HMT Lecture3 Transient PDF

Heat conduction
Heat and Mass Transfer 2010
Studijn podklady
R. Byron Bird, Warren E. Stewart and Edwin N. Lightfoot
Transport Phenomena, John Wiley & Sons, 2007
R. Byron Bird, Edwin N. Lightfoot and Warren E. Stewart
Penosov jevy: sdlen hybnosti, energie a hmoty, Academia,
1968
John H. Lienhard IV and John H. Lienhard V

A Heat Transfer Textbook, 4th edition,
http://web.mit.edu/lienhard/www/ahtt.html
Frank P. Incropera, Adrianne S. Lavine, David P. Dewitt, John

Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, John Wiley & Sons,
2011
Ji estk , Frantiek Rieger

Penos hybnosti, tepla a hmoty, Skriptum VUT, 1998
Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec

Heat conduction
Fourier-Kirchhoff equation
Fourier law, thermal conductivity
One-dimensional heat conduction
Plane wall, cylinder, sphere
Thermal resistance, analogy with Ohms law
2D-3D heat conduction
FDM
Shape factor
Conduction in the rib
Transient heat transfer
Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 3

Fourier-Kirchhoff equation
T r r
c p + c p v T = q + : + Q g
t
+ Fourier`s law + Newton`s law
T r r
c p + c p v T = T + 2 : + Q g
2
t
Rate of convection conduction dissipation of Heat
accumulation m.e. source

How to solve F-K eq.
1. Find important members only

2. Solve together with NS eq.
3. Simplify: in solid bodies
T
c p = 2T + Q G
t
4. Steady state
T
=0
t
Without energy/heat source
2T = 0

How to solve F-K eq.
Initial and boundary conditions
I.C.: distribution of T at t=0

B.C.
I type (Dirichletova)
II type (Neumannova)
III type (Fourierova)
IV type

BC
BC 1. type Dirichlet
It specifies the values that a solution needs to take on along the boundary of
the domain.
y(x) = f(x) x
where f is a known function defined on the boundary .
BC 2. type Neumann
It specifies the values that the derivative of a solution is to take on the
boundary of the domain

B.C.
BC 3. type Fourier/Robin
It is a specification of a linear combination of the values of a function and the
values of its derivative on the boundary of the domain.

B.C.
OP 4. type continuity of the bodies
The contact thermal resistance must be taken into the consideration

Condustion plane wall

1 2 3
T1 T1
Q Q
T2
q& = T T2
(T1 T2 ) (T1 Tn )
q& = ; n
d di

i =1 i

Condustion cylindrical wall

T2 T2 1

2
T1
T1
Q Q
(T1 T2 ) (T1 Tn )
q& = ; q& =
r1 n
1 ri 1
ln
ln
r2 i 1 i r
i

Condustion spherical wall

T2 T2 1

2
T1
T1
Q Q
4 (T1 T2 )
Q=
1 1

R1 R2
4 (T1 T2 )
Q=
1 1

R1 R2

Electrical (Ohm`s law) analogy

(T1 Tn )
q& = n 1 2 3 4
di

i =1 i
d1 d2 d3 d4
(T1 Tn )
d
RT = ; q =
&
RT
U
I=
R
q& I ;(T1 Tn ) U ; RT R
RT1 RT2 RT3 RT4

Thermal resistance
Plane wall h
RT =
S
Long hollow/tubular cylinder R2

ln
R
RT = 1
2L
Hollow sphere 1

1
R R2
RT = 1
4
Multiphase interface 1
RT =
S

Analogy
2
1 d2
4
d1
3
d4
d2
RT2
RT1 RT4
RT3

Overall heat transfer coeff- U
Q = US (T f 1 T f 2 )
Tf1 h1 h2 Tf2
Plane wall
1
U=
1 H1 H 2 1
+ + +
h1 k1 k 2 h2
Cylindrical wall
1
U R1 =
1 R1 R2 R1 R3 R1 1
+ ln + ln +
h1 k1 R1 k 2 R2 R3 h2

Contact resistance

2D and 3D conduction
PDR
Analytical solution
Separation of variables
Fourier series
Laplace transformation
Graphical methods
Shape faktor
Numerical methods
Finite element method
Finite difference method

Final differences method
y
(qy)y + y Generation
y + y
(qx)x (qx)x + x
y
x x + x
(qy)y
x

2D
T = T(x,y)
T T
2 2
y 0= 2 + 2
x y
B.C.

