PROJECT REPORT

ON

HYDRO POWER PROJECTS IMPLEMENTATION,

REWARDS AND REQUISITES
A STUDY ON J&K STATE POWER PROJECTS

SUBMITTED BY

RAKESH KASBA
IGNOU, Regional Center Jammu

GUIDED BY

JAYA BHASIN
Lecturer,
The Business School, University of Jammu

SUBMITTED TO
SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
INDIRA GANDHI NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY
MAIDAN GARHI
NEW DELHI-110068
2007-09
 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that the project titled Hydro Power Projects

implementation; rewards and requisites is an original work of

the student and is being submitted in partial fulfillment for

the award of the Masters Degree in Business Administration of

Indira Gandhi National Open University. This report has not been

submitted earlier either to this University or to any other

University/ Institution for the fulfillment of the requirement

of a course of study.

SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

Place: Place:

Date: Date:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my sincere gratitude to my guide Ms Jaya Bhasin for her inspiring

guidance during my project work, especially when she was busy with the submission of

her Ph.D thesis.

I also express my sincere thanks to Prof. Ashok Aima HOD Business School,

Jammu University for his valuable initial advice.

I acknowledge with gratitude the magnificent work The School of Business

Studies, IGNOU is doing in taking the class room to the work place of the aspiring

students.

I feel indebted to Dr K.K.Bhat, Director IGNOU, Regional Center Jammu, for his

personal efforts in having my administrative problems resolved during the course.

I also want to put on record my gratitude to Mr R.K.Koul of Regional Centre

Jammu, for his immense help. He has a tireless and missionary zeal in helping anyone

in need.

This is an occasion to remember my father Sh. M.L.Kasba with reverence, he is

no more with us, yet his inspiration lives on and my mother who continues to have great

dreams for her children.

My gratitude towards Ms Subita, my wife, Erika, my daughter and Parth, my son

is beyond words. I could manage only because they gave up their share of my time, in

the interest of my study.

I thank all my other friends who helped me directly or indirectly in completing this

project work.

Rakesh Kasba
 INDEX

S.No Chapter Particulars of Contents Page Nos.

1. Title sheet of the Project i

2. Certificate of originality ii
3. Acknowledgements iii
4. Approved project proposal Performa iv
5. Approved Project Synopsis v
6. Bio-Data of the Project Guide ix
7. Index xiii
8. List of figures xiv
9. List of tables xv
10. I Introduction to the present study 1
11. II Introduction to Hydro Power and its importance 4
12. III Questionnaire Design for Primary Data 15
13. IV Collection of Primary Data as per questionnaires 20
14. V Collection of Secondary Data 21
15. VI Analysis of Primary Data 25
16. VII Analysis of Data 32
17. VIII Inferences drawn from analysis of collected data 39
18. IX Conclusions 50
19. X Annexure 56
20. XI Future direction of this study 57
21. XII Bibliography
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Title of the Figure Page

No. No.
2.1 Dam/ Barrage, Spillway, and penstocks. 7
2.2 Dam, Canal, Forebay, Spillway, Penstock, Powerhouse 7
and Tail race
7.1 Growth comparison of hydro power 1st to 10 th Plan 35
7.2 Percentage contribution of various reasons to target
slippage in Hydro Development in 10th plan 37

7.3 Managements role in Target slippage in Hydro Power 39

7.4 Electricity described as 48
7.5 Hydro power is best because 49
7.6 Kirthai/ Sawalkote HE Projects are welcome 49
7.7 Expectations from Kirthai/ Sawalkote HEPs 50
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Title of the Table Page

No. Nos.
5.1 Kirthai Hydro Electric Project, Salient features 21
5.2 Sawalkote Hydro Electric Project, Salient features 22
5.3 Growth of hydro power in India 1st to 10 th Plan 23
5.4 10th Plan Hydro Development (2002-2007) 24
5.5 Breakup of slippage contribution of 10th Plan hydro 24
6.1 Study of Kirthai H E Project Questionnaire No- I 25
6.2 Study of Sawalkote HE Project Questionaire No. 1 27
6.3 Questionnaire No.1 response comparison 28
6.4 Study of Kirthai H E Project Questionnaire No-2. 29
6.5 Study of Sawalkote HE Project Questionnaire No 2. 30
6.6 Questionnaire No.2 response comparison 30
6.7 Study of HE Projects Management Questionnaire No. 3 31
7.1 Kirthai HE project cost of lost opportunity 32
7.2 Sawalkote HE project cost of lost opportunity 33
7.3 Growth of hydro power in 1st to 10 th Plan 34
7.4 Percentage contribution of various reasons to target slippage 36
7.5 Analysis of Target slippage in Hydro Power Development 37
7.6 Various reasons for Target slippage in Hydro Development 38
8.1 Questionnaire 1 Response Sheets 50
8.2 Questionnaires 2 Response sheet 53
8.3 Questionnaires 3 Response sheet 54
8.4 Annuity Factor calculations 55
 Chapter I Introduction to the present study

Introduction

Solar energy is the mother of all renewable sources of energies on the Earth.

Solar energy is perennial, free of charge and is spread across the globe. The solar

energy is available on the earth in various original and converted forms e.g. heat, light

and other forms of solar radiation as received from the sun directly and the converted

forms of solar energy e.g. wind energy, wave energy, Hydro energy etc.

Hydro energy is non polluting available away from urban centers, closest to the

under developed, and savoir of Earth and its non renewable energy resources. Howeve

it suffers from apathy and inattention of the short sighted planners because of high

capital cost of the project, time of construction of a Hydro Project is higher, project is

away from the political constituency. Besides the location of the Hydro project is fixed by

technical factors and hence causes some social and ecological problems. Some

bureaucratic impediments and archaic regulations also come in the way of prompt

Project implementation.

We can circumvent many of the problems by introducing vision in our policy, the

utilization of our Management skills, Technological development and by reduction of

avoidable impediments and thus improve the attractiveness of the development of

Hydro Power projects in our country and J&K state especially.

Rationale of the study

Energy is money, unlike energy in form of Oil and coal reserves, Hydro energy is

not limited to a few areas across the globe. Every society can avail its benefits, grow

rich and compete with the developed world in providing the best to its citizens. Only we
have to identify the impediments, devise solutions, implement the plans and reap the

perennial benefits.

Objective of the study

i) To study the Sawalakote Hydro Electric Project and Kirthai Hydro Electric

projects in detail including related policy, legislation, management and

administration aspects.

ii) To identify the problem areas in the implementation of the above mentioned

Hydro power Projects

iii) To evaluate the time over-run and the cost over-run in the completion of

Sawalakote Hydro Electric Project and Kirthai Hydro Electric Project.

iv) To study the benefits that would accrue to the society by implementation of the

Sawalakote Hydro Electric Project and Kirthai Hydro Electric Project.

v) To suggest measures for improvement in the implementation of the Sawalakote

Hydro Electric Project and Kirthai Hydro Electric Project.

Research Methodology

Assumptions:

The study is based on the following assumptions:

i) Problems exist in the implementation of the Hydro Power projects.

ii) The delay in implementation of the Hydro Power Projects is causing a negative

impact on the society.

Research Design

I. Sources of Data

a) Primary Data

Enquiry from the population in influence area.

 Enquiry from the concerned Engineers & Managers

b) Secondary Data

Various web sites on policies, plans and achievements on the Hydro Power

Projects for last decade.

Publications and Books.

II. Sample

Sawalakote Hydro Electric Project, J&K State

Kirthai Hydro Electric Project, J&K State.

III. Sample size

Population- 150 (75 each) from areas of influence.

Engineers/ Managers - 50% of the census.

IV. Sampling technique:

Random sampling

V. Data Analysis and Interpretation

Mean score analysis.

Percentage analysis.

VI. Expected contribution from the study.

Identification of stumbling blocks in exploitation of Hydro potential.

Uncovering the multi dimensional benefits of Hydro Power.

VII. Limitations of this study.

The involvement of various Govt. agencies in Hydro development with varied

data banking methods may tend to make the collected data inconsistent.

