P028 LTE Planning and Dimensioning Using ASSET (Part 1) - Non Printable PDF

Training Guide
LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET
P028
Part 1 of Course
(sessions 1-3)
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and describes
only the product defined in the introduction of this documentation. This document is
intended for the use of AIRCOM International's customers only for the purposes of
the agreement under which the document is submitted, and no part of it may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form or means without the prior written permission
of AIRCOM International. The document has been prepared to be used by
professional and properly trained personnel, and the customer assumes full
responsibility when using it. AIRCOM International welcomes customer comments as
part of the process of continuous development and improvement of the
documentation.
The information or statements given in this document concerning the suitability,
capacity, or performance of the mentioned hardware or software products cannot be
considered binding but shall be defined in the agreement made between AIRCOM
International and the customer. However, AIRCOM International has made all
reasonable efforts to ensure that the instructions contained in the document are
adequate and free of material errors and omissions. AIRCOM International will, if
necessary, explain issues, which may not be covered by the document.
AIRCOM International's liability for any errors in the document is limited to the
documentary correction of errors. AIRCOM International WILL NOT BE
RESPONSIBLE IN ANY EVENT FOR ERRORS IN THIS DOCUMENT OR FOR ANY
DAMAGES, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL (INCLUDING MONETARY
LOSSES), that might arise from the use of this document or the information in it.
This document and the product it describes are considered protected by copyright
according to the applicable laws.
ASSET is a registered trademark of AIRCOM International.
Other product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks of their
respective companies, and they are mentioned for identification purposes only.
Copyright AIRCOM International 2012. All rights reserved.
Designed for:
This course is aimed at LTE/3G radio network planners with ASSET experience. It is
a mixture of Theory, Practical and Demonstrations. However, if class size is over 8
delegates, there will be ASSET demonstrations.
Delegate Prerequisites:
Must have used ASSET before to plan 2G/3G
Understand the basics of ASSET
Good understanding of Rel99 air interface (NOT covered on course)
Understand the parameters input into ASSET to control coverage and capacity for
Rel99 (NOT covered in course)
Understand link budget for Rel99
Understand cell breathing and the parameters that control it
Contents
1 LTE Network Architecture 9

1.1 Introduction 9
1.1.1 Where are we? 9
1.1.2 Evolution 11
1.1.3 Release 99 13
1.1.4 Field Results 14
1.1.5 Throughput 15
1.1.6 LTE 16
1.1.7 LTE Network Architecture 17
1.1.8 Roaming Architecture 19
1.1.9 User/Control Plane 20
1.1.10 LTE is all IP 21
1.1.11 TCP/IP Internetworks 22
1.2 IP Layer 23
1.2.1 The TCP/IP Layers 23
1.2.2 Transport Layer Protocols 24
1.2.3 Transport Layer Protocols (L4) 25
1.2.4 IP Datagram Format 27
1.2.5 IP Addresses 29
1.2.6 Dotted Decimal Notation 30
1.2.7 Address Classes 31
1.2.8 Time To Live (TTL) 33
1.2.9 Internet Protocol IPv6 34
1.2.10 How does UE get an IP address? 38
1.3 Function of eNodeB 43
1.3.1 Radio Resource Management 43
1.3.2 RRM FunctionalSplit 44
1.3.3 Setting Cell Loads in ASSET 45
1.3.4 Simulator 46
1.3.5 Function of the eNodeB 47
1.3.6 MAC Scheduler 49
1.4 Function of MME 51
1.4.1 Control Plane 51
1.4.2 Mobility Management Entity (MME) 52
1.4.3 User Plane 54
1.4.4 Tracking Area Update - IDLE 55
1.4.5 LTE Functional Nodes - MME 57
1.4.6 MME Pool 60
1.4.7 Globally Unique Temporary ID 61
1.4.8 ASSET 63
1.4.9 Bearer Establishment Procedure 64
1.4.10 PDN Gateway 65
1.5 QoS Class Identifier (QCI) 66
1.5.1 QCI 66
1.5.2 LTE QoS 67
1.5.3 LTE QoS 68
1.5.4 ASSET - Service 70
1.5.5 User Plane 71
P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET Page 5

Contents
1.5.6 PDN Gateway 72
1.6 VoIP 73
1.6.1 VoIP Protocols 73
1.6.2 Default Bearer 74
1.6.3 SDP 75
1.7 Protocols 79
1.7.1 LTE Functional Nodes UE (User Plane) 79
1.7.2 LTE Functional Nodes eNodeB (User Plane) 80
1.7.3 LTE Functional Nodes UE 81
1.7.4 LTE Functional Nodes eNodeB 82
1.7.5 RLC Modes 83
1.7.6 RLC Modes - QoS 84
1.7.7 MAC 85
1.8 Physical Channels, Transport Channels, and Logical Channels 86
1.8.1 3G LTE Channel Types 86
1.8.2 LTE Functional Nodes LTE Logical Channels 87
1.8.3 LTE Functional Nodes LTE Transport Channels 90
1.8.4 LTE Functional Nodes LTE Physical Channels 94
1.8.5 Modulation and Coding 97
1.8.6 Medium Access Control (MAC) 98
1.8.7 Physical Downlink Control Channel 101
1.8.8 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) 102
1.9 Questions 109
2 LTE Air-Interface 113

2.1 Introduction 113
2.1.1 Peak Data Rate 113
2.1.2 Release 8 LTE New Air Interface 115
2.1.3 Physical Layer OFDM and OFDMA 116
2.1.4 LTE FDD/TDD 117
2.1.5 FDD 118
2.1.6 TDD 119
2.1.7 E-UTRA Bands and Channel Bandwidths 124
2.1.8 Slot Structure and Physical Resources 125
2.1.9 OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 129
2.1.10 Sub-Carriers 130
2.1.11 Single-Frequency Network Multicast Services 131
2.1.12 LTE frame Structures 134
2.1.13 What is Orthogonality? 136
2.1.14 SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 137
2.1.15 Cyclic Prefix 138
2.1.16 Delay Spread 139
2.1.17 UMTS 142
2.1.18 Spreading and Despreading 143
2.1.19 Transmission Time Interval 144
2.1.20 Block Size 151
2.1.21 Modulation and Subcarriers 152
2.1.22 FDD 154
2.1.23 FFT Size 155
2.1.24 LTE Parameters 156
2.1.25 Subframes 157
2.1.26 OFDMA Orthogonal Freqency Division Multiple Access 158
2.1.27 Scheduler 160
2.1.28 ASSET - LTE 167
2.1.29 Downlink Physical Channels 169
2.1.30 Cell Throughput 171
Page 6 T035 UMTS Parameters and Signalling

Contents
2.1.31 Power Allocation 172
2.1.32 Downlink Reference Signal Structure 173
2.1.33 Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) 174
2.1.34 UE Measurements 175
2.1.1 Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) 176
2.1.2 UE Measurements 178
2.1.3 Pixel Analyser 179
2.2 When and Why are RSRP and RSRQ used? 180
2.2.1 ASSET Failure Report 180
2.2.2 Data Rates 181
2.2.3 MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output 182
2.2.4 Transmit Diversity and Receive Diversity 183
2.2.5 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) 184
2.2.6 Closed Loop 185
2.2.7 LTE UE Categories 187
2.2.8 RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality) 191
2.2.9 Downlink Reference Signal Structure 192
2.2.10 Channel Quality Indicator Reporting 193
2.2.11 Channel Quality Indicator 196
2.2.12 Scheduler 197
2.2.13 FSS 198
2.2.1 Channel Quality Indicator 199
2.2.2 Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) 200
2.2.3 Cell Search 201
2.2.4 Physical Cell Identity (PCI) 203
2.2.5 Physical Downlink Control Channel 204
2.3 Questions 205
3 Mobility Management 211

3.1 Introduction 211
3.1.1 Air Interface Rel99 / Rel 4 211
3.1.2 LTE Always On 212
3.1.3 UE Power Up 213
3.1.4 Cell Selection 214
3.1.5 EPS Mobility Management 215
3.1.6 Tracking Area Update - IDLE 216
3.1.7 LTE Functional Nodes - MME 217
3.1.8 RRC States Idle or Connected 218
3.1.9 Physical Cell Idenetity (PCI) 221
3.1.10 Measurement Rules 227
3.2 Handover RRC Connected 228
3.2.1 Handover RRC Connected 228
3.2.2 Measurement Report Triggering 229
3.2.3 LTE Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ) 230
3.2.4 User Plane Switching in Handover 231
3.2.5 Handover Timings 232
3.2.6 LTE functional Nodes - eNodeB 236
3.2.7 Automatic Neighbour Relations 237
3.3 Questions 243

Contents
Page 8 T035 UMTS Parameters and Signalling
Contents
1 LTE Network
Architecture
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Where are we?
Where are we?
7 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

LTE Network Architecture
Release 99: Completed. First deployable version of UMTS. Enhancements to GSM data
(EDGE). Majority of deployments today are based on Release 99. Provides support for
GSM/EDGE/GPRS/WCDMA radio-access networks.
Release 4: Completed. Multimedia messaging support. First steps toward using IP
transport in the core network.
Release 5: Completed. HSDPA. First phase of IMS. Full ability to use IP-based transport
instead of just Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) in the core network. In 2007, most
UMTS deployments are based on this release.
Release 6: Completed. HSUPA. Enhanced multimedia support through Multimedia
Broadcast/Multicast Services (MBMS). Performance specifications for advanced
receivers. WLAN integration option. IMS enhancements. Initial VoIP capability.
Release 7: Completed. Provides enhanced GSM data functionality with Evolved EDGE.
Specifies HSPA Evolution (HSPA+), which includes higher order modulation and MIMO.
Also includes fine-tuning and incremental improvements of features from previous
releases. Results include performance enhancements, improved spectral efficiency,
increased capacity, and better resistance to interference. Continuous Packet
Connectivity (CPC) enables efficient always-on service and enhanced uplink UL VoIP
capacity as well as reductions in call setup delay . Radio enhancements include 64
QAM in the downlink DL and 16 QAM in the uplinks.
Release 8: Further HSPA Evolution features such as simultaneous use of MIMO and 64
QAM. Specifies OFDMA-based 3GPP LTE. Defines EPS, previously called System
Architecture Evolution (SAE).
Page 10 P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET

1.1.2 Evolution
Evolution
Up to 56 Mbit/s on the
downlink and 22 Mbit/s on 3G REL 7-
Long Term Evolution (LTE) the uplink HSPA+
REL 8-
HSUPA-UP Link(5.76 Mbps) 3G REL 6-
300Mbps Downlink (4x4) HSUPA
75Mbps Uplink
HSDPA 14.4 Mbps 3G REL 5-
ALL IP NETWORK HSDPA
3G Max 2 Mb/s Typical 3G

384 kb/s REL 99
Edge -About 48 kb/s per timeslot EDGE-48kb/s
GPRS-21.4 Kb/s per Timeslot GPRS-21kb/s
GSM HSCSD HSCSD-Uses multiple GSM channel coding

14.4kbit/s schemes to give 4.8 kb/s, 9.6 kb/s or 14.4
kb/s per timeslot
GSM CSD
9.6Kbps

Release 99
UMTS / W-CDMA was initially conceived as a circuit switched based system and was
not well suited to IP packet based data traffic. Once the basics UMTS system was
released and deployed, the need for better packet data capability became clear,
especially with the rapidly increasing trend towards Internet style packet data services
which are particularly bursty in nature. Supports Cell-DCH and typical speeds 384kb/s.
Release 5: This release included the core of HSDPA itself. It provided for downlink
packet support, reduced delays, a raw data rate (i.e. including payload, protocols,
error correction, etc) of 14 Mbps and gave an overall increase of around three over
the 3GPP UMTS Release 99 standard.
Release 6: This included the core of HSUPA with an enhanced uplink with improved
packet data support. This provided reduced delays, an uplink raw data rate of 5.74
Mbps and it gave an increase capacity of around twice that offered by the original
Release 99 UMTS standard. Also included within this release was the MBMS,
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services providing improved broadcast services, i.e.
Mobile TV.
Release 7: This release of the 3GPP standard included downlink MIMO operation as
well as support for higher order modulation up to 64 QAM in the uplink and 16 QAM
in the downlink. However it only allows for either MIMO or the higher order
modulation. It also introduced protocol enhancements to allow the support for
Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC).
Release 8: This release of the standard defines dual carrier operation as well as
allowing simultaneous operation of the high order modulation schemes and MIMO.
Further to this, latency is improved to keep it in line with the requirements for many
new applications being used.

1.1.3 Release 99
Release 99
Node B
Iub
Node B RNC
Iu-CS MSC/VLR
D
Node B
Iur Gs HLR
Node B
Node B RNC SGSN

Gr
Iu-PS
Uu
Node B Gn
GGSN
UE
Iub Iur Iu-CS Iu-PS
Control User Control User Control User Control User
AAL5 AAL2 AAL5 AAL2 AAL5 AAL2 AAL5 AAL5

ATM Layer ATM Layer ATM Layer ATM Layer
Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer
Rel 99-CELL- DCH

1.10.1.5

Network 2 SGSN GGSN
MTU = 620
UTRAN
Ping t 1.10.1.5
A.Reply from 1.10.15 time =1121ms TTL = 239 unloaded
Reply from 1.10.1.5 time =220ms TTL = 239

1.1.4 Field Results
Field Results from LTE trial User Plane

Objective: The purpose of the
test is to validate that the EPS
is able to pass ICMP packets
to/from a test server under
unloaded and loaded
conditions using a 5 MHz x 5
MHz FDD channel bandwidth
Max RTT Min RTT Av RTT PING Success

(ms) (ms) (ms) Loss Rate
PING
18 15 16.25 5 95.2%
NOLOAD
PING LOAD 168 15 20.71 5 95.2%

1.1.5 Throughput
Throughput
Average throughput depends on:

UE category
UE antenna correlation
5 MHz x 5 MHz FDD channel bandwidth
QoS
SiNR
Load
PS

1.1.6 LTE
LTE
One Tunnel
Traditional Architecture
Architecture LTE
REL7
GGSN
GGSN SAE GW SAE /GW System
Architecture Evolution
IP Network
SGSN
SGSN IP Network
RNC
RNC MME MME - Mobility
IP Network
Management Entity
NODE B
NODE B eNODE B eNodeB - evolved Node B
Control plane
User plane
LTE capabilities include:

Downlink peak data rates up to 326 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth.
Uplink peak data rates up to 86.4 Mbps with 20 MHz bandwidth.
Operation in both TDD and FDD modes.
Scalable bandwidth up to 20 MHz, covering 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz in the
study phase.
Reduced latency, to 10 msec round-trip time between user equipment and the base
station, and to less than 100 msec transition time from inactive to active.
The overall intent is to provide an extremely high-performance radio-access
technology that offers full vehicular speed mobility and that can readily coexist with
HSPA and earlier networks. Because of scalable bandwidth, operators will be able to
easily migrate their networks and users from HSPA to LTE over time.

1.1.7 LTE Network Architecture
LTE Network Architecture PCRF

Policy &
MME HSS Charging Rule
MME - Mobility Management Entity
Function
HSS: Home Subscriber Server
S1-MME
S6a
S11 S7
LTE-UE S1-U S5/S8 Sgi
Internet
LTE-Uu
Serving PDN
Evolved
Gateway Gateway
Node B
(eNB)

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
HSS
MME: Mobility Management Entity

S6a
MME Policy & Charging

S7
X2 Rule Function
Evolved
Node B S1-MME PCRF
(eNB)
LTE-UE S11
S1-U S5
Internet
LTE-Uu Serving PDN

Gateway Gateway
Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

EPC (Evolved
Packet Core) HSS
New PS core network

domain for LTE.
It allows inter-working S6a
with 2G/3G PS Core
Network MME S7
S1-MME PCRF
S11
S1-U S5
Internet
Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
SGSN
2G/3G

1.1.8 Roaming Architecture
Roaming
Gx
HSS
PCRF
Rx
IMS
SGi
PDN
HPMN Gateway
VPLMN S8
MME
S1-MME
S11
S1-U
E-UTRAN
Serving
Gateway
A network run by one operator in one country is known as a Public Land Mobile
Network (PLMN). Roaming, where users are allowed to connect to PLMNs other than
those to which they are directly Subscribed.

1.1.9 User/Control Plane
USER/CONTROL PLANE
LTE software, comprising the PHY, MAC, RLC, PDCP, RRC, S1AP, X2AP, GTPu and SCTP, is
a key component for building LTE femtocells and pico and macro eNodeB base
stations.

1.1.10 LTE is all IP
LTE is all IP
HSS
S1
MME
Serving
Gateway
Network
Test Server
X2 Router / Gateway
10.X.XX. for Drive testing
192.128.10.101
192.128.10.0
PCI
VLAN ID
Host address: 192.128.10.1
Mask : 255.255.255.0
Default Gateway: 192.128.10.101
Using IP networking as the foundation for service delivery provides maximum

flexibility, decouples the user and control planes to simplify the network and improve
scalability, and allows the wealth of existing IETF standards to be leveraged. Specific
requirements include:
Optimal routing of traffic
IP-based transport
Seamless mobility (intra- and inter-Radio Access Technologies)
Simplification of the network latency time
One of the benefits

LTE/SAE will bring is a reduction in latency time, which will enhance the behavior of
time-sensitive applications,such as VoIP, thus improving the user experience. For
example, the latency time, expressed as the time for a 32- byte Ping, is expected to
reach 20 ms (compared with 120 ms for a typical 3G network).

1.1.11 TCP/IP Internetworks
TCP/IP Inter-networks
Routers connect two or more
MME
TCP/IP networks and shuffle Serving
Gateway
datagrams from one to another
by making routing decisions
Net 1
Routing is the process of Net 2
choosing a path over which to
send datagrams to their ultimate
destination
Routers use the destination
network address to make routing
decisions
Net 3
In a TCP/IP internetwork all Net 4
networks are equal
X2
HSS
Net 5
The term internetworking is used to describe a number of discrete physical networks

that are connected together to form an internet. A characteristic of such an internet
is that the underlying physical network structure should be invisible to network users.
Internetworking is defined as a combination of interconnection and interoperation
(the ability to physically exchange data and make some sense from it).

1.2 IP Layer
1.2.1 The TCP/IP Layers
The TCP/IP Layers

TCP/IP is based on a four layer model
OSI 7 layer model DoD 4 layer model TCP/IP

Application
Application layer
Presentation Application
Services
Session
Transport Transport TCP UDP
ICMP
Network Network IP
ARP/RARP
Data Link
Network Access
Physical
TCP/IP can be represented by the US DoD Model. This model describes the
relationship between the main protocols used by TCP/IP.
Prior to the development of this model most network protocols were vendor
dependent. The architecture behind TCP/IP is different in the sense that the same
protocol model can be run on a multitude of different computer systems without
modification of the operating system or hardware architecture. TCP/IP is designed to
run as an application.
The protocol was primarily used to support application-orientated functions and
process-to-process communications between hosts. Specific applications to provide
basic network services for users were written to run with TCP/IP. The objective of the
lower protocols was to provide support for the network layer application services.

1.2.2 Transport Layer Protocols
Transport Layer Protocols
Application multiplexing - Port

numbers
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Best effort delivery (unreliable) -
upper layers must add reliability
Connectionless
Fast - low protocol overhead
Transmission Control Protocol
(TCP)
Reliable delivery- assumes network
is error prone
Connection oriented - virtual
circuits
Full duplex
Slow - high protocol overhead
Transport layer protocols provide two basic functions to the application layer services
- quality of service and application multiplexing through port numbers. TCP/IP has two
main transport layer protocols TCP and UDP.
UDP provides a simple datagram delivery service adding application multiplexing and
a checksum to the underlying IP layer. It therefore provides the same unreliable,
connectionless delivery service as IP. It does not use acknowledgements to confirm
that messages have arrived, it does not provide any flow control mechanisms, and it
does no sequencing - UDP messages can be duplicated, arrive out of order or not at
all. UDP works well on LANs where error rates are low and delays small, but on WANs
it behaves poorly especially for large data transfers.
TCP provides a reliable, connection-oriented, stream based delivery system by adding
acknowledgements, sequencing and flow control to IP. This makes TCP much more
efficient on WANs and for large data transfers, but it has a large protocol overhead
which makes it slower and less efficient than UDP in certain applications.
In general most applications tend to use TCP because it provides reliable delivery, but
time sensitive, transactional and broadcast based applications need to use UDP.

