EXAMEN FINAL

1 Reading "The Science of Twins"

Twins, especially identical twins, have always fascinated scientists. Identical twins develop
from one egg, have identical DNA, and are usually very similar in appearance and
behavior. There have been many studies of identical twins raised in the same family.

There have also been a number of studies of identical twins separated at birth and raised in
separate families. These studies have provided interesting information about the impact of
nature (genetics) and nurture (the environment) on the development of the individual.
However, some of the studies have been controversial.

Take the case of Elyse Schein and Paula Bernstein. Elyse and Paula were identical twins
separated at birth. Both girls knew that their parents had adopted them as infants, but
neither girl knew about her twin. When Elyse grew up, she longed to meet her biological
mother, so she contacted the agency that had arranged the adoption. She had been doing
research on her birth mother when she made a surprising discovery. She had an identical
twin. Even more surprising, she learned that she had been part of a secret scientific study.
At the time of the adoption, the agency had allowed different families to adopt each twin.
The agency had told the families that their child was part of a scientific study.

However, it had never told the families the goal of the study: for scientists to investigate
nature versus nurture. When Elyse and Paula finally met as adults, they were amazed. They
had many similarities. They looked almost identical. They had both studied film. They both
loved to write. Together, the twins discovered that the researchers had stopped the study
before the end because the public strongly disapproved of this type of research.

ESPAOL

1 Lectura "La ciencia de los gemelos"

Los gemelos, especialmente los gemelos idnticos, siempre han fascinado a los cientficos. Los gemelos
idnticos se desarrollan a partir de un vulo, tienen ADN idntico y generalmente son muy similares en
apariencia y comportamiento. Ha habido muchos estudios de gemelos idnticos criados en la misma familia.

Tambin ha habido una serie de estudios de gemelos idnticos separados al nacer y criados en familias
separadas. Estos estudios han proporcionado informacin interesante sobre el impacto de la naturaleza
(gentica) y la crianza (el medio ambiente) en el desarrollo del individuo. Sin embargo, algunos de los
estudios han sido controvertidos.

Tomemos el caso de Elyse Schein y Paula Bernstein. Elyse y Paula eran gemelas idnticas separadas al nacer.
Ambas chicas saban que sus padres las haban adoptado cuando eran bebs, pero ninguna de las dos saba
sobre su gemela. Cuando Elyse creci, anhelaba conocer a su madre biolgica, por lo que contact a la
agencia que haba organizado la adopcin. Ella haba estado investigando sobre su madre biolgica cuando
hizo un descubrimiento sorprendente. Ella tena un gemelo idntico. An ms sorprendente, ella supo que
haba sido parte de un estudio cientfico secreto. En el momento de la adopcin, la agencia haba permitido
que diferentes familias adoptaran a cada gemelo. La agencia les haba dicho a las familias que su hijo era
parte de un estudio cientfico.
Sin embargo, nunca les haba dicho a las familias el objetivo del estudio: que los cientficos investiguen la
naturaleza versus la crianza. Cuando Elyse y Paula finalmente se conocieron como adultos, se sorprendieron.
Ellos tenan muchas similitudes. Se vean casi idnticos. Ambos haban estudiado cine. A ambos les
encantaba escribir. Juntos, los gemelos descubrieron que los investigadores haban detenido el estudio antes
del final porque el pblico desaprobaba este tipo de investigacin.

2 Reading "Janice and Kurt are planning their upcoming vacation"

For each of the past eight years, Janice and Kurt have spent their vacation time at home,
either working in the garden or fixing up the house. This year, however, they are planning
to spend their July vacation somewhere else. Theyve checked the Internet for weather
information about areas of the country they might like to visit. They are really eager to
travel somewhere soon. In fact, if they had free time right now, they would take their
vacation immediately, but they cant leave right now. They still have a couple of months to
explore their options.

So far, they have learned the following information. If they want to spend their time near
the water, they will have a hard time choosing among dozens of outstanding beach resorts.
For example, if they go to the beach in Atlantic City, New Jersey, the air temperature will
be in the mid-70s in July, and the water temperature will be in the low 70s. Thats very
appealing to them. On the other hand, if they chose to visit Miami Beach in July, both the
air and the water temperatures would be considerably warmer, around 85 degrees. That
sounds wonderful to them, too. Janice and Kurt also like to go camping, so vacationing in
the mountains is another option. They could choose to visit the Rocky Mountains in
Colorado if they wanted cooler weather. In July, the temperature in the mountains can
range from a high of 80 degrees to a low of 40 degrees. If they go to the Rockies, they will
certainly have to plan for this type of weather variation.

It is without a doubt a tough decision that Janice and Kurt are facing. They wish they were
able to go to all of the places they have researched. If they had more money and more time,
they would be able to do exactly that. In fact, they would have gone to both the beach and
the mountains this year if they hadnt recently spent so much of their savings on a new big-
screen TV. They wish they had realized this earlier

2 Lectura "Janice y Kurt estn planeando sus prximas vacaciones"

Para cada uno de los ltimos ocho aos, Janice y Kurt han pasado sus vacaciones en casa, ya sea trabajando
en el jardn o reparando la casa. Este ao, sin embargo, planean pasar sus vacaciones de julio en otro lugar.
Han consultado en Internet para obtener informacin meteorolgica sobre las zonas del pas que les gustara
visitar. Estn realmente ansiosos de viajar a algn lugar pronto. De hecho, si tuvieran tiempo libre en este
momento, tomaran sus vacaciones de inmediato, pero no pueden irse ahora mismo. Todava tienen un par de
meses para explorar sus opciones.

Hasta ahora, han aprendido la siguiente informacin. Si quieren pasar el tiempo cerca del agua, les ser difcil
elegir entre decenas de espectaculares balnearios. Por ejemplo, si van a la playa en Atlantic City, Nueva
Jersey, la temperatura del aire ser de mediados de los 70 en julio, y la temperatura del agua estar en los 70
grados. Eso es muy atractivo para ellos. Por otro lado, si optaron por visitar Miami Beach en julio, tanto la
temperatura del aire como la del agua seran considerablemente ms clidas, alrededor de 85 grados. Eso les
parece maravilloso tambin. A Janice y Kurt tambin les gusta ir de campamento, por lo que vacacionar en las
montaas es otra opcin. Podran elegir visitar las Montaas Rocosas en Colorado si queran un clima ms
fresco. En julio, la temperatura en las montaas puede variar desde un mximo de 80 grados a un bajo de 40
grados. Si van a las Montaas Rocosas, seguramente tendrn que planear para este tipo de variacin climtica.

Es sin duda una decisin difcil que Janice y Kurt estn enfrentando. Desearan poder ir a todos los lugares
que han investigado. Si tuvieran ms dinero y ms tiempo, podran hacer exactamente eso. De hecho, este ao
habran ido tanto a la playa como a las montaas si no hubieran gastado recientemente tanto de sus ahorros en
una nueva televisin de pantalla grande. Ojal se hubieran dado cuenta de esto antes

}}3 Reading "The way we were"

Molly Hornby was a young girl in the 1960s. Read what she says about it.

