NIRMA UNIVERSITY

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
B. Tech. SEM. - V (ELECTRICAL), JULY-2017
EE501: ANALYSIS OF ELECTRICAL POWER SYSTEM

Unit 3
POWER FLOW THROUGH A TRANSMISSION LINE

The transmission line equations are usually expressed in ABCD parameters

= (1)

Where, A B C & D are different for various transmission lines
The loads are also expressed in terms of real and reactive power. Thus it is also convenient to express
transmission line equations in terms of complex power and voltages.
Let
receiving end voltage (taken as reference, = 0
sending end voltage =
torque angle
receiving end complex power, = + =
sending end complex power, = + =

From eq. (1)

= +
= +
Thus
1
=
=

(2)
And
1
= + = + =

1
=


= Since = 1 (3)

The transmission line constants

= , = , =
(Since A = D)

The eq. (2) and (3) can be written as:

1
=

(4)
1
=
+
(5)

The receiving end complex power

= + =
Using eq. (4) in above, we get
1
= 0

Akhilesh A Nimje, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 1

=

2 (6)
The sending end complex power
= + =
Using eq. (5) in above, we get
1
=


1
=
2
+ (7)
In the above equations, and are per phase complex voltamperes, while VR and VS are expressed
in per phase voltages. If VR and VS are expressed in kV (line value), the three phase receving end
complex power is given by
x10 6 2 x 10 6
(Three phase VA) = 3 3x 3
3

Three phase MVA =

2 (same as eq. (6))
Similar equation can be written for sending end complex power as well.
From eq. (6), the real and reactive power at receiving end can be expressed as

=

2 (8)

=

2 (9)
From eq. (7), the real and reactive power at sending end can be expressed as
1
= 2 + (10)

1
= 2 + (11)

From eq. (8), it is seen that the received real power is maximum if =

( ) = 2 (12)

The corresponding reactive power

=
2 (13)
It implies that the load must draw the reactive power as per eq. (13) in order to receive maximum real
power as per eq. (12).

For a short transmission line

= 1 0 , = , = 0. = 1 0
The receiving end Eq (8) and (9) becomes
2
=

(14)
2
=

(15)

The sending end Eq (10) and (11) becomes

2
= + (16)

2
=

+ (17)

Again from eq. (14), it is seen that the received real power is maximum if =

Akhilesh A Nimje, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 2
 2 2
(max ) =

=
2

The line resistance is small as compared to its reactance, hence 90o. Thus, eq. (14) becomes

=
sin (18)
Eq. (15) becomes
2
=

=
=
(19)

Several conclusions can be drawn from equations (18) and (19)

a) The received real power is directly proportional to while the reactive power is proportional to
magnitude of the voltage drop along the line.

b) The received real power is maximum if = 90o. Thus =
c) The maximum real power transferred for a given line can be increased by raising its voltage level.
d) The VARs delivered by a line is proportional to the line voltage drop and therefore is independent
of . Therefore, in a transmission system if the VARs demand of the load is large, the voltage
profile at that point tends to sag rather sharply.

Power Circle Diagram at Receiving End

The expression for complex power at receiving end is:

= 2 +

is three phase MVA with voltages in kV (line value). It consists of two phasor components one a
constant phasor and the other a phasor of fixed magnitude but variable angle. The loci of would
therefore be a circle drawn from the tip of constant phasor as centre.
It follows that the centre of receiving end circle is located at the tip of the phasor

2 (in polar coordinates)
Horizontal coordinate of the centre

2

Vertical coordinate of the centre


2
The radius of the receiving end circle is

Procedure for Drawing Power Circle Diagram at Receiving End

i) The centre is located by drawing OCR at an angle of in the positive direction from
negative MW axis.

ii) The distance OCR is equal to 2

iii) From the centre CR, the receiving end circle is drawn with the radius
.
iv) The operating point M is located on positive MW axis by means of received real power PR.
v) The point M is extended vertically upward so as to cut the circle at K.
vi) The corresponding value of QR can be immediately read from the circle diagram.
vii) The torque angle can be read in accordance with the positive direction indicated from the
reference line.
viii) For constant VR, the centre CR remains fixed and concentric circles result for varying VS.

Akhilesh A Nimje, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 3
ix) However, for the case of constant VS and varying VR, the centres of circles move along the line

OCR and have radii in accordance to .

Power Circle Diagram at Sending End

The expression for complex power at sending end is:
1
=
2
+
is three phase MVA with voltages in kV (line value). It consists of two phasor components one a
constant phasor and the other a phasor of fixed magnitude but variable angle. The loci of would
therefore be a circle drawn from the tip of constant phasor as centre.
It follows that the centre of sending end circle is located at the tip of the phasor


2 (in polar coordinates)
Horizontal coordinate of the centre

Akhilesh A Nimje, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 4


2
Vertical coordinate of the centre

2

The radius of the sending end circle is

Procedure for Drawing Power Circle Diagram at Sending End

i) The centre is located by drawing OCS at an angle of in the positive direction from
positive MW axis.

ii) From the centre CS, the sending end circle is drawn with the radius .
iii) The operating point M is located on positive MW axis by means of sending end real power PS.
iv) The point M is extended vertically up to cut the circle at K.
v) The corresponding value of QS can be immediately read from the circle diagram.
vi) The torque angle can be read in accordance with the positive direction indicated from the
reference line.
vii) For constant VS, the centre CS remains fixed and concentric circles result for varying VR.
viii) However, for the case of constant VR and varying VS, the centres of circles move along the line

OCS and have radii in accordance to .

Akhilesh A Nimje, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 5
Akhilesh A Nimje, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 6
Akhilesh A Nimje, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 7
Akhilesh A Nimje, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 8
Akhilesh A Nimje, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 9
Akhilesh A Nimje, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Nirma University, Ahmedabad 10