1.2.3 Transport Layer Protocols (L4)
Transport Layer Protocols (L4)
TCP is used by:

Telnet
SMTP
POP3
HTTP
FTP
UDP is used by:

BOOTP, DHCP
SNMP
DNS
RTP
VoIP
Transport layer protocols provide two basic functions to the application layer services
- quality of service and application multiplexing through port numbers. TCP/IP has two
main transport layer protocols TCP and UDP.
UDP provides a simple datagram delivery service adding application multiplexing and
a checksum to the underlying IP layer. It therefore provides the same unreliable,
connectionless delivery service as IP. It does not use acknowledgements to confirm
that messages have arrived, it does not provide any flow control mechanisms, and it
does no sequencing - UDP messages can be duplicated, arrive out of order or not at
all. UDP works well on LANs where error rates are low and delays small, but on WANs
it behaves poorly especially for large data transfers.
TCP provides a reliable, connection-oriented, stream based delivery system by adding
acknowledgements, sequencing and flow control to IP. This makes TCP much more
efficient on WANs and for large data transfers, but it has a large protocol overhead
which makes it slower and less efficient than UDP in certain applications.
In general most applications tend to use TCP because it provides reliable delivery, but
time sensitive, transactional and broadcast based applications need to use UDP.

Ping to/from Test Server
Test Server
DRIVE TEST
EQUIPMENT
ROUTER
1.0.20.1 2.0.30.1
1.0.20.2 2.0.30.2
From: 1.0.20.1 From: 2.0.30.1

To : 2.0.30.1 To : 1.0.20.1
Prot : ICMP Prot : ICMP
Echo Request Echo Response

1.2.4 IP Datagram Format
IP Datagram Format
0 4 8 16 19 24 31
VERS HLEN Service Type Total Length
Identification Flags Fragment Offset
Time To Live Protocol Header Checksum
Source IP Address
Destination IP Address
IP Options (If any) Padding
DATA
...
Service Type or Class of Service Field

VERS Protocol version (currently 4)

HLEN Length of header in 32 bit words (normally 5)
Service Type Sets a precedence and Type of Service for the packet (normally 0)
Total Length Length of IP datagram in octets including header & data - Maximum of 65535
Identification Unique ID for each datagram, used for fragmentation
Flags Controls fragmentation (DF - don't fragment and MF - more fragments)
Fragment Offset Position of data in this fragment compared to original datagram - units of 8 octets
Time To Live Specifies how long (in router hops) the datagram is to remain in the internet
Protocol ID of transport protocol - UDP, TCP, (ICMP) etc.
Checksum Checksum of the header only
Source IP Address 32 bit IP address of source
Destination IP 32 bit IP address of destination
Address
IP Options Option type and data for additional facilities - network management and debugging
Padding Padding to extend options data to multiple of 4 octets
DATA The higher level Protocol Data Unit (PDU)

Ping to/from Test Server
Test Server
DRIVE TEST EQUIPMENT
ROUTER
1.0.20.1 2.0.30.1
1.0.20.2 2.0.30.2
From: 1.0.20.1 From: 2.0.30.1

To : 2.0.30.1 To : 1.0.20.1
Prot : ICMP Prot : ICMP
Echo Request Echo Response
EXCELLENT GOOD POOR
Max RTT Min RTT Av RTT Max RTT Min RTT Av RTT Max RTT Min RTT Av RTT
Payload STD STD STD
(ms) (ms) (ms) (ms) (ms) (ms) (ms) (ms) (ms)
32 bytes 170 15 26.9 15.5 128 16 28.5 14.5 90 15 28.1 9.1
64 bytes 294 15 30.2 27.4 100 16 35.6 13.4 82 16 35.2 10.9
256 bytes 646 25 41.0 61.6 51 26 35.7 5.9 335 21 51.5 41.1
512 bytes 308 27 38.2 27.5 312 26 43.0 30.6 381 30 59.4 40.9
1024 bytes 324 27 41.1 29.7 122 29 43.1 13.0 1112 55 155.1 160.4

1.2.5 IP Addresses
IP v4 Addresses
Independent of underlying addressing scheme

Uniquely identifies a host connection
Partially hierarchical - address is divided into
Network portion - Uniquely identifies network in the internetwork
Host portion - Uniquely identifies host in the network
Allows efficient routing
32-bit IP Address
Network ID Host ID
TCP/IP uses a 32-bit binary address to uniquely identify a device on a TCP/IP

internetwork. The binary address string is a network layer logical address which must
be configured by the network manager. The address is used to identify the device in a
virtual network.
The 32-bit address structure is divided into a single level hierarchy where the leading
bits in the address are used to describe a network in logical terms and the remaining
bits are used to describe the host on the logical network. The number of bits which
are used in each case vary and will be covered later. The leading bits which make up
the logical network address are used to provide a routing (packet forwarding)
mechanism between logical networks. This allows for far more efficient routing than a
flat address space.

1.2.6 Dotted Decimal Notation
Dotted Decimal Notation
Binary numbers are hard to remember and work

with
IP addresses are represented as Dotted Decimal
numbers
Only for humans - computers still work with
binary address
10011010110011100011001001111010
10011010 11001110 00110010 01111010
154 206 50 122
154.206.50.122
Binary address strings are very difficult to work with. To overcome this problem and
make logical addressing easier to comprehend the 32-bit address string is divided into
8-bit bytes and then converted into the corresponding decimal notation. It is this
dotted decimal notation which is used to configure hosts on a TCP/IP network.
However, it should be noted that decimal addresses are a human and humane
interface to TCP/IP. As far as the host is concerned the address appears and is used as
a binary string. This is the cause of much confusion.

1.2.7 Address Classes
Address Classes
IP addresses broken down into five Classes

Only 3 are directly usable for host addresses
High order bit rule defines class of address
Class Network.Host High Order Bits 1st Byte Nets Hosts

A N H H H 00000000 1-126 126 16M
B N N H H 10000000 128-191 16K 65K
C N N N H 11000000 192-223 2M 254
D Multicast 11100000 224-239 - -
E Reserved 11110000 240-255 - -
There are five main classes of IP addresses but only three of which are directly usable.
Address classes A, B and C are directly usable. For a Class A address, 8-bits are used to
logically identify the network, for Class B 16-bits are used to logically identify the
network, for Class C 24-bits are used to logically identify the network. In each case,
once the network bits have been allocated, the remaining bits are used to logically
identify the node.
Class E addresses are reserved for testing and development by the IETF and cannot be
assigned to any device. Class D addresses are software multicast addresses and
reserved for the use of routing protocols such as OSPF, RIPv2 etc.
The address categorisation is derived from the high bit order rule of the first byte. The
high bit order rule is interrupted by every TCP/IP stack as soon as an address is
entered. This rule is also used to define the decimal ranges in the first byte of each
address.

UDP

1.2.8 Time To Live (TTL)
Time To Live (TTL)
Host B
TTL = 127
Router 1
Router 3
TTL = 125
Router 2
Host A TTL = 126

TTL = 128
The TIME To LIVE specifies how long, in seconds, the datagram is permitted to remain
in the internet. Whenever a host injects a datagram into the internet, its sets a
maximum time that the datagram should survive. Router and hosts that process
datagrams must decrement the TIME To LIVE filed as time passes and remove the
datagram from the internet when the values in this field reaches zero.
Estimating exact time is difficult because routers do not usually know the transit time
of physical networks. A few rules simplify processing and makes it easy to handle
datagrams without synchronise clocks. First, each router along the path from source
to destination is required to decrement the TIME To LIVE field by when the datagram
header is processed. Furthermore, to handle cases of overloaded routers that
introduce long delays, each router records the local time when the datagram arrives
and decrements the TIME To LIVE by the number of seconds that the datagram
remained inside the router waiting for service.

1.2.9 Internet Protocol IPv6
Internet Protocol (IPv6)

0 4 16 24 31
VERS TRAFFIC CLASS FLOW LABEL
PAYLOAD LENGTH NEXT HEAD H O P L IM IT
SOURCE ADDRESS
D E S T IN A T IO N A D D R E S S
IPv6 uses a 128-bit address, whereas IPv4 uses only 32 bits

IPv6 addresses are written groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by
colons, for example,
8A10:F121: 20A0:2010: CB16:A100 D189:7B32
Base Header Format

Although the IPv6 header must accommodate lager addresses, an IPv6 base header
contains less information than an IPv4 header. Options and some of the fixed fields
the appear in an IPv4 header have been moved to extension headers. Changes in the
datagram header reflect changes in the protocol:
Alignment has been changed from 32-bit multiple to 64-bit multiples.
The header length field has been eliminated, and the datagram length field has
been replaced by a Payload Length field.
The size of the source and destination address fields has been increased to 16 bytes
each.
Fragmentation information has been moved out of fixed fields in the base header
into an extension header.
The Time-to-Live field has been replaced by a Hop Limit field.
The Service Type field has been replaced by a Flow Label field.
The Protocol field has been replaced by a field that specifies the type of the next
header.

IPv6 handles packet length specification in a new way. First, because the size of the
base header is fixed at 40 bytes, the header does not include a field for the header
length. Second, IPv6 replaces IPv4 packet length field by a 16-bit Payload Length field
that specifies the number of octets carried in the packet excluding the header. An IPv6
packet can contain 64k bytes of data.

0 4 16 24 31
VERS TRAFFIC CLASS FLOW LABEL
PAYLOAD LENGTH NEXT HEAD H O P L IM IT
SOURCE ADDRESS
D E S T IN A T IO N A D D R E S S
Each hexadecimal digit represents four binary digits (bits) (also called a "nibble"), and the primary
use of hexadecimal notation is as a human-friendly representation of binary coded values in
computing and digital electronics
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
32 Bits

It uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols 09 to
represent values zero to nine,
and A, B, C, D, E, F (or alternatively a to f) to represent values

ten to fifteen
C 1 F E : 0 2 A 1
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
32 Bits

IPv6 addresses are written groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons, for
example
8A10:F121: 20A0:2010: CB16:A100 D189:7B32
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1 8 4 2 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 : 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
The notation of IPv6 is simplified with the following rules:

Rule one: Leading zeroes can be skipped.
For example, this line: FE80:0000:0000:0000:0202:B3FF:FE1E:8329
Can be written as: FE80:0:0:0:202:B3FF:FE1E:8329
Rule two: A consecutive number of zeroes within an address can be

replaced by a double colon - but only once within an address.
For example: FE80:0:0:0:202:B3FF:FE1E:8329
becomes: FE80::202:B3FF:FE1E:8329

1.2.10 How does UE get an IP address?
How does UE get an IP address

Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) for Data Users
Each UE that is registered to the system has at least the default RAB , so
Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) is provided.
The default bearer will have basic QoS but additional bearer set up on
demand -NGBR
IP Multimedia Subsystem
(IMS)
LTE-Uu eNB
Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
S1-U S5 (IMS)
-Uu S1-U S5 Bearer
DEFAULT-SAE Bearer Service - NGBR- IMS Signalling External Bearer

Service
System Architecture Evolution- SAE

External Bearer
DEDICATED-SAE Bearer Service - GBR -
Service

As part of the procedure by which a UE attaches to the network, the UE is
assigned an IP address by the P-GW and at least one bearer is established.
This is called the default bearer.
The initial bearer-level QoS parameter values of the default bearer are
assigned by the MME, based on subscription data retrieved from the HSS.
IP Multimedia Subsystem
(IMS)
LTE-Uu eNB Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
S1-U S5
IMS
-Uu S1-U S5 Bearer

Service

Quality of Service and EPS Bearers
Minimum Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) bearers which can be used for
applications such as VoIP. These have an associated GBR value for which
dedicated transmission resources are permanently allocated (e.g. by an
admission control function in the eNodeB) at bearer
establishment/modification.
admission
Maximum Bit Rate (MBR) parameter, control
which can also be associated with a GBR
bearer, sets an upper limit on the bit rate -Uu
which can be expected from a GBR bearer.
Non-GBR bearers which do not guarantee responsibility of

any particular bit rate. the eNodeB to
ensure the
necessary QoS
for a bearer over
the radio interface

Connection establishment message sequence.
RRC connection establishment involves the establishment of SRB1 and the
transfer of the initial uplink NAS message. This NAS message triggers the
establishment of the S1 connection, which normally initiates a
subsequent step during which E-UTRAN activates AS-security and
establishes SRB2 and one or more DRBs (corresponding to the default and
optionally dedicated EPS bearers).

Gateway Gateway
S1-U S5
ims
S5 Bearer
-Uu S1-U

Service

External Bearer
DEDICATED-SAE Bearer Service - GBR -
Service

How does UE get an IP address.
To establish a default bearer
CCCH:RRC Connection Request
Admission control
CCCH:RRC Connection Set up
Allocation and Retention
DCCH:RRC Connection Set up Complete Priority (ARP):
Indicates the priority of

Attach Request the bearer compared to
other bearers.
Security Mode This provides the basis
for admission control in
RRC Reconfiguration bearer set-up, and further
in a congestion situation
if bearers need to be
RRC Reconfiguration Complete dropped.
Attach Accept
PDP Type Ipv4, 10.187.128.20/ QCI 9
Activate Default Bearer

1.3 Function of eNodeB
1.3.1 Radio Resource Management
Function of the eNodeB

Radio Resource Management (RRM) is responsible for optimal
utilisation of the air interface resources
Target for RRM is to ensure the RAN offers:

The planned coverage for each targeted service
High capacity i.e. low blocking
The required Quality of Service (QoS)
Optimize the use of available capacity (priorities)
By continuously monitoring/adjusting how the available resources are used in
accordance with user requests
Link Quality
Cell Capacity RRM Cell Coverage
Radio Resource Management (RRM) algorithms are responsible for efficient utilisation of the
air interface resources. RRM is needed to guarantee Quality of Service (QoS), to maintain the
planned coverage area, and to offer high capacity.

1.3.2 RRM FunctionalSplit
RRM Functional Split

RRM is made up of a number of closely interdependent functions (i.e. algorithms)
These functions can be divided into;
Cell Based
Must Set loading of cell-
Load control (LC) Found in link budget can be
Admission control (AC) set in Asset
Packet scheduling (PS)
LC

ARP AC
eNB
PS
What is load control
monitoring?
Cell based functions

Load Control:
Continuously feeds cell load information to PS and AC:
Interference levels
BTS power levels

1.3.3 Setting Cell Loads in ASSET
Setting Cell loads in Asset
Load (%) Interference

Margin (dB)
35 1
40 1.3
50 1.8
60 2.4
70 2.9
80 3.3
90 3.7
100 4.2

1.3.4 Simulator
Simulator
Load (%) Interference

Margin (dB)
35 1
40 1.3
50 1.8
60 2.4
70 2.9
80 3.3
90 3.7
100 4.2

1.3.5 Function of the eNodeB
Function of the eNodeB accepted

eNB
UE
[RACH] RRC Connection Request Admission control
[FACH] RRC Connection Setup
rejected
UE
[FACH] RRC Connection Reject

An LTE user can have up to 24 bearers, each with its own QoS Class
The QoS parameters are a function of guaranteed & non-guaranteed bit rates
defined by 8 QCI labels.
An eNodeB stores a one-to-
one mapping between a
eNodeB radio bearer ID and an S1
MAC Scheduler bearer to create the
UE mapping between the two
Signaling Radio Bearers
S-GW
C-Plane
Signalling
Data Radio Bearers Prio 1- Q E-UTRAN Access Bearers

Policy QoS QoS Policy
Flow 1 Flow 1 based VoIP
based
QoS Prio 2- Q QoS
handling QoS QoS handling Video
and IP
Flow 2
Uu S1 Flow 2 and IP Streaming
packet packet
Prio 3- Q
mux and mux and
demux demux
QoS QoS above Best Effort
above Flow 3 Flow 3
bearer 1 n
bearer
level Aggregated IP Flows Aggregated IP Flows level
MAC Mux
E-UTRAN Radio Access Bearers (E-RAB)
Radio Bearer Reconfiguration procedure allows the modification of the following

parameters:
DRX/DTX Re-configuration for UE in RRC_CONNECTED state (Radio Bearer
Reconfiguration procedure is used to reconfigure the RRC Connection.)
Modification of QoS parameters (QoS parameters are listed below).
Modification of long lived PRB allocation
Modification of fixed MCS allocation
QoS definition for Radio Bearers which can be modified are listed below:
QoS-Label/ QoS Profile ID
UL Guaranteed Bit rate [1]
UL Maximum Bit rate [2]
DL Guaranteed Bit rate GBR
DL Maximum Bit rate
Allocation / Retention Priority
[1] Guaranteed bit rate (GBR) specifies the guaranteed number of bits delivered by E-UTRA within a period of time (provided
there is data to deliver).
[2] Maximum bit rate (MBR) specifies a maximum number of bits delivered by UMTS within a period of time

1.3.6 MAC Scheduler
MAC Scheduler

You need to set power in eNodeB
You need to set channel power in eNodeB

1.4 Function of MME
1.4.1 Control Plane
Control Plane
NAS Protocols
The NAS protocol is running between UE and MME and thus
must be transparently transferred via EUTRAN.

1.4.2 Mobility Management Entity (MME)
LTE Network Architecture UE Tracking and

Reach-ability
Tracking Area List
Management (idle or
active)
S1-MME
(Control Plane) MME
NAS Protocols
S1-AP Bearer
SCTP
management
IP Build, Modify
S11 S6a Remove
eNB L1/L2
S1-U HSS
(User Plane)
User PDUs
EPC Access
GTP-U Attachment &
Serving
Gateway Service Request
UDP
Security &
IP Authentication
L1/L2
SGSN
The MME is the key control-node for the LTE access- network. It is responsible for idle
mode UE tracking and paging procedure including retransmissions. It is involved in the
bearer activation/deactivationprocess and is also responsible for choosing the SGW
for a UE at the initial attach and at time of intra-LTE handover involving Core Network
(CN) node relocation.
It is responsible for authenticating the user (by interacting with the HSS). The Non-
Access Stratum (NAS) signalling terminates at the MME and it is also responsible for
generation and allocation of temporary identities to UEs. It checks the authorization
of the UE to camp on the service providers Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) and
enforces UE roaming restrictions.

TCP SCTP UDP
S1-MME
(Control Plane) MME ICMP
NAS Protocols
S1-AP
IP
ARP/RARP
SCTP
IP Ethernet
eNB L1/L2
S1-U
(User Plane)
User PDUs
GTP-U Serving
UDP Gateway
IP
L1/L2
SGSN

1.4.3 User Plane
LTE Network Architecture User plane
S-GW FUNCTION
MME
Local Mobility
eNB Anchor for Inter
eNB handover

Gateway Gateway
S1-U S5
Internet
-Uu S1-U S5 Bearer
External Bearer
SAE Bearer Service
Service

1.4.4 Tracking Area Update - IDLE
Tracking Area update - IDLE
LTE Non Access Stratum (NAS) The LTE

NAS protocol software enables
communication with the MME in the LTE
core network and handles functions of
mobility
Tracking Area Identity = MCC (Mobile

Country Code), MNC (Mobile Network
Code) and TAC (Tracking Area Code
Tracking Area Tracking Area s6a Home
MME HSS
NAS: Tracking Area
update
In GSM, mobiles are tracked in Location Areas and Routing Areas.

In UMTS, mobiles can be tracked in UTRAN Registration Areas as well as Las and Ras. whereas
in LTEi Tracking Area is used as a generic name for LA, RA and URA.
In LTE network location of a UEi in IDLE state is known by the network on a Tracking Area
granularity.
When paging the UE, the EPCi indicates a 'geographical area' that is translated within E-
UTRANi to the actual cells that shall be paged. A 'geographical area' could be a tracking area
or a list of tracking areas. The MMEi initiates the paging procedure by sending the PAGING
message to each eNB with cells belonging to the tracking area(s) in which the UE is registered.
Each eNB can contain cells belonging to different tracking areas, whereas each cell can only
belong to one TA.

