CHEMICAL REACTIONS

LAB REPORT

MOETAZ SAEED, 128933

Abstract
Throughout the experiment, ethyl acetate is mixed equally with NaOH in a continuous tank
reactor. The first sample was taken after one minute of mixing. 50mL of the sample was taken
then it is titrated with 0.1M NaOH. The next samples were taken after 8, 18, 23 minutes of
mixing in the CSTR thus recording the NaOH during the titration for every sample. The aim of
this experiment is to determine the relationship between the reaction rate, reactor volume and the
feed rate. After recording the results, calculations were made and the graph was plotted.

1
Table of Contents
Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Chemical kinetics .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Reactors ........................................................................................................................................................ 5
Batch reactor................................................................................................................................................. 5
Continuous reactor ....................................................................................................................................... 6
CSTR advantages, disadvantages, and usages .............................................................................................. 7
Rate of reaction............................................................................................................................................. 8
Rate of the reaction theory........................................................................................................................... 8
Slow reactions measurement ....................................................................................................................... 8
Fast reactions measurement ........................................................................................................................ 9
Chemical Kinetics principles.......................................................................................................................... 9
Applications of CSTR ................................................................................................................................... 10
Experimental methods and procedures ..................................................................................................... 11
Experimental Results .................................................................................................................................. 12
ZERO ORDER................................................................................................................................................ 12
FIRST ORDER ............................................................................................................................................... 13
SECOND ORDER........................................................................................................................................... 14
Discussion.................................................................................................................................................... 15
Sources of Errors......................................................................................................................................... 16
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 17
References .................................................................................................................................................. 18

2
List of tables
Table 1 CSTR .................................................................................................................................................. 7
Table 2: zero order ...................................................................................................................................... 12
Table 3: first order ...................................................................................................................................... 13
Table 4: second order ................................................................................................................................. 14

List of figures
Figure 1chemical kinetics .............................................................................................................................. 4
Figure 2batch reactor.................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 3: rate of reaction .............................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 4: activation energy ........................................................................................................................... 9

3
Introduction

Chemical kinetics
Chemical kinetics is known to be one of the most important issues concerning the chemical
reactions rates. The chemical kinetics contrasts with some issues about thermodynamics telling
nothing about its rate. The chemical kinetics is the main thing to determine the rate of the
reaction followed by the Thermodynamics indicating the specifically. (Baum, 1974)

As relevant, the cosmology, biology, geology are all related to chemical kinetics with a far-
reaching implementations. The chemical kinetics are purely concerned to some physical
processes and chemical reactions. The importance of chemical kinetics is providing mechanisms
of chemical processes. The alternative reaction paths and mechanisms allow to choose reaction
conditions favoring one path over others. (Baum, 1974)

Figure 1chemical kinetics

(Baum, 1974)

A chemical reaction use chemical substances that are converted into other substances by
breaking or forming some chemical bonds. This leads to the changing of chemical relative
positions of the molecules and the atoms. In addition, the electrons that form the chemical bonds
are shifted. The mechanism are always dealing with the movements, speeds of atoms and
electrons. (Bernard, 2012)

In chemical kinetics, the accomplished work shows that some chemical reactions pass into a
single step known as elementary reaction. There are other types of reactions, which pass through
more than one known to be stepwise, composite, or complex. The rates of chemical reaction
measuring over a range of conditions predicts the proceeds of the reaction by one or more steps.
For stepwise case, the measurement of chemical kinetic reaction forms the mechanism of the
individual elementary steps. (Bernard, 2012)

4
Reactors

The reactors, in which chemicals are made in industry, vary in size from a few cm3 to the vast
structures that are often depicted in photographs of industrial plants. For example, kilns that
produce lime from limestone may be over 25 metres high and hold, at any one time, well over
400 tonnes of materials.
The design of the reactor is determined by many factors but of particular importance are the
thermodynamics and kinetics of the chemical reactions being carried out.
The two main types of reactor are termed batch and continuous.

Batch reactor
Batch reactors are used for most of the reactions carried out in a laboratory. The reactants are
placed in a test-tube, flask or beaker. They are mixed together, often heated for the reaction to
take place and are then cooled. The products are poured out and, if necessary, purified.
This procedure is also carried out in industry, the key difference being one of size of reactor
and the quantities of reactants. Following reaction, the reactor is cleaned ready for another
batch of reactants to be added.