The area of study being vast in space and time.

 Chapter II Introduction to Hydro Power and its importance.

Necessity and importance of Electric power

Power in the form of electricity is the necessity today. Its use is wide ranging,

with marked advantages in generation, transportation, storage and use; it becomes one

of the most sought after means of gain; economic, social and environmental. Even the

nature uses electricity in running of our body functions eg. Seeing, hearing, muscular

activity, memory etc. its uses for mankind vary from necessity to luxury, eg. Electricity is

used in Lighting, heating, cooling, communication, health and medicine, entertainment,

production operations and processes, transportation, computation, data management

and innumerable other things.

Thus energy is the lifeline and electric energy is the most easily usable and clean

form of energy needed by man. Man started with using up energy stores of the Earth

which were in the form of Oil, gas, coal, wood etc but the realization is fast dawning

upon man that we cannot afford to use up the Earths resources and leave none for our

progeny. The pollution thus created is also suffocating the Earth, hence the quest for a

renewable source of Energy e.g. Hydro Power.

I. Explaining Hydro Power

Hydro energy helps in converging the solar energy received over vast area of

oceans and water bodies to the land areas, where the inhabitants can use it. This

transportation of energy is done through hydrological cycle. The precipitation water

landing on the hills has lot of potential energy in it. It flows down the hills in rivers

dissipating its potential energy, and reaches the zero potential energy state by the time

it rejoins the ocean. Enroute its down flow we can extract this potential energy present
in water and convert it into electrical energy through the mechanism adopted in Hydro

Power Projects.

Hydro energy, with all the associated benefits does have a few drawbacks when

compared to the thermal and nuclear power projects. e.g. the generation of power

varies seasonally, power is generated as per the water flow and has to be used

simultaneously, capital cost of the project is considerable, time of construction of a

Hydro Project is high. The location of the Hydro project is fixed by technical factors and

cannot be placed at our convenience hence some social and ecological problems do

occur.

i) Head and Flow

Hydraulic power can be captured wherever a flow of water falls from a higher

level to a lower level. This may occur where a stream runs down a hillside or a river

passes over a waterfall or man-made weir, or where a reservoir discharges water back

into the main river. The vertical fall of the water, known as the head, is essential for

hydropower generation; fast-flowing water on its own does not contain sufficient energy

for useful power production except on a very large scale, such as offshore marine

currents. Hence two quantities are required:

i) Flow Rate of water i.e. discharge Q in m/ sec, and

ii) Level difference in flowing water i.e. Head H. in meters.

(Gross head <10 m. is low head, 10-50 m is medium head and >50 m is high head)
ii) Power and Energy

Energy is an amount of work done, or a capacity to do work, measured in Joules.

Electricity is a form of energy, but is generally expressed in its own units of kilowatt-

hours (kWh) where 1 kWh is electricity supplied by 1 kW working for 1 hour.

Hydro-turbines convert water pressure into mechanical shaft power, which can

be used to drive an electricity generator, or other machinery. The power available is

proportional to the product of head and flow rate. The general formula for any hydro

systems power output is:

P = h r g Q H Where:

P is the mechanical power produced at the turbine shaft (Watts),

h is the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine (60 to 90%)

r is the density of water (1000 kg/m3)

g is the acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/s),

Q is the volume flow rate passing through the turbine (m/s),

H is the effective pressure head of water across the turbine (m).

Typical water-to-wire efficiency for the whole system can be taken as 80%, then:

P (kW) = 8* Q (m3/s) *H (m).

iii) Main elements of a Hydro scheme

The figures below illustrate typical hydro schemes on a medium or high head.

Fig.2.1 Dam/ Barrage, Spillway, and penstocks.

Fig 2.2 Dam, Canal, Forebay, Spillway, Penstock, Powerhouse and Tail race.
iv) Summary of a Hydro Power scheme

Water is taken from the river by diverting it through an intake at a weir.

In medium or high-head installations water may first be carried horizontally to the

forebay tank by a small canal or tunnel to create a usable level difference.

The forebay or intake is usually protected by a rack of metal bars (a trash rack)

which filters out water-borne debris.

A pressure pipe, or penstock, conveys the water from the forebay to the turbine,

in the powerhouse together with the generator and control equipment.

After leaving the turbine, the water discharges down a tailrace canal back into

the river.

II. Types of Hydro Power Schemes

Reservoir scheme - River water is stored and timing of use is regulated.

Run-of-the-river scheme - Energy is extracted from flowing water in real time.

Pumped-storage-scheme - Off peak energy in the grid is used to pump water back into

feeder reservoir, thus creating an energy storage system.

Diversion scheme - Energy is generated out of inter basin water transfer.

Multi-purpose scheme -The scheme is designed to give multiple benefits e.g.

power, irrigation, flood control, navigation, entertainment etc.

III. Hydropower: A key tool for Development

Hydropower projects can make a significant contribution to sustainable

development i.e. the development that is good in the long run too, when they are

developed and operated in an economically viable, environmentally sound and socially

responsible manner. Hydro power leads all the development and conservation efforts

Hydro Power contributes to the three pillars of sustainable development that are

Economic Development

Environmental caution

Social justice

IV. Advantageous characteristics of Hydro-Power

i) Hydro power is local even away from development centers.

Hydropower is indigenous and can be found and used at the remotest corner of

earth and bring light and development through stand-alone Hydro scheme.

ii) Hydropower is a renewable source of energy

Hydropower uses the energy of flowing water, without depleting water, to

produce electricity; therefore, all hydropower projects small or large, run-of-river or

storage, meet the definition of renewable.

iii) Hydropower supports the development of other renewable energies

Hydropower facilities with reservoirs offer unique operational flexibility because

they can respond immediately to fluctuating demand for electricity. Hydropowers

flexibility and storage capacity make it the most efficient and cost-effective way to

support the deployment of intermittent renewables such as wind or solar power.

iv) Hydropower fosters energy security and price stability

River water is a domestic resource and, unlike fuel or natural gas, it is not subject

to market fluctuations; moreover, hydropower is the only major renewable source of

electricity, and its cost-effectiveness, efficiency, flexibility and reliability help optimize the

operation of thermal plants.

v) Hydropower contributes to freshwater storage

Hydropower reservoirs collect rainwater, which can then be used for drinking or

irrigation. By storing water, they protect aquifers from depletion help aquifer recharge

and reduce our vulnerability to floods and droughts.

vi) Hydropower improves electricity grid stability and reliability

The management of electricity grids depends upon fast, flexible generation

sources to meet peak power demands, maintain level system voltages and quickly

restore service after a blackout. Electricity generated from hydropower can be placed on

the grid faster than any other energy source. Hydropowers ability to go from zero power

to maximum output in upto less than 5 minutes, rapidly and predictably makes it

exceptionally good at meeting changing loads and providing ancillary electrical services

that maintain the balance between electricity supply and demand.

vii) Hydropower helps fight climate change

The life cycle of hydropower produces very small amounts of greenhouse gases

(GHGs). By offsetting GHG emissions from gas, coal and oil fired power plants;
hydropower can help slow global warming. Although only 33% of potential hydro

resources have been developed, hydropower currently avoids burning 4.4 million

barrels of oil-equivalent daily, worldwide.

viii) Hydropower can reduce pollution

Hydropower plants produce no air pollutants. Very often, they replace fossil-

fuelled generation, thereby reducing acid rain and smog. Moreover, hydropower

projects do not generate any toxic by-products.

ix) Hydropower makes a significant contribution to development

Hydropower facilities bring electricity, roads, industry and commerce to remote

Hydro project sites, thereby developing the economy, improving access to health and

education, and enhancing the quality of life. Hydropower is a technology that has been

known and proven for over a century. Its impacts are well understood and manageable

through mitigation and enhancement measures. It offers vast potential and is available

where development is most needed.

x) Hydropower means clean, affordable power

With an average life span of 50 to 100 years, hydropower projects are long-term

investments that can benefit several generations. They can easily be upgraded to

incorporate the latest technologies and have very low operation and maintenance costs.