Tracking areas are
allowed to overlap: one
TAI1-2
TAI1cell can belong to
TAI1-2
TAI1
multiple tracking areas
TAI1
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2 NAS: Tracking Area MME
TAI2 update
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI3
TAI3
TAI3
TAI3

1.4.5 LTE Functional Nodes - MME
LTE Functional Nodes- Management Entity

(MME
Tracking Area Update Request
S-TMSI/IMSI,
PDN address allocation MME
Tracking Area Update Accept
S1-MME
(Control Plane)
Tracking Area Update Complete NAS Protocols
S1-AP
SCTP
IP
eNB L1/L2
S1-U
(User Plane)
Tracking area (TA) is similar to Location/routing area in User PDUs
2G/3G GTP-U Serving

Gateway
Tracking Area Identity = MCC (Mobile Country Code), UDP
MNC (Mobile Network Code) and TAC (Tracking Area IP

63
Code Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
L1/L2

LTE Functional Nodes- (MME)
IMSI: Home -HSS V-HSS
Used to uniquely identify a subscriber world-wide.
Its structure is kept in form of
MCC+MNC+MSIN:MCC
MSIN: mobile subscriber identification number
S6a
MME uses the IMSI to locate the HSS holding the
subscribers permanent registration data for tracking
area updates and attaches.
NAS Protocols
eNB MME
S1-AP
SCTP
IP
L1/L2
S1-MME
S-TMSI/IMSI, (Control Plane)
An International Mobile Subscriber Identity or IMSI ) is a unique number associated

with all GSM/UMTS/LTE network mobile phone users. It is stored in the SIM inside the
phone and is sent by the phone to the network. It is also used to acquire other details
of the mobile in the Home Location Register (HLR) or as locally copied in the Visitor
Location Register. In order to avoid the subscriber being identified and tracked
by eavesdroppers on the radio interface, the IMSI is sent as rarely as possible and a
randomly-generated TMSI is sent instead.
An IMSI is usually 15 digits long. The first 3 digits are the Mobile Country Code (MCC),
and is followed by the Mobile Network Code (MNC), either 2 digits
(Europeanstandard) or 3 digits (North American standard). The remaining digits are
the mobile station identification number (MSIN) within the network's customer base.

LTE Functional Nodes- (MME)
S-TMSI:
It is dynamically allocated by the serving MME.
Its main purpose is to avoid usage of IMSI on
air.
Internally the allocating MME can translate S-
TMSI into IMSI and vice versa.
NAS Protocols
eNB MME
S1-AP
Globally Unique Temporary ID SCTP
IP
L1/L2
S1-MME
S-TMSI/IMSI,/ GUTI (Control Plane)

1.4.6 MME Pool
MME Pool
The set of MME/S-GW nodes which serves
a common area is called an MME/S-GW
pool, and the area covered by such a pool
of MME/S-GWs is called a pool
MME MME
area.
This concept allows UEs in the cell(s)

controlled by one eNodeB to be shared
MME between multiple CN nodes, thereby
providing a possibility for load sharing and
MME MME
also eliminating single points of failure for
the CN nodes.
The UE context normally remains with the

Pool Area. same MME as long as the UE is located
within the pool area.

1.4.7 Globally Unique Temporary ID
Globally Unique Temporary ID
MME MME
Last
A
registered
A
MME
MME MME
GUTI to the base station
Pool Area.
Some of the digits in the GUTI identify the
Mobility Management Entity the mobile
was last registered
In LTE, the P-TMSI is now called the Globally Unique Temporary ID or Global cell ID, .
Some of the digits in the GUTI identify the Mobility Management Entity the mobile
was last registered with and they are referred to as the Globally Unique MME
Identifier, or the GUMMEI.
When contacting the network, the mobile sends the GUTI to the base station which
then uses the parameter to identify the MME to which it will send the request to re-
establish the communication session.

Globally Unique Temporary ID
subscribers current profile (IP address,
PDP contexts
It's also possible to roam between
different radio technologies. If the
mobile has reselected from a 3G
SGSN
UMTS cell to an LTE cell, a TAU is
made and since the mobile does
not have a GUTI, the P-TMSI is
sent instead.
NO GUTI
This way, the newly assigned MME
can contact the 3G SGSN to
request the subscribers current
LTE
profile (IP address, PDP contexts, P-TMSI MME
etc.).
Globally Unique MME Identifier
In LTE, the P-TMSI is now called the Globally Unique Temporary ID, or the GUTI. Some
of the digits in the GUTI identify the Mobility Management Entity the mobile was last
registered with and they are referred to as the Globally Unique MME Identifier, or the
GUMMEI.

1.4.8 ASSET
Asset

1.4.9 Bearer Establishment Procedure
Bearer Establishment Procedure

P-GW is the highest level mobility anchor in the system.
When a UE moves from one S-GW to another, the bearers
have to be switched in the P-GW. The P-GW will receive an
indication to switch the flows from the new S-GW..

Gateway Gateway
S1-U S5
ims
Policy Control
LTE-Uu eNB Serving Enforcement
Gateway Function (PCEF)
S1-U

1.4.10 PDN Gateway
PDN Gateway S7
PCRF
S11
S1-U S5
Internet
Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
Policy Control
Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW) Enforcement
Function (PCEF)
The PDN GW provides connectivity to the UE to external packet

data networks by being the point of exit and entry of traffic for the
UE.
The PDN GW performs policy enforcement
packet filtering for each user
charging support
lawful Interception and packet screening.


1.5 QoS Class Identifier (QCI)
1.5.1 QCI
QoS Class Identifier (QCI)

Each QCI is characterized by priority, packet delay budget and
acceptable packet loss rate.
The QCI label for a bearer determines how it is handled in the eNodeB.
QCI label determine the RLC mode configuration
how the scheduler in the MAC handles packets sent over the bearer
An eNodeB stores a one-to-one mapping between a radio bearer ID and

an S1 bearer to create the mapping between the two
The S-GW stores a one-to-one mapping between an S1 bearer and an

S5/S8 bearer. The bearer is identified by the GTP tunnel ID across both
interfaces.
Gateway Gateway
S1-U S5
ims
Policy Control
MAC Scheduler Enforcement
Function (PCEF)
The need for supporting a broader variety of applications requiring higher bandwidth
and lower latency led 3GPP to alleviate the existing QoS principles with the
introduction for EPS of a QoS Class Identifier (QCI).
The QCI is set of transport characteristics (bearer with/without guaranteed bit rate,
priority, packet delay budget, packet error loss rate) and is used to control packet
forwarding treatment (e.g., scheduling weights, admission thresholds, queue
management thresholds, link-layer protocol configuration, etc.).

1.5.2 LTE QoS
LTE QoS
An LTE user can have up to 24 bearers, each with its own QoS Class
The QoS parameters are a function of guaranteed & non-guaranteed bit
rates defined by 8 QCI labels.
QoS Class
Delay Budget Loss Rate Example Services
Identifier
QCI=1 (GBR) 100 ms 10-2 Conversational Voice
QCI=2 (GBR) 150 ms 10-3 Conversational Video (Live Streaming)
QCI=3 (GBR) 50 ms 10-3 Real Time Gaming
QCI=4 (GBR) 300 ms 10-6 Non-Conversational Video
QCI=5 (non-GBR) 100 ms 10-6 IMS Signalling
Video (Buffered Streaming)

QCI=6 (non-GBR) 300 ms 10-6 TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing,
progressive video, etc.)
QCI=7 (non-GBR) 100 ms 10-3 Voice, Video (Live Streaming) Interactive Gaming
QCI=8 (non-GBR) 300 ms 10-6

TCP-based (e.g., www, e-mail, chat, ftp, p2p file sharing,
QCI=9 (non-GBR) 300 ms 10-6 progressive video, etc.)
Each packet flow is mapped to a single QCI value (nine are defined in the Release 8
version of the specifications) according to the level of service required by the
application.
The usage of the QCI avoids the transmission of a full set of QoS-related parameters
over the network interfaces and reduces the complexity of QoS negotiation.

1.5.3 LTE QoS
LTE QoS
Load control
eNB
UE

Allocation-Retention Priority (ARP)
[FACH] RRC Connection Setup
The QCI, together with Allocation-Retention Priority (ARP) and, if applicable,

Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) and Maximum Bit Rate (MBR), determines the QoS
associated to an EPS bearer.

UE
LTE QoS
In Asset you need to

define a terminal then Load control
add services to it
eNB
Services
VoIP- QCI/ARP
Video-QCI/ARP
Admission control
Http-QCI/ ARP
Packet Scheduler
TCP UDP
REAL TIME
IP

1.5.4 ASSET - Service
Asset -Service

1.5.5 User Plane
LTE Network Architecture User plane

S-GW FUNCTION
I-RAT Mobility
Anchor Function
3GPP 2G/3G Handover
2G/3G Optimized Handover
SGSN Procedures (e.g. in LTE-
CDMA)

Gateway Gateway
S1-U S5
Internet
-Uu S1-U S5 Bearer
External Bearer
SAE Bearer Service
Service

1.5.6 PDN Gateway
PDN Gateway S7
PCRF
S11
S1-U S5
Internet
Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
Policy Control
Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW) Enforcement
Function (PCEF)
The PDN GW provides connectivity to the UE to external packet

data networks by being the point of exit and entry of traffic for the
UE.
The PDN GW performs policy enforcement
packet filtering for each user
charging support
lawful Interception and packet screening.

PDN Gateway S7
PCRF
S11
S1-U S5
Internet
Serving PDN
Gateway Gateway
AAA AAA Authentication, Authorization and Accounting
HSS
S2a
trusted non-3GPP
The term trusted non-3GPP refers to networks that can be trusted to run 3GPP
defined authentication.
The trusted non-3GPP are typically other mobile networks

1.6 VoIP
1.6.1 VoIP Protocols
VoIP Protocols
DATA SIGNALLING
AUDIO VIDEO
CODECS CODECS SIP
PCM ulaw
PCM Alaw
H.261
G.722
G.723
G728
H.263
Default Radio Bearer
To IMS
G729
RTP/RTCP
UDP
IP

1.6.2 Default Bearer
Default Bearer
DATA SIGNALLING
AUDIO
CODECS
PCM ulaw VIDEO
PCM Alaw CODECS
SIP
G.722 H.261
Default Radio Bearer
G.723 H.263
To IMS
G728
G729 RTP/RTCP
UDP
IP
Gateway Gateway
S1-U S5
ims
S5 Bearer
-Uu S1-U

Service
Session Initiation Protocol Architecture
Bob@15.2.78.7 bill@171.12.56.78
INVITE
Bill@171.12.56.78
From
To
Call ID
INVITE SDP
SIP bill@171.12.56.78
Via SIP UDP 15.2.78.7
Call id 4561 15.2.78.7
From Bob@15.2.78.7
Content :application/sdp
SDP
V=0
M=audio RTP/AVP 0

1.6.3 SDP
SDP
m= audio 11742 RTP/AVP 8
Payload Codec Clock Description
0 PCMU 8000 ITU G.711 PCMu-law Audio 64Kbit/s
2 G.721 8000 ITU G.721 ADPCM audio 32kbit/s
3 GSM 8000 GSM audio 13 kbits
8 PCMA 8000 ITU G711 PCM A law audio 64kbit/s
14 MPA 90000 MPEG-1 or MPEG2 Audio only
31 H.261 90000 ITU H.261 Video
32 MPV 90000 MPEG-1 or MPEG2 Video

Bob Bill
INVITE
Bill
Invite From
To
Call ID
SDP Bad requests
(100) Trying
400 Bad request
401Payment
(180) Ringing-when bill phone starts ringing
required
414 URL to long
(200) OK when Bob picks phone up
484 Address
F12 ACK- successful response of invite
incomplete
415 unsupported
Media type
RTP Session - DATA
F13 BYE From either party terminates the call
Call Terminated
Bob
Proxy Location Bill
Server
INVITE LOCATE (LDAP)

Billm
LOCATE Response
Bill
INVITE
(100) Trying
(100) Trying
Proxy Server
Location server/SIP Registrar
This is a intermediary program that acts as both a
server and a client for the purpose of making Accepts registration requests
requests on behalf of other clients. A proxy from users
interprets,and if necessary rewrites a request
message Maintains users whereabouts
HLR type functionality

Bob Location
Proxy Server
INVITE LOCATE (LDAP)

Bill
LOCATE Response
INVITE
(100) Trying
(100) Trying
(180) Ringing
(180) Ringing
(200) OK-Phone pick up
(200) OK
F12 ACK F12 ACK successful response of invite
RTP Session - DATA

Bill Hangs Up
F13 BYE
F13 BYE
(200) OK
(200) OK
SIP Gateway PSTN

SWITCH Fred
0121 421 5678
INVITE IAM
RINGING
+441214215678
ACM
183 session progress Answer

ACK
ANM
(200) OK
RTP Session - DATA PCM Speech Analogue Speech

Bob hangs BYE REL Disconnect
up
(Release Complete
(200) OK

Accessibility KPI continued
Can a connection to the network be obtained?
The LTE accessibility KPI focuses on the E-UTRAN itself;

Take a voice call establishment as an example,
once a UE has obtained a connection to the
access network it must now be able to reach the
specific application server (AS) within the IMS.
The Voice AS (or CSCF) can generally be
calculated as:

1.7 Protocols
1.7.1 LTE Functional Nodes UE (User Plane)
LTE Functional Nodes- UE (USER

PLANE)
Application:FTP 0 4 8 16 19 24 31
VERS HLEN Service Type Total Length

Port
Number Identification Flags Fragment Offset
TCP Time To Live Protocol Header Checksum
Source IP Address
IP
Destination IP Address
PDCP
IP Options (If any) Padding
RLC
DATA
MAC
...
PHY
The purpose of IP header compression algorithm is to improve on the ratio of the

overhead versus the payload for an IP packet. It is of tremendous importance since
the increase of the address space when shifting to IPv6 translates into an increase of
the header size.ransmission, ensuring user confidentiality.
UEs inform the network which cells it is receiving and the power level and quality of
those signals. The eNodeB can provide the UE assistance, by providing a list of
frequencies, scrambling codes (UTRAN) etc, and perhaps even a list of preferred
networks and specific frequencies to measure. This will be discussed later in the
course.

1.7.2 LTE Functional Nodes eNodeB (User Plane)
LTE Functional Nodes-eNodeB (USER

PLANE) Network Access
Security (PDCP)
Application:FTP UU IP header
compression
Port
Number
TCP
IP
PDCP PDCP GTP -U
UDP
RLC RLC
IP
MAC MAC
VLAN-Ethernet
PHY PHY
SDH

1.7.3 LTE Functional Nodes UE
LTE Functional Nodes- UE

Application:FTP UU
Port Number Port Number
NRT RT
TCP UDP
IP
PDCP PDCP GTP -U

UDP
RLC RLC
IP
MAC MAC
VLAN-Ethernet
PHY PHY SDH
RLC Modes
Transparent Mode Unacknowledged Acknowledged
Mode Mode

1.7.4 LTE Functional Nodes eNodeB
LTE Functional Nodes-eNodeB

eNodeB
MAC Scheduler
UE
Transparent Mode
No segmentation C-Plane
and reassembly of
RLC SDUs
RLC RLC
No RLC headers
Data Radio Bearers Prio 1-Q
are added Policy QoS
No delivery based Flow 1
Prio 2-Q
QoS
guarantees handling QoS
Flow 2
Uu
Suitable for and IP
packet Prio 3-Q
carrying voice mux and
demux
QoS
above Flow 3
bearer
level Aggregated IP Flows
MAC Mux

1.7.5 RLC Modes
RLC Modes
eNodeB
MAC Scheduler
Unacknowledged UE
Mode Signaling Radio Bearers
Segmentation and
reassembly of RLC C-Plane
SDUs
RLC Headers are RLC
added RLC
No delivery Policy QoS

Flow 1
based
guarantees QoS Prio 2-Q
Suitable for handling QoS

Flow 2
Uu
and IP
carrying streaming packet Prio 3-Q
mux and
Traffic demux
QoS
above Flow 3
bearer
MAC Mux

1.7.6 RLC Modes - QoS
RLC Modes QoS

eNodeB
Acknowledged UE
MAC Scheduler
Mode
Segmentation and
reassembly of RLC C-Plane
SDUs
RLC Headers are
RLC RLC
added
Reliable in Policy QoS

Flow 1
sequence delivery based
Prio 2-Q
QoS
service handling QoS
Flow 2
Uu
Suitable for and IP
packet Prio 3-Q
carrying TCP mux and
demux
traffic above
QoS
Flow 3
bearer
MAC Mux

1.7.7 MAC
MAC
Data on a transport channel is organized into transport blocks.
Each Transmission Time Interval (TTI), at most one transport block of a
certain size is transmitted over the radio interface to/from a mobile
terminal (in absence of spatial multiplexing)
Each transport block has an associated Transport Format (TF) specifies

how the block is to be transmitted over the radio interface
(e.g. transport-block size, modulation scheme, and antenna
mapping)
By varying the transport format, the MAC layer can realize different data
rates.
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
MAC Scheduler MAC Scheduler

UL DL
Physical Downlink Shared Channel(PDSCH)


1.8 Physical Channels, Transport Channels, and
Logical Channels
1.8.1 3G LTE Channel Types
NAS Protocol(s) Application Layer

(Attach/TA Update/)
IP / TCP | UDP |
(E-)RRC
3G LTE channel types (Radio Resource Control)
There are three categories into which the

various data channels may be grouped.
Physical channels: These are PDCP PDCP PDCP
(Packet Data (Packet Data(Packet Data
transmission channels that carry user data Convergence Convergence
Convergence
Protocol) Protocol) Protocol)
and control messages.
Transport channels: The physical layer RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC

transport channels offer information (Radio Link (Radio Link (Radio Link
Control) Control) Control)
(Radio Link (Radio Link
Control) Control)
transfer to Medium Access Control (MAC)
and higher layers. Logical Channel
Logical channels: Provide services for
the Medium Access Control (MAC) layer Medium Access Control (MAC)
within the LTE protocol structure.
Transport
Channels
FDD | TDD - Layer 1
( DL: OFDMA, UL: SC-FDMA )

1.8.2 LTE Functional Nodes LTE Logical Channels
LTE Functional Nodes- LTE logical channels

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
: This control channel provides
system information to all mobile DTCH MTCH
terminals connected to the eNodeB. DCCH

BCCH MCCH
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
CCCH
: This control channel is used for PCCH
paging information when searching
a unit on a network. MIB
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
: This channel is used for random PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH
access information, e.g. for actions Transport
including setting up a connection.
Multicast Control Channel (MCCH)
: This control channel is used for PDCCH PBCH PDSCH PMCH
Information needed for multicast
reception. Physical
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
: This control channel is used for
carrying user-specific control MCH: Multicast
information, e.g. for controlling
actions including power control,
handover, etc..