I was a young girl in the 1960s. My friends and I used to do a lot of things which shocked
our parents. We used to do things our mothers never did. We cut our hair, we wore short
skirts, we smoked, and went dancing. We danced to the music of Elvis Presley and the
Beatles. We also got the chance to see the Beatles live at a concert once. It was amazing.
My father went fishing once a week. He always wished that I would accompany him, but
fishing was not my cup of tea. Instead my friends and I went for picnics in the surrounding
area quite often. My boyfriend had a car, a 1960 Ford Falcon, so he always picked us up
and we often drove to Brighton. We went to the pictures twice a week and I loved to watch
films with Marlon Brando and Elizabeth Taylor, especially the Reflections in a Golden
Eye starring both of them. I still love to watch this film. Its my favorite. I can remember it
all so clearly.

3 Lectura "La forma en que estbamos" Molly Hornby era una chica joven en la dcada de
1960. Lee lo que ella dice al respecto. "Yo era una nia en la dcada de 1960. Mis amigos
y yo solamos hacer muchas cosas que sorprendieron a nuestros padres. Solamos hacer
cosas que nuestras madres nunca hacan. Nos cortamos el pelo, usamos faldas cortas,
fumamos y bailamos. Bailamos con la msica de Elvis Presley y los Beatles. Tambin
tuvimos la oportunidad de ver a los Beatles en vivo en un concierto una vez. Fue increble.
Mi padre fue a pescar una vez a la semana. Siempre dese que yo lo acompaara, pero
la pesca no era mi taza de t. En cambio, mis amigos y yo fuimos a hacer picnics en los
alrededores con bastante frecuencia. Mi novio tena un auto, un Ford Falcon de 1960, por
lo que siempre nos recogi y con frecuencia fuimos a Brighton. Fuimos a las fotos dos
veces por semana y me encantaba ver pelculas con Marlon Brando y Elizabeth Taylor,
especialmente las 'Reflejos en un Ojo de Oro' protagonizadas por ambos. Todava me
encanta ver esta pelcula. Es mi favorito. Puedo recordarlo todo tan claramente ".

4 Reading "Mobile phones"

By Craig Duncan
When Scotsman Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone in 1876, it was a revolution
in communication. For the first time, people could talk to each other over great distances
almost as clearly as if they were in the same room. Nowadays, however, we increasingly
use Bells invention for emails, faxes and the internet rather than talking. Over the last two
decades a new means of spoken communication has emerged: the mobile phone.

The modern mobile phone is a more complex version of the two-way radio. Traditional
two-way radio was a very limited means of communication. As soon as the users moved
out of range of each others broadcast area, the signal was lost. In the 1940s, researchers
began experimenting with the idea of using a number of radio posts located around the
countryside to pick up signals from two-way radios.

The first real mobile telephone call was made in 1973 by Dr Martin Cooper, the scientist
who invented the modern mobile handset. As soon as his invention was complete, he tested
it by calling a rival scientist to announce his success. Within a decade, mobile phones
became available to the public. Around this time many of us swore that we would never,
ever own a mobile phone.

Mobile phones are now a vital part of daily life for an enormous amount of people. From
schoolchildren to pensioners, every section of society has found that its easier to stay in
touch when youve got a mobile. Over the last few years mobiles have become more and
more advanced, with built-in cameras, global positioning devices and internet access.

Alexander Graham Bell would be amazed if he could see how far the science of telephony
has progressed in less than 150 years. If he were around today, he might say: Thats gr8!
But Im v busy rite now. Will call U 2nite.

4 Lectura de "telfonos mviles" Por Craig Duncan Cuando el escocs Alexander Graham
Bell invent el telfono en 1876, fue una revolucin en la comunicacin. Por primera vez,
las personas podan hablar entre s a grandes distancias casi tan claramente como si
estuvieran en la misma habitacin. Hoy en da, sin embargo, cada vez ms usamos el
invento de Bell para correos electrnicos, faxes e Internet en lugar de hablar. En las
ltimas dos dcadas, ha surgido un nuevo medio de comunicacin hablada: el telfono
mvil. El telfono mvil moderno es una versin ms compleja de la radio bidireccional. La
radio bidireccional tradicional era un medio de comunicacin muy limitado. Tan pronto
como los usuarios se movieron fuera del alcance del rea de transmisin del otro, la seal
se perdi. En la dcada de 1940, los investigadores comenzaron a experimentar con la
idea de utilizar una serie de puestos de radio ubicados en el campo para recoger seales
de radios de dos vas. La primera llamada de telfono mvil real fue hecha en 1973 por el
Dr. Martin Cooper, el cientfico que invent el telfono mvil moderno. Tan pronto como se
complet su invencin, la prob llamando a un cientfico rival para anunciar su xito. En
una dcada, los telfonos mviles se volvieron disponibles para el pblico. Alrededor de
este tiempo, muchos de nosotros juramos que nunca, nunca tendramos un telfono
mvil. Los telfonos mviles son ahora una parte vital de la vida cotidiana de una enorme
cantidad de personas. Desde nios en edad escolar hasta jubilados, cada sector de la
sociedad ha descubierto que es ms fcil mantenerse en contacto cuando tienes un
telfono mvil. En los ltimos aos, los mviles se han vuelto cada vez ms avanzados,
con cmaras incorporadas, dispositivos de posicionamiento global y acceso a Internet.
Alexander Graham Bell se sorprendera si pudiera ver hasta dnde ha progresado la
ciencia de la telefona en menos de 150 aos. Si l estuviera aqu hoy, podra decir: "Eso
es gr8! Pero estoy muy ocupado rito ahora. Llamar a U 2nite "

5 Reading "What is ecotourism?"

By Linda Baxter

There are lots of names for these new forms of tourism: responsible tourism, alternative
tourism, sustainable tourism, and more. Everyone has a different definition but most people
agree that ecotourism must:

1. conserve the wildlife and culture of the area

2. benefit the local people and involve the local community
3. be sustainable, that is make a profit without destroying natural resources

So for example, in a true ecotourism project, a nature reserve allows a small number of
tourists to visit its rare animals and uses the money that is generated to continue with
important conservation work. The local people have jobs in the nature reserve as guides and
wardens, but also have a voice in how the project develops. Tourists stay in local houses
with local people, not in specially built hotels. So they experience the local culture and do
not take precious energy and water away from the local population. They travel on foot, by
boat, bicycle or elephant so that there is no pollution. And they have a special experience
that they will remember all of their lives.
This type of tourism can only involve small numbers of people so it can be expensive. But
you can apply the principles of ecotourism wherever you go for your holiday. Just
remember these basic rules:

Be prepared. Learn about the place that you're going to visit. Learn a little of the native
language, at least basics like 'Please', 'Thank you', and 'Good Morning'.
Have respect for local culture. Wear clothes that will not offend people. Always ask
permission before you take a photograph. Remember that you are a visitor.
Don't waste resources. If the area doesn't have much water, don't take two showers every
day.
Don't buy souvenirs made from endangered animals or plants.
Walk or use other non-polluting forms of transport whenever you can.
Be flexible and keep a sense of humour when things go wrong.
5 Lectura "Qu es el ecoturismo?"