V. Hydropower offers a High Level of Service

i) Efficiency

Hydropower shows the best conversion rate (upto 90%) due to the direct

transformation of hydraulic forces to electricity

ii) Flexibility

Reservoirs are storage of potential energy, hence Hydropower is useful in

Meeting the base and peak-load demands

Back-up for intermittent electricity sources such as wind and solar.

Optimizing efficiency of less flexible fossil or nuclear generating options.

Following demand fluctuations almost instantly.

Offering a quick response to failings in power grids.

iii) Reliability

Hydropower is a proven and well-advanced technology based on more than a

century of experience

A source of renewable energy with the capacity to contribute significantly the

worlds ever growing need for electricity.

VI. Services provided by Hydro Power Projects

Only viable means of storage of energy i.e. through reservoirs.

Environmental friendly source of energy.

Can operate as a stand alone system anywhere, fulfilling the energy needs.

Can include irrigation, flood control, water supply, environmental management,

transportation, ground water recharge, recreation, climate change protection etc.

VII. Evidence in support of Hydro Power initiative

Hydropower is independent of fuel price fluctuations hydropower currently

offsets the need for more than 4.4 million barrels of oil equivalent each day.

Hydropower facilities are passed from one generation to the next several

schemes have been in operation for more than a century

Small hydro has brought the first power and light to remote villages

Urban areas are most efficiently supplied by full-scale power systems.

Energy consumption of the world in 2005 was put at 139 Million GWhs of which

Non renewable sources of energy are 66.1% (Coal39.8%,Gas19.6%,Oil6.7%).

Renewable sources of energy provided 17.9% (Hydro: 16.1%, Wind, Solar,

Geothermal, Bio-energy: 1.8%) and

Nuclear Energy provided for 15.7% (Non-renewable waste: 0.3%).

Hydropower supplies almost one-sixth of the worlds electricity.

Hydropower supplies 90% of electricity from renewable sources.

Only one-third of the worlds potential hydropower has been developed.

Hydropower currently offsets 2.1* billion tones of CO2 emissions each year. If

developed, the remaining realistic hydropower potential would offset a further 7

billion tonnes Year after year, this would be equivalent to saving.

i. 37% of current total world emissions, or

ii. Three times the annual emissions of all cars on the planet.
VIII. Problems of hydropower development: environmental problems:

Affecting the fish by blocking their movement to the upstream spawning grounds.

Decreasing of wildlife in river grounds and former forests due to flooding.

Dislocation of people, e.g.1.13 million people dislocated due to the Three Gorges

Project (China).

Oxygen reduction in the water by rotting vegetation and killing of fish and plants.

Emission of methane after rotting of bio mass. Methane is a strong greenhouse

gas that has 21 times more harmful effect than CO2.

Water quality (oxygen reduction) and sedimentation by reducing the flow speed.

River regime problems due to sedimentation and reservoir flushing.

Land slides and reservoir rim failure due to change in water levels.

Potential dam breaking risk (due to war, earthquakes etc.).

 Chapter III, Questionnaire Design for Primary Data

To collect opinion on the awareness and expectations on Hydro Power Projects

In order to collect the opinions on the awareness, expectations and failings of the

management in implementation of Hydro Power Projects, a series of opinion surveys

were conducted through the medium of Questionnaires. The questionnaires were aimed

at

i) The general public living in vicinity of proposed location of the Hydro Power

Projects under study.

ii) The Engineers and Managers involved with planning and execution of the above

HydroPower projects.

iii) The Managers related to the planning and implementation of Hydro Power

Projects.

The information was sought in the following directions

I. Awareness about need of Electric Power in locals.

II. Awareness about Sawlakote HE Project and Kirthai HE Project in locals.

III. Expectations of locals from Sawlakote and Kirthai Hydro Electric Projects,

IV. Problems in implementation of Sawlakote and Kirthai Hydro Electric Projects,

(The answer options are mutually exclusive amongst the given possibilities).
 I. Study of Kirthai/ Sawalkote Hydro Electric Project

Questionnaire No- I.

For the locals (living within Same District as Kirthai/ Sawalkote HE Project)

General awareness on benefits of electric power

Q. 1 Electricity can be best described as

a. A luxury of life.

b. A commercial need.

c. A must for employment generation.

d. A necessity of day to day life.

e. Most important of all needs at a remote location.

Awareness about Hydro Power

Q. 2 Hydro-Power is the best because

a. Consequences of pollution are severe.

b. Life will be difficult without the energy reserves ie. Coal, Oil, Gas etc.

c. We get power from a perennial resource and not from a depleting source.

d. Electric power can be got from running water of the river without wastage

e. It takes roads, employment and infrastructure to the remote locations.

Awareness about impact of Kirthai/ Sawalkote Hydro Electric Project

Q. 3 Kirthai/ Sawalkote Hydro Power project is welcome because

a. It is being constructed on River Chenab, i.e development within district.

b. The loss of land will be well compensated by employment, cash and kind.
c. Construction of power project will get us roads and other infrastructure.

d. Health, security and administration in the area will improve.

e. It is going to increase overall money flow to locals.

Expectations from the Kirthai/ Sawalkote Hydro Electric Project

Q. 4 Why do you want Project to start early?

a. Development of power project will increase exposure to tourists.

b. Development benefits will reach remotest of areas.

c. Employment in power project raises employable skill level of workers.

d. Many indirect sources of income will be created.

e. Many locals will get the jobs.Questionnaire No-2.

For Managers and Engineers (connected with Kirthai/ Sawalkote HE Project)

Reasons for Time and cost over-runs in project implementation

Q1. The delay amounting to decades between identification and commissioning of

Kirthai Hydro Power Projects occurred because

a. Technical issues take decades to resolve.

b. Clearances and permissions delay Hydro projects by decades.

c. Hydro power is not given due importance in policy.

d. Decisions are delayed due to bureaucratic handling of Project issues.

e. Poor planning of project implementation discourages financial institutions.

Measures suggested for implementation of Kirthai/ Sawalkote HE Projects

Q2. The cost and time over-runs in Kirthai HE Project can be avoided by

a. Answerability on decisions/ indecision leading to loss of time and money.

b. Counting monetary value of the lost time in decision delaying.

c. Transparency to avoid immoral concerns to dominate decision-making.

d. Easing clearances, permissions and the land acquisition procedures etc.

e. Govt. officials taking justifiable stand point in contractual conflicts.

Questionnaire No. 3

For Managers and Engineers (connected with Hydro Power Projects)

Identifying the Level of management responsible for time and cost over runs in

implementation of Hydro Power Projects

(Choose either one of the three options for each question, Yes=1, No=0)

Q1. Delay in supplies / erection by suppliers / contractors.

a) Executing Agency, Field Engineers b) Owners Top Management c) Beyond control.

Q2. Delay in award of works mainly in state sector.

b) Executing Agency, Field Engineers b) Owners Top Management c) Beyond control.

Q3. Law & Order Problems

a) Executing Agency, Field Engineers b) Owners Top Management c) Beyond control.

Q4. Delay in clearance / investment decisions (Hydro Projects).

a) Executing Agency, Field Engineers b) Owners Top Management c) Beyond control

Q5. Delay in environmental clearance, geological surprises, Natural calamities, R&R

issues, delay in signing of MoU and Court Cases.

a) Executing Agency, Field Engineers b) Owners Top Management c) Beyond control

 Chapter IV, Collection of Primary Data as per questionnaires.

Questionnaire No. 1- Annexure-I

Response on Kirthai & Sawalkote Hydro Electric Project

i) Data as per the questionnaire No. 1 got from people living in the Kishtwar

District, where the proposed Kirthai Hydro Electric Project is coming up.

ii) Data as per the questionnaire No.1 got from people living in the Ramban

District where the proposed Sawalkote Hydro Electric Project is coming

up.