Logical Channels
CCCH BCCH PCCH
common control ch.; paging control ch.;

broadcast control ch.;
initial access signaling paging message for
for RRC_IDLE UE; system information; LTE_IDLE UE;
downlink only; downlink only;
MCCH DCCH
DTCH
multicast control ch.; dedicated control

MBMS control ch.; dedicated traffic channel;
information for MTCH; dedicated RRC IP user plane data;
downlink only; signaling with one UE; bi- or uni-directional;
bi-directional;
MTCH
multicast traffic ch.;

MBMS traffic for
broadcast or multicast
MBMS services;
102 downlink only; Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

Connection establishment message sequence.
To establish a default bearer
Admission control
CCCH:RRC Connection Set up
Allocation and Retention
DCCH:RRC Connection Set up Complete Priority (ARP):
Indicates the priority of

Attach Request the bearer compared to
other bearers.
Security Mode This provides the basis
for admission control in
RRC Reconfiguration bearer set-up, and further
in a congestion situation
if bearers need to be
RRC Reconfiguration Complete dropped.
Attach Accept
PDP Type Ipv4, 10.187.128.20/ QCI 9
Activate Default Bearer
LTE Functional Nodes- LTE logical channels
DTCH MTCH
Traffic channels: DCCH

BCCH MCCH
PCCH
Dedicated Traffic Channel
(DTCH) : This traffic MIB
channel is used for the
transmission of user data. PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH
Transport
Multicast Traffic Channel

(MTCH) : This channel is
PDCCH PBCH PDSCH PMCH
used for the transmission
of multicast data Physical

1.8.3 LTE Functional Nodes LTE Transport Channels
LTE Functional Nodes- LTE Transport channels
Broadcast Channel (BCH) :

The LTE transport channel MTCH
DTCH
maps to Broadcast Control
DCCH
Channel (BCCH) BCCH MCCH
Downlink Shared Channel PCCH

(DL-SCH) : This transport
channel is the main channel MIB
for downlink data transfer. It is

PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH
used by many logical
Transport
channels.
Paging Channel (PCH) : To
convey the PCCH PDCCH PBCH PDSCH PMCH
Multicast Channel (MCH) :
This transport channel is used Physical
to transmit MCCH information
to set up multicast
transmissions
The LTE transport channels vary between the uplink and the downlink as each has
different requirements and operates in a different manner. Physical layer transport
channels offer information transfer to medium access control (MAC) and higher
layers.
Broadcast Channel (BCH) : The LTE transport channel maps to Broadcast Control
Channel (BCCH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) : This transport channel is the main channel for
downlink data transfer. It is used by many logical channels.
Paging Channel (PCH) : To convey the PCCH
Multicast Channel (MCH) : This transport channel is used to transmit MCCH
information to set up multicast transmissions

Downlink shared channel;

DTCH MTCH
carries DCCH, DTCH, BCCH, DCCH

MCCH
BCCH
MTCH, MCCH;
PCCH
supports HARQ and Beam- MIB

forming
PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH
Supports all modulation schemes Transport
side
Physical
Hybrid ARQ is not applicable for all types of traffic (broadcast

transmissions typically do not rely on hybrid ARQ).
Hence, hybrid ARQ is only supported for the DL-SCH and the UL-SCH
Downlink Transport Channels

BCH (Broadcast Channel): It has a fixed transport format, provided by the
specifications. It is used for transmission of the information on the BCCH logical
channel. It can be characterised by fixed, predefined transport format and the
requirement to be broadcast in the entire coverage area of the cell.
DLSCH(Downlink Shared Channel): DL-SCH is the transport channel used for
transmission of downlink data in LTE. It supports LTE features such as dynamic rate
adaptation and channel dependent scheduling in the time and frequency domain,
hybrid ARQ, and spatial multiplexing.
PCH(Paging Channel): It is used for transmission of paging information on the PCCH
logical channel. The PCH supports DRX to allow the mobile terminal to save battery
power by sleeping and waking up to receive the PCH only at predefined time instants.
MCH (Multicast Channel): It is used to support MBMS. It is characterised by a semi-
static transport format and semi-static scheduling. In case of multi-cell transmission
using MBSFN, the scheduling and transport format configuration is coordinated
among the cells involved in the MBSFN transmission.

Uplink Transport Channels
UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel): It is characterised by the possibility to use
beamforming; support for HARQ, dynamic link adaptation by varying the transmit
power and potentially modulation and coding and also for both dynamic and semi-
static resource allocation.
RACH (Random Access Channel(s)): It is characterised by limited control information
and collision risk. The possibility of using open loop power control depends on the
physical layer solution.

paging channel; DTCH MTCH
DCCH
MCCH
carries PCCH; BCCH
Supports QPSK & 16QAM PCCH

No HARQ
MIB
Supports Beam-Forming
PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH
Transport
Physical

QPSK
b0 b1
BCH Im
01 11
DTCH MTCH
DCCH
MCCH
broadcast channel. 00 10Re BCCH
carries BCCH; PCCH
Supports only SIBs
QPSK MIB
No HARQ/ No
Beam-forming
PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH
Transport
Physical

1.8.4 LTE Functional Nodes LTE Physical Channels
LTE Functional Nodes- LTE Physical channels
DTCH MTCH
Physical Broadcast DCCH
MCCH
Channel (PBCH): BCCH
PCCH
This physical channel MIB
carries system PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH
information for UEs Transport
requiring to access the

network. PDCCH PBCH PDSCH PMCH
Physical
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel):

The coded BCH transport block is mapped to four subframes
within a 40 ms interval. This 40 ms timing is blindly detected, i.e. there is no explicit
signalling indicating 40 ms timing. Each subframe is assumed to be self-decodable, i.e.
the BCH can be decoded from a single reception, assuming sufficiently good channel
conditions.

Physical Downlink Shared MTCH
DTCH
Channel (PDSCH) :
DCCH
BCCH MCCH
PCCH
MIB
PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH

Transport
Orthogonal Each user is

Frequency assigned a
Division specific time-
Multiple frequency
Access
resource
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH): This physical channel carries system information
for UEs requiring to access the network.
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) :
This physical channel defines the size of the PDCCH.
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) : The main purpose of this physical
channel is to carry scheduling information.
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) : As the name implies, this channel
is used to report the Hybrid ARQ status.
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) : This channel is used for unicast and
paging functions.
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) : This physical channel carries system
information for multicast purposes.
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) : This provides information to
enable the UEs to decode the PDSCH.

Physical Downlink Shared MTCH
DTCH
Channel (PDSCH) :
DCCH
BCCH MCCH
QPSK
b0 b1 PCCH
Im
01 11 2 BITS
MIB
00 10Re
PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH
Transport
16QAM
b0 b1b2b3
Im 1111
4 BITS PDCCH PBCH PDSCH PMCH
Re
Physical
0000
64QAM
b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5
Im R0 R0
R0
6 BITS R0
R0 R0
Re
R0 R0

1.8.5 Modulation and Coding
Modulation and Coding

The transport size can
vary from:
scheduler Transport Blocks 16 bits Smallest
75,376 Bits - Max
DTCH
The number of
RB and the enodeB calculates a
CRC
DL-SCH modulation 24 bit CRC word
scheme
assigned by
PDSCH the scheduler If code block size
determine the Segmentation & greater than 6144 the
size of the CRC block is segmented
and an additional CRC
transport block
LTE Functional Nodes-)

DTCH
RLC RLC RLC dedicated traffic channel;

(Radio Link (Radio Link (Radio Link
IP user plane data;
Control) Control) Control)
bi- or uni-directional;
Logical Channel DL-SCH

DTCH DTCH DTCH
Medium Access Control (MAC) downlink shared channel;

supports HARQ and
Scheduling
Transport Channels
DL-SCH
FDD | TDD - Layer 1
( DL: OFDMA, UL: SC-FDMA ) PDSCH
physical . DL shared
channel;
OFDMA (DL)
Physical Channels
PDSCH
64QAM 16QAM QPSK
b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5 b0 b1b2b3 b0 b1
Im
Im 1111 01 Im 11
Re Re 00 10Re
0000

1.8.6 Medium Access Control (MAC)
Medium Access Control (MAC)

DATA eNodeB
UE
MAC Scheduler Physical Uplink Shared

UL Channel(PUSCH) QoS Load
Scheduling / PDCCH (Physical Downlink

Priority Handling Control Channel):
Scheduling /
AK/NAK
Priority Handling
HARQ
Physical Uplink Control Channel
CQI AK/NAK DATA
MAC Scheduler
DL
Physical Downlink Shared

Channel(PDSCH)
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel):

Informs the UE about the resource allocation of PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ
information related to DL-SCH. It also carries the uplink scheduling grant. The
downlink control signalling (PDCCH) is located in the first n OFDM symbols where n 3
and consists of:
Transport format, resource allocation, and hybrid-ARQ information related to DL-
SCH, andPCH;
Transport format, resource allocation, and hybrid-ARQ information related to UL-
SCH;
QPSK modulation is used for all control channels

LTE Functional Nodes- Medium Access Control (MAC)

(Attach/TA Update/)
IP / TCP | UDP |
(E-)RRC
(Radio Resource Control)
PDCP PDCP PDCP

(Packet Data (Packet Data (Packet Data
Convergence Convergence Convergence
RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC

(Radio Link (Radio Link (Radio Link (Radio Link (Radio Link Buffer Status Report
Control) Control) Control) Control) Control)
Logical Channel Buffer Status Report

Scheduling /
Medium Access Control (MAC) Priority Handling
HARQ
Transport Channels
FDD | TDD - Layer 1


Medium Access Control (MAC) - UPLINK
DATA Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Scheduling Request eNodeB
MAC Scheduler
UL Physical Downlink Control Channel
(PDCCH) - UL GRANT
UE
UE
Physical Uplink Shared
maintains Channel(PUSCH) Buffer Status Report
a logical
channel
buffer Physical Downlink Control Channel HARQ
status (PDCCH) - Additional UL GRANT
report for MAC Scheduler
each DL
logical PUSCH - Data
channel
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator
ACK/NAK

Physical Downlink Control MTCH
DTCH
Channel (PDCCH) :
DCCH
BCCH MCCH
The main purpose of this physical PCCH

channel is to carry mainly
scheduling information. MIB
PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH

Transport
Physical
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0

1.8.7 Physical Downlink Control Channel
Physical Downlink Control Channel

Carries control information to the UE.
Maybe common to ALL UEs or maybe to specific UE
Physical Contains
Downlink
in slots 1,2 & 3
Control
An Up link assignment
Channel A downlink assignment

1.8.8 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)
Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service

(MBMS)
MTCH
Multicast Traffic CHannel (MTCH):
a point-to-multipoint downlink channel for transmitting MCCH
data traffic from the network to the UE
Logical Channel
Multicast Control CHannel (MCCH):

a point-to-multipoint downlink channel used for
transmitting MBMS control information from the network MCH
to the UE, for one or several MTCHs. Transport Channels
PMCH
Physical Channels

(MBMS)
Both the MCCH and the MTCH are mapped to the MTCH
MCH transport channel in MBSFN mode
Multimedia Broadcast Single Frequency Network MCCH
(MBSFN) Logical Channel
DL-SCH
or
MCH
to the normal Downlink Shared Channel Transport Channels

(DL-SCH) transport channel in single-cell
mode.
PDSCH PMCH
Physical Channels

(MBMS)
MTCH
To transmit multicast or broadcast data as a
multi-cell transmission over a synchronized MCCH
Single Frequency Network: Logical Channel
this is known as Multimedia Broadcast

Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) MCH
operation.
Transport Channels
LTE is designed to support MBMS either on

PMCH
a dedicated carrier in which all subframes
are used for MBSFN transmission or on a Physical Channels
mixed MBSFN/unicast carrier which is
shared between MBMS and uni-cast
services.

(MBMS)
In Broadcast mode E-UTRA MBMS should aim the cell edge spectrum
efficiency of [1 bit/s/Hz]
equivalent to the support at least [16] Mobile TV channels at around [300 kbps x
16 = 4.8 Mb/s] per channel in a 5 MHz carrier in an urban or suburban
environment.

(MBMS)
The basic structure of the
Physical Multicast Channel PMCH
(PMCH) is very similar to
the PDSCH. PDSCH
PMCH is designed for single-cell

single-frequency network PMCH
mode.
operation, whereby
multiple cells transmit the PDSCH
same modulated symbols
with very tight time-
synchronization PMCH
PDSCH

(MBMS)
Identical DL signals. At PMCH
the user terminal,
these multiple time-
synchronized
transmissions appear
PMCH
as a single
transmission with high
signal strength, and
thus can be easily
decoded
PMCH
In MBSFN operation, MBMS data is transmitted

simultaneously over the air from multiple tightly time-
synchronized cells.

(MBMS) Signals from different eNodeBs
arrive within cyclic prefix at UE
Provided that the
transmissions
from the multiple cells
are sufficiently tightly
synchronized for each
to arrive at the UE
within the cyclic prefix
at the start of the
symbol, there will be
no InterSymbol
Interference
(ISI).
Guard Sampling
Period/ Window
cyclic
125
prefix Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

(MBMS)
The transmissions from the multiple PMCH
cells (eNodeBs) in an MBSFN area
must be tightly time synchronized with
an accuracy of a few s to achieve
symbol-level alignment within
PMCH
the CP.
The method of achieving symbol-level

synchronization is not defined in the
LTE specifications; this is left to the
PMCH
implementation of the eNodeB.
Typical implementations are

likely to use satellite-based solutions
(e.g. GPS) or possibly synchronized
backhaul protocols

(MBMS)
This Single Frequency Network reception leads to significant
improvements in spectral efficiency compared to UMTS
Release 6 MBMS, as the MBSFN transmission greatly
enhances the SINR.
This is especially true at the cell edge, where transmissions

which would
otherwise have constituted inter-cell interference are
translated into useful signal energy
hence the received signal power is increased at the same

time as the interference power being largely removed.

(MBMS)
The extended Cyclic Prefix (CP) is used As the differences in propagation delay
from multiple cells will typically be considerably greater than the delay spread in a
single cell, the longer CP helps to ensure that the signals remain within the CP at
the UE receivers.
In order to avoid further increasing the overhead arising from the CP in this
case, the number of subcarriers per unit bandwidth is also doubled, giving a
subcarrier spacing of 7.5 kHz.

1.9 Questions
Questions
1. What is transmitted on Common Control Channel (CCCH) ?
2. What does the PDCCH (Physical downlink control channel ) carry?

Questions
3. What is the function of the MAC layer?
4. What is the function of the RLC layer?
5. What is the function of UDP?
6. What is the function of TCP ?
7. Give an example of real time application?
8. How do you load a cell in Asset?
9. Where do you set QCI in Asset?

Questions
10. Which channel is the CQI report carried?
11. How many bits is the CQI report?
12. What is the range of the CQI reports?
13. List 5 items which affect Throughput

2 LTE Air-Interface
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Peak Data Rate
Peak Data Rate
To meet the demand for ever-higher data rates, LTE offers a 100 Mbps download rate and 50
Mbps upload rate for every 20 MHz of spectrum. Support is intended for even higher rates, to
326.4 Mbps in the downlink, using multiple antenna configurations. To allow the use of both new
and existing frequency bands, LTE provides scalable bandwidth from 1.4 MHz to 20 MHz in both
the downlink and the uplink. LTE is optimized for low speeds (0 - 15 km/h) but will still provide
high performance to 120 km/h with support for mobility maintained up to 350 km/h. 3GPP are
considering support for even higher speeds up to 500 km/h.

LTE Air-Interface
Increased spectral efficiency and capacity
LTE is expected to deliver three to five times greater capacity than the most advanced current 3G
networks.
Lower cost per bit

Increased spectral efficiency combined with the operational benefits of an all-IP network will
reduce the cost per bit compared to 3G solutions.
Multiple Input/Multiple Output

(MIMO) increases peak throughput by transmitting and receiving multiple streams of information
within the same spectrum. MIMO exploits the
multi-path effects typical in wireless environments.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.2 Release 8 LTE New Air Interface
Release 8 LTE New Air interface

The LTE DOWNLINK uses OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
This new OFDMA based air interface is also often referred to as the
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (EUTRAN).
300 Mbit/s per 20 MHz of spectrum
Uplink
uses Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA)
Single Carrier Frequency means information is modulated only to
one carrier, adjusting the phase or amplitude of the carrier or both
75 Mbit/s per 20 MHz of spectrum
eNODE B
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing (OFDM) is intrinsically able to handle the most common radio frequency (RF)
distortions without the need for complex equalization techniques, and scales easily to fit different
bandwidth requirements.
OFDM is already an extremely successful access technology currently deployed in a number of

wireless and wireline applications. These applications include broadcast (Digital Audio Broadcast
or DAB, and Digital Video Broadcast or DVB), wireless WLAN (IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11g),
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) and wireline Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Loop (ADSL/ADSL2+). OFDM is
widely accepted as the basis for the air-interface necessary to meet the requirements for next-
generation mobile networks.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.3 Physical Layer OFDM and OFDMA
The Physical Layer - OFDM and OFDMA
Each user is
Orthogonal
Division specific
Multiplexing frequency
resource
Orthogonal Each user is

Division specific time-
Multiple frequency
Access
resource
OFDMA
The downlink transmission scheme for E-UTRA FDD and TDD modes is based on conventional
OFDM. In an OFDM system, the available spectrum is divided into multiple carriers, called
subcarriers. Each of these subcarriers is independently modulated by a low rate data stream.
OFDM is used as well in WLAN, WiMAX and broadcast technologies like DVB. OFDM has several
benefits including its robustness against multipath fading and its efficient receiver architecture.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.4 LTE FDD/TDD
LTE - FDD/TDD
FDD
TDD
F -DL
F -UL
There are two types of LTE frame structure:
Type 1: used for the LTE FDD mode systems.

. Type 2: used for the LTE TDD systems.
LTE can be used in both paired (FDD) and unpaired

(TDD) spectrum.
FDD & TDD supports bandwidths from 1.4 Mhz to
20Mhz
LTE can be used in both paired (FDD) and unpaired (TDD) spectrum. Leading suppliers first
product releases will support both duplex schemes. In general, FDD is more efficient and
represents higher device and infrastructure volumes, while TDD is a good complement, for
example in spectrum center gaps.
All cellular systems today use FDD, and more than 90 per cent of the worlds mobile frequencies
available are in paired bands. With FDD, downlink and uplink traffic is transmitted simultaneously
in separate frequency bands.
With TDD the transmission in uplink and downlink is discontinuous within the same frequency
band. As an example, if the time split between down- and uplink is 1/1, the uplink is used half of
the time. The average power for each link is then also half of the peak power. As peak power is
limited by regulatory requirements, the result is that for the same peak power, TDD will offer less
coverage than FDD.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.5 FDD
FDD
Type 1 used for the LTE FDD mode systems.
The basic type 1 LTE frame has an overall length of 10 ms. This is
then divided into a total of 20 individual slots. LTE Subframes then
consist of two slots - in other words there are ten LTE subframes
within a frame.
10 ms
0 1 2 3 19
One Sub-
frame = 1 mS
Two frame structure types are defined for E-UTRA: frame structure type 1 for FDD mode, and
frame structure type 2 for TDD mode.
For the frame structure type 1, the 10 ms radio frame is divided into 20 equally sized slots of 0.5
ms. A sub-frame consists of two consecutive slots, so one radio frame contains ten sub-frames.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.6 TDD
TDD
Type 2 LTE Frame Structure
The frame structure for the type 2 frames used on LTE TDD is somewhat
different. The 10 ms frame comprises two half frames, each 5 ms long. The LTE
half-frames are further split into five subframes, each 1ms long.
10 ms
0 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
The frame structure for the type 2 frames used on LTE TDD is somewhat different. The 10 ms
frame comprises two half frames, each 5 ms long. The LTE half-frames are further split into five
sub-frames, each 1ms long.
With TDD the transmission in uplink and downlink is discontinuous within the same frequency
band. As an example, if the time split between down- and uplink is 1/1, the uplink is used half of
the time. The average power for each link is then also half of the peak power. As peak power is
limited by regulatory requirements, the result is that for the same peak power, TDD will offer less
coverage than FDD.

LTE Air-Interface
TDD
One radio frame Tf =10 ms
One half- frame Thf = 5 ms
special sub-fames
Sub-frame Sub-frame Sub-frame Sub-frame Sub-frame Sub-frame Sub-frame Sub-frame

#0 #2 #3 #4 #5 #7 #8 #9
DwPTS UpPTS DwPTS UpPTS

GP GP
The special subframes consist of the three fields

DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Timeslot),
GP (Guard Period),
UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Timeslot).
The special subframes consist of the three fields:

DwPTS (Downlink Pilot Timeslot)
GP (Guard Period)
UpPTS (Uplink Pilot Timeslot)
The special frames replaces what would be a normal sub-frame.

LTE Air-Interface
TDD
Special Frame DL UL Transition
Transition UL to DL
Sub-frame Sub-frame Sub-frame Sub-frame

DL UL UL DL
High power transmissions from eNodeB from other eNodeB
The DL to UL switching method ensures that the high power downlink transmissions from the
eNodeB from other neighbour cells do not interfere when the eNodeB UL reception is going in
the current cell.