Por Linda Baxter

 Hay muchos nombres para estas nuevas formas de turismo: turismo responsable, turismo alternativo,
turismo sostenible, y ms. Todos tienen una definicin diferente, pero la mayora de la gente est de
acuerdo en que el ecoturismo debe:

conservar la vida silvestre y la cultura de la zona
beneficiar a la poblacin local e involucrar a la comunidad local
ser sostenible, es obtener ganancias sin destruir los recursos naturales

Entonces, por ejemplo, en un verdadero proyecto de ecoturismo, una reserva natural permite que un
pequeo nmero de turistas visite sus animales raros y utiliza el dinero que se genera para continuar
con importantes trabajos de conservacin. Los habitantes locales tienen trabajos en la reserva natural
como guas y guardianes, pero tambin tienen voz en cmo se desarrolla el proyecto. Los turistas
permanecen en casas locales con la gente local, no en hoteles especialmente construidos. Entonces
ellos experimentan la cultura local y no le quitan la energa y el agua preciosas a la poblacin local.
Viajan a pie, en bote, bicicleta o elefante para que no haya contaminacin. Y tienen una experiencia
especial que recordarn toda su vida.
Este tipo de turismo solo puede involucrar a un pequeo nmero de personas, por lo que puede ser
costoso. Pero puede aplicar los principios del ecoturismo donde sea que vaya para sus vacaciones.
Solo recuerda estas reglas bsicas:

Estar preparado. Aprenda sobre el lugar que va a visitar. Aprende un poco del idioma nativo, al
menos conceptos bsicos como 'Por favor', 'Gracias' y 'Buenos das'.
Tener respeto por la cultura local. Use ropa que no ofenda a las personas. Siempre pida permiso
antes de tomar una fotografa. Recuerde que usted es un visitante.
No desperdicies recursos. Si el rea no tiene mucha agua, no tome dos duchas todos los das.
No compre souvenirs hechos de animales o plantas en peligro de extincin.
Camine o use otros medios de transporte no contaminantes siempre que pueda.
Sea flexible y mantenga el sentido del humor cuando las cosas van mal.

6 Reading "Albert Einstein"

Albert Einstein was a German-born physicist, although most people probably know him as
the most intelligent person who ever lived. His name has become part of many languages
when we want to say someone is a genius, as in the phrase, Shes a real Einstein. He must
have been pretty brainy to discover the Theory of Relativity and the equation E=mc2.

In 1999, Time magazine named Einstein as the Person of the Century. No one could have
guessed this would happen when he was at school. He was extremely interested in science
but hated the system of learning by heart. He said it destroyed learning and creativity. He
had already done many experiments, but failed the entrance exams to a technical college.

He didnt let this setback stop him. When he was 16, he performed his famous experiment
of imagining traveling alongside a beam of light. He eventually graduated from university,
in 1900, with a degree in physics. Twelve years later he was a university professor and in
1921, he won the Nobel Prize for Physics. He went on to publish over 300 scientific papers.

Einstein is the only scientist to become a cult figure, a household name, and part of
everyday culture. He once joked that when people stopped him in the street, he always
replied: "Pardon me, sorry! Always I am mistaken for Professor Einstein. Today, he is
seen as the typical mad, absent-minded professor, who just happened to change our world.
6 Lectura de "Albert Einstein"

Albert Einstein era un fsico nacido en Alemania, aunque la mayora de las personas probablemente lo
conocen como la persona ms inteligente que jams haya existido. Su nombre se ha convertido en parte de
muchos idiomas cuando queremos decir que alguien es un genio, como en la frase, "Ella es una verdadera
Einstein". Debe haber sido bastante inteligente para descubrir la teora de la relatividad y la ecuacin E =
mc2.

En 1999, la revista 'Time' nombr a Einstein como la Persona del Siglo. Nadie podra haber adivinado que
esto sucedera cuando estaba en la escuela. Estaba extremadamente interesado en la ciencia pero odiaba el
sistema de aprendizaje de memoria. Dijo que destruy el aprendizaje y la creatividad. Ya haba hecho muchos
experimentos, pero no pas los exmenes de ingreso a una escuela tcnica.

l no permiti que este revs lo detuviera. Cuando tena 16 aos, realiz su famoso experimento de imaginar
viajar junto a un rayo de luz. Finalmente se gradu de la universidad, en 1900, con una licenciatura en fsica.
Doce aos ms tarde fue profesor universitario y en 1921 gan el Premio Nobel de Fsica. Luego pas a
publicar ms de 300 artculos cientficos.

Einstein es el nico cientfico que se convirti en una figura de culto, un nombre familiar y parte de la cultura
cotidiana. Brome una vez que cuando la gente lo detena en la calle, siempre responda: "Disculpe, lo siento.
Siempre me confunden con el profesor Einstein". Hoy en da, es visto como el tpico profesor loco, distrado,
que acaba de pasar por alto. cambia nuestro mundo

7 Reading "Famous Scientists"

Pythagoras

Pythagoras is someone most people have heard of, but he is an enigma. The trouble is trust.
Can we trust what we read about him? Sadly, the answer is no. We cant trust a lot of it,
because if we did, we would have to believe he had god-like powers.

The Pythagoreans were a secretive bunch. Everything we know about Pythagoras was
written many years after he lived. If we are to believe what is written, Pythagoras was like
Dr. Doolittle and could talk to the animals. He once talked to an ox and persuaded it never
to eat beans again! We do not know what Pythagoras really looked like.

Pythagoras was born in about 570 BC on the Greek island of Samos. His father was a
merchant.

Pythagoras was taught mathematics by Thales, who brought mathematics to the Greeks
from Ancient Egypt, and by Anaximander, who was an earlier student of Thales.

Aristotle

When we talk about Philosophy, the first name that comes into our mind is that of Aristotle
(384 BC- 322 BC) who followed a comprehensive system of ideas about human nature and
the nature of the reality we live in.
Aristotle is one of the most important founding figures in his time as his writings constitute
a first at creating a broad system of Western philosophy, encompassing morality and
aesthetics, logic and science, politics and metaphysics. Besides this his piece of work also
includes other subjects, including physics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, government and
ethics.

Though a bright pupil, Aristotle opposed some of Platos teachings, and when Plato died,
Aristotle was not appointed head of the Academy. After leaving Athens, Aristotle spent
some time traveling, and possibly studying biology, in Asia Minor and its islands. He
returned to Macedonia in 338 to tutor Alexander the Great, after Alexander conquered
Athens, Aristotle had returned to Athens and had set up a school of his own, known as the
Lyceum. After Alexanders death, Athens revolted against Macedonian rule, and Aristotles
political situation became unstable. Therefore to keep away from being put to death, he fled
to the island of Euboea, where he died soon after.

Thales

Thales looked for patterns in nature to explain the way the world worked rather than
believing that everything happened only because one of the Greek gods had commanded it.
He replaced superstitions with science.

He was the first person to use deductive logic to find new results in geometry and, through
requiring proof of theorems, took mathematics to a new, higher level.

Thales was born into a privileged family in the ancient Greek city of Miletus in about the
year 624 BC. His fathers name was Examyes and his mothers name was Cleobuline. He
was born in the same era as Aesop, famous for his fables.

Pitgoras
Pitgoras es alguien de quien la mayora de la gente ha odo hablar, pero l es un enigma. El problema es la
confianza. Podemos confiar en lo que leemos sobre l? Lamentablemente, la respuesta es no. No podemos
confiar mucho en eso, porque si lo hiciramos, tendramos que creer que tena poderes divinos.
Los pitagricos eran un grupo reservado. Todo lo que sabemos sobre Pitgoras fue escrito muchos aos
despus de que l vivi. Si vamos a creer lo que est escrito, Pitgoras era como el Dr. Doolittle y poda
hablar con los animales. Una vez habl con un buey y lo persuadi de que nunca volviera a comer frijoles!
No sabemos cmo era realmente Pitgoras.