Questionnaires No. 2 - Annexure-II

Response on Sawalkote Hydro Electric Project

i) Data as per the questionnaire No. 2 got from Engineers and Managers

involved in planning and documentation of the proposed Kirthai Hydro

Electric Project.

ii) Data as per the questionnaire No. 2 got from Engineers and Managers

involved in planning and documentation of the proposed Sawalkote Hydro

Electric Project.

Questionnaire 3- Annexure-III
Response on the level of management responsible for the slippage in the

implementation of planned Hydro Power Projects

i) Data as per the questionnaire No.3 got from Engineers and Managers

involved in planning and documentation of various Hydro-Electric Projects.

 Chapter V, Collection of Secondary Data

I. Case histories of Kirthai and Sawalkote Hydro Electric Projects.

i) Kirthai Hydro Electric Project, J&K State

Salient features Table No. 5.1
Relevant Project Features Data Description
Location 75 10 E, 33 15 N
State J&K state
River Chenab
Technical
Max. Dam Height & Type 160 mtrs Concrete
Power House 240 MWs 4 Nos. x 60 MWs Francis
Spillway Design Discharge 7,400 cumecs
Scheme Hydro Electric Power
Financial (worked out)
Cost of project Rs 1500 Crores Assumed @Rs 6.25 Crore per MW
at 2008 cost
Power Load Factor 60% Av. Annual power output.
Annual generation* 1135 GWH At 90% availability factor.
Annual Revenue (this year) Rs 283.75 Crores At Rs 2.50 per unit.
Annual R&M Cost (this year) Rs 30 Crores @ 2% of capital cost
Calendar of important events
Initial project identification 1961 Chenab Coordination committee
Investigation by CWC 1989
Handed over to MOWR 1992
Date of DPR submission 2003 CWC
Date of start of project Not yet started
Date of commissioning Project not started
*Annual generation = Installed capacity * 0.60 (PLF)*0.90(PAF)
PLF- Plant load factor, PAF- Plant availability factor
ii) Sawalkote Hydro Electric Project, J&K State
Salient features Table No. 5.2

Relevant Project Features Data Description

Location 75 66 E, 33 11 N

State J&K

River Chenab

Technical

Max. Dam Height & Type 198 mtrs, Concrete

Power House 1200 MWs 6 x 150 MWs Francis

Average river flow 833 cumecs

Catchment Area 19480 Km Upto Project site

Financial

Cost of project Rs 7,500 Crs Assumed @ Rs 6.25 Crore

Power Load Factor
Annual generation*
Annual Revenue expected (this
year)
Annual R&M Cost (this year)
per MW at 2008 cost
60% Av. Annual power output.
5676 GWH At 90% availability factor
Rs 1419.00 Crores At Rs 2.50 per unit
Rs 150 Crores @ 2% of capital cost

Calendar of important events

Initial project identification & 1961 Chenab Coordination

investigations Committee 19th Nov 1961
Feasibility report submitted 1984 Central Water Commission

Date of DPR 2000

Date of start of project Not yet started

Date of commissioning 7.5 Years after start

*Annual generation = Installed capacity * 0.60 (PLF)*0.90(PAF)

PLF- Plant load factor, PAF- Plant availability factor
II. Growth and deficiencies of hydro power in India 1st to 10 th Plan
Table No. 5.3

Installed Capacity during the Plan Period (by end of Plan) in MW

Cumulative Total Cumulative Hydro Power

5-Year
Plan (years) Power Capacity Capacity
Plan No.
(all sources) MWs MWs
1st 1951-56 2,886 1,061

2nd 1956-61 4,653 1,917

3rd 1961-66 9,027 4,124

4th 1969-74 16,664 6,966

5th 1974-79 26,680 10,833

6th 1980-85 42,585 14,460

7th 1985-90 63,636 18,307

8th 1992-97 85,795 21,658

9th 1997-02 105,046 26,269

10th 2002-07 139,700 34,155

III. 10th Plan Hydro Development (2002-2007)
Table No. 5.4
S No Category Planned Actual Slippage in +/- %
addition plan

1. Total 41,110 MW 34,654 MW 6456 MWs (-) 15.70

1.1 Non-Hydro Power 26,717 MW 26,778 MW (-) 51 MWs 0.19

1.2 Hydro Power 14,393 MW 7,886 MW 6,507 MWs (-) 45.21

1.2.1 Central sector 8,742 MW 4,495 MW 4,278 MWs (-) 48.94

1.2.2 State sector 4,481 MW 2,691 MW 1,790 MWs (-) 39.95

1.2.3 Private Sector 1,170 MW 700 MW 470 MWs (-) 40.17

IV. Breakup of slippage contribution of various reasons in 10th Plan hydro

capacity deficiency
Table No. 5.5

Sr Major Reasons of slippage of Planned Hydro Capacity

No installation in 10th 5-Year plan deficiency (MW)

1. Delay in supplies / erection by suppliers / contractors 679

2. Delay in award of works mainly in state sector 222

3. Law & Order Problems 60

4. Delay in clearance / investment decisions (Hydro Projects) 2,391

5. Delay in environmental clearance, geological surprises, 3,155

Natural calamities, R&R issues, delay in signing of MoU
and Court Cases

Total 6,507
 Chapter VI, Analysis of Primary Data

I. Study of Kirthai Hydro Electric Project Questionnaire No- I.

For the locals (living in Kishtwar District ; Kirthai HE Project)

(Please refer table No 8.1) Table No 6.1

General awareness on benefits of electric power

Q. 1 Electricity can be best described as Yes %

a A luxury of life 8

b A commercial need 21

c A must for employment generation 18

d A necessity of day to day life 25

e Most important of all needs at a remote location. 28

Awareness about Hydro Power

Q. 2 Hydro Power is the best because Yes %

a Consequences of pollution are severe. 7

b Life will be difficult without the energy reserves ie. Coal, Oil, Gas etc. 18

c It is from a perennial resource and not from a depleting source. 17

d Electric power can be got from running river water without wastage 20

e It takes roads, employment and infrastructure to the remote locations. 38

Awareness about impact of Kirthai HE Project

Q. 3 Kirthai Hydro Power project is welcome because Yes %

a It is to be constructed on River Chenab, i.e development in our district. 5

b The loss of land will be well compensated by employment, cash and kind. 14

c Construction of power project will get us roads and other infrastructure. 28

d Health, security and administration in the area will improve. 21

e It is going to increase overall money flow to locals. 32

Expectations from the Kirthai HE Project

Q. 4 Why do you want Project to start early? Yes %

a. Development of power project will increase exposure to tourists. 7

b. Development benefits will reach remotest of areas. 13

c. Employment in power project raises workers employable skill level. 15

d. Many indirect sources of income will be created. 23

e. Many locals will get the jobs. 42

II. Study of Sawalkote Hydro Electric Project Questionaire No. 1.

For the locals (living within Same District as Sawalkote HE Project)

(Please refer table No 8.1) Table No 6.2

General awareness on benefits of electric power

Q. 1 Electricity can be best described as Yes %

a. A luxury of life 2

b. A commercial need 20

c. A must for employment generation 25

d. A necessity of day to day life 31

e. Most important of all needs at a remote location. 22

Awareness about Hydro Power

Q. 2 Hydro Power is the best because Yes %

a. Consequences of pollution are severe. 9

b. Life will be difficult without the energy reserves ie. Coal, Oil, Gas etc. 23

c. It is from a perennial resource and not from a depleting source. 14

d. Electric power can be got from running river water without wastage. 23

e. It takes roads, employment and infrastructure to the remote locations. 31

Awareness about Sawalkote HE Project impact

Q. 3 Sawalkote Hydro Power project is desired best because Yes %

a. It is to be constructed on River Chenab, i.e development in our district. 6

b. The loss of land will be well compensated by employment, cash and kind. 11

c. Construction of power project will get us roads and other infrastructure. 31

d. Health, security and administration in the area will improve 16

e. It is going to increase overall money flow to locals. 36

Expectations from the Sawalkote HE Project

Q. 4 Why do you want Project to start early? Yes %

a. Development of power project will increase exposure to tourists 3

b. Development benefits will reach remotest of areas. 18

c. Employment in power project raises workers employable skill level. 14

d. Many indirect sources of income will be created. 28

e. Many locals will get the jobs 37

III. Questionnaire No.1 response comparison (Please refer table No 8.1)

Tests of data collected from local population of Kirthai and Sawalkote Hydro
Electric Projects with the help of MS Excel software.
Table No 6.3
Correlation 0.9020 Between Kirthai & Sawalkote Questionnaire No 1 Data sets

