DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project entitled DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF WORKING
MODEL OF ABRASIVE JET MACHINE submitted for the AMIE Mechanical Engineering
is my original work and the project has not formed the basis for the award of any degree,
associate ship, fellowship or any other similar title.

Signature of the student

Place:

Date:
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF

WORKING MODEL OF ABRASIVE JET MACHINE is the bonafide work carried out by
GADADHAR DEY, student of AMIE Mechanical Engineering, in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the Degree of Mechanical Engineering and that the project has not
formed the basis for the award previously of any degree, diploma associate ship, fellowship or
any other similar title.

Signature of the Guide

Place:

Date:
 AKNOWLEDGEMENT

I deem it a privilege to have been a student of AMIE Mechanical Engineering. I take this
opportunity to express my gratitude to all those who motivated, encouraged and helped me in the
project work. Im grateful to my supervisor, Mr. , for his kind support, guidance and
encouragement throughout the project work, also for introducing to me this topic, which has
been very interesting and has given us great insight to the future work on this area. Special
thanks to other members of the department for being so supportive and helpful in every possible
way. Their continuous support gave me the strength for pursuing my dream.

GADADHAR DEY

ST 635979-0

Department of Mechanical Engineering

AMIE
 ABSTRACT

Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM) is the process of material removal from a work piece by
the application of a high speed stream of abrasive particles carried in a gas or air medium from a
nozzle. The material removal process is mainly by erosion. The AJM will chiefly be used to cut
shapes in hard and brittle materials like glass, ceramics etc. the machine will be automated to
have 3 axes travel. The different components of AJM are Compressor, Vibrator, dehumidifier,
Pressure Regulator, and Dust filter, Nozzle, Pressure gauge etc. The different components are
selected after appropriate design calculations.

In this project, a model of the Abrasive Jet Machine is designed using available hardware
and software etc. taking into consideration of commercially available components. Care has been
taken to use less fabricated components rather than directly procuring them, because, the lack of
accuracy in fabricated components would lead to a diminished performance of the machine.
List of Figures

Fig. 1 Schematic layout of abrasive jet machine

Fig 2 Effect of process parameters on erosion rate

Fig 3 Crack propagation during abrasive cutting of glass

Fig. 4 Filter regulator unit

Fig. 5 Abrasive container

Fig. 6 Cam

Fig. 7 Vibration Assembly

Fig. 8 Cut section of Nozzle

Fig 9 Position of nozzle

List of Tables

Table 1 Characteristics of different variables

Table 2 Cost calculation

 Table of contents

CHAPTER No. TITLE PAGE NO.

Title Page 1

Declaration of the student 2

Certificate of the guide 3

Acknowledgement 4

Abstract 5

List of Figures and tables 6

1. CHAPTER ONE

1.1. Introduction 9

1.2. Equipments 9

1.3. Different Variables in 12

Abrasive jet Machine

1.4. Variable Characteristcs 13

1.5. Advantages 14

1.6. Limitations 14

1.7. Applications 15

2. CHAPTER TWO 16

2.1. Literature Review

3. CHAPTER THREE

Components and their design

3.1. Compressor 19

3.2. FR Unit 19

3.3. Vibrating Unit 21

(i) Abrasive container

 (ii) Cam

(iii) Induction Motor

3.4. Nozzle 25

4. CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Total Assembly 26

5. CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Cost Estimation 27

CONCLUSION 28

REFERENCES 29
1. CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Abrasive Jet Machining (AJM) is the removal of material from a workpiece by the application of
a high speed stream of abrasive particles carried in gas medium from a nozzle. The AJM process
differs from conventional sand blasting in that the abrasive is much finer and the process
parameters and cutting action are carefully controlled.

The process is used chiefly to cut intricate shapes in hard and brittle materials which are sensitive
to heat and have a tendency to chip easily. The process is also used for deburring and cleaning
operations. AJM is inherently free from chatter and vibration problems. The cutting action is
cool because the carrier gas serves as a coolant.

1.2 Equipments

A schematic layout of AJM is shown in Fig1. The filtered gas, supplied under pressure to the

mixing chamber containing the abrasive powder and vibrating at 50 c/s, entrains the abrasive
particle and is the passed into a connecting hose. This abrasive and gas mixture emerges from a
small nozzle at high velocity. The abrasive powder feed rate is controlled by the amplitude of
vibration of the mixing chamber. A pressure regulator controls the gas flow and pressure.

