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hadeed@giki.edu.pk
December 7, 2017
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 1 / 32
Overview
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 2 / 32
Second order RLC transient circuits
1
RLC circuits are second order circuits because the order of derivative is
second.
2
In parallel connected RLC networks the interest is in nding the element
voltage. In series connected RLC networks the interest is in nding the
current.
3
The analysis shall consist of natural and step response.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 3 / 32
Natural response of parallel RLC circuit
For all parallel RLC circuits the rst task is to nd the voltage after which
the current voltage relationship of an element can be used to nd the
branch current. Consider the circuit shown.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 4 / 32
Natural response of parallel RLC circuit
Dierentiation of (1) wrt time
1 dv v d v 2
+ +C =0 (2)
R dt L dt 2
Dividing both sides by C and rearranging the terms in the order of their
derivatives, (2) becomes
d v
2
1 dv v
+ + =0 (3)
dt 2
RC dt LC
Eq.(3) is an ordinary second order dierential equation with constant
coecients. The classical solution of this kind of equation is to assume
that the solution is of the order expressed in (4)
v = Ae st
(4)
Both A and s are unknown in (4)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 5 / 32
Natural response of parallel RLC circuit
Using (4) in (3),
As Ae st
As e 2 st
+ e st
+ =0 (5)
RC RC
Eq(5) can be rewritten as (6)
s 1
Ae st
s +
2
+ =0 (6)
RC LC
In (6) A cannot be zero because it implies that voltage is zero all the time,
however there could be energy stored in C and/or L. The other term e is st
not equal to zero for a nite value of st. Therefore, the term inside the
parenthesis is equal to zero.
s 1
s 2
+ + =0 (7)
RC LC
Eq.(7) is a classical characteristic equation.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 6 / 32
Natural response of parallel RLC circuit
Solution of (7) is,
b b 2
4ac
s ,s = (8)
1 2
2a
Putting (7) in (8)
q
1
RC 1
( RC )2 4(1) LC
1
s ,s = (9)
1 2
2
This leaves two roots
q
1
RC + 1
( RC )2 4(1) LC
1
s = (10)
1
2
q
1
RC 1
( RC )2 4(1) LC
1
s = (11)
2
2
Because there are two solutions therefore, (6) results in (12)
v =A e 1
s1 t
+ A2 e s2 t (12)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 7 / 32
Natural response of parallel RLC circuit
In (12) the values of R,L and C determines the values of s and s and the 1 2
s ,s
q
1 2 = ()2 (0 )2 (13)
Where,
1
= (14)
2RC
and
1
0 = (15)
LC
is called neper frequency and its unit is np/sec and 0 is called resonant
radiant frequency in rad/sec. s and s are complex frequencies.
1 2
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 8 / 32
Natural response of RC circuit
Now, the nature of the roots s and s depends on the values of and .
1 2 0
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 9 / 32
Example 8.1 Nilsson
Find the roots of the characteristic Using eq.(13) the roots are calculated
equation that governs the transient as rad
behavior of the voltage shown in Fig. s = 5000 (16)
s 1
response is overdamped If R is
required such that the overall
response would be critically damped
then
Using eq.(14) and (15) 1 1
= 2
( 2
) = = 10 2 8
= 1
= 1.25 10 rad/s and
4
2RC
0
LC
(18)
2RC
2
=2
= 10 2 .
1 8 rad
LC s
So R= 250
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 10 / 32
Procedure to nd the overdamped response
Step 1: Find the roots of the characteristic equation s and s using the 1 2
equations.
V (0+ ) = A + A 1 (19)
2
dV (0 + ) iC (0+ )
= = s1 A1 + s2 A2 (20)
dt C
Step 4: Put all these values in the below mentioned general solution
v =A e 1
s1 t
+ A2 e s2 t (21)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 11 / 32
Example 8.2 Nilsson
For the circuit in Fig. v (0+ )=12V,
0
(23)
Using (23),
dv (0+ ) i
= 450kv /s (24)
C C
=
dt C
Using initial conditions Using the values of R,L and C the
i (0+ ) = i (0) = i (0 )=30mA.
L L L = 12500 , = 10
rad
s
2
0
. 8 rad
s
Also,
v (0 ) = v (0) = v (0+ )=12V
C C C
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 12 / 32
Example 8.2 Nilsson
The roots are therefore, Solving (28) and (29) gives A =-14 1
and A =26V.
