O-Engineers

6th issue, Jan 2018

Learning and Guiding

DISTANCE RELAY INTERVIEW

QUESTIONS
(Page-15)
 CONTENTS
PAGE E PAGE 1
LET'S TALK FEEDBACK

PAGE 2
FIELD DRYING OF OIL FILLED TRANSFORMER

PAGE 8
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT RELAY

PAGE 15
DISTANCE RELAY INTERVIEW QUESTIONS

PAGE 23 PAGE 28
BREAD WITHOUT BUTTER E-QUOTES

PAGE 31 PAGE 34
FINAL SEMESTER
ENGINEER
MAKING
PAGE 35 DIFFERENCE
BOOK FOR THIS MONTH
 Editorial
Let's talk
The year 2017, what a year? we
did a lot, we got a lot, we lost a
lot, we moved ahead a lot, we
read a lot, we afraid a lot, we
feel job insecurity a lot, we did
everything a lot,but the but the
journey still not ends and still
a lot is ahead of us. The world
is changing in seconds, not in
hours or days, daily new android
apps are amazing us, Artificial
softwares are playing with our mind in hidden robes, the terminology of
the Soft-knowledge worker is at the mirage of all time, everywhere there
is the race of knowledge gaining, one laptop with good wifi connection
can make you the brilliant online consultant, tutor, engineer, manager
etc. old technologies are replaced by new technologies, Universities are
upgrading their educational system and companies are upgrading their
expectations from degree holders. we Engineers need to be prepared for
this up-gradation if we are on another side(which is still stuck up with old
thoughts and technologies) then we Engineers will lose this race, final year
students need to be more brilliant in simulation software if they want to be
an integral part of future Soft-Knowledge based Organizations.

E
 Feedback

Add mechanical Improvement is there,

engineering topics also but need more efforts in
in coming editions. developing a trend in
(Engr. Najaf ali) engineering
(Engr. Sumaiyya Wajih)

I liked the article "I Quit", yes it is quite an issue

nowadays, lot of consultants and individuals
are making money from Jobless and On-job
professionals, and in many countries, there is no
such law to grab such fraudulent companies, good
work team O Engineer, keep it up
(Engr. Mukesh Narayan)
It is great to see Engr. Irfn Akhter's Going good
article about guideline for Chinese (Engr. Zain
EPC in Dec edition, a good learning Noor)
(Engr. Fatah Ali Pasha)