F Test 0.8359 Between Kirthai & Sawalkote Questionnaire No 1 Data sets

III. Study of Kirthai Hydro Electric Project Questionnaire No-2.

For Managers and Engineers (connected with Kirthai HE Project)

(Please refer table No 8.2) Table No 6.4

Reasons for Time and cost over-runs in project implementation

Q1. The delay amounting to decades between identification and Yes %

commissioning of Kirthai Hydro Power Projects occurred because

a. Technical issues take decades to resolve. 0

b. Clearances and permissions delay Hydro projects by decades. 0

c. Hydro power is not given due importance in policy. 33

d. Decisions are delayed due to bureaucratic handling of Project issues. 40

e. Poor project implementation planning dejects financial institutions. 27

Measures suggested for Kirthai HE Project implementation

Q2. The cost & time over-runs in Kirthai HE Project can be avoided by Yes %

a. Answerability on decisions/ indecision leading to time and money loss 20

b. Counting monetary value of the lost time in decision delaying. 27

c. Transparency to prevent immoral concerns to dominate decision making. 20

d. Easing clearances, permissions and the land acquisition procedures etc. 20

e. Mindset of Owners on justifiable stand point on contractual conflicts. 13

IV. Study of Sawalkote Hydro Electric Project, Questionnaire No 2.
For Managers and Engineers (connected with Sawalkote HE Project)
(Please refer table No 8.2) Table No 6.5

Reasons for Time and cost over-runs in project implementation

Q1. The delay amounting to decades between identification and Yes %

commissioning of Sawalkote Hydro Power Project occurred because

a. Technical issues take decades to resolve. 0

b. Clearances and permissions delay Hydro Projects by decades. 0

c. Hydro power is not given due importance in policy. 27

d. Decisions are delayed due to bureaucratic handling of Project issues. 40

e. Poor project implementation planning dejects financial institutions. 33

Measures suggested for Sawalkote HE Project implementation

Q2. The cost & time over-runs in Sawalkote HE Project can be avoided by Yes %

a. Answerability on decisions/ indecision leading to time and money. Loss 20

b. Counting monetary value of the lost time in decision delaying. 27

c. Transparency to prevent immoral concerns dominate decision making. 27

d. Easing clearances, permissions and the land acquisition procedures etc. 20

e. Mindset of Owners on justifiable stand point on contractual conflicts. 6

VI. Questionnaire No.2 response comparison (Please refer table No 8.2)

Tests of data collected from Engineers and Managers concerned with Kirthai and
Sawalkote Hydro Electric Projects with the help of MS Excel software.
Table No 6.6
Correlation 0.94374 Between Kirthai & Sawalkote Questionnaire No 2 Data sets

F Test 0.85577 Between Kirthai & Sawalkote Questionnaire No 2 Data sets

VII. Study of Management of Hydro Electric Projects Questionnaire No. 3

For Managers and Engineers (connected with Hydro Projects)

(Please refer table No 8.3) Table No 6.7

Identifying the Level of management responsible for time & cost Option*
over-runs in the implementation of Hydro Power Projects Yes %

(Choose either one of the three options for each question, Yes=1, No=0) a b c
Q1. Delay in supplies / erection by suppliers / contractors.. 72 8 20

Q2. Delay in award of works mainly in state sector. 8 76 16

Q3. Law & Order Problems 52 20 28

Q4. Delay in clearance / investment decisions (Hydro Projects). 0 84 16

Q5. Delay in environmental clearance, geological surprises, Natural 20 60 20

Calamities, R&R issues, delay in signing MoU and Court Cases.

* the options available for the various questions of Questionnaire No. 3

Marking Option

a Executing Agency/ Field Engineers,

b Owner.s Top management,

c Beyond control

In the above table the respondents opted for either of a, b or c (representing options as

shown above) as an option to show their respective selection of the level of

management responsible for the slippage in the targets. These positive responses were

summed up to show the representative percentage of the respective levels of

management responsible for the slippage of targets in the overall.

 Chapter VII, Analysis of Data

I. Analysis of Cost of Lost Opportunity in delay of Project implementation

i) Kirthai HE project cost of lost opportunity

(Please Refer Table No 5.1) Table No. 7.1

Financial Figures Explanation

(Year 2008 figures)

Cost of project Rs 1,500 Crs Assumed @ Rs 6.25 Crs per MW

Annual Revenue expected Rs 283.75 Crores At Rs 2.50 per unit

Annual R&M Cost Rs 30.00 Crs @ 2% of capital cost

Annuity on Capital cost of Rs 165.25 Crs Rs 1500 Crs * 0.110168 (Annuity

project factor )

Total annual expenditure Rs 195.25 Crs Annuity + R&M Cost

Depreciation cost Rs 15.00 Crs Flat 1% of capital cost of Project

Net annual profit Rs 73.50 Crs Till Capital cost is recovered in 25

years. (Revenue Expenditure)

Annual cost of lost Rs 73.50 Crs For 1st 25 Years

opportunity Rs 238.75 Crs 26th year onwards (less annuity)

Date of start of project Yet to be started

Time lost so far since 37 years 1961 to 2008 less 5+5 years for
identification of Project. project initiation & construction
ii) Sawalkote HE project cost of lost opportunity

(Please Refer Table No 5.2) Table No 7.2

Financial (Year 2008 figures)

Cost of project Rs 7,500 Crs Assumed @ Rs 6.25 Crore per MW

Annual Revenue expected Rs 1419.00 Crores At Rs 2.50 per unit

Annual R&M Cost Rs 150 Crores @ 2% of capital cost

Annuity on Capital cost of Rs 826.25 Crs Rs 7500 Crs * 0.110168 (Annuity

project factor )

Total annual expenditure Rs 976.25 Crs Annuity + R&M Cost

Depreciation cost Rs 75.00 Crs Flat 1% of capital cost of Project

Net annual profit Rs 367.75 Crs Till Capital cost is recovered in 25

years. (Revenue Expenditure)

Annual cost of lost Rs 367.75 Crs For 1st 25 Years

opportunity Rs 1194.00 Crs 26th year onwards (less annuity)

Date of start of project Yet to be started

Time lost so far since 42 years 1961 to 2008 less 5+5 years for
identification of Project project initiation & construction
V. Growth and deficiencies of hydro power in India 1st to 10 th Plan

(Please Refer Table No 5.3) Table No. 7.3

Installed Capacity during the Plan Period (by end of Plan) in MW

Col. A B C D E
Desig.

Calcul- B=AnA(n-1) D= Cn C(n-1) E=(C/A)x100

ation

Annual Plan Cumulative Total Power Total Hydro Power HydroPower

Plan (years) Total Power added during Hydro during plan as % of
No. (all sources) plan period Power period Total Power

1st 1951-56 2,886 2,886* 1,061 1,061 36.76

2nd 1956-61 4,653 1,767 1,917 856 41.20

3rd 1961-66 9,027 4,374 4,124 2,207 45.69

4th 1969-74 16,664 7,637 6,966 2,842 41.80

5th 1974-79 26,680 10,016 10,833 3,867 40.60

6th 1980-85 42,585 15,905 14,460 3,627 33.96

7th 1985-90 63,636 21,051 18,307 3,847 28.77

8th 1992-97 85,795 22,159 21,658 3,351 25.24

9th 1997-02 105,046 19,251 26,269 4,611 25.00

10th 2002-07 139,700 34,654 34,155 7,886 24.45

*Assuming: power generation capacity was developed from 0 at start of 1st 5-year Plan.
III-b. Growth comparison of hydro power in India 1st to 10 th Plan

The following graph represents the percentage of Hydro Power generation

capacity in India against the overall generation capacity from all sources over 1st to 10th

plan periods. Since 8th plan the percentage of Hydro Power generation capacity is

showing some stability.