Figure 2batch reactor

Batch reactors are usually used when a company wants to produce a range of products
involving different reactants and reactor conditions. They can then use the same equipment for
these reactions. Examples of processes that use batch reactors include the manufacture
of colorants and margarine. (Keppel, 1996)

5
Continuous reactor

An alternative to a batch process is to feed the reactants continuously into the reactor at one
point, allow the reaction to take place and withdraw the products at another point. There must
be an equal flow rate of reactants and products.

While continuous reactors are rarely used in the laboratory, a water softener can be regarded
as an example of a continuous process. Hard water from the mains is passed through a tube
containing an ion-exchange resin. Reaction occurs down the tube and soft water pours out at
the exit. (Keppel, 1996)

Continuous reactor

(Keppel, 1996)

Continuous reactors are normally installed when large quantities of a chemical are being
produced. It is important that the reactor can operate for several months without a shutdown.
The product tends to be of a more consistent quality from a continuous reactor because the
reaction parameters (e.g. residence time, temperature and pressure) are better controlled than
in batch operations.

6
CSTR advantages, disadvantages, and usages

Kinds of Usage Advantages Disadvantages

Phases
Present

1. Liquid 1. When 1. Continuous 1. Lowest

phase agitation is operation conversion per
required. unit volume

2. Gas-liquid 2. Good 2. By-passing

rxns temperature and channeling
2. Series control possible with
configurations poor agitation
for different
concentration 3. Easily
streams adapts to two
phase runs
3. Solid-liquid
rxns
4. Good
control

5. Simplicity
of
construction

6 Low
operating
(labor) cost

7. Easy to
clean

Table 1 CSTR

They also produce less waste and require much lower storage of both raw materials and
products resulting in a more efficient operation. Capital costs per tonne of product produced
are consequently lower. The main disadvantage is their lack of flexibility as once the reactor

7
 has been built it is only in rare cases that it can be used to perform a different chemical
reaction. (Keppel, 1996)

Rate of reaction
Rate of a reaction predicts whether the products are being formed or the reactants consumed.
Chemical systems deals with the concentrations of substances per unit volume. The rate of the
chemical kinetics predicts any substance concentration consuming the numbers of molecules
formed or consumed in unit time. (D. Brogioli and A. Vailati, 2001)

Rate of the reaction theory

Elementary chemical reactions is approached by two different theoretical approaches of chemical
kinetics. Both of the theoretical approaches are depending on the idea of potential-
energy surfaces to show the variations of potential energy of a reaction system with certain
critical interatomic distances. One of the approaches to the problem which involves the region of
the potential-energy surface to the highest point on the barrier of the energy doesnt allow the
mixing of the reactants from the products. This is the simplest approach leading to general
expressions for the reaction rate. The second approach to consider is the motion of dynamics for
the system over the potential-energy surface. (D. Brogioli and A. Vailati, 2001)

Figure 3: rate of reaction

(D. Brogioli and A. Vailati, 2001)

Slow reactions measurement

Those ideal exceedingly moderate responses will be on change the states in this way that the
responses happen clinched alongside a sensible the long run. Expanding those temperature,
which could bring a solid impact on the response rate, may be you quit offering on that one
plausibility. Assuming that the temperature of a hydrogen-oxygen mixture is brought up will
regarding 500 C (900 F), response afterward happens rapidly, What's more its energy need
been contemplated under the individuals states. Sums from claiming reactants or items would
measure at Different times, and the rates would promptly computed from the effects. Huge
numbers robotized frameworks need presently been concocted to measuring rates in this path.
(D. Brogioli and A. Vailati, 2001)

8
Fast reactions measurement
Exactly forms would so quick those extraordinary systems must a chance to be used to ponder
them. There are two challenges with quick responses. You quit offering on that one will be that
the duration of the time that it takes to blend reactants or on progress the temperature of the
framework might a chance to be noteworthy in examination for those half-life, with the goal that
those introductory run through can't a chance to be measured faultlessly. Alternate challenge will
be that those the long haul it takes should measure those sums of substances might a chance to be
similar with the half-life of the response. Those systems utilized to succeed these challenges fall
into two classes: stream techniques also pulse Furthermore probe techniques. (D. Brogioli and A.
Vailati, 2001)