1
Field Drying of Oil Filled
Transformers

Engr. Irfan Akhter

2
H for your transformers.
avent written anything If your oil breakdown
in a while. In this short voltage and moisture
article, I have chosen an contents are within
important subject for clarity limits, you may not need
for my fellow engineers dehydration of your
esp in Pakistan. Why this transformer for a while.
subject now? Well, part Some people don't like
of the reason is that we doing it for the fear of
bought a new oil treatment losing DGA history. They
machine and the other are not wrong.
part is our interaction You need a fresh sample
with clients during the afterward to establish a
marketing of our service. baseline.
There are few things which The presence of moisture
are not normally clear in a transformer
to people working at the deteriorates transformer
plants. I will address those insulation by decreasing
issues here. both the electrical and
Question: Should I mechanical strength.
do dehydration at In general, the
an interval or on the mechanical life of the
need basis? insulation is reduced by
Well, you have to consider half for each doubling in
your maintenance strategy water content.
3
Remember the main insulation and one that defines
the life of a transformer is its solid insulation: mostly
paper and some wood. So you don't want to operate
your transformer near limits of moisture content. Limits
are defined in IEC 60422 for both moisture content and
relative saturation (for the degree of wetness for oil and
paper). Water saturation of insulating oil is also very
useful for trending. Saturation is the ratio of the water
content present in a mineral oil at a certain temperature
to the solubility of water in mineral oil at the same
temperature, expressed in percent. It can be calculated
from known values, obtained by Karl Fischer titration
or by on-line moisture sensors.
The amount of moisture in
the paper is an important Water saturation
parameter to measure as it
affects the following: of insulating oil is
1. Aging rate of winding also very useful for
insulation. trending
2. Bubbling Temperature
which limits the loading of the transformer.
3. The dielectric strength of the barriers at the bottom
of the winding.
Question: After few hours/days of dehydrat-
4
-ion moisture content is again high and BDV
has gone low?
This happens a lot in the field. The major issue is in
understanding where is moisture is present. Most
engineers think that moisture is in oil only. This concept
is not only wrong but dangerous for your transformer.
Moisture in transformer gets distributed in oil and
solid insulation i.e., paper and wood. Under lower
operating temperatures, it could be that 95% or more
of the moisture is in the paper/wood. Water saturation
solubility in oil increases with temperature.
So the solution is to look at a moisture content in
addition to BDV and calculate relative saturation and
bring it below 5% as mentioned in the above table. It
requires more time and good vacuum with heating of
oil in the machine. A newer machine with no leaks and
presence of a moisture sensor helps. As it takes more
time, hence it is expensive as compared to usual 2 or 3
passes based on improvement in BDV alone.
The efficiency of dehydration regardless of method
depends on a number of factors, including the oil
temperature and the degree of vacuum pulled. The
challenge is to use a system that avoids use of excessive
temperature, which promotes degradation of the
cellulose, yet brings about the removal of the maximum
5
a degree of moisture from the insulation. For efficient
dry out, a vacuum in excess of the equilibrium values
is required. The drying operation occurs when the oil-
cellulose equilibrium condition is disturbed favorably.
Other factors that determine the efficiency of water
removal include, an initial water content in the oil and
in the cellulose, oil film thickness, time of exposure to
vacuum and accelerators, such as agitation. In the case
of just wet oil, or wet oil and wet windings, a couple of
recirculations of the oil through a vacuum dehydration
system will dry the oil. The dry oil will be contaminated
by the wet windings as they seek equilibrium condition,
repeating this cycle many times can correct the
situation.
Question: Can an old, leaking and
contaminated machine poses a risk to my
Transformer?
It surely poses a big risk. You can aerate your
transformer which will be cause of oxidation and hence
reduce the life of your transformer. A poorly maintained
machine might introduce contaminants carried from
other jobs like PCB or as worse as traces of Cu2S.
Question: If there is no leakage from my
transformer, where does the water come
from?
6
Well, water in the transformer can come from outside
which remains the biggest source. It enters during
transformer manufacturing and transportation. In
free breathing transformer, a small amount of water
enters into the transformer during breathing. But once
you take a transformer in service, water is created
as transformer ages as a by-product. Presence of
high amount of water (moisture) accelerates further
production. It is a result of Pyrolysis, Hydrolysis, and
Oxidation going on the oil/paper of transformer.
Question: Will the dehydration process
improve out of limit Oil power factor, IFT
and Acid Number?
End of life (EOL) for transformer oil is based on the
limits of Oil Power Factor, Interfacial Tension and Acid
Number. Once these values crossed the final limits, no
amount of dehydration can help restore oil insulation
properties. One may consider regenerating oil or
replacing it altogether.
Question: I have a leakage where oil is
seeping out of transformer body, outside
moisture cannot go in?
This is a wrong concept. If you have leaked from
where oil comes out, moisture has a path to enter the
transformer. So attend a leak as soon as possible.
7
Restricted Earth
Fault Relay

Engr. Qazi Arsalan Hamid

8
Objective: To understand the working principle of
REF Relay
Power Equipment to be Protected: Power
Transformer
Relay Used: 7PG23
Discussion: REF is employed basically on
transformer with vector group delta star, it is usually like
Differential Protection of Transformer

In this we employed 1 Current transformer at star point

of star-secondary point of Transformer, three current
transformers with ring type connection is employed
9
as per figure below.

In Ring Connection, the Principle of Current circulation

is applied
Ia+Ib+Ic=0
and in star point of Transformer will be zero.