Pitgoras naci alrededor del 570 aC en la isla griega de Samos. Su padre era comerciante.
A Pitgoras le ensearon matemticas por Thales, quien trajo las matemticas a los griegos del antiguo
Egipto, y por Anaximandro, que fue un estudiante anterior de Thales.
Aristteles
Cuando hablamos de Filosofa, el primer nombre que nos viene a la mente es el de Aristteles (384 aC - 322
aC) que sigui un sistema integral de ideas sobre la naturaleza humana y la naturaleza de la realidad en la que
vivimos.

Aristteles es una de las figuras fundadoras ms importantes de su poca, ya que

sus escritos constituyen la primera creacin de un amplio sistema de filosofa
occidental, que abarca la moral y la esttica, la lgica y la ciencia, la poltica y la
metafsica. Adems de esto, su trabajo tambin incluye otras materias, como la
fsica, la poesa, el teatro, la msica, la retrica, el gobierno y la tica. Aunque un
alumno brillante, Aristteles se opuso a algunas de las enseanzas de Platn, y
cuando Platn muri, Aristteles no fue nombrado jefe de la Academia. Despus
de dejar Atenas, Aristteles pas algn tiempo viajando, y posiblemente
estudiando biologa, en Asia Menor y sus islas. Regres a Macedonia en 338 para
ser tutor de Alejandro Magno, despus de que Alejandro conquist Atenas,
Aristteles haba regresado a Atenas y haba establecido una escuela propia,
conocida como el Liceo. Despus de la muerte de Alejandro, Atenas se rebel
contra el dominio macedonio, y la situacin poltica de Aristteles se volvi
inestable. Por lo tanto, para evitar morir, huy a la isla de Eubea, donde muri
poco despus. Thales Thales buscaba patrones en la naturaleza para explicar la
forma en que funcionaba el mundo, en lugar de creer que todo suceda solo
porque uno de los dioses griegos se lo haba ordenado. Reemplaz las
supersticiones con la ciencia. Fue la primera persona en usar la lgica deductiva
para encontrar nuevos resultados en geometra y, al requerir la prueba de
teoremas, llev las matemticas a un nuevo nivel superior. Thales naci en una
familia privilegiada en la antigua ciudad griega de Mileto, aproximadamente en el
ao 624 aC El nombre de su padre era Examyes y el nombre de su madre era
Cleobuline. Naci en la misma poca que Aesop, famoso por sus fbulas.

8 Reading "The Old Colonel"

I think I have had a very interesting life. I'm 73 now and I don't work anymore. I was in the
army for 51 years. I retired when I was 69. I have been to so many countries that I can't
remember all of them. I've been to Australia six or seven times and to South Africa three
times. I have also been once to Russia but I didn't like it at all: much too cold for me!

They say that love is the greatest thing and I agree. I've been married four times but never
for more than five years. I don't think women really understand me!

I've never been on television, but I've been on the radio once. It was a programme about life
in the military about twenty years ago. I met the Prime Minister on the same day. Actually,
I've met a lot of famous people: members of the royal family, famous politicians and also
famous cinema and television personalities. I've never met the American President though
which is a pity.

Because I've travelled a lot, I've seen a lot of wonderful things and have also eaten and
drunk some strange foods and drinks. I ate cat and rat in India and drank something called
Mirto on a little island in Italy many years ago.

8 Lectura "El viejo coronel"

Creo que he tenido una vida muy interesante. Tengo 73 ahora y ya no trabajo. Estuve en el ejrcito durante 51
aos. Me retir cuando tena 69 aos. He estado en tantos pases que no los recuerdo a todos. He estado en
Australia seis o siete veces y en Sudfrica tres veces. Tambin estuve una vez en Rusia pero no me gust para
nada: demasiado fro para m!

Dicen que el amor es lo mejor y estoy de acuerdo. Estuve casado cuatro veces, pero nunca ms de cinco aos.
No creo que las mujeres realmente me entiendan!

Nunca he estado en la televisin, pero una vez estuve en la radio. Fue un programa sobre la vida en el ejrcito
hace unos veinte aos. Conoc al primer ministro el mismo da. De hecho, he conocido a muchas personas
famosas: miembros de la familia real, polticos famosos y personalidades famosas de cine y televisin. Nunca
he conocido al presidente estadounidense, lo que es una pena.

Como he viajado mucho, he visto muchas cosas maravillosas y tambin he comido y bebido algunas comidas
y bebidas extraas. Com gato y rata en la India y beb algo llamado Mirto en una pequea isla en Italia hace
muchos aos

Leyendo "El Titanic" el titnico en una nueva forma y se pens que era
insumergible. Debido a esto, no se le dieron suficientes botes salvavidas para el
pasajero y la tripulacin, el casco fue daado por una colisin con un enorme
iceberg y se hundi muy rpido . Un total de 1,513 personas se ahogaron ese da
debido a este desastre, se imprimieron muchas revistas en varios idiomas, se
aprobaron nuevas leyes internacionales de seguridad y se estableci una patrulla
de hielo en 1985, el naufragio se ubic en el lecho marino y se explor el barco .se
han realizado varias pelculas exitosas sobre el titnico desde entonces, y la ms
reciente fue lanzada en 1997

10 Reading "What is this job like?"

Doctors make people healthier. When people get sick, doctors figure out why they are sick.
People are examined and listened to them. Also, doctors describe peoples health problems,
and do tests to see what is wrong. They give people medicine and other kinds of treatment.
Patients are advised about doing diet, exercise, and sleep.

There are many kinds of doctors. Family and general practitioners are often the first doctors
that people go to when they get sick. These doctors treat common problems. However,
patients are sent to visit other doctors. These are normally called specialists. Specialists are
experts in specific types of health problems.

Long hours are worked by doctors, at all times of day and night. About 3 out of 10
physicians worked more than 60 hours a week in 2008. But doctors who work in small
offices often have more time off.

10 Lectura "Cmo es este trabajo?" Los mdicos hacen que las personas sean
ms saludables. Cuando la gente se enferma, los doctores descubren por qu
estn enfermos. Las personas son examinadas y escuchadas. Adems, los
mdicos describen los problemas de salud de las personas y hacen pruebas para
ver qu est mal. Le dan medicamentos a la gente y otros tipos de tratamiento. A
los pacientes se les aconseja hacer dieta, hacer ejercicio y dormir. Hay muchos
tipos de doctores. Los familiares y mdicos generales a menudo son los primeros
mdicos a los que acude la gente cuando se enferma. Estos doctores tratan
problemas comunes. Sin embargo, los pacientes son enviados a visitar a otros
mdicos. Estos normalmente se llaman especialistas. Los especialistas son
expertos en tipos especficos de problemas de salud. Los mdicos trabajan largas
horas a todas horas del da y de la noche. Aproximadamente 3 de cada 10
mdicos trabajaron ms de 60 horas por semana en 2008. Pero los mdicos que
trabajan en pequeas oficinas a menudo tienen ms tiempo libre. 1997

11 Reading "Who was Basho?"

Few details are known about Basho's early life, but he is thought to have been born in 1644
in the castle town of Ueno, southeast of Kyoto. His father may have earned a living
teaching children to write. Many of Basho's brothers and sisters probably became farmers.
Basho, however, learned about literature from the son of the local lord, whom he went to
work for. He commenced his study of poetry with Kigin, a well-known Kyoto poet, and
early in his life embraced two lasting influences: Chinese poetry and the principles of
Taoism. After his master died, Basho began spending time in Kyoto, practicing a form
called haikai, consisting of linked verses.