The nozzle is mounted on a fixture. Either the workpiece or the nozzle is moved by cams
pantograph or other suitable mechanisms to control the size and shape of the cut. Hand operation
is sometimes adequate to remove surface contaminations or in cutting where accuracy is not very
critical. Dust removal equipment is necessary to protect the environment. Commercial bench
mounted units including all controls, motion producing devices, and dust control equipment are
available.
The major components are:

1. Air compressor.

2. Air filter.

3. Dehumidifier.

4. Pressure Gauge.

5. Pressure Regulator.

6. Vibrator or Mixer.

7. Nozzle.

8. Arrangement to hold the work piece.

1.3 Different variables in Abrasive Jet Machine:

The variables that influence the rate of metal removal and accuracy of machining in this process
is:

1. Carrier gas

2. Types of abrasive

3. Size of abrasive grain

4. Velocity of abrasive jet

5. Flow rate of abrasive

6. Work material

7. Geometry, composition and material of nozzle

8. Nozzle work distance (stand off distance)

1.4 Characteristics of different Variables:

Medium Air , CO2 ,N2

Abrasive SiC, Al2O3 (of size 20 to 50 )

Flow rate of abrasive 3 to 20 gram/min

Velocity 150 to 300 m/min
Pressure 2 to 8 kg/cm2
Nozzle size 0.40 to 0.80 mm
Material of Nozzle Tungsten carbide, Sapphire

Nozzle life 12 to 300 hr

Stand off distance 0.25 to 15 mm (8mm generally)

Work material Non Metals like glass, ceramics, and

granites.

Metals and alloys of hard materials like

germanium, silicon etc

Application Drilling, cutting, cleaning

Table 1 Characteristics of different variables

1.4 Advantages:

1. Low capital cost

2. Ability to cut intricate holes shape in materials of any hardness.

3. Ability to cut heat sensitive material without damage.

4. As no heat is generated in the process, no change in microstructure

1.5 Limitations:

1. Material removal rate is low and hence its application is limited.

2. Embedding of the abrasive in the work piece surface may occur while machining softer
material.
3. The abrasive material may accumulate at nozzle and fail the process if moisture is present
in the air.
4. It cannot be used to drill blind holes.
5. Occasional plugging of mixing tube: Usually caused by dirt or large particles in abrasive.
6. Wear, misalignment, and damage to the nozzle.
1.6 Application:

The major application of Abrasive jet machining process is in the machining of

essentially brittle materials and heat sensitive materials like glass, quartz, sapphire,
semiconductor materials, mica and ceramics. It is also used in cutting slot, thin sections,
countering, drilling, for producing integrate shapes in hard and brittle materials. It is often used
for cleaning and polishing of plastics nylon and Teflon components. Delicate cleaning, such as
removal of smudges from antique documents, is also easily done with Abrasive jet machining.
CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Literature survey:

The literature study of Abrasive Jet Machine reveals that the Machining process was
started a few decades ago. Till date there has been a through and detailed experiment and
theoretical study on the process. Most of the studies argue over the hydrodynamic characteristics
of abrasive jets, hence ascertaining the influence of all operational variables on the process
effectiveness including abrasive type, size and concentration, impact speed and angle of
impingement. Other papers found new problems concerning carrier gas typologies, nozzle shape,

size and wear, jet velocity and pressure, standoffdistance (SOD), or nozzletipdistance

(NTD). These papers express the overall process performance in terms of material removal rate,
geometrical tolerances and surface finishing of work pieces, as well as in terms of nozzle wear
rate. Finally, there are several significant and important papers which focus on either leading
process mechanisms in machining of both ductile and brittle materials, or on the development of

systematic experimentalstatistical approaches and artificial neural networks to predict the

relationship between the settings of operational variables and the machining rate and accuracy in
surface finishing.

(Ref9) The erosion of brittle materials by solid micro-particles is a complex process in which

material is removed from the target surface by brittle fractures. The rate of material removal is
one of the most important quantities for a machining process. Predictive mathematical models
for the erosion rates in micro-hole drilling and micro-channel cutting on glasses with an abrasive
air jet are developed. A dimensional analysis technique is used to formulate the models as
functions of the particle impact parameters, target material properties and the major process
parameters that are known to affect the erosion process of brittle materials. The effect of various
parameters like abrasive mass flow rate, air pressure and stand off distance on erosion rate is
shown by following graphical presentation.
 (Ref10)
The AJM has been applied to rough working such as deburring and rough

finishing. With the increase of the needs for machining of ceramics, semiconductors, electronic
devices and LCDs, micro-AJM has become a useful technique for micro machining.
Experimental results showed good performance in micro-grooving of glass; however, the size of
machined groove increased about 24 m. With the fine-tuning the compensation for film wear,
micro-AJM could be effectively applied to the micro-machining of semiconductors, electronic
devices and LCD. The crack propagation during impact of abrasive particles on machining
material is given below:
CHAPTER THREE