Mesh (xm ,yn )
(m,n + 1)
x (m,n)
Internal node (xm,yn), (m 1,n) (m + 1,n)

m,n-node
(m,n 1)

Energy balance in the node
Rate of Fluxes V Generation

accum.
= + V
V
1TDL for volume V.

Heat Flux
(m, n + 1)
Q1
(m, n)
y
(m 1,n)
Q4 Q2 (m + 1,n)
Q3
(m, n 1)
x
Heat flux in time T:
Tm ,n+1 Tm ,n
q1 = k x (m,n + 1)
y
(m 1,n) (m + 1,n)
Tm+1,n Tm ,n
q2 = k y (m,n)
x (m,n 1)
Tm ,n1 Tm ,n
q3 = k x
y
Tm1,n Tm ,n
q4 = k y
x
Energy balance in node (m,n)
4
0 = q j (m, n) + q m ,n x.y.1
j =1
0 = Tm1,n + Tm+1,n + Tm ,n1 + Tm ,n+1
q ( x )
2
+ 4Tm,n
k

Shape factor
Shape factor
Q = q ndS = q ndS
S1 S2
T1
q T2

Shape factor
Q = T ndS = T ndS
S1 S2
Q = ST (T1 T2 )
Values of St for different configuration could be found in Tables.

Transient heat transfer

T r r
c p + c p v T = T + 2 : + Q g
2
t
T
= a T ..........a =
2
a thermal difusivity [m2/s]
t c p
Biot number Bi : Ratio between thermal resistances
internal resistance R conduction

Bi = =
external resistance R convection
L Nu =
L
Bi = x

Bi
Bi << 1 convection is dominant. Small bodies. Wires, small balls

thin plates (foils). High thermal conductivity (metals).
Uniform temperature in the whole body.
Bi >> 1 conductional resitence is dominant. Huge (infinite)
bodies. Non-metals. High h. Surface temperature correcponds to
surroundings temp. Ts = Tf
Bi 1 ????? common case. Difficult to solve

Bi << 1
=
t0
=
t1
neither the temperature nor heat flow depend on the coordinate

t2
=
t3
Tf
=


Bi << 1
Fourier number: H
conducted heat a
Fo = = 2
accumulated heat L

= =
L
LS
BiFo L Characteristic dim. (1/2H, R)
=e V S Heat transfer surface
V Volume

Bi >> 1 Heat transfer in semi-infinite wall
Surrounding temperature equals wall temp.
"
=!
#"
IC.:
< 0; = ;0 #
BC:
1) # = 0; =
2) # ; =
-
} $%& > 0

Bi >> 1 - Heat transfer in semi-infinite wall
"
=!
#"
Transformation of coordinates:

#, = 4 # , 8 - 3
=
-
:
is valid only when: % = 1 ! 9 = "
# #
4 = 4=
2 !
After tranformation:
" 3 3
+ 24 =0
4" 4

We need to solve:
" 3 3
+ 24 =0
4" 4
Transformed BC:
1) 4=0 =1
}
3
$%& 4 > 0
2) 3
4 =0
3
<=
= ;:
4
<
>=
3 = ;: ? + ;"


Applying of BC (1):
;" = 1
Applying of BC (2):
1 @
>=
A
= ?=
;: 2
2 <
>=
3 =1 ? = 1 erf 4
A

3
= = 1 erf 4 = erfc 4
-
erf(x) is Gauss error function (error function): erf 0 = 0; erf() = 1; erf x = erf(x)