Chemical Kinetics principles

The dynamic self-destructive considerations and conduct from claiming a normal substance response is
traditionally mulled over in the main example by deciding how those response rate is impacted.
Furthermore b respond with every other, it is now and then discovered that the response rate is
proportional of the fixation about A, spoken to Toward [A], What's more of the fixation from claiming B,
alternately [B]. Overall, the response is on a chance to be a second-order reaction; it may be main request
for [a] Furthermore to start with request for [B]. In such an instance the response rate v camwood be
communicated asv = k[A][B],where k may be a constant, known as the rate consistent for the response.
(Gonzales-Martinez, 2002)

In the response between two atoms is a Primary one, happening for a single step, a
straightforward elucidation of the Arrhenius mathematical statement camwood be given. Those
amount a will be identified with those recurrence from claiming collisions between those
reacting atoms. (Gonzales-Martinez, 2002)

Figure 4: activation energy

(Keppel, 1996)
In the Arrhenius equation, the initiation vitality (E) speaks to those least sum from claiming
vitality. For responses done which An concoction bond may be broken, on the other hand, the
initiation vitality e will be not zero yet all the need a esteem that is often An tenth or something
like that of the vitality required on break those security. This increment can't be initiated

9
Eventually Tom's perusing the build in the recurrence from claiming collisions between colliding
molecules, since those recurrence doesn't increment sufficiently with an Ascent for temperature.
Arrhenius suggested that At reactants An Also b respond together, they initial type An
Exceedingly energized middle of the road that is indicated Concerning illustration AB, which
therefore provides for those items from claiming reaction: A + b AB Y + Z. (M. Holz,
2000)

Applications of CSTR
Continuous stirred-tank reactors are most commonly used in industrial processing, primarily in
homogeneous liquid-phase flow reactions, where constant agitation is required. They may be
used by themselves, in series, or in a battery. CSTRs are also used in the pharmaceutical
industry as a loop reactor. (Ray, (1963).)
Fermenters are another application of CSTR s that involve the use of a biological catalyst to
generate products. In a fermenter, microbes catalyze a reaction that breaks down much larger
molecules into smaller molecules such as ethanol, methanol, or other hydrocarbons. Vapor
product can be removed from the top of a unit without separation, or liquid product can be
removed from the bottom, filtering out and recycling the microbial media.

Fermenters are used in many industries such as brewing, pharmaceuticals, wastewater treatment,
and hydrocarbon processing. The pilot-plant fermenter on the left has a 500L capacity, while the
production scale fermenter on the right has a 12,000L capacity. (Ray, (1963).)

Advantages:-

Good temperature control is easily maintained

Cheap to construct
Reactor has large heat capacity
Interior of reactor is easily accessed

Disadvantages:-

Conversion of reactant to product per volume of reactor is small compared to other flow
reactors

10
Experimental methods and procedures

1. Switch on the CSTR program

2. Adjust the temperature to be at 35oC).
3. Load the 10 L of Ethyl acetate solution (0.1M) in tank 1 and the 10 L (0.1M) of NaOH
solution in tank.
4. Switch on the two pumps to start the flow.
5. The stirring will start inside the CSTR.
6. The flow meters should mark the same flow, although in different percentage.
7. Take a 5 ml product sample at the reactor outlet.
8. Quench this sample with 10 ml of 0.1N HCL.
9. Titrate this mixture with 0.1N NaOH until the endpoint is reached and note the used volume.
10. Calculate the unreacted HCL from which you can determine the amount of HCL used to
neutralize the unreacted NaOH in the product sample.(university)

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Experimental Results

ZERO ORDER
Concentration (N)
Time (minute)
0.16
1
0.15
8
0.14
18
0.136
23
Table 2: zero order