In Basho's time, the first verse of a haikai was becoming a new and distinct type of poetry--
-haiku, whose phrases of five, seven, and five syllables are meant to describe the heart of
nature. Basho published his first haiku poems under various names, each having some
personal significance to him. One of them, Tosei, was meant to honor the Chinese poet Li
Po.

In his late 20s Basho moved to Edo (now old Tokyo), a newly-established city that was
going through a great many changes very quickly. It had a fast-growing population and
businesses were growing fast, and, for Basho it provided an ideal opportunity to
concentrate on his passion for poetry. Within a few years he had gathered around himself a
group of students and supporters who formed what came to be known as the Basho School.
In 1680 one of his students built the poet a small house near the River Sumida. Soon after,
another presented him with a basho tree (a species of banana). At that point the poet started
writing under the name that has endured: Basho. Reliable accounts of his life state that
during this period he became obsessed by spiritual doubt and took up the study of Zen
Buddhism. His depression only deepened in 1682, when his house burned to the ground in
a fire that destroyed much of Edo. He wrote:

Tired of cherry,
 Tired of this whole world,

I sit facing muddy sake

And black rice.

In 1684 Basho made a months-long journey westward from Edo, during which time he
wrote his first travel account, Journal of a Weather-Beaten Skeleton. In Basho's day travel
was by foot and the places he found to stay were usually very uncomfortable. But despite
these rigors he set out again in 1687 and a third time in 1688, journeys compiled in two
poetic works, Kashima Journal and Manuscript in a Knapsack. Both were written in a style
that Basho helped create---haibun, a mixture of haiku and prose. This poetry and the
difficult journeys that inspired it helped Basho create even greater poems.

Yet in the autumn of 1688, in his mid-40s, Basho told his friends that he was still not
happy. Exhausted from the demands of students and the difficulties of being so famous, he
said that he "felt the breezes from the afterlife cross his face." He began planning a trip
following a route that would pass through sites important for their literary, religious, or
military history---places he wanted to see before he died. He anticipated leaving that
winter, but his friends, worried that he was not strong enough, begged him to wait until
spring.

Finally, in May 1689, accompanied by his friend Sora and carrying only a backpack,
writing materials, and some clothes, Basho set out. He felt motivated once again to become
a hyohakusha---one who moves without direction. For five months he navigated his way
through the villages and mountains north of Edo and along the shores of the Sea of Japan.
Basho died several years later in 1694. It was during this wonderful last journey before his
death that he produced his most famous work, Narrow Road to a Far Province. "It was as if
the very soul of Japan had itself written it," said the early 20th-century Buddhist poet
Miyazawa Kenji.

(Reading explorer 4. 2013. Cengage learning)

11 Lectura "Quin era Basho?"

Se conocen pocos detalles sobre la vida temprana de Basho, pero se cree que naci en 1644 en el pueblo de
Ueno, al sureste de Kyoto. Su padre puede haberse ganado la vida enseando a los nios a escribir. Muchos
de los hermanos y hermanas de Basho probablemente se convirtieron en agricultores. Sin embargo, Basho
aprendi sobre literatura del hijo del seor local, para quien fue a trabajar. Comenz su estudio de la poesa
con Kigin, un conocido poeta de Kioto, y al comienzo de su vida abraz dos influencias duraderas: la poesa
china y los principios del taosmo. Despus de que su maestro muri, Basho comenz a pasar tiempo en
Kioto, practicando una forma llamada haikai, que consiste en versos vinculados.

En la poca de Basho, el primer verso de un haikai se estaba convirtiendo en un nuevo y distinto tipo de
poesa: el haiku, cuyas frases de cinco, siete y cinco slabas estn destinadas a describir el corazn de la
naturaleza. Basho public sus primeros poemas de haiku bajo varios nombres, cada uno teniendo algn
significado personal para l. Uno de ellos, Tosei, estaba destinado a honrar al poeta chino Li Po.
A finales de sus 20 aos, Basho se mud a Edo (ahora el antiguo Tokio), una ciudad recin establecida que
estaba atravesando una gran cantidad de cambios muy rpidamente. Tena una poblacin en rpido
crecimiento y las empresas crecan rpidamente, y para Basho era una oportunidad ideal para concentrarse en
su pasin por la poesa. En unos pocos aos se haba reunido a su alrededor un grupo de estudiantes y
seguidores que formaron lo que lleg a conocerse como la Escuela Basho. En 1680, uno de sus alumnos
construy una pequea casa cerca del ro Sumida. Poco despus, otro le present un rbol de basho (una
especie de pltano). En ese momento, el poeta comenz a escribir bajo el nombre que ha perdurado: Basho.
Los relatos confiables de su vida afirman que durante este perodo se obsesion con la duda espiritual y se
dedic al estudio del budismo zen. Su depresin solo se profundiz en 1682, cuando su casa se quem en un
incendio que destruy gran parte de Edo. El escribio:

Cansado de cereza, Cansado de todo este mundo, Me siento frente al

fango saciado Y arroz negro. En 1684, Basho realiz un viaje de un mes
hacia el oeste desde Edo, durante el cual escribi su primera cuenta de viajes,
Journal of a Weather-Beaten Skeleton. En los das de Basho, el viaje era a pie y
los lugares que encontraba para quedarse solan ser muy incmodos. Pero a
pesar de estos rigores volvi a partir en 1687 y una tercera vez en 1688, viajes
compilados en dos obras poticas, Kashima Journal y Manuscript in a Knapsack.
Ambos fueron escritos en un estilo que Basho ayud a crear --- haibun, una
mezcla de haiku y prosa. Esta poesa y los difciles viajes que la inspiraron
ayudaron a Basho a crear poemas an mayores. Sin embargo, en el otoo de
1688, a mediados de sus 40 aos, Basho les dijo a sus amigos que an no estaba
feliz. Agotado por las demandas de los estudiantes y por las dificultades de ser tan
famoso, dijo que "sinti que las brisas de la otra vida cruzaban su rostro". l
comenz a planear un viaje siguiendo una ruta que atravesara sitios importantes
para su historia literaria, religiosa o militar, lugares que quera ver antes de morir.
Anticip que se ira ese invierno, pero sus amigos, preocupados porque no era lo
suficientemente fuerte, le suplicaron que esperara hasta la primavera. Finalmente,
en mayo de 1689, acompaado por su amigo Sora y llevando solo una mochila,
materiales de escritura y algo de ropa, Basho parti. Se sinti motivado una vez
ms para convertirse en un hyohakusha, alguien que se mueve sin direccin.
Durante cinco meses naveg por los pueblos y montaas al norte de Edo y por las
costas del Mar de Japn. Basho muri varios aos ms tarde en 1694. Fue
durante este maravilloso ltimo viaje antes de su muerte que produjo su obra ms
famosa, Camino estrecho a una provincia lejana. "Era como si el mismo alma de
Japn lo hubiera escrito", dijo el poeta budista de principios del siglo XX Miyazawa
Kenji. (Reading explorer 4. 2013. Cengage learning)

12 Reading "Natural Selection"

From the tiniest insects like fruit flies to the largest animals like elephants, the norm is for
females to pick the male with which they want to mate; it is not a mutual choice. The
males, in turn, compete with each other to get a female's attention, each vying to show her
that he will be the best father for her babies. That is why, evolutionary biologists say, males
usually have a more prominent appearance. It is why the male peacock has such abundant
and colorful tail feathers, why the male guppy, a small tropical fish, is covered with bright
orange and blue spots, and why male frogs call and male birds sing.
"Basically, the male wants access to the female's eggs," explains William Eberhard, an
evolutionary biologist at the University of Costa Rica. "And he'll do whatever it takes to
please her. But it's her game; she sets the rules. And she makes the choice."