Bi >> 1 Heat flux
T T0
e d = 1 erf ( )
+ 2
T = = 1
2
Ts T0 0
dT
qx = = (Ts To)
dx x =0 at
T = at
Depth of Thermal Penetration

Case Bi 1 Laplace method

"
1
=
#" !
Transformation
# !
= ?= H& =
N N"
"
1
=
? " ! H&
BC, IC (Transformed)
IC H& = 0; = 1;
JK
= 0; = 0;
BC1 J>
JK
= 1; = Bi
J>
BC2

Case Bi 1
Solution is to be find in the form XY. Where X is only function of the
coordinate and Y depend on time only
= O ? Y H&
Applying on F-K equation: OY = OY
R S
or: R
= S
= "
We can solve both equations separately
Q + "
Q=0 O + "O =0
= UV
Q=T O = Z sin "? + ; cos "?
The XY has finally the form:

= UV
= ;: sin ? + ;" cos ?

Case Bi 1
= UV
= ;: sin ? + ;" cos ?
When applying BCs we get solution for C1 and

= 0; = 0; ;: = 0
?
BC1

= 1; = Bi = 1; = cot
? Z[
BC2
@
= UV
= ] ;"^ cos ^?
_
^`:

@
Case Bi 1 = ] ;"^ cos ^?
_
= UV
^`:
Applying of IC: H& = 0; = 1;
2 sin ^
;"^ =
^ + sin ^ cos ^
We get finall solution in the form:

@
2 sin ^ = UV
=] cos ^
"
? _
^ + sin ^ cos ^
^`:
For small Bi the eq. Has the form:

= UV
= _

Case Bi 1 Heat flux through the wall
g @ N"
a = bT c = bT c H&
# -d8 e f
N ? -d8 e f
!
Dividing by the total energy of the body above @ we get:
UV
i a
= = c H&
j g @ klmnopq
@
= UV
H&, Z[ = 1 ] r^ _
^`:

Case Bi 1 for plane wall, cylinder and sphere
Note sg = g

Case Bi 1, Fo>0.2
@ @
2 sin ^ = UV = UV
=] cos ^
"? _ = ] T^ t^ _
^ + sin ^ cos ^
^`: ^`:
For Fo>0.2 the solution may be approximated using only the first therm
= UV
= T: t: u
= UV
1 = r: u
Values of T: , s: , and r: are in Tables

HMT Lecture3 Transient PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

HMT Lecture3 Transient PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Heat conduction

Heat and Mass Transfer 2010

John H. Lienhard IV and John H. Lienhard V

Frank P. Incropera, Adrianne S. Lavine, David P. Dewitt, John

Ji estk , Frantiek Rieger

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 3

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 4

How to solve F-K eq.

1. Find important members only

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 5

How to solve F-K eq.

Initial and boundary conditions

I.C.: distribution of T at t=0

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 6

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 7

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 8

OP 4. type continuity of the bodies

The contact thermal resistance must be taken into the consideration

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 9

Condustion plane wall

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 10

Condustion cylindrical wall

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 11

Condustion spherical wall

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 12

Electrical (Ohm`s law) analogy

RT1 RT2 RT3 RT4

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 13

Long hollow/tubular cylinder R2

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 14

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 15

Overall heat transfer coeff- U

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 16

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 17

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 19

Final differences method

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 20

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 21

Mesh (xm ,yn )

Internal node (xm,yn), (m 1,n) (m + 1,n)

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 22

Energy balance in the node

Rate of Fluxes V Generation

1TDL for volume V.

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 23

Heat flux in time T:

Energy balance in node (m,n)

0 = Tm1,n + Tm+1,n + Tm ,n1 + Tm ,n+1

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 26

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 28

Values of St for different configuration could be found in Tables.

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 29

Transient heat transfer

internal resistance R conduction

Bi << 1 convection is dominant. Small bodies. Wires, small balls

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 31

neither the temperature nor heat flow depend on the coordinate

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 32

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 33

Bi >> 1 Heat transfer in semi-infinite wall

Surrounding temperature equals wall temp.

Department of Power Engineering Equipment TU Liberec 34