The concept of high impedance and low

impedance:
in high impedance REF relay, the star point of the
transformer must be equipped with internal or external
resistor, the internal resistor must be located in high
impedance relay and external resistor will be
10
provided outside relay.
in high impedance REF relay the ratio of Phase and
neutral CTs must be same, but in low impedance REF
relay it is not necessary, knee point voltage of high
impedance REF relay CTs must be same, stabilization
the voltage of high impedance relay is another deciding
factor in relay operation when a setting voltage is
equal to stabilization voltage relay not operate, but when
stabilization voltage will higher than setting
voltage the relay operates.
in high impedance REF relay, we must provide Metal
oxide varistor(MOV) for protection from high
voltages surges, and if CT ratios are different then we
employees the interposing CTs(auxiliary CTs) to
prevent spill current, in low impedance no such thing as
interposing CTs required.
stabilization voltage=(Maximum fault current relay*Ct
secondary resistance * lead resistance)/CT Turn
ratio
safety factor recommended is 2,
Vk=2*Vsetting
Minimum primary operating current of Relay=CT turn
ratio*(Relay operating current*no: of
CTs*magnetization current of CTs*Varistor Current at
Setting voltage)
11
when the fault occurs outside the restricted
area, the zero sequence of Red phase to earth
still flows through
Red and neutral Ct so new Relay not
operates.

12
in case of the internal fault, the equilibrium
disturbed, and abnormal current of red to
earth flows through
CT-neutral also, this result in relay
operation.

13
Example Working:

8 MVA transformer with Z=0.0835p.u,Tap=+/-

10%,CTR=800/1 Location: Confidential
Solution:
Fault MVA=8MVA/0.0835=95.8084
Fault Current Primary=(Fault MVA/
(1.732*6.6KV))*1000=8281.06A
in secondary, CTR=800/1 and Fault Secondary
Current=Fault maximum/CT
Ratio=8281.06/800=10.4763A
Vs=Fault Secondary current*(Rct+RL)
since Rl we consider 1 ohm with two leads, Rct is
usually 4ohms
Vs=10.4763*(4+2)=65.8579V
Relay will be set 0.1In for maximum sensitivity
Stabilizing Resistor=Rs =(Vs/0.1)-(AC burden/0.1 sqr)
AC burden setting in 7PG23 relay is given as
Vs*20mA=65.8579*20mA=1.317158VA
Rs=(65.8579/0.1)-(1.317158/0.01)=526.8632ohms
CTs must have Knee point voltage = 2*Vs=131.7158( i.e.
safety factor=2)
Operating time of Relay= 45ms at 3*Vs

14
Distance Relay interview
Questions?

Engr. Qazi Arsalan Hamid

15
1. The high-voltage power transmission line
protection. Typically which type of relay
protection used?

Answer 1: Voltage Relay

Answer 2: Overcurrent Relay
Answer 3: Differential Relay
Answer 4: Distance Relay
Answer is 4; Distance relay is continuously measuri-
-ng. the impedance of line
by taking current and Distance relay is
voltage line in the account. continuously measuring
As Warrington stated in the impedance of line
his book Protection relays
Their Theory and Practical
if we use the differential relay or Voltage relay on
transmission line it is principally
uneconomical. Distance relay works on very simple law,
that at any point in line when fault occurs
the Voltage drop at fault will be V=IZ,it Follows that
Voltage to current ratio will be Impedance,
When fault occurs inside the designated relay
Transmission line the V/I<Z, and Designated Relay
operates but if fault occurs outside the Designated
16
Relay operates but if the fault occurs outside the
Designated Relay Transmission line the V/I>Z and
Designated relay will not Operate.

2. Input signals are fed to the distance relay

(Distance Relay) from any of the following
devices.

Answer 1: CT
Answer 2: VT
Answer 3: Instrument
Answer 4: CT and VT.
Answer is 4; as we stated in Distance relay
description given above, Distance relay will measure the
Voltage to current ratio, so We must give Voltage via VT
and Current via CT in Distance Relays.

3. Analysis of the performance of the

distance relay is generally used to analyze the
diagram (Diagram) format.

Answer 1: R-X Diagram.

Answer 2: V-I Diagram.
Answer 3: P.F. Diagram
Answer 4: I-T Diagram
17
Answer is 1; Distance relay is dealing with
Impedance, impedance is the vector sum of Resistance
and Reactance of Line. R-X Diagram is the good tool for
setting Fault Zone Limits, in any distance relay, three
factors are important Current, Voltage and the Phase
angle between Current and Voltage.
From Voltage and current we can Trace Impedance,
angle between voltage and angle is, for
plotting it on R-X diagram, remember R= Z cos(angle) ,
X=Z sin(angle) .

4. Setting the Ground Fault Distance Relay

for protection when used in Single Line to
Ground Fault
(SLG), we have to take into account include
any parameters.

