18/2/2014 Criminology and its Scope ~ Notes for Pakistan

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9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, BA, MA, BSC, MSC, B.Com, M.Com and all other subjects' notes are available here.

Infolinks In Text Sunday, November 8, 2009

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Criminology and its Scope Blog Archive

Man is a social animal. Human beings live in 2013 (8)

Subjects communities and groups together engaged in mutual 2012 (18)
B-Pharmacy (10) concourse. In order to keep order and avoid conflict
2011 (39)
it is essential to have a set of rules and regulations of
Biology (96) 2010 (144)
collective behaviour. Each community and each group
prescribes its own behavioural norms and standards 2009 (466)
Botany (56)
which keep the wheels of society well-oiled and as far December (11)
Business Taxation
(4) as possible frictionless; only thus can a community November (17)
make progress. The norms and standards prescribed Nov 27 (3)
Civilization (4) in a particular society determine the activities of the Nov 18 (2)
Criminology (68) individuals which can be considered normal or
Nov 15 (3)
permissible any deviation from these permissible acts
D-Pharmacy (10) is an abnormal behaviour. If these abnormal acts are Nov 11 (3)

Development pronouncedly deviant and pose threat to communal Nov 08 (3)

Economics (2) order and peace, these are called crimes. Thus crimes Importance of Criminology

Economics (1) may be defined as an act inimical to social peace and Contribution of Sociology in
harmony. The crimes may be defined as an act Study of Crime
English - Class 9 inimical to social peace and harmony. The crimes are Criminology and its Scope
(13)
hurtful to social stability. In order to achieve
Nov 05 (2)
English for First prevention of crimes, we need to study the various
Year (36) causes and background of crimes systematically. The Nov 02 (1)

English for discipline engaged in such a systematic investigation is

October (43)
Matriculation (69) known as criminology. Before making a detailed study
September (127)
English for of Criminology it is essential to understand its meaning
Undergraduates and scope. August (268)
(1) Meaning and Definition of Criminology
English Grammar The word criminology is composite of two words
(54) criminal + logy. Literally, it means a systematic study FEEDJIT Live Traffic Feed
of the criminals, that is, persons who break or offend
Geography (1)
the social or group law. However, since the offences
International committed by criminals are crimes; and as crimes
Relations (106)
occur in society, the term criminology fully means a
M.A. English (6) study of crimes as well as criminals in relation to
society. It also tries to determine the causes of these
Macro Economics
(57) and also thereby recommends preventive measures.
The science of criminology is a scientific and
Monetary systematic study of a social phenomenon. Various
Economics (61)
scientific techniques and methods are employed for
Muslim History (2) the study of this phenomenon. As criminology views
Pakistan Studies man as a social animal, it tries to study social
(16) interactions and phenomena to place its subject matter
in a proper perspective. The science of criminology
Pharmacy (10)
also investigates the structure and function of social
Physics BSC (3) laws rules and regulations. How do the social laws,

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18/2/2014 Criminology and its Scope ~ Notes for Pakistan