(Please Refer Table No 5.3) Fig. 7.1

Declining attention towards Hydro power over passing plan

periods

50.00
%age to Total power

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
5 Year plans
Hydro %age to total
power
IV. Percentage contribution of various reasons to target slippage in Hydro
Development in 10th plan

(Please Refer Table No 7.3) Table No. 7.4

Sr Major Reasons of slippage of Capacity Percentage Weight of

No Planned Hydro installation in 10th 5- deficiency contribution the reason
Year plan (MW)

1. Delay in supplies / erection by 679 10.43 0.1043

suppliers / contractors

2. Delay in award of works mainly in state 222 3.41 0.0341

sector

3. Law & Order Problems 60 0.92 0.0092

4. Delay in clearance / investment 2,391 36.75 0.3675

decisions (Hydro Projects)

5. Delay in environmental clearance, 3,155 48.49 0.4849

geological surprises, Natural
calamities, R&R issues, delay in
signing of MoU and Court Cases

Total 6,507 100.00 1.00

IV-b. Graphical representation of percentage contribution of various reasons to
target slippage in Hydro Development in 10th plan

(Please Refer Table No 7.4) Fig No. 7.2

Cause of slippage

Supplies/
Supplier Aw ard of
10% w orks
3%

Law & Order

1%

Natural
calamities, Clearance/
Court cases, investment
MoU signing decision
49% 37%
 IV-b. Analysis of the cause of Target slippage in Hydro Power Development
(Please Refer Table No 5.3) Table No 7.5

in
Sr Major Reasons of Weight Causative factor sub weights (w) as per field
No slippage of the data and resultant effect { f = W*w}

Capacity
cause Project Top Beyond

MW
organization Management control

W w f w f w f

1. Delay in supplies/ 679 0.1043 0.72 0.0750 0.08 0.0083 0.20 0.0209
erection by suppliers/
contractors

2. Delay in award of 222 0.0341 0.08 0.0027 0.76 0.0259 0.16 0.0055
works mainly in state
sector

3. Law & Order Problems 60 0.0092 0.52 0.0049 0.20 0.0018 0.28 0.0026

4. Delay in clearance / 2391 0.3675 0 0 0.84 0.3087 0.16 0.0588

investment decisions
(Hydro Projects)

5. Delay in Env clearance, 3155 0.4849 0.20 0.0970 0.60 0.2909 0.20 0.0970
geological surprises,
Natural calamities,
R&R issues, delay in
signing of MoU and
Court Cases
Total 6507 1.0000 0.1796 0.6356 0.1848

Level of Responsibility in % 17.96 % 63.56 % 18.48 %

Definition of symbols used in the above analysis Table No. 7.4

W the weight of slippage due to the cause of slippage to total slippage e.g 679/6507=0.1043

w Weight of particular level of Management in a cause of slippage as got from random

opinion through the questionnaire No 3 , Table No. 6.7

f Causative factor sub-weight = W*w

IV-c. Managements role in Target slippage in Hydro Power Development
(Please Refer Table No 5.3) Table No. 7.6
Various levels of Management involved in Project % weight as per
implementation analysis

a Executing Agency/ Field Engineers, 17.96

b Owner.s Top management, 63.56

c Beyond control 18.48

IV-b. Managements role in Target slippage in Hydro Power Development

Fig. 7.3

Executing
Agency/ Field
Engineers
18%

Owner's Top
Mangement Beyond
64% Control
18%
 Chapter VIII, Inferences drawn on basis of analysis of collected data

Inferences drawn from this study

This detailed study was undertaken on Sawalkote and Kirthai Hydro Electric

Projects in particular, besides analyzing the whole scenario of Hydro Power. The

primary data was obtained through questionnaires from 3 types of stakeholders.

i) The common people living in vicinity of the up coming Hydro Projects.

ii) The Engineers and Managers dealing with affairs of these power projects.

iii) The Engineers and Managers dealing with Hydro Projects generally.

I. Study of Kirthai and Sawalkote Hydro Electric Power Projects

Both of the projects under study are proposed on River Chenab in the

Jammu Province of the J&K State. These projects are located in the mountainous

reach of the River Chenab, here the river has high flow velocity, and runs along

the deep Chenab gorge. The terrain of these districts is generally mountainous

with little agricultural land and little mineral wealth, the population is sparse

because of the tough conditions There is minor cultivable land or habitation likely

to get submerged by these projects. Hardly any mineral resource or place of

importance is likely to get submerged in the raised water level behind the dams.

The various aspects of the both of these Projects are identical and need similar

treatment.

a) Technical and design aspects

These projects are run of the river schemes with provision of storage of

water just adequate for the daily power peaking requirements. Indus waters treaty

of 1960 between India and Pakistan imposes restrictions on the volume of storage
and many other aspects of these projects, yet these projects are viable. In these

projects, there is a provision of a Concrete dam, a water conductor Head-race

Tunnel and an under ground power house each. The geology of the area is

adequately good for the construction of the projects and there are no other

technical or natural impediments to the construction and viable operation of these

projects.

b) Policy and Legislation

Construction of these Projects does not contradict the policy of our state or

the Country, internal or external. Rather there has been a systematic attention

towards creation of more renewable sources of energy internationally and

nationally. As per the Ministry of Power, Policy on Hydro-Power 1998, India has a

potential of 1,55,500 MWs installed capacity of which just around 22% had been

exploited so far. Initiative of policy implementing authorities is an urgent need. The

requirement of capital investment can be met through many national and

international fund sources because of the commercial viability and the Social cost

benefit advantage of hydropower Projects.

Indian constitutional provisions pave way for making the land and other

privately owned resources readily available for the projects after making

compensation to the concerned party. The power vested in the Government in

these matters are absolute, the right to property not being a fundamental right of

the owner. The appointed land Collector has arbitrary powers in fixing the value of

the land to be acquired, the happiness or adequacy not remaining a binding in

such matters. However there is scope of reducing the time lag in acquisition of the

required land, the discussion of which goes beyond the scope of this study.
c) Management and Administration

The management of these projects is with J&K Power Development

Corporation. This organization is responsible for creating new power projects and

managing and marketing the generation of power in the J&K State. J&KSPDC has

dual features of both the Government department receiving funds from State

budget and a commercial Corporate House raising capital from the market. The

management is through a BOD consisting of Government nominated Directors and

the MD is generally a bureaucrat working under the control of J&K Power Ministry.

The staff is transferred from various State Government Departments as a routine.

Arbitrarily State Government rules on financial, service and all other matters are

followed. Performance evaluation of management is difficult in this mix.

Some Project specific details of Kirthai/ Sawalkote HE Projects

i) Kirthai Hydro Power Project

It is 240 MWs Hydro Electric power Project located in the Kishtwar District

of J&K state. It forms part of Chenab cascade of eight Hydro Power Project

identified in 1961 and yet to commence construction,

ii) Sawalkote Hydro Power Project.

It is 1200 MWs Hydro Electric power Project located in the Ramban District

of J&K state. It forms part of Chenab cascade of eight Hydro Power

Projects identified in 1961 and yet is to commence construction.

II. To identify the problem areas in the implementation of the Hydro-

Power Projects

i) Declining share of Hydro power generation capacity since 1966

A systematic study of secondary data on the History of development of

Hydro power in India revealed that there has been a regular decline in the share of

Hydro-Power generation capacity with each passing 5 year plan. In 2nd 5-year

plan of independent India i.e. 1956-1961 the share of Hydro Power stood at

41.20% which rose to 45.69% in 3rd 5 year plan (1961-1966). Thereafter it started

declining till it touched a low of 24.45% in the 10th 5-year plan (2002-07). Indicating

that non renewable Power Projects received more attention.