Charles Darwin was the first scientist to develop a theory of sexual selection and to
recognize that females frequently select mates. He began to develop the notion while
writing On the Origin of Species, in which he argued that the related theory of natural
selection is the primary force in the evolution of all species.

Natural selection goes far in explaining why one individual animal survives to pass on its
genes to the next generation, while another dies without breeding. It is why female birds are
often drab---to hide from predators while sitting on their eggs---instead of being brightly
colored like their male counterparts. But natural selection does not explain features that
would seem to hinder an animal's survival, such as the male peacock's fancy feathers or the
guppy's bright spots. How did such unlikely inherent traits---ones that seem to disagree
with every Darwinian rule for staying alive---come about? Even Darwin struggled to find a
reason, once writing to a friend, "The sight of a feather in a peacock's tail makes me sick!"

Eventually Darwin found the answer, explaining in his 1871 book, The Descent of Man and
Selection in Relation to Sex, that males' bright colors and elaborate songs are the result of a
process he named sexual selection. According to Darwin, sexual selection shapes species in
two ways---first by giving rise to competition among males for mates, and secondly by
females' inclination to direct their affections toward particular males.

But the part of the theory suggesting that females choose mates immediately triggered
attacks from all sides. Many scientists found the idea absurd. One man who supported the
theory of evolution, Alfred Russel Wallace, particularly hated the notion of sexual selection
and actively spoke out against it. He argued that males were brightly colored and given to
song because they had so much extra energy during the mating season. For Wallace, natural
selection covered everything, including male competition. And he found the idea that
females choose mates because they prefer a particular color ridiculous because it suggested
an ability to notice details that he believed to be beyond most animals. Throughout most of
the 20th century Wallace's opinion was the more popular one, and Darwin's theory of sexual
selection, containing the idea of female choice, was largely ignored.

"Right into the 1970s people were still laughing at the idea of female choice," says Michael
Ryan, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Texas in Austin. "One writer even said
that all you had to do was look at our own species to see that females had no input
whatsoever in mating decisions. Now, of course, we have tons of examples that show that
Darwin was right: It's most often the females that choose."

So then the big question then becomes: What do the females want? Some researchers have
suggested that a male's colorful body parts and the unusual sounds they make carry
information about the quality of its genes, or its health or its parenting abilities. Others have
suggested that there is little information in these things; they exist solely to attract the
female. If she chooses a mate that other females regard as handsome, she'll produce
attractive sons who are more likely themselves to be chosen as mates, and so she has a
better chance of passing on her genes. Meanwhile, the mating dance is often one of the
most colorful shows in natural world.

(Reading explorer 4. 2013.Cengage learning)

Desde los insectos ms pequeos como la mosca de la fruta hasta los animales ms grandes como los
elefantes, la norma es que las hembras elijan al macho con el que quieren aparearse; no es una eleccin
mutua. Los machos, a su vez, compiten entre s para llamar la atencin de las mujeres, cada una compitiendo
para mostrarle que l ser el mejor padre para sus bebs. Es por eso que, dicen los bilogos evolutivos, los
hombres generalmente tienen una apariencia ms prominente. Es por eso que el pavo real macho tiene plumas
de cola tan abundantes y coloridas, por qu el guppy macho, un pequeo pez tropical, est cubierto de
manchas de color naranja brillante y azul, y por qu las ranas macho llaman y cantan los pjaros machos.

"Bsicamente, el macho quiere acceso a los huevos de la hembra", explica William Eberhard, bilogo
evolutivo de la Universidad de Costa Rica. "Y har lo que sea necesario para complacerla. Pero es su juego:
ella establece las reglas. Y ella hace la eleccin".

Charles Darwin fue el primer cientfico en desarrollar una teora de la seleccin sexual y en reconocer que las
mujeres con frecuencia eligen parejas. Comenz a desarrollar la nocin al escribir sobre el origen de las
especies, en el que argument que la teora relacionada de la seleccin natural es la fuerza principal en la
evolucin de todas las especies.

La seleccin natural explica en gran medida por qu un animal individual sobrevive para transmitir sus genes
a la generacin siguiente, mientras que otro muere sin criar. Es por eso que las aves hembra a menudo son
montonas, para esconderse de los depredadores mientras estn sentadas sobre sus huevos, en lugar de tener
colores brillantes como sus contrapartes masculinos. Pero la seleccin natural no explica las caractersticas
que parecen obstaculizar la supervivencia de un animal, como las plumas de fantasa del pavo real macho o
los puntos brillantes del guppy. Cmo ocurrieron esos rasgos inherentes inverosmiles, los que parecen estar
en desacuerdo con cada regla darwiniana para mantenerse vivo? Incluso Darwin luch por encontrar una
razn, una vez que le escribi a un amigo, "ver una pluma en la cola de un pavo real me enferma!"

Finalmente, Darwin encontr la respuesta, explicando en su libro de 1871, El origen del hombre y la seleccin
en relacin con el sexo, que los colores brillantes y las canciones elaboradas de los hombres son el resultado
de un proceso que denomin seleccin sexual. Segn Darwin, la seleccin sexual da forma a las especies de
dos maneras: primero al dar lugar a la competencia entre los machos por las parejas, y en segundo lugar por la
inclinacin de las hembras a dirigir sus afectos hacia los machos en particular.

Pero la parte de la teora que sugiere que las mujeres eligen parejas
inmediatamente provoc ataques desde todos los lados. Muchos cientficos
encontraron la idea absurda. Un hombre que apoy la teora de la evolucin,
Alfred Russel Wallace, odiaba particularmente la nocin de seleccin sexual y
habl activamente en contra de ella. Argument que los machos eran de colores
brillantes y cantaban porque tenan mucha energa extra durante la poca de
apareamiento. Para Wallace, la seleccin natural cubri todo, incluida la
competencia masculina. Y descubri la idea de que las mujeres eligen parejas
porque prefieren un color en particular ridculo porque sugiere la capacidad de
notar detalles que l cree que estn ms all de la mayora de los animales.
Durante la mayor parte del siglo XX, la opinin de Wallace fue la ms popular, y la
teora de la seleccin sexual de Darwin, que contiene la idea de la eleccin
femenina, fue ignorada en gran medida. "Hasta la dcada de 1970, la gente
todava se rea de la idea de la eleccin femenina", dice Michael Ryan, bilogo
evolutivo de la Universidad de Texas en Austin. "Un escritor lleg a decir que todo
lo que tena que hacer era mirar a nuestra propia especie para ver que las mujeres
no tenan entrada alguna en las decisiones de apareamiento Ahora, por supuesto,
tenemos un montn de ejemplos que muestran que Darwin tena razn:. Es ms a
menudo el las mujeres que eligen ". Entonces, la gran pregunta es: qu quieren
las mujeres? Algunos investigadores han sugerido que las partes coloridas del
cuerpo de un hombre y los sonidos inusuales que producen transmiten
informacin sobre la calidad de sus genes, su salud o sus habilidades parentales.
Otros han sugerido que hay poca informacin en estas cosas; existen solo para
atraer a la mujer. Si elige un compaero que otras mujeres consideren guapo, ella
producir hijos atractivos que probablemente sean elegidos como compaeros, y
por lo tanto, tiene ms posibilidades de transmitir sus genes. Mientras tanto, el
baile de apareamiento es a menudo uno de los espectculos ms coloridos en el
mundo natural. (Reading explorer 4. 2013. Aprendizaje de la escuela) Anterior

13 Reading "Short Stories"

Joan of Arc.