Components and their design

3.1 Compressor

Compressor is a device that converts power (usually from an electric motor, a diesel engine or a
gasoline engine) into kinetic energy by compressing and pressurizing air or gas which can be
released according to use. In this project, a reciprocating air compressor of 2kW is used to
produce compressed air up to the pressure of 150 psi and having storage tank which has storage
capacity of 50 liters.
3.2 FR Unit (Dehumidifier):

The FRL Unit (Air Filter Regulator Lubricator unit) which is otherwise called the moisture
separator or dehumidifier is required for separating the moisture from air. Atmospheric air
always contains some water vapors in it. As the air with high velocity is blown from the nozzle
there is an abrupt rise in pressure which converts water vapors into moisture. The moisture
makes the abrasive particles to agglomerate and this clogs the outlet of the Nozzle. To avoid this
clogging moisture separator should be used before abrasive particles are mixed with compressed
air. Different FRL Units are available commercially.
3.3 The Vibrating Unit:

Vibrating Unit is used for mixing the air with the abrasive particles (Al2O3). The
Abrasive particles are stored in a container through which air is flown. The particles are agitated
by means of a cam and motor arrangement. The rotation of cam results in vibration in the
abrasive container. The flow rate of abrasive materials can be controlled by manipulating the
rotational speed of the motor. The abrasive container will have one inlet and one outlet for air
passage and will be vertically suspended from a hinged joint. So the Vibrating Unit consists of
following parts

i. Abrasive container

ii. Cam

iii. Induction Motor

Abrasive container is fabricated by a hollow cylindrical thick metallic pipe of 60mm diameter
and 140mm height. Two circular pipes of internal diameter 18mm is dipped from the top and
welded, which would act as input for compressed air and output for mixture of compressed air
and abrasive particles. The length of input pipe dipped is kept long to uniform circulation of
compressed air into the container.

(ii) Cam
 Cam is fixed with shaft of the induction motor. The profile of the cam is taken to be a

circular one. The distance between two centers as shown in fig26 is 5mm. When the motor

rotates; it makes the container to vibrate. Width of cam is 35mm.

(iii) Induction Motor

Induction motor used in this project is Single phase AC Induction motor of 0.5 watt. This
motor is used to provide rotational motion to the Cam attached with it. The installed induction
motor has speed of 600 rpm.
\

3.4 Nozzle

A standard high carbon high chromium cylindrical rod was cut into required length by power

hacksaw. The external diameter was then brought to 20mm by turning it in lathe and then the
tip was made by tapering one end by the same lathe. A blind hole of approximate depth 25mm
was made on the planner face of the rod by means of a 12mm drill bit in a drilling machine. The
end of the blind hole forms a shape of 118 degree taper because of the tool tip angle. Internal
threading was made by 12mm tap. Then the tip of the nozzle is diameter drilled to approximate
diameter of 1mm.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Total assembly:

Finally all parts are assembled with hose pipes and clamps. First of all compressor is joined with
FR unit which is acting as filter, dehumidifier and regulator. Then further FR is attached with the
abrasive container with pipes. Then from the output of abrasive container a pipe is attached to
the nozzle which will help to transport compressed air and abrasive mixture to the nozzle. Along
with it Induction motor is also attached to the cam and this assembly is provided to abrasive
container as given in the picture below:

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 Cost calculation:

S No. Name of Quantity Cost Per Total cost of
Item Unit item
1. Reciprocating 1 8000 8000
Air
Compressor
2. FR unit 1 1200 1200
3. Abrasive 1 400 400
Container

4. Induction 1 900 900

Motor
5. Abrasives 3 kg 50 150
6. Accessories - 2000 2000
7. Other - 1500 1500
Expenses
TOTAL 14150

Table 2 Cost calculation

CONCLUSION
 In this project a complete design of the Abrasive Jet Machine is given. The total assembly
is designed taking in account of currently available components in the market. The designing and
assembling of very large number of components was a tremendous task and was completed on
time. However because of some parts couldnt be purchased the whole assembly was limited to
some basic manufacturing operation.

The project can go beyond its current position and capabilities by employing automation
into it. This can be done by using stepper motors or DC servo motors interfaced with standard

PCI controllers or standalone controllers. 2D profiles can be converted into standard Gcodes

and Mcodes and that can be sent to the machine to perform automated machining.

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND REFERENCES

Books

1. Modern machining processes by P C Pandey & H S Shan, The McGraw-Hill companies.

2. Production Technology by R K Jain, Khanna Publications.

3. Production Technology, HMT Publications.

Websites

4. www.science direct .com.

5. www.apex.com

6. www.indiastudychannel.com

7. www.youtube.com

8. www.indiamart.com

Journals

9. Modeling of erosion rate in micro abrasive air jet machining of glasses by J M Fan, C Y
Wang, J Wang. Faculty of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of
Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
10. Journal of material processing technology, Volume 146, 28 February 2004, Page 234-
240.