Please Refer Table No 7.3 and Fig. 7.1

ii) The plans have been adequate but implementation was below par

Further study of 10th 5-year plan (2002-07) revealed that the average

slippage of achievement of the generation capacity addition was 15.70% which

included a target surpass by Non-Hydro Generating capacity addition to the tune

of 0.19%. In the same 5-year plan Hydro-Power sector suffered a slippage of

achievement against target to the tune of 45.21%.

Please Refer Table No 5.4

iii) Target slippage causes cost and time over runs of the Hydro Projects

The slippage of 6507 MW of targeted generation capacity addition in 10th 5-

year plan was broken down into five classes of reasons for the slippage.

Prominent amongst the reasons, delay in clearances, natural calamities, MoU

signing and court cases were found to be responsible for 49% of total slippage
followed by delay in clearance/ investment decision being responsible for 37% of

the total slippage in target achievement of Hydro Power Project implementation.

Please Refer Table No 7.4 & Fig. 7.2

iv) Opinion survey on management level responsible for target slippage

To collect data to find the distribution of responsibility for the slippage of

achievement against planned Hydropower generation capacity addition, an

opinion survey was conducted. The survey was conducted through questionnaire

No 3 (Please refer page No 19) which was devised to make enquiry amongst the

professionals dealing with the affairs of various Hydro-Electric Power Projects.

The results from the questionnaire were obtained in the form of percentage

of respondents placing responsibility on one of the two levels of management and

third option of beyond control for the various reasons for slippage of targets in

10th plan. Please Refer Table No 6.7.

In Table No. 7.5, the product of the weightage of the particular reason for

slippage (W) got from secondary data and the weightage(w) of the particular level

of management (or beyond control) got from primary data, when summed up gave

the total weightage of the particular level of management (or beyond control) in

slippage of targets in Hydro development ( denoted by Level of responsibility).

From the above it was inferred that the owners top management was

responsible for 64% of the slippage. 18% of the slippage was attributed to the

reasons beyond control and similarly 18% of the slippage was attributed to

Executing agency/ Field Engineers for the Hydro-Power Projects.

Please Refer Table No 7.6 & Fig. No. 7.3

III. Evaluation of the time and cost over runs in completion of Kirthai and

Sawalkot HE Projects

i) Cost of lost opportunity due to non implementation of Kirthai Project

In 1961 Chenab coordination committee identified the project. In 1989

investigations for the preparation of Detailed Project Report were started by

Central Water Commission(CWC), during the conduct of investigations, the project

was handed over to the Ministry of Water Resources for completion of the studies.

Govt. of India. In 2003 CWC completed and submitted the DPR of the Project.

On analysis it was found that a delay of 37 years has occurred in

commissioning of the project after allowing 5 years for preliminary investigations

permissions, clearances and tendering out process and 5 years for construction.

On year 2008 costs for 1st 25 years it would have paid itself out besides giving an

annual net revenue of Rs 73.50 Crores per year and a net annual revenue of Rs

238.75 Crores perpetually thereafter. The total cost of lost opportunity till date on

account of non implementation of Kirthai Project is Rs. 4700 Crores

Please Refer Table No 7.1

ii) Cost of lost opportunity due to non implementation of Sawalkote

Project

In 1961 Chenab coordination committee identified the project. In 1984

Feasibility Report was submitted by Central Water Commission(CWC). Present

DPR of the Project for 1200 MWs was finalised in 2000.

On analysis it was found that a delay of 37 years has occurred in

commissioning of the project after allowing 5 years for preliminary investigations

permissions, clearances and tendering out process and 5 years for construction.

On year 2008 costs for 1st 25 years it would have paid itself out besides giving an

annual net revenue of Rs 367.75 Crores per year and a net annual revenue of Rs

1194 Crores perpetually thereafter. The total cost of lost opportunity till date on

account of non implementation of Sawalkote Project is Rs. 23.520 Crores.

Please Refer Table No 7.2

IV. Benefits that would accrue to the society by implementation of Kirthai

and Sawalkote Hydro Power Projects

Both of the projects are proposed in the rugged mountainous terrain, on a

perennial river, Chenab which has a high water discharge. This creates unique

situation for successful Hydro-Power ventures with minimum social costs, even

though the water discharge fluctuates between winter and summer season. The

fluctuation in water discharge occurs because of the its dependence on snow melt

which occurs during warm months mainly. The region is poor in agriculture and

mineral wealth.

i) Survey on the awareness and expectations of the common man

On conduct of a random opinion survey through questionnaire on various

aspects of Hydro Power Projects, closely concerning the common man living in the

vicinity of the proposed locations of these Projects, a sample of 75 people each

was queried. Each question had five mutually exclusive options to choose from

showing the responders best choice.

The opinion of people of both the areas was found to be almost matching

because it returned a correlation constant of 0.9020 and F-test constant, signifying

the range of variances in both the series equaling 0.8359. Thus the opinion can be

safely assumed as universal. The responses in the particular areas of query are as

follows.

Please Refer Table Nos. 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3

a) Electric power is a necessity of life

On inquiry from the local people about the electric supply an average of

28% people declared electric supply as a necessity of life whereas just 5% of

people termed it as a luxury. Rest of the people were almost equally divided

between it being a commercial need, must for employment generation and most

important of all the needs. Please refer table Nos. 6.1,6.2 & 8.1(p3)

Fig 7.4

question 1; Use of Electric pow er

Luxury
Most essential
5%
24%
Commercial
need
21%

Employment
generation
day to day need 22%
28%

b) Hydro Power projects bring roads and infrastructure to remote areas

A sizeable average of 34% people found Hydro power projects the best

because they believe that Hydro Projects by virtue of their locations take the

roads, employment and infrastructure to the remote locations. Perhaps they could

not link power supply to their area directly to the power generation within their

district. .A mere 8% people on an average showed interest in pollution prevention

quality of Hydro-Power. Please refer table Nos. 6.1,6.2 & 8.1(p3)

 Fig 7.5
Q u e sti o n N o 2 ; H y d r o P o w e r i s g o o d b e c a u se

Po llu tio n c o n tr o l
8%

R o a d s a n d in f r a to
r e m o te lo c a tio n s
34%
O il, C o a l, G a s
r e s e r v e s lim ite d
21%

U n e n d in g s o u r c e
N o w a te r w a s ta g e 15%
22%

c) Hydro power projects will bring money flow into the area

On the impact of Kirthai and Sawalkote Hydro power Projects, an average

of 30% of the local population felt that these Projects will bring Roads and other

infrastructure into their area and 33% of the people said that overall money flow

into their area will increase. 6% people felt emotionally elevated to have a big

Hydro Project in their District. Please refer table Nos. 6.1,6.2 & 8.1(p3)

Fig 7.6

Q u e sti o n N o 3 H y d r o p r o j e c ts a r e w e l c o m e
C o m in g u p in o u r
d is tr ic t
6%
Im p r o v e m e n t in
m o n e y f lo w
33%
Good
c o m p e n s a tio n s
13%

Ro a d s a n d
H e a lth , s e c u r u ty In f r a s tr u c tu r e
& A d m in is tr a tio n 30%
18%
d) Jobs and other sources of income come with Hydro Power Projects

An average 39% chunk of the respondents expected that by start of project

in their areas the locals will get jobs, a 25% average of the respondents expected

the project to bring along with it many other sources of income. A mere 6% of the

average population felt emotionally elevated to have a Hydro-power Project in their

District. Please refer table Nos. 6.1,6.2 & 8.1(p3)

Fig 7.7

Expectations from the Hydro Projects

Tourism increase
5%

Development of
Jobs to locals remote areas
39% 15%

Increase in income Increase in job

sours\ces competency
25% 16%
V. Suggested measures for improvement in the implementation of the

Kirthai/ Sawalkote Hydro Electric Projects

A random opinion survey Projects was conducted on some aspects of

Hydro Projects among the Engineers and Managers involved with above through a

questionnaire. Fifteen professionals connected with each project were queried.

Each question had five mutually exclusive options to choose from showing the

respondents best choice.