Zero
0.165

0.16

0.155

0.15

0.145

0.14

0.135 R = 0.9884

0.13
0 5 10 15 20 25

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FIRST ORDER

Ln (CA/CAo)
Time (minute)
0.470004
1
0.405465
8
0.336472
18
0.307485
23
Table 3: first order

First
0.5

0.45

0.4

0.35

0.3 R = 0.9925

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

Series1 Series2 Linear (Series2) Linear (Series2) Linear (Series2)

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SECOND ORDER

1/Concentration
Time (minute)
6.25
1
6.666667
8
7.142857
18
7.352941
23
Table 4: second order

Second
7.6

7.4 R = 0.9957

7.2

6.8

6.6

6.4

6.2

6
0 5 10 15 20 25

Series1 Series2 Series3

Linear (Series2) Linear (Series2) Linear (Series2)

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Discussion

Throughout the experiment, the ethyl acetate is equally mixed with NaOH thus titrating the
sample to record the results and then plot the graph. The first sample was taken after one minute
of mixing. 50mL of the sample was taken then it is titrated with 0.1M NaOH. The next samples
were taken after 8, 18, 23 minutes of mixing in the CSTR thus recording the NaOH during the
titration for every sample. The aim of this experiment is to determine the relationship between
the reaction rate, reactor volume and the feed rate. After recording the results, calculations were
made and the graph was plotted. After the graphs were plotted, the concentration is inversely
proportional with the time, which means that the concentration decreases when the time
increases considering the flowrate and temperature are constant because this reaction
temperature does not change which is considered an isothermal reaction. The second order graph
plotted is the best fitting graph with a constant rate of reaction equal to 0.0499, which indicated
that this is the second order graph.

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Sources of Errors
The definition of "error" is, in some cases, is different from the normal use of this term. An error
in lab experiments still often means a mistake. Such as reading a scale incorrectly, but it is also
the normal where unavoidable inaccuracies is associated with measurements in a lab. Using this
expanded definition, there are many different sources of error in an experiment or scientific
process. (Bland, 1996)
A few errors in chemistry experiments are due simply to mistakes on the part of the person
performing the work. There are an endless number of potential mistakes in lab work, but some of
the most common include misreading gauges, making math mistakes during dilutions and other
types of calculations and spilling chemicals during transfer. Depending on the type of mistake
and the stage at which it happens, the associated degree of error in the experimental results will
vary widely in magnitude. (Bland, 1996)
Human errors, such as measuring incorrectly, inadvertently contaminating a solution by
dropping another substance into it.
Using dirty instruments are examples of how making a simple mistake affects the
experiment.
Equipment limitations also cause errors if instruments are not calibrated properly.
If an instrument is unable to take a measurement because of calibration limitations. For
instance, a digital scale that only measures up to three decimal places is a potential
limitation if a more exact measurement is needed. Instruments that are not calibrated for
the conditions of the experiment also cause errors.
Taking measurements during an experiment is another source of observation errors.
The drop in temperature is likely to be slight; the drop in temperature is, nevertheless, the
effect of an observation error.
Not all measurement values are well defined, which means that some items have a range
of values rather than a single value.
It is important to be able to distinguish between the items that have variable values and
the items that have definite values when conducting an experiment. It is possible to
mistake an item with a variable value as an error.
Finally, inconsistent sampling techniques also cause errors. Every time an experiment is
done, each step must be repeated the same way as it was previously. If this does not
happen, different results are likely. (Bland, 1996)

16
Conclusion
Throughout the experiment, ethyl acetate is mixed equally with NaOH in a continuous tank
reactor. The first sample was taken after one minute of mixing. 50mL of the sample was taken
then it is titrated with 0.1M NaOH. The next samples were taken after 8, 18, 23 minutes of
mixing in the CSTR thus recording the NaOH during the titration for every sample. The aim of
this experiment is to determine the relationship between the reaction rate, reactor volume and the
feed rate. After recording the results, calculations were made and the graph was plotted. After the
graphs were plotted, the concentration is inversely proportional with the time, which means that
the concentration decreases when the time increases considering the flowrate and temperature are
constant because this reaction temperature does not change which is considered an isothermal
reaction. The second order graph plotted is the best fitting graph with a constant rate of reaction
equal to 0.0499, which indicated that this is the second order graph.

17
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