LTE Air-Interface
TDD
A total of seven up / downlink configurations have been set, and
these use either 5 ms or 10 ms switch periodicities.
S denotes the special subframe. When you go from DL to U
The special subframes consist of the three fields DwPTS
(Downlink Pilot Timeslot), GP (Guard Period), and UpPTS (Uplink Pilot
Timeslot).
0 1 2 3 19
10 ms
LTE TDD / TD-LTE subframe allocations

One of the advantages of using LTE TDD is that it is possible to dynamically change the up and
downlink balance and characteristics to meet the load conditions. In order that this can be
achieved in an ordered fashion, a number of standard configurations have been set within the LTE
standards.
A total of seven up / downlink configurations have been set, and these use either 5 ms or 10 ms
switch periodicities. In the case of the 5ms switch point periodicity, a special sub-frame exists in
both half frames. In the case of the 10 ms periodicity, the special subframe exists in the first half
frame only. It can be seen from the table below that the sub-frames 0 and 5 as well as DwPTS are
always reserved for the downlink. It can also be seen that UpPTS and the sub-frame immediately
following the special subframe are always reserved for the uplink transmission.

LTE Air-Interface
flexible carrier bandwidths
LTE is defined to support
E-UTRA Bandwidth E-ARFCN Bandwidth E-ARFCN Duplex
Band UL (MHz) UL DL (MHz) DL Mode flexible carrier
bandwidths from 1.4MHz
1 1920-1980 13000 13599 2110-2170 0 599 FDD up to 20MHz,
2 1850-1910 13600 14199 1930-1990 600 - 1199 FDD
in many spectrum bands
3 1710-1785 14200 14949 1805-1880 1200 1949 FDD
1710-1755 14950 15399 2110-2155 1950 2399 FDD
and for both FDD and
4
5 824-849 15400 15649 869-894 2400 2649 FDD TDD deployments.
6 830-840 15650 15749 875-885 2650 2749 FDD
7 2500-2570 15750 16449 2620-2690 2750 3449 FDD Supported LTE modes of
8 880-915 16450 16799 925-960 3450 3799 FDD operation
9 1749.9-1784.9 16800 17149 1844.9-1879.9 3800 4149 FDD
10 1710-1770 17150 17749 2110-2170 4150 4749 FDD Frequency Division

11 1427.9-1452.9 17750 17999 1475.9-1500.9 4750 4999 FDD Duplex (FDD)
12 698-716 18000 18179 728-746 5000 5179 FDD
13 777-787 18180 18279 746-756 5180 5279 FDD Time Division Duplex
14 788-798 18280 18379 758-768 5280 5379 FDD (TDD)
...
33 1900-1920 26000 26199 1900-1920 26000 26199 TDD
34 2010-2025 26200 26349 2010-2025 26200 26349 TDD
35 1850-1910 26350 26949 1850-1910 26350 26949 TDD
36 1930-1990 26950 27549 1930-1990 26950 27549 TDD
37 1910-1930 27550 27749 1910-1930 27550 27749 TDD
38 2570-2620 27750 28249 2570-2620 27750 28249 TDD

39 1880-1920 28250 28649 1880-1920 28250 28649 TDD
40 2300-2400 28650 29649 2300-2400 28650 29649 TDD
LTE is defined to support flexible carrier bandwidths from below 1.4MHz up to 20MHz, in many
spectrum bands and for both FDD and TDD deployments. This means that an operator can
introduce LTE in both new and existing bands.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.7 E-UTRA Bands and Channel Bandwidths
E-UTRA Bands and Channel Bandwidths

Supported Channels (non-overlapping)
E-UTRA bands are regulated to allow operations in E-UTRA Downlink Channel Bandwidth (MHZ)
only certain set of Channel Bandwidths which are Band Bandwidth
1.4 3 5 10 15 20
1 60 - - 12 6 4 3
defined as 2 60 42 20 12 6 4* 3*
3 75 53 23 15 7 5* 3*
4 45 32 15 9 4 3 2
The RF bandwidth supporting a single E-UTRA 5 25 17 8 5 2* - -
6 10 - - 2 1* X X
RF carrier with the transmission bandwidth 7 70 - - 14 7 4 3*
8 35 25 11 7 3* - -
configured in the uplink or downlink of a cell 9 35 - - 7 3 2* 1*
10 60 - - 12 6 4 3
11 25 - - 5 2* 1* 1*
Channel bandwidth is measured in MHz and is 12 18 12 6 3* 1* - X
13 10 7 3 2* 1* X X
used as a reference for transmitter and receiver RF 14 10 7 3 2* 1* X X
...
requirements 33 20 - - 4 2 1 1
34 15 - - 3 1 1 X
35 60 42 20 12 6 4 3
Some EUTRA bands do not allow operation in the 36 60 42 20 12 6 4 3
37 20 - - 4 2 1 1
narrow bandwidth modes , i.e. < 5 MHz 38 50 - - 10 5 - -
39 40 - - 8 4 3 2
40 100 - - - 10 6 5
Others restrict operations in the wider channel * UE receiver sensitivity can be relaxed
X Channel bandwidth too wide for the band
bandwidths, i.e. > 15 MHz - Not supported

Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
LTE supports a range of bandwidths up to 20 MHz, as depicted above. LTE also supports devices
that can work on various system-bandwidth combinations, therefore reducing the need to make
specific device profiles tailored to each combination. This allows an operator to deploy LTE in 10
or 20 MHz combinations, without worrying about device-compatibility issues. LTE devices are
mandated to support 20 MHz bandwidth in the DL and the UL. The available peak rates and
average user rates for an individual user, however, scale with the deployment bandwidth.
LTE supports both FDD and TDD modes, allowing operators to address all available spectrum
resources.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.8 Slot Structure and Physical Resources
Slot Structure and Physical Resources

ONE slot = 12
consecutive
subcarriers
One slot = 0.5mS
6 or 7 OFDM symbols
(depending upon cyclic
perfix size), thus a
single resource block is
containing either 72 or
84 OFDM symbols
12x 7 = 84 OFDM
symbols

The subcarriers in LTE have a constant spacing of f = 15 kHz. In the frequency domain, 12
subcarriers form one resource block. The resource block size is the same for all bandwidths.
To each OFDM symbol, a cyclic prefix (CP) is appended as guard time. One downlink slot consists
of 6 or 7 OFDM symbols, depending on whether extended or normal cyclic prefix is configured,
respectively. The extended cyclic prefix is able to cover larger cell sizes with higher delay spread of
the radio channel.

LTE Air-Interface
One Slot = 0.5mS
QPSK 16QAM
b0 b1 b0 b1b2b3
Im Im 1111
01 11
00 10Re Re
0000
64QAM
b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5
Im
Re

Data symbols are independently modulated and transmitted over a high number of closely
spaced orthogonal subcarriers. In E-UTRA, downlink modulation schemes QPSK, 16QAM, and
64QAM are available.

LTE Air-Interface
CHANNEL BW
CHANNEL Nrb BW config= % of
BW (Mhz) Nrb x 12 x15 Channel
1000 BW
1.4 6 1.08 77%
3 15 2.7 90%
5 25 4.5 90%
10 50 9 90%
15 75 13.5 90%
20 100 18.0 90%
BW Channel
BW config
R R R R R R R R R R R R R
B B B B B B B B B B B B B

LTE Air-Interface
Bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
(MHz)
# of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100
Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

Transmission bandwidths
LTE must support the international wireless market and regional spectrum regulations and
spectrum availability. To this end the specifications include variable channel bandwidths
selectable from 1.4 to 20 MHz, with subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz. If the new LTE eMBMS is used, a
subcarrier spacing of 7.5 kHz is also possible. Subcarrier spacing is constant regardless of the
channel bandwidth.
3GPP has defined the LTE air interface to be bandwidth agnostic, which allows the air interface
to adapt to different channel bandwidths with minimal impact on system operation.
The smallest amount of resource that can be allocated in the uplink or downlink is called a
resource block (RB). An RB is 180 kHz wide and lasts for one 0.5 ms timeslot. For standard LTE, an
RB comprises 12 subcarriers at a 15 kHz spacing, and for eMBMS with the optional 7.5 kHz
subcarrier spacing an RB comprises 24 subcarriers for 0.5 ms. The maximum number of RBs
supported by each transmission bandwidth is given above.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.9 OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OFDMA - Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiple Access
15kHz
66.7us
Resource Element (RE)

Each element of resource grid and of
dimensions = 1 subcarrier X 1 modulated
symbol
Depending on the required data rate, each UE can be assigned one or more resource blocks in
each transmission time interval of 1 ms. The scheduling decision is done in the base station
(eNodeB).

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.10 Sub-Carriers
Sub-carriers
GSM
200Khz
15Khz Spacing saving
bandwidth. 12 carriers
QPSK for 0.5ms LTE
b0 b1
Im
01 11
64QAM
b0 b1b2b3 b4 b5
00 10Re Im
16QAM
b0 b1b2b3 Re 7.5Khz Spacing saving
Im 1111
bandwidth. 24
subcarriers for 0.5 ms.
Re
0000
For standard LTE, an RB comprises 12 subcarriers at a 15 kHz spacing, and for eMBMS with the
optional 7.5 kHz subcarrier spacing an RB comprises 24 subcarriers for 0.5 ms. The maximum
number of RBs supported by each transmission bandwidth is given above.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.11 Single-Frequency Network Multicast Services
Single-Frequency Network Multicast

Services
LTE
LTE specifies a high-capacity multicast and
broadcast service, using a single-
frequency network (also called multicast-
broadcast single-frequency network or
MBSFN).
7.5Khz Spacing saving bandwidth.
24 subcarriers for 0.5 ms.
Single-Frequency Network Multicast Services

LTE specifies a high-capacity multicast and broadcast service, using a single-frequency network
(also called multicast-broadcast single-frequency network or MBSFN). As depicted above, all cells
in the network (or a geographical area) transmit time-synchronized, identical DL signals. At the
user terminal, these multiple time-synchronized transmissions appear as a single transmission
with high signal strength, and thus can be easily decoded. In addition to the benefits of time-
synchronized transmissions, the robustness of OFDM to multipath propagation ensures that the
inter-cell interference is reduced.
The capacity benefits of the single-frequency network are highest when the same content is
transmitted in all cells of the macro network.

LTE Air-Interface
Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)
Introduced for WCDMA (UMTS) in Release 6 Supports multicast/broadcast services in a cellular
system. Same content is transmitted to multiple users located in a specific area (MBMS service
area) in a unidirectional fashion.
MBMS extends existing 3GPP architecture by introducing:
MBMS Bearer Service delivers IP multicast datagrams to multiple receivers using minimum
radio and network resources and provides an efficient and scalable means to distribute
multimedia content to mobile phones.
MBMS User Services streaming services - a continuous data flow of audio and/or video is
delivered to the users handset download services - data for the file is delivered in a scheduled
transmission timeslot.
Single-Frequency Network Multicast

Services
LTE specifies a high-capacity

multicast and broadcast service,
using a single-frequency network
(also called multicast-broadcast
single-frequency network or
MBSFN).

LTE Air-Interface
Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP)
RTP is introduced to allow receivers to compensate to

compensate for desequencing that is introduced by IP networks.
It sits on UDP and carried by multicast IP packets. Thereby,
allowing RTP stream generated by a single source to be reached
by several destinations.
Class Network.Host High Order Bits 1st Byte Nets Hosts

A N H H H 00000000 1-126 126 16M
B N N H H 10000000 128-191 16K 65K
C N N N H 11000000 192-223 2M 254
D Multicast 11100000 224-239 - -
22
E Reserved 11110000 240-255 - -

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.12 LTE frame Structures
LTE Frame Structures

LTE Air-Interface

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.13 What is Orthogonality?
What is orthogonality?
What is orthogonality?
Signals are said to be orthogonal if they do

not interfere with each other.
Signals can be orthogonal in several
domains code, time, space and frequency
V
QPSK
C
b0 b1 1, -1 P
-1, 1
Im
01 11
Frequency
fc 15 kHz
00 10
Re OFDMA
Data symbols occupy 15 kHz for
-1,-1 1, 1
one OFDMA symbol period
These graphs show how this sequence of QPSK symbols is represented in frequency and time
1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1 1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.14 SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple
Access
SC-FDMA (Single Carrier

Frequency Division
Multiple Access)
N = The number of data

symbols.
If 4 data symbols then 60Khz V
CP
QPSK
b0 b1 1, -
-1,
1 Im 1 60 kHz Frequency
01 11 fc
SC-FDMA
00 10 Re
Data symbols occupy N*15 kHz for
-1,-1 1, 1
1/N SC-FDMA symbol periods
These graphs show how this sequence of QPSK symbols is represented in frequency and time
1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1 1, 1 -1,-1 -1, 1 1, -1
LTE has ambitious requirements for data rate, capacity, spectrumefficiency, and latency. In order
to fulfill these requirements, LTE is based on new technical principles. LTE uses new multiple
access schemes on the air interface: OFDMA (Orthogon al Frequency Division Multiple Access) in
downlink and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) in uplink.
While OFDMA is seen optimum to fulfil the LTE requirements in downlink, OFDMA properties are
less favourable for the uplink. This is mainly due to weaker peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
properties of an OFDMA signal, resulting in worse uplink coverage.
Thus, the LTE uplink transmission scheme for FDD and TDD mode is based on SC-FDMA (Single
Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) with cyclic prefix. SC-FDMA signals have better PAPR
properties compared to an OFDMA signal. This was one of the main reasons for selecting SCFDMA
as LTE uplink access scheme. The PAPR characteristics are important for cost-effective design of
UE power amplifiers.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.15 Cyclic Prefix
cyclic prefix
In the time domain, a guard interval may be added to each symbol to
combat inter-OFDM-symbol-interference due to channel delay spread.
The guard interval is a cyclic prefix which is inserted prior to each

OFDM symbol.
cyclic prefix
One sub Frame=1mS
One Slot = 0.5ms
7 OFDM Symbols 7 OFDM Symbols

All Data
In the time domain, a guard interval may be added to each symbol to combat inter-OFDM-
symbol-interference due to channel delay spread. In EUTRA, the guard interval is a cyclic
prefix which is inserted prior to each OFDM symbol.
Delay spread is a type of distortion that is caused when an identical signal arrives at different
times at its destination. The signal usually arrives via multiple path and with different angles
of arrival. The time difference between the arrival moment of the first multipath component
(typically the Line of sight component) and the last one, is called delay spread.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.16 Delay Spread
Delay spread
Time Domain
Direct signal
Reflection 1
Last Reflection
Guard Sampling Window

Period
The data to be transmitted on an OFDM signal is spread across the carriers of the signal, each
carrier taking part of the payload. This reduces the data rate taken by each carrier. The lower
data rate has the advantage that interference from reflections is much less critical. This is
achieved by adding a guard band time or guard interval into the system. This ensures that the
data is only sampled when the signal is stable and no new delayed signals arrive that would
alter the timing and phase of the signal.
The distribution of the data across a large number of carriers in the OFDM signal has some
further advantages. Nulls caused by multi-path effects or interference on a given frequency
only affect a small number of the carriers, the remaining ones being received correctly. By
using error-coding techniques, which does mean adding further data to the transmitted
signal, it enables many or all of the corrupted data to be reconstructed within the receiver.
This can be done because the error correction code is transmitted in a different part of the
signal. It is this error coding which is referred to in the "Coded" word in the title of COFDM
which is often seen.

LTE Air-Interface
Propagation delay exceeding the Guard Period
2
1
3
4
Time Domain
T Tg
s
Obviously when
time
the delay spread
of the multi-path
2
environment is
greater than the
time
guard period
duration (Tg),
3
then we
encounter inter-
time
symbol
interference (ISI)
4
time

LTE Air-Interface
cyclic prefix
To each OFDM symbol, a cyclic prefix (CP) is appended as guard time,
One downlink slot consists of 6 or 7 OFDM symbols,
depending on whether extended or normal cyclic prefix is configured,
respectively. The extended cyclic prefix is able to cover larger cell sizes with
higher delay spread of the radio channel.
To each OFDM symbol, a cyclic prefix (CP) is appended as guard time. One downlink slot
consists of 6 or 7 OFDM symbols, depending on whether extended or normal cyclic prefix is
configured, respectively. The extended cyclic prefix is able to cover larger cell sizes with
higher delay spread of the radio channel.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.17 UMTS
UMTS
UMTS/WCDMA too use 10 ms frame structure. This of course going to help
developments of multi-mode handsets.
In UMTS one frame = 10 ms = 15 slots Sampling Frequency UMTS

3.84 MHz = 1 x 3.84 Mcps
Each one has 2560 chips Sampling Frequency LTE
30.72 MHz = 8 x 3.84 Mcps
38400 chips in 10mS
TS=0 TS=1 TS=13 TS=14

2560 2560 2560 2560
0.666mS
3.84 Mchips in 1S
2ms
Sampling Frequency:
The rate at which sampling of signals is carried out. Its origin is the WCDMA chip rate: 3.84 Mcps.
The same clock that generates 3.84 Mcps chip rate in WCDMA can be used to generate various
sampling frequencies in LTE:
3.84 MHz = 1 x 3.84 Mcps

7.68 MHz = 2 x 3.84 Mcps
15.36 MHz = 4 x 3.84 Mcps
23.04 MHz = 6 x 3.84 Mcps
30.72 MHz = 8 x 3.84 Mcps (Clock rate for LTE)

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.18 Spreading and Despreading
Spreading and Despreading

1
Tx Bit Stream
-1
Spreading X
Code Chip Stream
Air Interface
Chip Stream
Despreading X
Code Chip Stream
Rx Bit Stream

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.19 Transmission Time Interval
Transmission Time Interval

To combat errors due to fading :
Divided at the transmitter into blocks
Carrier bandwidth
Resource block
Frequency
Transmit on those resource
blocks that are not faded

LTE Air-Interface
(Attach/TA Update/)
To combat errors due to fading : IP / TCP | UDP |
(E-)RRC
(Radio Resource Control)
Divided at the transmitter into blocks
The length of time required to

PDCP PDCP PDCP
transmit one such block determines (Packet Data (Packet Data(Packet Data
Convergence Convergence
Convergence
the TTI Protocol) Protocol) Protocol)
BER RLC RLC RLC

(Radio Link (Radio Link (Radio Link
RLC RLC
(Radio Link (Radio Link
Control) Control) Control) Control) Control)
CRC-24 used for error detection

Logical Channel
Automatic Repeat Request Medium Access Control (MAC)

(ARQ) layer 2 protocol
Transport
Channels
FDD | TDD - Layer 1
To combat errors due to fading and interference on the radio link data is divided at the
transmitter into blocks and then the bits within a block are encoded and interleaved. The
length of time required to transmit one such block determines the TTI. At the receiver all bits
from a given block must be received before they can be deinterleaved and decoded. Having
decoded the bits the receiver can estimate the bit error rate (BER). And because the shortest
decodable transmission is one TTI the shortest period over which BER can be estimated is also
one TTI. Thus in networks with link adaptation techniques based on the estimated BER the
shortest interval between reports of the estimated performance, which are used to adapt to
the conditions on the link, is at least one TTI. In order to be able to adapt quickly to the
changing conditions in the radio link a communications system must have shorter TTIs.
LTE utilizes Incremental Redundancy HARQ with a 1/3 turbo encoder used for forward error
correction. The Transport Block (TB) CRC is used to detect errors.