The opinion of Engineers and Managers of both the Projects was

found to be close enough because their corresponding responses returned a

correlation constant of 0.9437 and F-test constant, signifying the range of

variances in both the series equaling 0.8558. Thus the opinion can be safely

assumed as universal. The responses in the particular areas of query are as

follows.

Please Refer Table Nos 6.4,6.5 and 6.6

a) Bureaucratic handling of project issues cause Time and cost over-

runs in project implementation

On inquiry an average of 40% respondents opined that the projects suffer

time and cost over runs because of the decisions getting delayed due to

bureaucratic handling of issues that need time-bound redressal. An average of

30% each declared that Poor planning of implementation which in turn

discourages the financier and lack of due importance to Hydro-Power in policy is

the reason. However none agreed that technical matters and clearances take

decades in resolving and thus are the significant reasons for time and cost over

runs.
b) Time delay in decision making must be converted into money lost

27% of the respondent professionals preferred counting of monetary worth

of the lost time due to delay in taking the decision as a valid measure to curb time

and cost over runs.10% of respondents placed mindset of Govt. officials on

contractual matters as responsible for time and cost overruns. The rest were

distributed on easing of clearances and permissions regime, answerability on

decision/ indecision leading to the over runs and transparency to avoid immoral

concerns to dominate decision mechanism.

c. Attention needed on various reasons to target slippage in Hydro

Electric Projects

Planned Hydro Power addition the on ground was found to be inadequate

thereby adding to the lagging Hydro power percentage in total power generation

capacity. On breakup of the causes of the conversion failure of plan into reality

was evaluated. The evaluation was done on the basis of their relative contribution

in MWs of generating capacity lost. A sizeable 48.49% was attributed to Delay in

environmental clearance, geological surprises, Natural calamities, R&R issues,

delay in signing of MoU and Court Cases with 36% contribution of Delay in

clearance / investment decisions (Hydro Projects) to the slippage in planned

achievement of Hydro Power capacity addition targets.

Please refer Table No 7.4

 Chapter IX, Conclusions

The conclusions drawn out of the above conducted study are as follows

i. Problems exist in the implementation of the Hydro Electric Power Projects.

The same could be verified in

a) The falling Hydro power component in the total power generation

capacity addition with each passing plan period. However some

leveling off can be seen since last 2 plan periods. Please Ref. Fig 7.1

b) The various management levels are contributing reasons for a

sizeable 82% of the slippage in target for Hydro Power Capacity

addition. Please Ref. Fig 7.3

ii. The delay in implementation of the Hydro Power Projects is causing a

negative impact on the society.

a) The common man is at loss on account of jobs, sources of income

and reach of roads and infrastructure to remote areas.

Please Ref. Fig 8.1,8.2,8.3,8.4 &8.5

b) The society is losing huge sums of money on account of profit from

the Kirthai and Sawalkot Hydro Power Projects, besides the loss of

production and other facilities in society in absence of electric power.

Please Ref. Tables 7.1&7.2 and Chapter VIII, Sec-III (p 45-46)

c) The effective delay in these two projects has already been more than

4 decades each. Please Ref. Tables 7.1&7.2.

 Chapter X, Annexure
Questionnaire 1 ( Response Sheets) Table 8.1
Questionaire No 1 Kirthai Hydro Electric Project Table No P1
Q Opt Rspd 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
No ion No.1
Q1 a 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
b 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
c 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
e 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Q2 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
b 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
d 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
e 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
Q3 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
b 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
c 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
d 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
e 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Q4 a 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
b 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0
c 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
e 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1
Sawalakote Hydro Power Project
Q1 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
b 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
c 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
d 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
e 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Q2 a 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
b 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
c 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
d 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
e 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1
Q3 a 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
c 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
d 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
e 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Q4 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
b 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
c 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
d 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
e 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
 Kirthai Hydro Electric Project P2
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
Sawalakote Hydro Power Project
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
 Kirthai Hydro Electric Project P3
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 yes Yes Average Response
%age
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 5
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 16 21 21
0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 19 22
1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 19 25 28
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 20 27 24
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 5 7 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 14 19 21
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 16 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16 21 22
0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 28 37 34
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 5 6
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 11 15 13
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 22 29 30
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 15 20 18
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 23 31 33
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 7 5
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 12 15
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 13 17 16
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 16 21 25
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 32 43 40
Sawalakote Hydro Power Project
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 2
1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 15 20
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 19 25
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 23 31
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 17 22
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 17 23
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 14
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 17 23
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 23 31
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 11
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 23 31
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 16
1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 27 36
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 14 18
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 14
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 20 28
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 28 37
Questionnaires 2 (Response sheet)

Table No 8.2
Questionaire No 2 Kirthai Hydro Electric Project

Q No Option Rspd 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Yes %age Average response

No.1

Q1 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 000 0 0 0 0 0

b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0

c 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 33 30

d 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 6 40 40

e 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 4 27 30

Q2 a 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 20 20

b 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 4 27 27

c 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 3 20 23

d 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 20 20

e 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 13 10

Sawalakote Hydro Power Project

Q1 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00
c 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 4 27
d 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 6 40
e 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 5 33
Q2 a 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 20
b 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 27
c 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 4 27
d 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 20
e 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 16
 Questionaire No 3 ( Response sheet) Table No 8.3
Identifying the Level of management responsible for time and cost over runs in Hydro
Rspd No 1
Projects
Option No

Yes %age
Q No

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

Yes
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 17 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5

Q1
a 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 18 72
b 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 8
c 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 20
Q2
a 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 8
b 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 19 76
c 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 16
Q3
a 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 13 52
b 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 20
c 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 7 28
Q4
a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
b 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 21 84
c 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 4 16
Q5
a 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 5 20
b 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 15 60
c 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 20
Appendix-IV Annuity Factor calculations
Table No. 8.4

Annuity factor calculation

Future value (at 25th year) of Rs Yearly Value of Present Rs 100, (upto 25 years)
Year 100 annuity at10% annual ROI escalating @ 10% annually
0 0.00 100.00
1 984.97 110.00
2 895.43 121.00
3 814.03 133.10
4 740.02 146.41
5 672.75 161.05
6 611.59 177.16
7 555.99 194.87
8 505.45 214.36
9 459.50 235.79
10 417.72 259.37
11 379.75 285.31
12 345.23 313.84
13 313.84 345.23
14 285.31 379.75
15 259.37 417.72
16 235.79 459.50
17 214.36 505.45
18 194.87 555.99
19 177.16 611.59
20 161.05 672.75
21 146.41 740.02
22 133.10 814.03
23 121.00 895.43
24 110.00 984.97
25 100.00 1083.47
Sum = 9834.71 Value = 1083.47

Note: With annuity of Rs 100 total amount paid in 25 years at 25 Year Value Rs 9834.71

Value of Rs 100 @ 10% annual ROI, 25 year hence = Rs 1083.471

Annuity Factor or Annuity payment needed for 25 years to clear Present Value Rs
100 capital = (1083.47/9834.71)*100 = Rs 11.0168
 Chapter XI, Future direction of this study

Appraisal paper on policy and administration initiative needed to make

development of Hydro Power attractive to the entrepreneur.

Drawing of Human Resource Management Policy suited for Hydro Projects

Construction Industry in view of the difficult location & harsh nature of jobs

and high turnover rates in Hydro projects.

Initiative in contracts to improve Client, Consultant and Contractor

relationship for smooth contract and work administration.

Working out detailed guidelines for Hydro power entrepreneurs.

 Chapter XII, Bibliography

Total Project Management, the Indian context by P.K.Joy.

Hand Book of Hydro Electric Engineering by P.S.Nigam.

Design of Small Dams US Deptt. Of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation.

www.focustoindia.com

http://en.wikipedia.org

www.inshp.org

http://jkspdc.nic.in/

http://doda.gov.in/others/hydromain.htm

http://164.100.24.208/ls/CommitteeR/PU/3rep.pdf

www.hydropower.org

www.iitr.ac.in