Physics Problems conventions and traditions get formulated? How and Live Traffic Feed
(4) why does an individual break them? Is there an
element of compulsion or coercion in his defiance of
Political Science
(9) the law? Or is it deliberate? These and other allied A visitor from Karachi,
matters are studied by criminology with a view to find Sindh viewed "Criminology
Population and its Scope ~ Notes for
Studies (2) adequate answers which may help to formulate the
effective preventive measures and controls. The Pakistan" 14 secs ago
A visitor from San Jose,
Research reaction of society towards a criminal and the California viewed "London
Methods (3)
disposition of criminal towards society are the Road (Summary) ~ Notes
Respiration (1) important matters for investigation which help to for Pakistan" 1 min ago
A visitor from Karachi,
understand adequately the phenomenon of crime.
Social Problems Sindh viewed "An
(3) Only by a full appreciation of these matters can we Application for Issuing
learn ways and means to control crime. The above Leaving Certificate ~ Notes
Social Problems A
of Pakistan (3) discussion makes explicit the meaning of criminology. forvisitor from1Hyderabad,
Pakistan" min ago
But in order to appreciate fully the nature of Sindh left "What is
Sociologic (40) Economics? Adam Smith's
criminology, it is essential to examine closely the
Definition of Economics.
The Wandering definitions given by learned sociologists and eminent
Alfred Marshall's
Generations (1) criminologists. Below we give the most important of Economics ~ Notes for
A visitor from Hyderabad,
these definitions: Pakistan" via
Zoology (38) Sindh viewed "What is
(1) According to an eminent sociologist Sutherland: 3.bp.blogspot.com
Economics? Adam 2 mins
Smith's
Criminology is the body of knowledge regarding ago
Definition of Economics.
crime as a social phenomenon. This definition exhibits Alfred Marshall's
sociological bias and regards crime to be reaction to A visitor from
Economics Islamabad
~ Notes for
certain set of social factors and causes. viewed
Pakistan""Causes
4 mins of
agoInflation
~ Notes for Pakistan" 4
(2) According to an eminent criminologist Elliot:
mins
A ago from Tacloban
visitor
Criminology may be defined as the scientific study of
City, Tacloban viewed
rime and its treatment. This definition, besides
"Importance of Criminology
emphasizing the scientific investigation into the nature ~ Notes for Pakistan" 5
and etiology of crime, stresses the practical or A visitor
mins ago from Abbottabad,
utilitarian nature of this body of knowledge, namely, North-West Frontier
viewed "Inflation and its
devising ways and means to prevent or reduce the
Causes ~ Notes for
incidence of crime and rehabilitate criminals as normal
Pakistan" 9 mins
A visitor from ago
Islamabad
members of the society.
viewed "The Abbot of
(3) According to renowned criminologist D. R. Taft:
Canterbury (Summary) ~
Criminology is the study which includes all the Notes for Pakistan" 11 mins
subject matter necessary to understanding and A
agovisitor from Karachi,
prevention of crimes together with the punishment and Sindh viewed "War against
treatment of delinquents and criminals. This is a Terrorism ~ Notes for
Pakistan" 14 mins ago
comprehensive definition and describes theoretical as Real-time view Menu
well as practical aspects of the study. It brings out
clearly the fact, which may get overlooked usually,
that criminology is concerned not with the offences
committed by adults only but also deals with juvenile
offences.
According to another noted sociologist Webster, the Followers
science of Criminology may be described to be the
scientific study of crime as a social phenomenon, or of
criminals and their mental traits, habits and discipline.
This definition has the merit of emphasizing equally the
sociological as well as psychological aspects of the
crime and the criminal.
Nature of Criminology
The foregoing discussion about the meaning and
description of criminology makes abundantly explicit
and clear the nature of this science. Fundamentally

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18/2/2014 Criminology and its Scope ~ Notes for Pakistan
speaking, the task of criminology is a scientific,
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systematic, statistical, structural and functional in depth
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study of crime. The behaviour covertly deviant is liable
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to become overtly offensive of social norms and laws,
both from sociological and psychological standpoints.
Besides having a theoretical understanding of crime,
criminal and his behaviour, the object of criminology is
also to devise effective tools to minimize the incidence
of crime, reform and rehabilitate the criminal. Lastly,
criminology also tries to suggest reform in penal code
and its enforcement in order to make these rational Already a member? Sign in
and humanitarian.
Scope of Criminology
Like other social sciences, the scope of criminology is
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also quite vast and extensive. It is related to each and
every social class and structure. Though the scope of
criminology is very vast and coextensive with many
sciences, the criminologists have tried to limit its scope
in order to be able to study the subject scientifically,
systematically and exhaustively. The viewpoints of
certain notable criminologists are given on next page:
(A) According to Sutherland the science of
criminology, includes within its scope the processes
of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting Share it BlogCatalog
towards the breaking of laws. In the opinion of Share this on Rate My Blog
Sutherland criminology has three distinct aspects of Facebook
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departments. Though distinct, these are nonetheless Tweet this