LTE Air-Interface
IP packets are passed through multiple NAS Protocol(s) Application Layer
(Attach/TA Update/)
protocol entities: IP / TCP | UDP |
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (E-)RRC
(PDCP) (Radio Resource Control)
IP header compression based on Robust
Header Compression (ROHC) ciphering
and integrity protection of transmitted data PDCP PDCP PDCP
Radio Link Control (RLC) (Packet Data (Packet Data(Packet Data
Convergence Convergence
Convergence
segmentation/concatenation Protocol) Protocol) Protocol)
retransmission handling
in-sequence delivery to higher layers RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC
(Radio Link (Radio Link (Radio Link (Radio Link (Radio Link
Medium Access Control (MAC) Control) Control) Control) Control) Control)
handles hybrid-ARQ retransmissions
uplink and downlink scheduling at the Logical Channel
eNodeB
Physical Layer (PHY) Medium Access Control (MAC)
coding/decoding
modulation/demodulation (OFDM)
multi-antenna mapping Transport
Channels
other typical physical layer functions FDD | TDD - Layer 1

LTE Air-Interface
REL99
TTI
NodeB 10ms UEs
RNC Iub
REL 5/6 TTI 2ms

Uu
NodeB UEs
RNC
Iub
TTI 1 ms
LTE
UEs
TTI (Transmission Time Interval), is a parameter in UMTS /LTE related to encapsulation of data
from higher layers into frames for transmission on the radio link layer. TTI refers to the duration of
a transmission on the radio link. The TTI is related to the size of the data blocks passed from the
higher network layers to the radio link layer.
In UMTS Release '99 the shortest TTI is 10 ms and can be 20 ms, 40 ms, or 80 ms. In UMTS
Release-5 the TTI for HSDPA is reduced to 2ms. This provides the advantage of faster response to
link conditions and allows the system to quickly schedule transmissions to mobiles which
temporarily enjoy better than usual link conditions.

LTE Air-Interface
R99 vs R5
Rel99 DCH/DSCH Rel5 HS-DSCH
Two phase retransmission
concept
RNC
In previous RNC releases First phase retransmission
the retransmission has from BTS => HARQ
always occurred from the
RNC RLC. Second phase
Retransmission has been retransmission from RNC
based on the RLC Sequence if the first phase turned out
Numbers to be unsuccessful.
Retransmission
Second Phase
Retransmission
NodeB Packet First Phase

Retransmission
Packet
RLC ACK/NACK L1 ACK/NACK
Networks need to provide data quickly and reliably without taxing their resources. Hybrid
automatic repeat request (HARQ) technology can make that happen.
The telecommunications industry has used the Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) layer 2 protocol
for many years to ensure that data is sent reliably from one node to another.
Hybrid automatic repeat request (Hybrid ARQ or HARQ) is a combination of high-rate forward
error-correcting coding, and ARQ error-control for detectable-but-uncorrectable errors. In
standard ARQ, redundant bits are added to data to be transmitted using an error-detecting code
such as cyclic redundancy check (CRC).

LTE Air-Interface
During good radio conditions, ARQ can be considered very efficient
During good radio conditions, ARQ can be considered very efficient, as no additional forward
error correction (FEC) bits are added to the basic data to be transmitted. Yet bandwidth efficiency
will suffer significantly in poor channel conditions due to excessive retransmissions.

LTE Air-Interface
Bandwidth efficiency will suffer significantly in poor channel conditions due to
excessive retransmissions

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.20 Block Size
Block Size
Hybrid ARQ is not applicable for all
types of traffic (broadcast
transmissions typically do not rely
on hybrid ARQ).
Hence, hybrid ARQ is only

supported for the DL-SCH and the
UL-SCH

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.21 Modulation and Subcarriers
Modulation and Subcarriers (20Mhz)

EUTRAN uses OFDM with 2048 subcarriers with a spacing of 15 kHz.
(20Mhz).
Note all 2048 subcarriers are for use,

the subcarriers at the edges must be
left free as guard bands against
interference from other systems.
transmit less numbers of subcarriers
so as to limit the transmission
bandwidth to a nominal value.
2048 *15KHz
To sample 2048 carriers the = 2048x15=
30.72Mhz
BASIC UNIT OF TIME =Time (Ts)=

1/30.72= 32.552 nS = 0.032 uS
SAMPLING RATE PER SECOND

The EUTRAN sampling rate is 2048
*15KHz= 30720000 samples/sec.
Sampling frequency for above is fs = 15000 x 2048 = 30720000 Hz. Ts = 1/30720000
Basic unit for LTE is 1/30720000 seconds - basis of which is sampling rate for 2048 FFT size
implementation of OFDM for subcarrier spacing of f = 15 kHz.
You will see that fs is integer multiple WCDMA chip rate (3.84 Mcps). The same is true if we take
other FFT sizes as 1024 and 512.

LTE Air-Interface
Modulation and Subcarriers
EUTRAN uses OFDM with 2048 subcarriers with a spacing of 15 kHz.
(20Mhz).
To sample 2048 carriers the =

2048x15= 30.72Mhz
BASIC UNIT OF TIME =Time (Ts)=

1/30.72= 32.552 nS = 0.032 uS
2048 *15KHz
15kHz
66.7us
OFDM Symbol =
2048 x Ts =
66.67 us
FFT Size x Subcarrier Spacing = Sampling

Frequency
Modulation and Subcarriers

The EUTRAN sampling rate is 2048 *15KHz= 30720000 samples/sec.
So in one EUTRAN radio frame we have 307200 OFDM samples in 10mS
One radio frame Frame = 307200 x Ts = 10 ms
Subframe 30720xTs = 1mS BASIC UNIT OF TIME =Time (Ts)=

1/30.72= 32.552 nS = 0.032 uS
One Slot 15360 x 2048 xTs = 0.5mS
OFDM symbol = 2048 x Ts = 66.7us
subframe 0 subframe 1 subframe 8 subframe 9
Slot Slot Slot Slot ... Slot Slot Slot Slot

#0 #1 #2 #3 #16 #17 #18 #19
radio frame 10 ms (307200 x Ts)
radio frame we have 307200 OFDM samples in 10mS

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.22 FDD
FDD
In case of FDD there is a time offset between uplink and downlink
transmission.

DL carrier DL/UL Time offset
#0 #1 #2 #3 #16 #17 #18 #19
subframe 0 subframe 1 subframe 8 subframe 9
UL carrier subframe 0 subframe 1 subframe 8 subframe 9

#0 #1 #2 #3 #16 #17 #18 #19
The EUTRAN sampling rate is 2048 *15KHz= 30720000 samples/sec.

So in one EUTRAN radio frame we have 307200 OFDM samples in 10mS

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.23 FFT Size
FFT Size

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.24 LTE Parameters
LTE Parameters
Bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
(MHz)
Fast Fourier 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048

Transform
FFT size
Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200
# of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100
Modulation QPSK, 16 QAM, 64QAM
Subframe 1 ms
duration

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.25 Subframes
Subframes

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.26 OFDMA Orthogonal Freqency Division Multiple Access

Multiple Access
To symbol rate of 1/15KHz = 66.7us 15kHz

Therefore 15 Kilosymbols per second
For 20Mhz bandwidth (1200 carriers)
66.7us
For 20 Mhz symbol rate = 1200 x 15=
18Msps
Each symbol using 64 QAM (6 bits)
Total peak rate = 18 Msps x 6 bits =
108Mbps
Subtract overhead and coding and add
gains (MIMO)
Each symbol 2 bits(QPSK), 4 Bits (16

QAM) and 6 bits 64 QAM

LTE Air-Interface
PAPR(peak - to -average power ratio)
peak power
12 dB
averaged power
PAPR
(peak - to -
average power
ratio)
fsubcarrier
fsub-used
f0 frequency
f1 f2 fN-2 fN-1
ACI = Adjacent Carrier Interference (Co-channel Interference)

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.27 Scheduler
scheduler eNB scheduler controls the

time/frequency resources for
a given time for uplink and
downlink
Scheduler dynamically
allocates resources to UEs
at each TTI
The scheduling strategy is

implementation specific and
not specified by 3GPP
scheduler selects best
multiplexing for UE based
on channel conditions

eNB scheduler controls the time/frequency resources for a given time for uplink and downlink
dynamically controls the terminal(s) to transmit to and, for each of these terminals, the set of
resource blocks upon which the terminals DL-SCH should be transmitted Scheduler
dynamically allocates resources to UEs at each TTI The scheduling strategy is implementation
specific and not specified by 3GPP scheduler selects best multiplexing for UE based on
channel conditions preferably schedule transmissions to a UE on resources with advantageous
channel condition.
Most scheduling strategies need information about:
Channel conditions at the terminal buffer status and priorities of the different data flows
interference situation in neighboring cells (if some form of
Interference coordination is implemented) UE transmits channel-status reports reflecting the
instantaneous channel quality in the time and frequency domains
Information necessary to determine the appropriate antenna processing in case of spatial
multiplexing

LTE Air-Interface
scheduler
It is the task of the scheduler to assign resource blocks
to physical channels belonging to different users or for
general system tasks. The job of the MAC layer

Scheduler in eNB (base station) allocates resource blocks (which are the smallest elements of
resource allocation) to users for predetermined amount of time Slots consist of either 6 (for long
cyclic prefix) or 7 (for short cyclic prefix) OFDM symbols Longer cyclic prefixes are desired to
address longer fading Number of available subcarriers changes depending on transmission
bandwidth (but subcarrier spacing is fixed).

LTE Air-Interface
scheduler
It is the task of the scheduler to assign
resource blocks to physical channels
belonging to different users or for general
system tasks.
If resources are still available after the GBR

demands then different schedulers are
available.
There are 4 main schedulers

Max SINR
Proportional Demand
Proportional Fair
Round Robin

Radio Resource Management and Scheduling

There are two schedulers in the eNodeB allocating physical resources, one for uplink and one for
downlink. The schedulers grant the right to transmit on a per UE basis. The resource assignment
consists of Physical Resource Blocks (PRBs) and a Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS). The
resources are allocated for one or multiple TTIs. A PRB consists of certain subcarriers in the
frequency domain and one TTI in the time domain as explained in LTE Frame Structure section.
The baseline for both uplink and downlink is dynamic scheduling where the PRBs and MCSs can
be scheduled for each TTI via a Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier (C-RNTI) on the L1/L2
control channels. The UE always monitor the control channels in order to find any allocation of
uplink or downlink resources when downlink reception is enabled.
Radio Bearer Priority and Rate Control

In downlink, the eNodeB enforces the Maximum Bit Rate (MBR) of radio bearers with a
Guaranteed Bit Rate (GBR) and the Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate (AMBR) of groups of Non-GBR
bearers. In the uplink, the Radio Resource Control (RRC) entity controls the uplink rate by giving
each bearer a priority and a Prioritised Bit Rate (PBR). For radio bearers with GBR, a MBR is also
provided. The radio bearers are served in decreasing priority order up to their PBR. For any
remaining resources the bearers are served again in decreasing priority order ensuring that the
MBR is not exceeded. If all bearers have a PBR of 0, the first step is skipped and the bearers are
served in strict priority order. The eNodeB ensures that the AMBR in uplink is not exceeded, by
limiting the total amount of granted resources.

LTE Air-Interface
scheduler
Round Robin
The aim of this scheduler is to share the available/unused resources equally
among the RT terminals (i.e. the terminals requesting RT services) in order to
satisfy their RT-MBR demand. .
Proportional Fair
The aim of this Scheduler is to allocate the available/unused resources as fairly as
possible in such a way that, on average, each terminal gets the highest possible
throughput achievable under the channel conditions.

Round Robin
The aim of this scheduler is to share the available/unused resources equally among the RT
terminals (i.e. the terminals requesting RT services) in order to satisfy their RT-MBR demand.
This is a recursive algorithm and continues to share resources equally among RT terminals,
until all RT-MBR demands have been met or there are no more resources left to allocate
Proportional Fair
The aim of this Scheduler is to allocate the available/unused resources as fairly as possible in
such a way that, on average, each terminal gets the highest possible throughput achievable
under the channel conditions.
This is a recursive algorithm. The remaining resources are shared between the RT terminals in
proportion to their bearer data rates. Terminals with higher data rates get a larger share of the
available resources. Each terminal gets either the resources it needs to satisfy its RT-MBR
demand, or its weighted portion of the available/unused resources, whichever is smaller. This
recursive allocation process continues until all RT-MBR demands have been met or there are
no more resources left to allocate.

LTE Air-Interface
scheduler
Proportional Demand
The aim of this scheduler is to allocate the remaining unused resources to RT
terminals in proportion to their additional resource demands..
(Attach/TA Update/)
IP / TCP | UDP | Physical Uplink Shared eNodeB
(E-)RRC
Channel(PUSCH) Buffer Status
(Radio Resource Control) Report
PDCP PDCP PDCP

(Packet Data (Packet Data (Packet Data
Convergence Convergence Convergence
RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC

MAC Scheduler

(Radio Link
Control)
(Radio Link
Control)
(Radio Link
Control)
(Radio Link
Control)
(Radio Link
Control)
DL
Physical Downlink Control
Channel (PDCCH) -
Logical Channel Additional UL GRANT
Medium Access Control (MAC)

Scheduling /
Priority Handling
Transport Channels HARQ
FDD | TDD - Layer 1
Proportional Demand
The aim of this scheduler is to allocate the remaining unused resources to RT terminals in
proportion to their additional resource demands. This is a non-recursive allocation process
and results in either satisfying the RT-MBR demands of all terminals or the consumption of all
of the resources,.

LTE Air-Interface
scheduler
Max SINR
terminals with higher bearer rates (and consequently higher SINR) are preferred
over terminals with lower bearer rates (and consequently lower SINR). This means
that resources are allocated first to those terminals with better SINR/channel
conditions, thereby maximising the throughput.
6 BITS
64QAM 2 BITS
4 BITS
16 QAM
QPSK
Max SINR
The aim of this Scheduler is to maximise the terminal throughput and in turn the average cell
throughput. This is a non-recursive resource allocation process where terminals with higher
bearer rates (and consequently higher SINR) are preferred over terminals with lower bearer
rates (and consequently lower SINR). This means that resources are allocated first to those
terminals with better SINR/channel conditions, thereby maximising the throughput.

LTE Air-Interface
scheduler

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.28 ASSET - LTE
Asset - LTE
There are 4 schedulers

Max SINR
Proportional Demand
Proportional Fair
Round Robin
Scheduler in eNB (base station) allocates resource blocks (which are the smallest elements of
resource allocation) to users for predetermined amount of time.
Slots consist of either 6 (for long cyclic prefix) or 7 (for short cyclic prefix) OFDM symbols.
Longer cyclic prefixes are desired to address longer fading.
Number of available subcarriers changes depending on transmission bandwidth (but
subcarrier spacing is fixed).

LTE Air-Interface
Multiple Access
To symbol rate of 1/15KHz = 66.7us 15kHz

Therefore 15 Kilosymbols per second
For 20Mhz bandwidth (1200 carriers)
66.7us
For 20 Mhz symbol rate = 1200 x 15=
18Msps
Each symbol using 64 QAM (6 bits)
Total peak rate = 18 Msps x 6 bits =
108Mbps
Subtract overhead and coding and add
gains (MIMO)
Each symbol 2 bits(QPSK), 4 Bits (16

QAM) and 6 bits 64 QAM

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.29 Downlink Physical Channels
Downlink Physical Channels

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel):
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control
Channel):
R0 R0
R0
R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared

Synchronisation Channel
Channel):
PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel): Informs the UE about the resource allocation of
PCH and DL-SCH, and Hybrid ARQ information related to DL-SCH. It also carries the uplink
scheduling grant. The downlink control signalling (PDCCH) is located in the first n OFDM symbols
where n 3 and consists of:
Transport format, resource allocation, and hybrid-ARQ information related to DL-
SCH, PCH and UL-SCH;
QPSK modulation is used for all control channels
PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel): The coded BCH transport block is mapped to four subframes
within a 40 ms interval. This 40 ms timing is blindly detected, i.e. there is no explicit signalling
indicating 40 ms timing. Each subframe is assumed to be self-decodable, i.e. the BCH can be
decoded from a single reception, assuming sufficiently good channel conditions.
P-SCH (Downlink Primary Synchronisation Channel): Used for cell search and identification by
the UE. Carries part of the cell ID (one of 3 orthogonal sequences).
S-SCH (Downlink Secondary Synchronisation Channel): Used for cell search and identification by
the UE. It carries the remainder of the cell ID (one of 168 binary sequences).
PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel): Informs the UE about the number of
OFDM symbols used for the PDCCHs. It is transmitted in every subframe.

LTE Air-Interface
Downlink Physical Channels
supports HARQ DTCH MTCH
DCCH
BCCH MCCH
CCCH
PCCH
R0 R0
MIB
R0
R0
PCH BCCH DL-SCH MCH
Transport
R0 R0
R0 R0 Physical
If you have a large number of VoIP users. How will this effect the
Physical Channels?
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) : This control channel provides system information to all
mobile terminals connected to the eNodeB.
Paging Control Channel (PCCH) : This control channel is used for paging information when
searching a unit on a network.
Common Control Channel (CCCH) : This channel is used for random access information, e.g.
for actions including setting up a connection.
Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) : This control channel is used for Information needed for
multicast reception.
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH) : This control channel is used for carrying user-specific
control information, e.g. for controlling actions including power control, handover, etc.
Broadcast Channel (BCH) : The LTE transport channel maps to Broadcast Control Channel
(BCCH) .
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH) : This transport channel is the main channel for
downlink data transfer. It is used by many logical channels.
Paging Channel (PCH) : To convey the PCCH.
Multicast Channel (MCH) : This transport channel is used to transmit MCCH information to
set up multicast transmissions.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.30 Cell Throughput
Cell throughput at various layers

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.31 Power Allocation
Power Allocation
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.32 Downlink Reference Signal Structure
Downlink reference signal structure

RSRP is applicable in both RRC_idle and RRC_connected modes
Downlink reference
Downlink reference signal signal structure
The downlink reference
PDSCH signal structure is
important for channel
estimation.
The principle of the
downlink reference
signal structure for 1
antenna.
Ref Signal TX1= 8 for
15Khz spacing
RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power)
RSRP is a RSSI type of measurement. It measures
the average received power over the resource
elements that carry cell-specific reference signals
within certain frequency bandwidth.
Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)
Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), is determined for a considered cell as the linear average
over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference
signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. For RSRP determination the
cell-specific reference signals R0 and if available R1 can be used.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.33 Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)
THIS IS RSRP FOR WEB BROWSING
RSRP is not affected by cell loads. This is the reason why a network is usually firstly
dimensioned to provide adequate signal strength at the desired areas.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.34 UE Measurements
UE Measurements
RSRP is used to measure the coverage of the LTE cell on the DL. The UE will
send RRC measurement reports that include RSRP .The appropriate bin mapping
is given below.
The reporting range of RSRP is dened from140 to 44dBm with 1dB resolution.
RULE TUMB
If RSRP>75dBm, excellent QoS
Ideally need to 75 and113 dBm a slight

calculate link Budget degradation of the QoS
Below113 dBm the QoS

The main purpose of RSRP is to become unacceptable
determine the best cell on the DL
radio interface
RSRP is used to measure the coverage of the LTE cell on the DL. The UE will send RRC
measurement reports that include RSRP values in a binned format. RSRP is dened from140
to44dBm with 1dB resolution.
The main purpose of RSRP is to determine the best cell on the DL radio interface and select
this cell as the serving cell for either initial random access or intra-LTE handover. The RRC
measurement reports with RSRP measurement results will be sent by the UE if a predened
event trigger criterion is met. There is certainly a correlation also between RSRP and the user
plane QoS.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.1 Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ)
Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ)
RSRQ is defined as the ratio NRSRP / (E-UTRA carrier RSSI),
THIS IS RSRQ FOR WEB BROWSING

N is the number of RBs

RSRQ is defined as the ratio NRSRP / (E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the
E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and
denominator shall be made over the same set of resource blocks.
RSRQ
RSRQ is affected by cell loads. Cell loads in essence express how many users are connected to the
network. The more active users there exist, the more resources are consumed in the DL and UL
interference level rises. This explains why cells service areas shrink as the number of users
increase. The following figure illustrates an unloaded network and the one after this a heavily
loaded network.

