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1.1 Background
The Earth consist of many layers with different size. The main major of
layers are crust, mantle, and core. The most dynamic layer in the Earth is
Asthenosphere which is extends to an average depth of about 300 kilometers in
the mantle. Geologist assumed that movements of the Lithosphere is caused by
inferior process, specially convection heat in the Asthenosphere. Convection heat
in the asthenosphere make movements tectonic plate. Its make earthquake.
Indonesia is a confluence area of three tectonic plates, that are eurasia, Indo
Australia, and pasific. This condition causing many earthquakes in Indonesia.
When earthquakes occured, body wave and surface wave move in all direction
from the hypocenter at the same time.
Earthquakes can occured anywhere between the Earth's surface and about 700
kilometers below the surface. For scientific purposes, this earthquake depth range
of 0-700 km is divided into three zones: shallow, intermediate, and deep. Shallow
earthquakes are between 0 and 70 km deep; intermediate earthquakes, 70 - 300
km deep; and deep earthquakes, 300 - 700 km deep. In general, the term deep-
focus earthquakes is applied to earthquakes deeper than 70 km. All earthquakes
deeper than 70 km are localized within great slabs of shallow lithosphere that are
sinking into the Earth's mantle.
Software is used to process data, the sofware are Ms. Office Excel, Arc Gis
10.1 and any variety of softwares such as notepad and Ms. Office Word which
help the data process. Here is the overview of the data process.
Picture 3.2 The Data collecting using NEIC USGS earthquake data search
Data obtained from the USGS NEIC. After downloaded the data, then stored
it in CSV format, the next steps are:
Input query data in Microsoft Excel
Sorting Data
Convert value to the Richter magnitude scale (Ms)
calculating and graphing
Calculate the value of PGA
Make correlation between the magnitude of the earthquake position
The result of data process is grouped into process databased on the frequency
of earthquakes
From the data, we can classify according to the depth and magnitude. After
classifying the data based on the magnitude, so frequency of earthquakes can be
represented like the tabel 1 below.
Tabel 3.1 tabel class magnitude and earthquake frequency
From the data we made a histogram with a magnitude as the X axis and
earthquakes frequency as the Y axis.
10000
8000
6000
Frequency
4000 Series1
0
5+ 6+ 7+ 8+ y = -3416.5x + 11554
-2000
R = 0.6539
-4000
Magnitude
From the histogram it can be seen that most earthquakes that occurred in
Indonesia in the class magnitude from 5.00 to 6.00.
3.3 B value
Study of the b-value has actually been done changes over time, one of the
goal to prove the appropriateness serve as precursors of earthquakes both in scale
short-term, medium-term or long-term.
Tabel 3.2 Tabel class magnitude, frequency, cumulative frequency(N) and log N
Class N (Cummulative
Frequency Magnitude Log N
Magnitude Frequency)
5.00<M<6.00 11179 5+ 12051 4.081023086
6.00<M<7.00 757 6+ 872 2.940516485
7.00<M<8.00 108 7+ 115 2.06069784
8.00<M<9.00 7 8+ 7 0.84509804
b Value Graph
4.5
4
3.5
3
Log N
2.5
2 Series1
1.5
Linear (Series1)
1
y = -1.0588x + 5.1287
0.5 R = 0.9966
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Magnitude
From the chart, we get the result of b value is -1.0588. b-value represents a
statistical measurement of the relative abundance of large and small earthquakes
in the group. A higher b-value means that a smaller fraction of the total
earthquakes occur at the higher magnitude, whereas a lower b-value implies a
larger fraction.
Experts say high b-value means earthquakes are predominantly small in size
and, thus, land in the region has a low level of resistance. Conversely, a low value
indicates the number of large and small seismic movements are relatively the
same, which means the land is more powerful.
In this work we use earthquake data that occurred in Indonesia with the
reference point is Graduate School curve building, Gadjah Mada University,
Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The PGA map is shown by the picture below.
Picture 3.4 PGA distribution map in Indonesia
From the map we can see that the highest PGA value in Graduate School,
Gadjah Mada University is come from calculation that using Yogyakarta
earthquake in 2006 because the reference area is close with the earthquake
epicenter so the PGA is high too. So, because we use earthquake data that
occurred in Indonesia with the reference point is Graduate School curve building,
Gadjah Mada University, the farther a point of reference to the epicenter, the less
the value of its PGA, and the PGA value distribution is too wide because of that
matter, so the color scale its not that good because the class of PGA distribution is
too wide. The PGA value is between 0.3 170 gal.
Next, we try to make correlation map between magnitude and epicentrum use
earthquake data that occurred in Indonesia. The purpose of grouping data
according its position is to determine where the earthquake happened and to
determine the number of earthquakes that occur in an area. To make the corelation
needed latitude and longitude based on magnitude of the earthquake which is
obtained from the initial data downloaded from the USGS NEIC. Correlation data
processing using Ms. Office Excel 2007 To make this corelation we need latitude
as Y axis and longitude as X axis on the score and the score of magnitude. With
the same process, we also make correlation map between depth and epicentrum.
From the map we get information that many earthquakes occur in 5.00-6.00
richter scale. As we know the area is the convergention of plate tectonics.
Picture 3.6 Correlation map between depth and epicenter
From the correlation map above, we can see that average earthquake depth
that occurred in Indonesia is between 3 km until 74 km.
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSSION
G. M. Molchan et al. / Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 111 (1999)
229-240.
Not Hazard Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 865-878, 2009.
ScieTech 2013. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 423 (2013) 012067. IOP
Publishing. doi: 10. 1088/1742-6596/423/1/012067.
Standar Nasional Indonesia (2002), Tata Cara Perencanaan Ketahanan Gempa
untuk Bangunan Gedung (SNI 03-1726-2002), Badan Standardisasi Nasional.
Gutenberg, B., Richter, C.F., Seismicity of the Earth, Princeton University
Press, Princeton, New Jersey, 1954.