Joan of Arc was a woman who inspired the French army to win victories in the 15th
century. Joan was born about 1412 in the village of Domremy. Her parents were fairly well
off peasants and as a girl Joan helped her mother around the house. She would have learned
feminine skills from her. Joan was proud of her skills. 'I fear no woman in Rouen at sewing
and spinning' she once said. Joan also learned her religious faith from her mother. She was
very devout. However Joan never learned to read and write.

Joan claimed that from about the age of 13 she heard 'voices'. We are not sure what caused
to hear 'voices'. Today doctors could probably treat her but in the Middle Ages medicine
was very primitive.

Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei was born on 15 February 1564 in Pisa. (He is one of the few famous people
known by his first name rather than his surname). Galileo was the first of 6 or ,some say, 7
children. His father was a musician and although the family were fairly well off they were
by no means rich.

In 1581 Galileo started studying medicine at Pisa University. However he soon 'fell in love'
with mathematics and he decided to learn to teach mathematics and philosophy. (Much
against his father's wishes!) Galileo left the university in 1585 and began privately teaching
mathematics. He soon gained a reputation as a brilliant mathematician and in 1589 he
became a lecturer in mathematics at Pisa University.

Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin was a writer and diplomat. He was also an inventor. Franklin was born
in Boston, Massachusetts on 17 January 1706. His father Josiah Franklin was a soap maker.
Benjamin went to school for only a very short time. When he was 10 when he started work
in his father's shop. Later Benjamin was apprenticed to his brother James, a printer.
Benjamin soon argued with James and in 1723 he went to Philadelphia where he found a
job in a print shop. In 1724 Franklin then went to London to buy print equipment. He
returned to Philadelphia in 1726 and shortly afterwards he started his own printing
business. Benjamin Franklin prospered and in 1730 he bought a newspaper The
Pennsylvania Gazette. In 1732 he began publishing Poor Richard's Almanac. Meanwhile in
1730 Benjamin married a woman named Deborah Read.

Taken from: http://www.localhistories.org/

13 Lectura de "Historias cortas"

Juana de arco.

Juana de Arco fue una mujer que inspir al ejrcito francs a ganar victorias en el siglo XV. Joan naci
alrededor de 1412 en el pueblo de Domremy. Sus padres eran bastante buenos campesinos y, de nia, Joan
ayud a su madre en la casa. Ella habra aprendido habilidades femeninas de ella. Joan estaba orgullosa de sus
habilidades. "Me temo que ninguna mujer en Run coser y girar", dijo una vez. Joan tambin aprendi su fe
religiosa de su madre. Ella fue muy devota. Sin embargo, Joan nunca aprendi a leer y escribir.

Joan afirm que desde la edad de 13 aos escuch 'voces'. No estamos seguros de qu caus escuchar
"voces". Hoy los mdicos probablemente podran tratarla, pero en la Edad Media la medicina era muy
primitiva.

Galileo Galilei

Galileo Galilei naci el 15 de febrero de 1564 en Pisa. (l es una de las pocas personas famosas conocidas por
su nombre en lugar de su apellido). Galileo fue el primero de 6 o, algunos dicen, 7 nios. Su padre era msico
y aunque la familia era bastante acomodada, de ninguna manera eran ricos.

En 1581 Galileo comenz a estudiar medicina en la Universidad de Pisa. Sin embargo, pronto "se enamor"
de las matemticas y decidi aprender a ensear matemticas y filosofa. (Mucho en contra de los deseos de
su padre!) Galileo dej la universidad en 1585 y comenz a ensear matemticas en privado. Pronto gan una
reputacin como matemtico brillante y en 1589 se convirti en profesor de matemticas en la Universidad de
Pisa.

Benjamin Franklin

Benjamin Franklin fue escritor y diplomtico. l tambin fue un inventor. Franklin naci en Boston,
Massachusetts el 17 de enero de 1706. Su padre Josiah Franklin era un fabricante de jabn. Benjamin fue a la
escuela por muy poco tiempo. Cuando tena 10 aos, comenz a trabajar en la tienda de su padre. Ms tarde,
Benjamin fue aprendiz de su hermano James, una impresora. Benjamin pronto discuti con James y en 1723
se fue a Filadelfia, donde encontr un trabajo en una imprenta. En 1724, Franklin fue a Londres para comprar
equipos de impresin. Regres a Filadelfia en 1726 y poco despus comenz su propio negocio de impresin.
Benjamin Franklin prosper y en 1730 compr un peridico The Pennsylvania Gazette. En 1732 comenz a
publicar Poor Richard's Almanac. Mientras tanto, en 1730, Benjamin se cas con una mujer llamada Deborah
Read.

Tomado de: http://www.localhistories.org/

14 Reading "Families"

The Smith family: The Smith family had never owned a car until they bought their first
automobile in 1906. Before they bought it, they had only used horses and a buggy for
transportation. They had never owned anything so expensive before they bought the car.
The Smith family was very excited about their automobile. The children had never ridden
in an automobile before their parents purchased the car. They had only seen a few
automobiles when they went to town for supplies. But nobody they knew had ever owned
an automobile before that day. They felt very lucky.

Dane and Emily: Last night, Dane and Emily danced in a competition. They danced a
salsa dance. They had practiced for 6 months before they danced in the competition. They
were very good.
Dane and Emily's friends were in the audience. Before that night, they had never seen Dane
and Emily dance. In fact, Dane and Emily had never danced in front of anyone before the
competition.
After everyone had danced, the judges announced the winners. Dane and Emily won! They
were the best dancers in the competition. Emily said she had never practiced so hard
before! She was glad they had practiced a lot.

Mark and Trisha: Last weekend, Mark and Trisha went on a date. Mark took Trisha to the
golf course. Mark loved to golf. He had learned to play golf as a child. He had even played
on a team in high school.
Before that day, Trisha had never played golf. She did not know how to hold the golf club.
She did not know the rules.
Mark taught Trisha how to play. After Trisha had learned the basics, she hit the ball. It was
a good hit! Mark had taught Trisha well.

