This is another basic principle of refrigeration. The
evaporator transfers heat into the refrigerant; the refrigerant transfers this heat to the condenser; the
condenser transfers the heat to a cooling medium (such as water or outside air).
6. SPECIFICS
When you see the word specific in terms like specific heat, specific volume, and specific gravity, you
know that it is a means of comparing values to a standard.

Specific Heat
The specific heat of a substance is the heat required to raise one pound of the substance 1F. The
specific heat of water is 1. This means that 1 Btu will raise the temperature of one pound of water 1F.
 Specific Volume
The specific volume of a gas is the volume in cubic feet of one pound of a gas at standard conditions
(70F at 14.7 psi).
Specific Gravity
Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a liquid or solid as compared to an equal volume of water.
The specific gravity of water is 1. Any solid or liquid that has a specific gravity of less than 1 will float on water.
7. PRESSURE
To understand the refrigeration cycle, you must understand pressure and the terms used with pressure.
In the HVAC industry, pressure is measured in three ways:
Pounds Per Square Inch - psi
Inches of Mercury - Inches Hg
Inches Water Gauge - inches wg

SAFETY

When you work around the refrigeration system - or any part of the HVAC system - remember these
principles:

You are dealing with electricity, heat, pressures, and possibly toxic gases. Dont start or stop equipment,
touch tubing, adjust valves, or open lines unless you really know what you are doing.
Almost all HVAC equipment operates automatically - it can start at any time. Always be aware of this.
If you are working around any powered equipment, lock out and tag out the switch to be absolutely
certain that the power is off and cannot be turned on by anyone but you:
Turn off the main disconnect switch to the equipment.
Lock the switch with your padlock and tag it with your name and the date.
Even though you have switched off the equipment, test the circuit to be sure the power is off.
Sometimes strange things happen with the wiring of electrical circuits.

APPLICATIONS OF REFRIGERATON

The application of refrigeration are numerous in our daily life, some of them are given below:

Comfort air conditioning of auditoriums, hospitals, residences, hotels, offices etc.

Manufacture and preservation of medicines, Surgery has found a wide application because preservation
of blood and human tissue has become possible by refrigeration only.
Storage and transportation of food stuffs such as meat, dairy product, fish, fruit, vegetables and fruit
juices etc.
Manufacture of ice.
Processing of textiles, printing work and photographic material etc.
Cooling of concrete for dams.
Production of rocked fuels.
Computer functioning.
IV. CONCLUSION

The Refrigeration is a process that relies on many laws and principles such as
temperature, humidity, heat, heat flow, heat transfer, specific heat, specific gravity,
specific volume, and pressure. This subject is one of the vital subject for a mechanical
engineering student. These concepts are used very well and are applied in industry and
at to common households too. The common application of this is the refrigerator, which
is an appliance that is common to every home.
REFERENCES:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration
https://www.britannica.com/technology/refrigeration
http://web.mit.edu/2.972/www/reports/compression_refrigeration_system/compression_refriger
ation_system.html
https://www.mobileair.com/refrigeration-cycle
https://www.swtc.edu/Ag_Power/air_conditioning/lecture/basic_cycle.htm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_pump_and_refrigeration_cycle
http://www.central-air-conditioner-and-refrigeration.com/basic-refrigeration-cycle.html
http://www.nrgmanagement.ca/refrigeration-process-cooling