2
s
q
1 = 12500 + (12500)2 (108 ) Putting these values in (21)
(25)
v (t ) = (14e 5000t
+26e 20,000t V )
s
q
2 = 12500 (12500)2 (108 ) (30)
(26) If we solve this equation then
So s =5k rad/s and s =-20k rad/s. v(0)=12V and ( + ) =-450,000 V/s.
1 2
dv 0
(28)
450 10 = 5000A 20, 000A
3
1 2
(29)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 13 / 32
Procedure to nd the underdamped response
When > the roots of the characteristic equation are complex and
2
0
2
s2 = j d (32)
where is the damped radian frequency and is,
d
q
d = 02 2 (33)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 14 / 32
Procedure to nd the underdamped response
The underdamped voltage response of parallel RLC circuit is
v (t ) = B e cos t + B e sin t
1
t
d 2
t
d (34)
Using Euler identity
e = cos jsin
j
(35)
Therefore, (34) is the general solution . B and B are real because the
1
1 2
1
Detail proof is given in chapter 9 of Nilsson
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 15 / 32
Procedure to nd the underdamped response
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 16 / 32
The critically damped voltage response
1
s = s2 = = (39)
1
2RC
In this case the solution for voltage is
v = D te
1
t
+ D2 te t (40)
The values of D and D are
1 2
v (0+ ) + V 0 = D2 (41)
dv (0+ ) i (0+ )
=D D2 (42)
C
=
dt C 1
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 17 / 32
Example 8.4 Nilsson
In the circuit shown V =0, and0
(48)
0 = = 10 3
(44)
LC s d (0+ ) i (0+ )
= 98000V /s
v C
=
since > so it is an
2 2
dt C
0
v (t ) = 98000te t
(54)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 19 / 32
Step response of parallel RLC circuits
In the step response the easiest method is to add the nal value of the
forcing function in the solution for natural response.
Therefore,
i(t)=I +(function of same form as natural response)
f
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 20 / 32
Example 8.6 Nilsson
i (0 )=0, also v (0 )=0, Now
L C
because v = L L therefore,
di
= 25 10 2 8
(58)
because < it is an overdamped
2
0
2
iL = If + A01 e s1 t + A02 e s1 t
(61) i (t ) = (2432e +8e , )mA t0
, 20 000t 80 000t
L
dt 1
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 23 / 32
Example 8.10 Nilsson
i (t ) = (24 + 2.2 10 te
L
6 ,
40 000t
+ 5e 40,000t )mA t 0. (71)
Voltage expression for t 0 can be written using voltage current
relationship of inductor
di
v (t ) = L L
= 2.2 106 te 40,000t + 50e 40,000t V t0 (72)
dt
Substituting the value of t=0 gives the initial voltage on capacitor.
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 24 / 32
Second order RLC series circuits
The interest in series circuit is to nd the current. For the gure shown,
applying KVL.
di 1 t
Z
Ri + L + idt + V =0 (73)
dt C 0
0
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 25 / 32
Second order RLC series circuits
Eq.(78) is of same form as of the parallel connected RLC circuit. Therefore,
R 1
s 2
+ s+ =0 (75)
L LC
The roots of this quadratic equation is as follows
s
R R 1
2
s, = (76)
1 2
2L 2L LC
s
2
2
s,1 2 = 0 (77)
The rest is same. Therefore, (80), (81), and (82) provide the solution for
the overdamped, underdamped and critically damped cases
i (t ) = A e 1
s1 t
+ A2 e s2 t (80)
i (t ) = B e cos t + B e sin t
1
t
d 2
t
d (81)
i (t ) = D te + D e
1
t
2
t
(82)
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 27 / 32
Example 8.11 Nilsson
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 28 / 32
Example 8.11 Nilsson
The roots of the
Using the expression for v .
characteristic equations are L
1 di (0+ ) V
= 1000A/s (86)
0
= 10 (83) =
2
0 =
LC
8
dt L
R So, using the formulae given in (38)
= = 2800rad /s (84)
2L 1000
because > then response
B = = 0.1042A (87)
2
0
2 2
9600
is underdamped so the
The solution for i(t) is
solution is given in (81) .
Using the solution to nd B 1
i (t ) = 0.1042e 2800t
sin9600tA t0
and B . 2
(88)
Using the expression for v or KVL,
i (0) = 0 = B 1 (85) C
To nd B we need to
v (t ) = (100cos 9600t +29.17sin9600t )e
C
2800t
V
2
(89)
calculate di (0+ )/dt .
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 29 / 32
Summary | Natural response of second order circuits
Dr. Hadeed Ahmed Sher (FEE, GIKI) Week 13 Resources December 7, 2017 32 / 32