LTE Air-Interface
Reference Signal Received Quality
(RSRQ)
LOADED
UNLOADED
RSRQ affected by cell loads.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.2 UE Measurements
UE Measurements
The reporting range of RSRQ is dened from19.5 to3dB
RULE TUMB
RSRQ values higher than9dB guarantee
the best subscriber experience.
RSRQ values of 13dB

and lower, things become
worse with signicant
declines of throughput
WILL BE EFFECTED
BY CELL LOADING
The reporting range of RSRQ is dened from19.5 to3dB with 0.5dB resolution .When comparing
the measurement results of RSRQ and RSRP that have been made at the samegeographic location
in a protocol trace they can be identied by the same timestamp it is possible to determine if
coverage or interference problems occur at this location. If a UE changes its location or if radio
conditions change due to other reasons and RSRP(i.e., theabsolute signal strength of the
reference signals) remains stable or becomes even better than before while RSRQ is declining, this
is an unambiguous symptom of rising interference. If, on the otherhand, both RSRP and RSRQ
decline at the same time/location, this clearly indicates an area withweak coverage. This kind of
evaluation is very important for nding the root cause of call drops due to radio problems.
The range between9 and12dB can be seen as neutral with a slight degradation of QoS,
butoverall customer experience is still at a fair level. Starting with RSRQ values of 13dB and
lower, things become worse with signicant declines of throughput and a high risk of call drop.

LTE Air-Interface
2.1.3 Pixel Analyser
Pixel Analyer

LTE Air-Interface
2.2 When and Why are RSRP and RSRQ used?
2.2.1 ASSET Failure Report
Asset Failure Report

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.2 Data Rates
Data rates
Assuming a constant transmit
power, the received signal power
can always be increased by
reducing the distance between the
transmitter and the receiver
6 BITS
2 BITS
64QAM
4 BITS
Always possible
to increase the achievable 16 QAM
data rates, assuming that

one is prepared to accept QPSK
a reduction in the
transmitter/receiver
distance
Assuming a constant transmit power, the received signal power can always be increased by
reducing the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, thereby reducing the attenuation
of the signal as it propagates from the transmitter to the receiver. Thus, in a noise-limited
scenario it is at least in theory always possible to increase the achievable data rates, assuming
that one is prepared to accept a reduction in the transmitter/receiver distance, that is a reduced
range. In a mobile communication system this would correspond to a reduced cell size and thus
the need for more cell sites to cover the same overall area. Especially, providing data rates in the
same order as or larger than the available bandwidth, i.e. with a high-bandwidth utilization,
would require a significant cell-size reduction. Alternatively, one has to accept that the high data
rates are only available for mobile terminals in the center of the cell, i.e. not over the entire cell
area.

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.3 MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output
The propagation channel is the air interface, so that

transmission antennas are handled as input to the channel,
whereas receiver antennas are the output of it
MIMO Types Number of Antennas
SISO MISO SIMO MIMO

(Single Input (Multiple Input (Single Input (Multiple Input
Single Output) Single Output
Multiple Output) Multiple Output)
Another means to increase the overall received signal power for a given transmit power is the
use of additional antennas at the receiver side, also known as receive-antenna diversity.
Multiple receive antennas can be applied at the base station (that is for the uplink) or at the
mobile terminal (that is for the downlink).
By proper combining of the signals received at the different antennas, the signalto-noise ratio
after the antenna combining can be increased in proportion to the number of receive
antennas, thereby allowing for higher data rates for a given transmitter/receiver distance.
Multiple antennas can also be applied at the transmitter side, typically at the base station,
and be used to focus a given total transmit power in the direction of the receiver, i.e. toward
the target mobile terminal. This will increase the received signal power and thus, once again,
allow for higher data rates for a given transmitter/receiver distance.

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.4 Transmit Diversity and Receive Diversity
Transmit Diversity
Instead of increasing data rate or capacity, MIMO can be used to exploit

diversity and increase the robustness of data transmission.
Each transmit antenna transmits essentially the same stream of data,

so the receiver gets replicas of the same signal.
010100
T R SU-MIMO
010100 X X
010100
Tx diversity:
The first and simplest downlink LTE multiple antenna scheme is open-loop Tx diversity. It is
identical in concept to the scheme introduced in UMTS Release 99. The more complex, closedloop
Tx diversity techniques from UMTS have not been adopted in LTE, which instead uses the more
advanced MIMO.
Rx diversity:
The second downlink scheme, Rx diversity, is mandatory for the UE. It is the baseline receiver
capability for which performance requirements will be defined. A typical use of Rx diversity is
maximum ratio combining of the received streams to improve the SNR in poor conditions. Rx
diversity provides little gain in good conditions

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.5 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)
Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

Single User MIMO Multi User MIMO
MU-MIMO
SU-MIMO Multiple Users MIMO
(Single User MIMO)
TX1 RX1
TX RX
TX2 RX2
What are Benefits What are Benefits

of SU-MIMO? of MU-MIMO?
Multi-Antenna Transmission
LTE supports downlink transmission on 1, 2 or 4 cell specific antenna ports corresponding either
to 1, 2 or 4 cell-specific reference signals. On their turn each one of the RS corresponds to one
antenna port.
The following DL transmission modes are defined for PDSCH
Single antenna port; port 0
Single User MIMO
Transmit diversity
Open loop spatial multiplexing
Closed loop spatial multiplexing
Multi User MIMO
Closed-loop Rank=1 pre-coding

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.6 Closed Loop
Closed Loop
The UE asks for two layersRank
Indicator 2 from the enodeB.
UE feels it can distinguish between
to different layers
PUSCH
Data and Control multiplexing
Rate Macthing CQI PMI RI Layer Mapping

4 bit
16
CS Layer 0 Layer 1
Code Block Segmentation

Turbo Coding Transport Blocks Pre Coding -
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) : This

physical channel found on the LTE uplink is the Uplink
counterpart of PDSCH
Data
MIMO employs multiple transmit and receive antennas to substantially enhance the air interface.
It uses space time coding of the same data stream mapped onto multiple transmit antennas,
which is an improvement over traditional reception diversity schemes where only a single
transmit antenna is deployed to extend the coverage of the cell.
MIMO processing also exploits spatial multiplexing, allowing different data streams to be
transmitted simultaneously from the different transmit antennas, to increase the end-user data
rate and cell capacity.
PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel):

Carries the UL-SCH data, CQI, PMI and RI.
RI (Rank Indicator):
RI indicates the number of spatial layers that can be supported by the UE based
on the channel conditions. The transmission rank selected to be used is dependent on RI as well
as other factors (depending on the vendor) such as traffic pattern, available transmission
bandwidth etc. RI is compulsory for both open and closed loop spatial multiplexing.

LTE Air-Interface
PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator):
PMI ensures that the correct spatial domain precoding matrix is applied by the eNodeB so that
the transmitted signal matches with the spatial channel experienced by the UE. It is denoted by
the Transmit Precoding Matrix Indicator (TPMI) that consists of 3 bit or 6 bit information field for
2 or 4 transmit antennas, respectively. It is compulsory for closed loop spatial multiplexing.
CQI (Channel Quality Indicator):

It is a 4 bit index pointing into a table of 16 different modulation and coding schemes. It indicates
or suggests a combination of modulation and coding scheme that the eNodeB should use to
ensure that the BLER (Block Error Ratio) experienced by the UE remains less than 10%.

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.7 LTE UE Categories
LTE UE Categories
All categories support 20 MHz
64QAM mandatory in downlink, but not in uplink (except Class 5)
2x2 MIMO mandatory in other classes except Class 1
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5

Peak rate DL/UL 10/5 Mbps 50/25 Mbps 100/50 Mbps 150/50 Mbps 300/75 Mbps
RF bandwidth 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz
Modulation DL 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM
Modulation UL 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM
Rx diversity Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
tx diversity 1-4 tx 1-4 tx 1-4 tx 1-4 tx 1-4 tx
MIMO DL Optional 2x2 2x2 2x2 4x4

LTE Air-Interface
Configuration of Carrier-
Note that when multiple antennas are used for
transmission, then there is a resource grid for each one.
EUTRAN support 1, 2 or 4 antennas, called the antenna
ports
R0 R0
R0 R0 Port 3
R0 R0
R0 R0 R0 Port 2
R0
R0
R0
R0
Port 1
R0
R0
R0 R0 R0 Port 0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
Configuration of Carrier- 1 antenna

Carrier 1
Overhead REF, Control, Broadcast, Syn
Downlink reference
R0 R0 signal structure
R0
signal structure is
R0
estimation.
R0 R0 The principle of the
downlink reference signal
structure for 1 antenna.
R0 R0
Ref Signal TX1 = 8 for
Specific pre-defined 15Khz spacing
resource elements (indicated by R0-3 in in the time-
frequency domain are carrying the cell-specific
reference signal sequence.

LTE Air-Interface
Carrier 1
Downlink reference
signal structure
R1 R0 R1 R0
signal structure is
R0 R1 R0 R1 important for channel
estimation.
R1 R1
The principle of the
R0 R0
R0 R1 R0 R1 Ref Signal TX2= 16 for

LTE Air-Interface
Carrier 1
Downlink reference
R1 R0 R1 R2 R0 signal structure
R0 R1 R1
signal structure is
R2 R0
R1 R1 R2 estimation.
R0 R2 R1 R0 R1

Carrier 1
Downlink reference
R1 R3 R0 R1 R2 R0 signal structure
R0 R1 R1
signal structure is
R2 R0 R3
R1 R3 R1 R2 estimation.
R0 R2 R1 R0 R3 R1

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.8 RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality)
RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality)

In LTE network, a UE measures:
RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality)
RSRQ is defined as the ratio NRSRP / (E-UTRA carrier RSSI),
LTE_ACTIVE state
RSRP is applicable RRC connected modes


Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP), is determined for a considered cell as the linear average
over the power contributions (in [W]) of the resource elements that carry cell-specific reference
signals within the considered measurement frequency bandwidth. For RSRP determination the
cell-specific reference signals R0 and if available R1 can be used. If receiver diversity is in use by
the UE, the reported value shall not be lower than the corresponding RSRP of any of the
individual diversity branches.
E-UTRA Carrier RSSI

E-UTRA Carrier Received Signal Strength Indicator, comprises the total received wideband power
observed by the UE from all sources, including co-channel serving and non-serving cells, adjacent
channel interference, thermal noise etc.

RSRQ is defined as the ratio NRSRP / (E-UTRA carrier RSSI), where N is the number of RBs of the
E-UTRA carrier RSSI measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and
denominator shall be made over the same set of resource blocks.

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.9 Downlink Reference Signal Structure
Downlink reference signal structure
Downlink reference signal
PDSCH
PUSCH PUCCH
CQI Report
86

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.10 Channel Quality Indicator Reporting
Channel Quality Indicator Reporting
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
PDSCH RB RB RB RB
PDSCH
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
PUSCH PUCCH
RB RB RB RB
CQI Report
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
The UE may not have
87
56
PUSCH resources Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

LTE Air-Interface
Traffic SINR- R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0
R0 R0

LTE Air-Interface
Channel Quality Indicator Reporting
CQI Modulation Actual Required
coding rate SINR
1 QPSK 0.07618 -4.46
2 QPSK 0.11719 -3.75
3 QPSK 0.18848 -2.55
PDSCH
4 QPSK 308/1024 -1.15
5 QPSK 449/1024 1.75
6 QPSK 602/1024 3.65
7 16QAM 378/1024 5.2
8 16QAM 490/1024 6.1
PUSCH PUCCH 9 16QAM 616/1024 7.55
10 64QAM 466/1024 10.85
CQI Report 11 64QAM 567/1024 11.55
12 64QAM 666/1024 12.75
13 64QAM 772/1024 14.55
14 64QAM 873/1024 18.15
The UE may not have 15 64QAM 948/1024 19.25
89
57
coding rate
CQI Modulation Efficiency Actual Required
coding rate SINR The coding rate indicates
1 QPSK 0.1523 0.07618 -4.46
2 QPSK 0.2344 0.11719 -3.75
how many real data bits
3 QPSK 0.3770 0.18848 -2.55 are present out of 1024
4 QPSK 0.6016 308/1024 -1.15 while the efficiency
5 QPSK 0.8770 449/1024 1.75
provides the number of
6 QPSK 1.1758 602/1024 3.65
7 16QAM 1.4766 378/1024 5.2
information bits per
8 16QAM 1.9141 490/1024 6.1 modulation symbol.
9 16QAM 2.4063 616/1024 7.55
10 64QAM 2.7305 466/1024 10.85
602/1024 = 0.5879
11 64QAM 3.3223 567/1024 11.55
12 64QAM 3.9023 666/1024 12.75
QPSK = 2bits
13 64QAM 4.5234 772/1024 14.55 Efficiency=
14 64QAM 5.1152 873/1024 18.15 2x0.5879=1.1758 data
15 64QAM 5.5547 948/1024 19.25
bits per symbol

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.11 Channel Quality Indicator
Channel Quality Indicator
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
PDSCH
Bandwidth Wideband CQI
Both
RB RB RB RB
wideband
RB RB RB RB
and
RB RB RB RB
sideband
RB RB RB RB
can be
RB RB RB RB
PUSCH PUCCH reported
RB RB RB RB
(periodic
reported
CQI Report
RB RB RB RB
RB RB RB RB
Sideband CQI
RB RB RB RB
The UE may not have
58

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.12 Scheduler
Scheduler -
With FSS, the scheduler assigns transmission resources to a

user using the resource blocks (or frequency bands) that will
offer the best performance.
In contrast, frequency diverse scheduling (FDS) assigns

transmission resources that are distributed across the
transmission bandwidth. This reduces the feedback overhead
significantly since only channel quality information for the
entire bandwidth (rather than per resource block) is required
In LTE, both frequency selective and frequency diverse

scheduling is supported.

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.13 FSS
FSS
Frequency domain scheduling uses those resource blocks
that are not faded
Not possible in CDMA based system
Carrier bandwidth
Resource block
Frequency
Transmit on those resource
blocks that are not faded

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.1 Channel Quality Indicator
Channel Quality Indicator

R R R R
B B B B
R R R R
B B B B
R R R R
B B B B CQI
Both wideband
and sideband
R R R R
can be
B B B B
reported
(periodic R R R R
B B B B Assigns
reported
R R R R resources in
MAC Scheduler
B B B B a particular Frequency
R R R R Selective
B B B B
band
Bandwidth Wideband CQI
R R R R
B B B B
R R R R
B B B B
Resources
any where in
MAC Scheduler
the band NON Selective
R R R R
B B B B
Sideband CQI R R R R
B B B B
R R R R
95
59 B B B B Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.2 Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)

Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH)
Supports Hybrid ARQ
Supports dynamic link adaptation by varying
the modulation, coding and transmit power
Optionally supports broadcast in the entire
Downlink Logical
cell. Channels
DTCH
Physical Uplink Control Channel DownlinkTransport
(PUCCH) carries uplink control ) Ack P1
Channels
Nack P2 CQI DL -SCH
CQI MAC
Ack P3
Ack P4 CQ
Ack P5 CQI Downlink Physical
Ack P2 CQI P2 Channels
CQI P5 PDSCH
P4
P3
P2
UE P1
96

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.3 Cell Search
Cell Search
Group Id 0,1,2 CELL ID 0-503
Primary
Synchronization
Group Id 0-167
Secondary
Synchronization
Rach Parameters
Operation BW
CP Length PBCH CELL ID 0-503
MIMO config
Cell ID etc
RB Assignment PDCCH
Transport Format etc
The sole purpose of PCFICH is

to dynamically indicate how PCFICH
many OFDMA symbols are
reserved for control
information.
Physical Downlink Shared Channel TA for UL

Connected
97 Physical UPlink Shared Channel Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
Synchronization Signal
There are 504 Physical Cell Identities (PCIs) values in the LTE system, compared with the 512
primary scrambling codes in WCDMA. The Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and the
Secondary Synchronization Signals (SSS) are transmitted, similar to PBCH, always with the 1.08
MHz bandwidth.
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)

The physical broadcast Channel (PBCH) carries the system information needed to access the
system, such as RACH parameters.
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)

The sole purpose of PCFICH is to dynamically indicate how many OFDMA symbols are reserved for
control information. This can vary between 1 and 3 for each 1 ms subframe.

LTE Air-Interface
System Information Broadcasting
To get service from the network, a UE has to select the network and camp on a cell. For this to
happen, the UE has to synchronize itself with the network at the frame and slot level. Afterward,
it requires the information like Network ID (PLMN ID), Tracking Area ID, Cell ID and the Radio and
Core Network capabilities for its network selection. The network broadcasts this information to
help the UEs in their selection process.
The LTE network supports broadcasting of System Information in the form of MIBs and SIBs;
above outlines the system information broadcast procedure. Once the UE is synchronized with
the network at the frame and slot level, it reads the broadcast information and selects it (PLMN
and cell selection).
synchronization signals
Handover Measurements
The cell broadcasts an identifying signature, a fingerprint (Physical Cell Identity, PCI),
which the mobiles use to identify cells, and as time and frequency reference. These
identifying signatures are not unique (there are 504 different PCIs in LTE
(P-SCH): for cell search and identification by the UE -Carries

part of the cell ID (one of 3 orthogonal sequences)
S-SCH): for cell search and identification by the UE Carries the

remainder of the cell ID (one of 168 binary sequences)
The 504 available physical layer cell identities are

0 grouped into 168 physical layer cell identity
0 0 groups.
The Cell ID is derived from Physical Cell layer
identity group (0-167)
167 167 167 The secondary synchronization signal carries
the physical layer cell identity group (0-167)

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.4 Physical Cell Identity (PCI)
Physical Cell Identity (PCI)
The UE moving towards a new cell and identifies the Physical Cell
Identity (PCI) based on the Synchronization signals
Physical Cell Identity (PCI) = 504
P-SCH S-SCH
P-SCH: for cell search and identification by

the UE -Carries part of the cell ID (one of 3
orthogonal sequences)
S-SCH: for cell search and identification by

the UE Carries the remainder of the cell ID
(one of 168 binary sequences)
99

LTE Air-Interface
2.2.5 Physical Downlink Control Channel
Physical Downlink Control Channel

Carries control information to the UE.
Maybe common to ALL UEs or maybe to specific UE
Physical Contains
Downlink
in slots 1,2 & 3
Control
an Up link assignment
Channel A downlink assignment

LTE Air-Interface
2.3 Questions
Questions
What is the maximum bit rate if you assign a bandwidth of 10Mhz to a sector
and a UE is allocated all RB?
1. One Tx
2. Two Tx
3. Four Tx
4. What are you working out

a. Physical Layer
b. Application Layer
1. What assumptions have you made?

LTE Air-Interface
1.What is the maximum bit rate if you assign a bandwidth of 10Mhz to a sector and a UE is allocated all RB?
Questions
What is the maximum bit rate if you assign a bandwidth of 20Mhz to a sector and a UE
is allocated all RB?
1. One Tx
2. Two Tx
3. Four Tx

a. Physical Layer
5. What assumptions have you made?
1.What is the maximum bit rate if you assign a bandwidth of 10Mhz to a sector and a UE is allocated all RB?
Questions
What is the maximum bit rate if you assign a bandwidth of 5Mhz to a sector and a UE is
allocated all RB?
1. One Tx
2. Two Tx
3. Four Tx

a. Physical Layer
5. What assumptions have you made

LTE Air-Interface
Questions
What is meant by extended type1?
Compare band 13 to band 1?
What is meant by GSM re-farming?
Questions
A UE is reporting a CQI index of 6. What does 602

mean?

LTE Air-Interface
Questions
A UE is reporting a CQI index of 15. What is the

efficiency?
Questions
A UE is reporting a high CQI . What does this mean?

LTE Air-Interface
Questions
What is the function of the following?
Synchronization Signal (PSH& SCH)

.
PBCH
PCFICH
PDCCH
MIB
Questions
Complete table below?
Bandwidth 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
(MHz)
Fast Fourier 128 256 512 1536

Transform
FFT size
Subcarriers
# of RBs
Modulation QPSK, 16 QAM, 64QAM
Subframe duration

LTE Air-Interface
Questions
Where on Asset do you set the block size?
Where on Asset do you set the Scheduler?
Where on Asset do you set the LTE UE Categories?

LTE Air-Interface
3 Mobility Management
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Air Interface Rel99 / Rel 4
Air Interface Rel99 / Rel 4
CELL URA CELLPCH
CELL DCH CELL FACH

QoS NO QoS
IDLE

Mobility Management
3.1.2 LTE Always On
LTE Always on
In the early deployment phase, LTE coverage will certainly
be restricted to city and hot spot areas.
MORE HOs than Rel99
GSM
Handover Handover Connected
Cell DCH LTE
Connected Connected
GPRS
Packet
Connection Cell FACH Transfer
Establishment/ Connection
Release Establishment/Release
Connection
Cell URA Establishment/Release
Cell PCH
Reselection
IDLE GSM/GPRS
LTE _IDLE
IDLE
In order to provide seamless service continuity, ensuring mobility between LTE and legacy
technologies is therefore very important. These technologies include GSM/GPRS and
WCDMA/HSPA
.