14 Lectura de "Familias" La familia Smith: La familia Smith nunca haba tenido un

auto hasta que compraron su primer automvil en 1906. Antes de comprarlo, solo
haban usado caballos y un buggy para el transporte. Nunca antes haban
comprado algo tan caro antes de comprar el automvil. La familia Smith estaba
muy entusiasmada con su automvil. Los nios nunca haban montado en un
automvil antes de que sus padres compraran el automvil. Solo haban visto
algunos automviles cuando fueron a la ciudad en busca de suministros. Pero
nadie que ellos supieran haba tenido un automvil antes de ese da. Se sintieron
muy afortunados. Dane y Emily: Anoche, Dane y Emily bailaron en una
competencia. Bailaron un baile de salsa. Haban practicado durante 6 meses antes
de bailar en la competencia. Ellos eran muy buenos. Los amigos de Dane y Emily
estaban en la audiencia. Antes de esa noche, nunca haban visto bailar a Dane y
Emily. De hecho, Dane y Emily nunca haban bailado frente a nadie antes de la
competencia. Despus de que todos hubieron bailado, los jueces anunciaron los
ganadores. Dane y Emily ganaron! Eran los mejores bailarines en la competencia.
Emily dijo que nunca antes haba practicado tanto! Estaba contenta de haber
practicado mucho. Mark y Trisha: el fin de semana pasado, Mark y Trisha tuvieron
una cita. Mark llev a Trisha al campo de golf. A Mark le encantaba el golf. Haba
aprendido a jugar golf cuando era nio. Incluso haba jugado en un equipo en la
escuela secundaria. Antes de ese da, Trisha nunca haba jugado al golf. Ella no
saba cmo sostener el palo de golf. Ella no conoca las reglas. Mark le ense a
Trisha cmo jugar. Despus de que Trisha aprendi lo bsico, golpe la pelota.
Fue un buen golpe! Mark le haba enseado bien a Trisha.

15 Reading "Earth SOS"

Every year, we destroy an area of forest the size of New York State. Trees provide oxygen
and homes to many different species. If we continue cutting down forests, well also lose
plants that we can use to make medicine.

Factories pollute the air with smoke and the sea with chemicals. Acid rain falls from the
skies and see life is under threat. If factories dont stop polluting the environment, fresh air
and clean water will be things of the past.

The average family throws away 2 tons of garbage every year. Thats about the weight of
an elephant! If we dont recycle more, all the landfill sites will be full and well soon have
nowhere to dump all that garbage.

Four babies are born every second. The global population will be 9 billion by 2042. If we
want to feed everyone, well have to produce 70% more food. Unless food production
increases, many more people will go hungry.

We need to act now!

15 Lectura de "Earth SOS" Cada ao, destruimos un rea de bosque del tamao
del estado de Nueva York. Los rboles proporcionan oxgeno y hogar a muchas
especies diferentes. Si seguimos cortando bosques, tambin perderemos plantas
que podamos usar para hacer medicinas. Las fbricas contaminan el aire con
humo y el mar con productos qumicos. La lluvia cida cae desde los cielos y ve
cmo la vida est bajo amenaza. Si las fbricas no dejan de contaminar el medio
ambiente, el aire puro y el agua limpia sern cosas del pasado. La familia
promedio tira 2 toneladas de basura cada ao. Eso es sobre el peso de un
elefante! Si no reciclamos ms, todos los vertederos estarn llenos y pronto no
tendremos dnde tirar toda esa basura. Cuatro bebs nacen cada segundo. La
poblacin mundial ser de 9 mil millones para el ao 2042. Si queremos alimentar
a todos, tendremos que producir un 70% ms de alimentos. A menos que aumente
la produccin de alimentos, muchas ms personas pasarn hambre. Necesitamos
actuar ahora!

16 Reading "Before fame and fortune"

Desperate housewives actress Eva Longoria was not always rich and famous. She was
born in Texas and lived on a small farm. Her family didnt have a lot of money.

Eva used to help out with chores on the farm after school. She also used to go fishing and
hunting with her dad. Evas sisters teased her and told her that she was ugly. Eva admitted
she didnt care much about her looks back then. Still, she was very popular at school.

Eva worked hard to succeed. Today, she is a successful actress and model. She also
volunteers for many charity organizations.

Text taken from: Evans, V., & Dooley, J. (2011). Upload 3 Student book and
workbook. Newbury: Express publishing. p. 12

16 Lectura "Antes de la fama y la fortuna"

La actriz de "Desperate Housewives" Eva Longoria no siempre fue rica y famosa. Ella naci en Texas y viva
en una pequea granja. Su familia no tena mucho dinero.

Eva sola ayudar con las tareas de la granja despus de la escuela. Ella tambin sola ir a pescar y cazar con su
padre. Las hermanas de Eva se burlaban de ella y le decan que era fea. Eva admiti que no le importaba
mucho su aspecto en ese momento. An as, ella era muy popular en la escuela.

Eva trabaj duro para tener xito. Hoy, ella es una actriz y modelo exitosa. Ella tambin es voluntaria para
muchas organizaciones de caridad.

Texto tomado de: Evans, V., y Dooley, J. (2011). Cargue 3 libros y libros de trabajo del alumno. Newbury:
publicacin exprs. pag. 12

17 Reading "When they were children"

Ben Affleck: I was brought up in Berkeley, California with my little brother, Sam. We
used to share a room in a large old house. We would play together all of the time. We
didnt use to quarrel very much as my brother was six years younger than me and I was
more like a father figure to him. He used to do whatever I said! We would spend the
summers fishing together. I would read stories to him at bedtime.
Rupert Grint: Well, as most of you know already, I grew up in Harlow, Essex, England. I
had an older sister and a younger brother. My brother and sister used to squabble and fight
most days. I would always try to stand in between them and keep them apart. I also used to
swim in a team and we would travel about to competitions at the weekends when I was a bit
older. I didnt use to win many of my races but it was always good fun!
Dave Patel: My childhood memories are full of joy and merrymaking. We were just three
children, my brother, my sister and I. My parents loved both of us very much. In my
childhood days, I used to spend most of my time reading different books, listening to music
and watching TV. I had a small world of my own, and I was very happy living in my world,
surrounded with my dear family members.

17 Lectura "Cuando eran nios"

Ben Affleck: "Fui criado en Berkeley, California, con mi hermano pequeo, Sam. Solamos compartir una
habitacin en una gran casa antigua. Jugaremos juntos todo el tiempo. No solamos pelear mucho ya que mi
hermano era seis aos ms joven que yo y yo era ms como una figura paterna para l. Sola hacer lo que yo
deca! Pasaramos los veranos pescando juntos. Le lea cuentos a la hora de dormir ".
Rupert Grint: "Bueno, como la mayora de ustedes ya saben, crec en Harlow, Essex, Inglaterra. Tena una
hermana mayor y un hermano menor. Mi hermano y mi hermana solan pelear y pelear la mayora de los das.
Siempre intentara pararme entre ellos y mantenerlos separados. Tambin sola nadar en un equipo y
viajbamos a competiciones los fines de semana cuando era un poco mayor. No sola ganar muchas de mis
carreras, pero siempre fue muy divertido!
Dave Patel: "Los recuerdos de mi infancia estn llenos de alegra y alegra. ramos solo tres nios, mi
hermano, mi hermana y yo. Mis padres nos amaban a los dos. En mi infancia, sola pasar la mayor parte del
tiempo leyendo diferentes libros, escuchando msica y viendo televisin. Tena un pequeo mundo propio, y
estaba muy feliz viviendo en mi mundo, rodeado de mis queridos familiares ".