not independent, but inter-linked. A thorough study of View stats

these aspects exhausts the scope of criminology; to (NEW) Appointment

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study all of them is the same as studying the whole
science of criminology. In accordance with
Sutherlands description of the scope of criminology,
we can divide it into departments:
(a) The sociology of law-In this we study the nature of
crime from legalistic point of view. Also we investigate
into the effects of present laws upon them and study
the possible reforms in the laws in order to prevent
and control the occurrence of crime. The major
concern of the sociology of law is to critically examine
the impact of various legal systems upon crime. This
study can go a long way to evolve suitable changes in
the laws to curb crime.
(b) Criminal Etiology-In this department a systematic
investigation into the various causes of crime is made.
Here we study the social and personal factors
responsible for the occurrence of crime and growth of
criminals.
(c) Penology-Besides knowledge and determination
of the causes and factors which generate or encourage
crime, it is equally, if not more essential to know the
ways and means of controlling and preventing the
crime. This aspect is studied systematically and in a
scientific manner to achieve control over crime. The
facts and theories in this regard from the scope of
Penology, an important department of criminology.

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18/2/2014 Criminology and its Scope ~ Notes for Pakistan
The Viewpoint of Elliot and Merrill
The eminent scholars Elliot and Merrill have made an
exhaustive and thorough study regarding the scope of
criminology. According to these scholars, in
criminology we study four sets of facts. These are as
follows:
(a) The Nature of Crime-What are the features of
crime? What type of action is crime? In what respect
does a criminal act differ from a social or moral act?
Is it just the action which may be considered criminal
or can the motive make difference to our description
of a crime? For example, the theft committed for
personal gain and the theft committed for impersonal
reasons or social gain are both cases of theft. Can we
make any distinction between the two? The answers
to these questions tell us the nature of crime.
(b) Investigations into the causes of Crime-Under this
aspect of Criminology we study the reasons of
criminal behaviour. The different types of crime have
different causes. Are these differences apparent or
real? Can we come by a general theory of crime
which will be adequate to explain all types of crime?
Are there relations, inverse or direct, between various
crimes. These questions are investigated under this
head. Besides, we also study the question of
responsibility of crimes. If criminals are made and not
born, who is responsible for encouraging criminality?
Is it parent education or social system that is
responsible in conjunction or one of these alone? All
these questions form the subject mater of this aspect
of criminology.
(c) Individualized Study of Criminals-How and when
does one turn into a criminal? What particular event or
series of events happen which turn man towards
criminality? In order to know all these facts we have
to study in detail the personal lives of the criminals.
Also we have to study the life of a person in totality
for understanding the nature of crime and criminal. For
this purpose we make use of what has come to be
known as the technique of case-history method.
(d) Study of Prevention of Crime & Reform of the
Criminal-Most obviously crimes is inimical to the
interests of the society. They not only disturb the
social equilibrium but make life hell for the criminal as
well as his relatives. Even more, due to crime the
normal law abiding citizen lives in fear. Therefore it is
most essential to devise ways and means to prevent
crime and reform the criminals. Should the system of
punishment the deterrent, preventive, reformative or
exemplary? What type of punishment is adequate for
each type of crime? Such questions are studied under
this head.

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18/2/2014 Criminology and its Scope ~ Notes for Pakistan

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4 comments:

Anonymous October 25, 2013 at 7:24 AM

very very helpful....thank you.
Reply

Anonymous December 28, 2013 at 8:59 AM

Whats the scope of criminology in pakistan for
girls?
I mean after completing criminology which dept
students can join??

Reply

Anonymous December 31, 2013 at 12:47 AM

AWesome

Reply

Anonymous January 12, 2014 at 3:10 AM

Thanks
Reply

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