Mobility Management
3.1.3 UE Power Up
UE Power up UE Power up
DL Syn and Physical Channel ID
Acquire another
LTE Cell Find MIB System BW
MCC +MNC
SIBs supported
PLMN ID
matches
PCFICH Processing-
Knows the set up of PDCCH
Retrieval of SIBs
Cell Selection Parameters
After Attach Defaulf
Cell Barred Bearer/IP adress
Cell Selection
Yes
Pre-amble / Attach
Successful

Mobility Management
3.1.4 Cell Selection
cell selection
After a UE has selected a PLMN, it performs cell selection in other words, it
searches for a suitable cell on which to camp
While camping on the chosen cell, the UE acquires the system information that
is broadcast
Subsequently, the UE registers its presence in the tracking area, after which it
can receive paging information which is used to notify UEs of incoming calls.
eNB When camped on a cell, the UE regularly

verifies if there is a better cell; this is
known as performing cell reselection.

Mobility Management
3.1.5 EPS Mobility Management
EPS Mobility Management

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)
EPS Mobility Management 2 states:
Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN) EMM-DEREGISTERED
EMM-REGISTERED
HSS

S6a
MME S7
X2
Evolved
Node B S1-MME PCRF
(eNB)
LTE-UE S11
S1-U S5
Internet
LTE-Uu Serving PDN

Gateway Gateway
EPS Mobility Management 2 states

EMM-DEREGISTERED:
In this state the MME holds no valid location
information about the UE MME
Successful Attach and Tracking Area Update
(TAU) procedures lead to transition to EMM-
REGISTERED
EMM-REGISTERED:
In this state the MME holds location
information for the UE at least to the
accuracy of a tracking area MME
In this state the UE performs TAU
procedures, responds to paging messages
and performs the service request procedure
if there is uplink data to be sent

Mobility Management
3.1.6 Tracking Area Update - IDLE
LTE Non Access Stratum (NAS) The LTE

NAS protocol software enables
communication with the MME in the LTE
core network and handles functions of
mobility
Tracking Area Identity = MCC (Mobile

Country Code), MNC (Mobile Network
Code) and TAC (Tracking Area Code
Tracking Area Tracking Area s6a Home
MME HSS
NAS: Tracking Area
update

Tracking areas are
allowed to overlap: one
TAI1-2
cell can belong to
TAI1
TAI1-2 multiple tracking areas

TAI1
TAI1
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2 NAS: Tracking Area MME
TAI2 update
TAI2
TAI2
TAI2
TAI3
TAI3
TAI3
TAI3

Mobility Management
3.1.7 LTE Functional Nodes - MME
LTE Functional Nodes- Management Entity

(MME
S-TMSI/IMSI,
PDN address allocation MME
Tracking Area Update Accept
S1-MME
(Control Plane)
Tracking Area Update Complete NAS Protocols
S1-AP
SCTP
IP
eNB L1/L2
S1-U
(User Plane)
Tracking area (TA) is similar to Location/routing area in User PDUs
2G/3G GTP-U Serving

Gateway
Tracking Area Identity = MCC (Mobile Country Code), UDP
MNC (Mobile Network Code) and TAC (Tracking Area IP

12
Code Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International
L1/L2

Mobility Management
3.1.8 RRC States Idle or Connected
RRC States Idle OR Connected

In the early deployment phase, LTE coverage will certainly be restricted to
city and hot spot areas.
GSM
Cell DCH Handover LTE Handover Connected
Connected Connected
GPRS
Packet
Connection Cell FACH Transfer
Establishment/ Connection
Release Establishment/Release
Connection
Establishment/Release
Cell URA
Cell PCH
IDLE LTE _IDLE GSM/GPRS

IDLE
Cell Selection
/Reselection
In order to provide seamless service continuity, ensuring mobility between LTE and legacy
technologies is therefore very important. These technologies include GSM/GPRS and
WCDMA/HSPA
.

Mobility Management
RRC IDLE Cell Selection
eNB

Mobility Management
RRC IDLE
BCCH
SIBs
BCH DL-SCH
MIB
Radio Block PBCH PDSCH
RRC IDLE
Logical channels
BCCH
MIB Transport channels

BCH DL-SCH
Physical channels
PBCH PDSCH
20Mhz BW
MIB
BW = 1.08Mhz

Mobility Management
3.1.9 Physical Cell Idenetity (PCI)
Physical Cell Identity (PCI)
P-SCH S-SCH
P-SCH: for cell search and identification by

the UE -Carries part of the cell ID (one of 3
orthogonal sequences)
S-SCH: for cell search and identification by

the UE Carries the remainder of the cell ID
(one of 168 binary sequences)

Mobility Management
Cell Reselection:
PCI PCI PCI PCI
Measurement criteria
Measured
neighbours
S criteria
Srx > Q rxlevmeas (qrxlevmin Suitable
Qrelevmin offset) neighbours
R criteria
neighboring cell was ranked with the Best ranked cell

highest value R
Re-selection if not serving cell

Mobility Management
LTE_ACTIVE idle (Cell Selection)
RRC Idle
LTE_ACTIVE idle Cell Selection done by UE
Base on UE Measurements
For a cell to be suitable:
S rx level>0
Srx > Q rxlevmeas (qrxlevmin Qrelevmin offset)
Q rxlevmeas
reference signals
Are transmitted in
ALL radio blocks

RSRP is a RSSI type of measurement. It measures the
average received power over the resource elements that
carry cell-specific reference signals within certain frequency
bandwidth.
RSRP is applicable in both RRC_idle and RRC_connected modes
20Mhz BW
REF
BW = 1.08Mhz

Mobility Management
LTE_ACTIVE idle (Cell Selection)
For a cell to be suitable:
S rx level>0
Srx > Q rxlevmeas (qrxlevmin Qrelevmin offset)
Srx = -100 (-80) = -20 (Will not do cell selection)
Q qrxlevmin =-80dBm
Q rxlevmeas=-100dBm
Will not do cell selection
Q rxlevmeas
Cell Reselection: R-Criterion
PCI PCI PCI PCI
Measurement criteria
Measured
neighbours
S criteria
Suitable
neighbours
R criteria
Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts cell)
Best ranked cell
Rn = Qmeas,n - Qoffsets,n
for candidate neighbouring cells for cell
reselection

Mobility Management
Cell Reselection: R-Criterion
Rs = Qmeas,s + Qhysts (for the serving Rn > Rs =>cell reselection
cell)
Qmeas,n
Rn
RSRP (dBM)
Qmeas,s
Qhysts
Rs
Qoffsets,n
Treselection
the time interval value Treselection,
whose value ranges between 0 and
31 seconds

Mobility Management
If a neighboring cell was ranked with the highest value R, will the UE start the cell re-selection?
If it is a GSM or TDD cell, then indeed the UE performs the cell re-selection
process to this cell.
If it is an FDD cell, it depends on the used quality measure.
There are two options: CPICH RSCP or CPICH Ec/No.
The UE learns from the system information, which quality measure to use.
If the quality measure CPICH RSCP is used, the UE perform the cell re-selection.
If the quality measure Ec/No is used, the UE has to make a second ranking based on the
same measurement quantity.
The UE performs cell re-selection to the FDD cell, which was ranked best in the second
ranking process.
Is the cell re-selection initiated immediately after the UE ranks a neighbouring cell to be the
best?
If so, we could face a ping-pong effect a UE often performing cell reselection
between two neighbouring cells.
To avoid this, the operator uses the time interval value Treselection, whose value
ranges between 0 and 31 seconds.
Only when a cell was ranked Treselection seconds better then the serving cell, a
cell reselection to this cell takes place.
In addition to this, a UE must camp at least 1 second on a serving cell, before the
next cell re-selection may take place.
How often are the cell re-selection criteria evaluated?

This is done at least once every DRX cycle for cells, for which new measurement
results are available.

Mobility Management
3.1.10 Measurement Rules
Measurement Rules
Measurement rules
Which frequencies/ RATs to measure:
high priority
high priority + intra-frequency
In RRC_IDLE, cell re-selection between frequencies is based on

absolute priorities, where each frequency has an associated priority. Cell-
specific default values of the priorities are provided via system information.
E-UTRAN may assign UE-specific values upon connection release.
In case equal priorities are assigned to multiple cells, the cells are ranked
based on radio link quality.

Mobility Management
3.2 Handover RRC Connected
3.2.1 Handover RRC Connected
Handover RRC Connected

In RRC_CONNECTED, the E-UTRAN decides to which cell a UE should hand
over in order to maintain the radio link.
In LTE the UE always connects to a single cell only in other words, the
switching of a UEs connection from a source cell to a target cell is a hard
handover.

Mobility Management
3.2.2 Measurement Report Triggering
Measurement Report Triggering

For LTE, the following event-triggered reporting
criteria are specified:
Source
eNodeB
Event A1. Serving cell becomes better than
DCCH: RRC absolute threshold.
Measurement Event A2. Serving cell becomes worse than
Control
absolute threshold.
Event A3. Neighbour cell becomes better
DCCH: RRC than an offset relative to the serving cell.
Measurement Event A4. Neighbour cell becomes better
Report
than absolute threshold.
Event A5. Serving cell becomes worse than
one absolute threshold and neighbour cell
becomes better than another absolute
threshold.
Measurement Report Triggering

For inter-RAT mobility, the following event-
triggered reporting criteria are specified:
Source
eNodeB
Event B1. Neighbour cell becomes better
DCCH: RRC than absolute threshold.
Measurement
Control
Event B2. Serving cell becomes worse

DCCH: RRC than one absolute threshold and neighbour
Measurement cell becomes better than another absolute
Report
threshold.

Mobility Management
3.2.3 LTE Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ)
LTE Reference Signal Received Quality

(RSRQ)
The RSRQ is defined as the ratio
N RSRP/(LTE carrier RSSI),

where N is the number of Resource Blocks (RBs) of the LTE carrier RSSI
measurement bandwidth. The measurements in the numerator and
denominator are made over the same set of resource blocks. While RSRP is
an indicator of the wanted signal strength, RSRQ additionally takes the
interference level into account due to the inclusion of RSSI.

Mobility Management
3.2.4 User Plane Switching in Handover
User plane switching in Handover
RLC
RLC RLC
X2
Connection
RLC RLC
RLC

Mobility Management
3.2.5 Handover Timings
Handover timings
1 = UE identifies the target cell
Source cell 1 4
2 = Reporting range fulfilled
3
2
3 = After UE has averaged the
measurement, it sends measurement
report to source eNodeB
target cell
4 = Source eNodeB sends handover

command to the UE
Event A3. Neighbour cell becomes
better than an offset relative to the
serving cell
31

Mobility Management
Hand Over
Source Target
eNodeB eNodeB
DCCH: RRC
Measurement
Control
DCCH: RRC Handover

Measurement Report Decision
X2: Handover
Request
Admission
Control
X2: Handover
HO Command Request Ack
Hand Over
Source Target
eNode eNode
B B
HO
Command
Forward
Packets to
target X2: Handover
Request
Buffer
Packets

Mobility Management
Hand Over - Buffer forwarding
MME SAE
Source Target
eNode eNode
B
HO CommandB
Forward
Packets to
target Buffer
Packets
Switch path
Request
User Plane
UpdateRequest
Switch DL
path
User Plane ACK
Switch path Ack

Mobility Management
Hand Over
Source In LTE, data buffering in the DL occurs at
eNodeB the eNB because the RLC protocol
DCCH: RRC terminates at the eNB.Therefore,
Measurement mechanisms to avoid data loss during inter-
Configuration eNB handovers is all the more necessary
when compared to the UMTS architecture
where data buffering occurs at the
DCCH: RRC centralized Radio Network Controller (RNC)
Measurement and inter-RNC handovers are less frequent.
Report Handover
Decision
X2: Handover
Request
X2: Handover
DCCH: RRC Request Ack
Connection
Reconfiguration
Target
eNodeB
Handover
Connected Mode Mobility User Plane Control
In LTE_ACTIVE, when a UE moves between two TCP/UDP
IP NAS
LTE cells PDCP RRC
RLC RLC
DATA
MAC MAC
PHY PHY
Serving Gateway
MME GTP -U
NAS Control
GTP -C GTP -C S1AP

NAS
SCTP RRC
UDP UDP UDP
IP RLC
L2 MAC
IP (Ethernet)
IP IP PHY
L2 L2 L2
Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet
L1-SDH L1-SDH
NAS L1-SDH
S1AP
SCTP
IP DIRECTION
L2 S1-
(Ethernet)
Cont
rol
MME

Mobility Management
3.2.6 LTE functional Nodes - eNodeB
LTE Functional Nodes-eNodeB
2G network operators need to define the

neighbour lists
Also 3G network operators need to define the
neighbour lists but it is possible for UE to
detect the new cells outside neighbour list
which makes neighbour list creation simpler.

Mobility Management
3.2.7 Automatic Neighbour Relations
AUTOMATIC NEIGHBOUR RELATIONS
The UE can detect the intra frequency

neighbours WITHOUT neighour lists LTE_Conected
The measurement report contains information about the

PCI and the corresponding RSRP of the candidate cell
UE MEASUREMENT RORT
WITH PCI
Seving eNodeB
The mobiles continuously measure the RSRP from the serving cell and candidate cells (cells in
the vicinity of the mobile that might be considered as handover candidates). A measurement
report is typically triggered when the RSRP from a candidate cell is within a threshold D dB
from the serving cell RSRP.
The measurement report contains information about the PCI and the corresponding RSRP of
the candidate cell. The serving cell may order the mobile to read the GID (transmitted on the
broadcast channel from each cell) of a cell with a certain PCI and report that back to the
serving cell.
This could be done for example if the PCI is associated with a cell with handover failures in the
past or if a central node such as the OSS has requested it. In any case, the GID of a
neighbouring cell can be obtained with help from a mobile station upon request from the
serving cell. In case the serving cell decides to set up a relation to the neighbouring cell it
contacts the central configuration server in the network and obtains the IP address.

Mobility Management
THERE IS NO X2 CONNECTION
LTE_Connected state
Therefore the serving eNodeB
requests the UE to decode the
Global Cell ID from broadcast
channel
The PCI cannot uniquely ID cell there could be thousands of cells
Seving eNodeB
UE MEASUREMENT RORT
WITH PCI
Request for Global cell ID
Is the PCI of the candidate cell already known in the serving cell (i.e. is the neighbour
relation already established)?
Yes: Initiate handover decision procedure.
No: Consider the candidate cell as a NCR list candidate.

Order the UE to report GID. Obtain connectivity information for the candidate cell and signal
to the candidate cell, directly or through the core network, about a mutual addition to the
NCR lists of the two cells.

Mobility Management
LTE_Connected
The globally unique cell identifier (GID) in LTE consists of state
two parts:
PLMN Identity: The identity of the Public Land Mobile
Network. Note that a cell may have multiple PLMN
identities.
CIPL: Unique Cell Identity for a cell within a PLMN
Seving eNodeB
UE MEASUREMENT RORT
WITH PCI
Request for Global cell ID UE to decode the Global Cell ID

from broadcast channel
UE reports Global Cell ID

Mobility Management
whenever a new cell is introduced into the
system it contacts a Operation Support
Systems (OSS) in the network. The
configuration server provides the new cell with
the GID identity and an IP address OR/AND
VLAN ID
GID
NEW CELL
ADDED IP address
VLAN
Operation Support
Systems (OSS)
OSS may initiate a network wide re-planning of PCIs

when a conflict is detected.
neighbor cell
relation (NCR) neighbor cell
10,6 relation (NCR)
6,5,10
PCI= Serving
5 Cell Operation Support
PCI=10 Systems (OSS)
PCI=
6
neighbor cell neighbor cell
PCI=10
relation (NCR) relation (NCR)
5,10 6,5

Mobility Management
The serving cell may order the mobile to read the GID
This could be done for example:
if the PCI is associated with a cell with handover failures in the past
or
if a central node such as the OSS has requested it.
Or
PCI conflicts
This method makes use PCI=

of mobile measurements to update the 6
neighbour cell relation lists in the cells neighbor cell
and to detect local cell identity relation (NCR)
conflicts, report the conflicts to the 5,10
Operation Support Systems (OSS

Mobility Management
Example
When a measurement report is received from a mobile it is
handled according to the following scheme:
Is the PCI of the candidate cell already known in the

serving cell (i.e. is the neighbour relation already established)?
Yes: Initiate handover decision procedure.
Neighbour Cell Relation (NCR)

PCI VLAN ID IP address
50 20 10.1.1.1
UE MEASUREMENT RORT
WITH PCI
PCI=50
PCI=40
Example
Is the PCI of the candidate cell already known in the
serving cell (i.e. is the neighbour relation already established)?
No: Consider the candidate cell as a NCR list candidate.
Order the UE to report GID. Obtain connectivity information for the
candidate cell and signal to the candidate cell, directly or through the
core network, about a mutual addition to the NCR lists of the two cells.
neighbor cell relation (NCR)

neighbor cell relation (NCR) 40
UE MEASUREMENT RORT
WITH PCI
PCI=50
candidate
Request for Global cell ID
PCI=40

Mobility Management
3.3 Questions
Questions
Define the following:
E-UTRA RSSI
Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP),

Mobility Management
Questions
What is a PCI and how many are there?

Mobility Management
Questions
What is meant by Self Organizing Network (SON) solutions.
When installing a new cell, the principle is that the cell could select the PCI
randomly and once the first measurement report has been obtained from any
UE, it learns the PCIs that are in use near by.
Once the X2 connections provide information about the PCI values used in
nearby cells, the cell can confirm whether the selected PCI needs to be
adjusted or not. Alternatively, the PCI could be obtained directly from O&M,
thus avoiding initial conflicts for PCIs between nearby cells.
Questions
What is the difference between PCI and global cell ID

Mobility Management
Questions
The total number of handovers are likely to be higher in LTE than in

UMTS..Why?

Mobility Management

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Training Guide

LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET

1 LTE Network Architecture 9

P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET Page 5

2 LTE Air-Interface 113

Page 6 T035 UMTS Parameters and Signalling

3 Mobility Management 211

P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET Page 7

1.1.1 Where are we?

Where are we?

7 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET Page 9

Page 10 P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET

3G Max 2 Mb/s Typical 3G

Edge -About 48 kb/s per timeslot EDGE-48kb/s

GPRS-21.4 Kb/s per Timeslot GPRS-21kb/s

GSM HSCSD HSCSD-Uses multiple GSM channel coding

P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET Page 11

Page 12 P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET

Node B RNC SGSN

Control User Control User Control User Control User

AAL5 AAL2 AAL5 AAL2 AAL5 AAL2 AAL5 AAL5

Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer Physical Layer

9 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

Rel 99-CELL- DCH

10 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET Page 13

Field Results from LTE trial User Plane

Max RTT Min RTT Av RTT PING Success

Page 14 P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET

Average throughput depends on:

12 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET Page 15

LTE capabilities include:

Page 16 P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET

LTE Network Architecture PCRF

LTE-UE S1-U S5/S8 Sgi

P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET Page 17

MME: Mobility Management Entity

MME Policy & Charging

LTE-Uu Serving PDN

15 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

LTE Network Architecture

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

New PS core network

16 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

Page 18 P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET

17 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET Page 19

18 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

Page 20 P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET

Using IP networking as the foundation for service delivery provides maximum

One of the benefits

P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET Page 21

20 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

The term internetworking is used to describe a number of discrete physical networks

Page 22 P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET

1.2.1 The TCP/IP Layers

The TCP/IP Layers

OSI 7 layer model DoD 4 layer model TCP/IP

22 Copyright 2010 AIRCOM International

P028 - LTE Planning and Dimensioning using ASSET Page 23

Transport Layer Protocols