Answer 1: Power Factor

Answer 2: Compensation Factor
Answer 3: Full Load Current.
Answer 4: Frequency Factor

Answer is 2; For Ground, Fault Distance relays, the

faulty phase Voltage and compensated faulted
current must be used i.e
18
here m is the constant , I0 is Zero sequence Current

5. Set a distance relay Step Distance

Protection Relay Zone 1, we will have to
adjust working time as any.

Answer one: a 0.3-second delay.

Answer two: a 0.5-second delay.
Answer 3: a 1.0-second delay.
Answer 4: Adjust to work immediately. (Instantaneous)

Answer is 4.

19
6. Setting a distance relay Step, Distance
Protection Relay Zone 1 should be set to
prevent transmission
distance estimation.

Answer 1: 40-50% of the length of the transmission line

that needs protection.
Answer 2: 50-60% of the length of the transmission line
that needs protection.
Answer 3: 80-90% of the length of the transmission line
that needs protection.
Answer 4: 120% of the length of the transmission line
that needs protection.

Answer is 3; Alstom book Network Protection and

automation guide stated that 85% of
Transmission line must be set to protect in Zone 1, we
kept our distance relay under reach in 1st
Zone to kept Safety margin, CT Errors must be kept in
View.

7. The relay suitable for protection of long

power transmission lines is

Answer 1: The Impedance Relay.

20
Answer 2: Lenticular Relay.
Answer 3: The Quadrilateral Relay
Answer 4: The Mho Relay.

Answer is 4; the long transmission lines are reactive

in nature , that is why we can use mho relay in
Transmission relay , but if arcing fault occurs at
transmission line then we can implement
Quadrilateral Relay on transmission line

8. Review Below Mention Distance relay

(Distance Relays) of any type. Which type's
property features a direction on its own.

Answer 1: Mho Relay

Answer 2: Impedance Relay
Answer 3: Reactance Relay
Answer 4: 1 and 2 are correct.

Answer is 4; MHO relay is Directional in nature

9. Reactance relay (Reactance Relay) is the

distance relay to work on.

Answer 1: Relay for the impedance box below the set

21
value.
Answer 2: Relay for the impedance room above a preset
value.
Answer 3: Relay sees an instance under the tree
configuration.
Answer 4: Relay sees an instance higher than the pre-set
value.

Answer is 2:Relay for the impedance room above a

preset value.

10. The high-voltage power lines with

impedance per phase is 1 + j10 ohm Max
/ Phase Determine the size and angle of
impedance respectively are.

Answer 1: 10.00 ohm, 90-degree phase angle/phase.

Answer 2: 10.05 ohms, 84.29 phase angle/phase.
Answer 3: 1.00 ohm, 10-degree phase angle/phase.
Answer 4: 10.00 ohm, 10-degree phase angle/phase.

Answer is 2; Z per phase= Sqrt((Sqr of 1)+(Sqr of

10))=10.05 ohm, and Phase angle per phase is
atan(10/1)= 84.29 phase angle
22
Momtaz Alsolh
Writer, Philanthropist and
Consultant
Saudi Arabian

23
Over the past year, I have been sharing with everyone
my memoir called Bread without Butter. My memoir
is mainly about my experiences in the construction
industry in the GCC region and this after having
worked for the Private sector. I have done my best to
highlight crucial matters that are affecting employees
and laborers and I have written about what should
be the rights of GCC national employees, expatriate
employees & foreign laborers and I have done my
best to dissect sections of the Labor Law in the GCC
region as well so that there is more awareness. I have
also offered corrective actions on all the matters that
required improvement or corrections and this to any
employer or to any party that cared to read what I wrote.
I have also shared my memoir with several influential
individuals and I are hoping that positive changes shall
see the light very soon.
Other than the above, I have also shared several articles
to promote peace in the Arab world. I am praying every
single day for all the wars all around the world to end on
urgent basis. I am one who believes that peace on earth
is achievable shall we all believe that we are one big
family.
To date, I have only shared 50 % of what I need to share.
There are still several crucial matters that I need to
24
Initially, I thought that it would be best to remain silent.
Then I thought again and again. Then I realized that if
I kept silent the GCC region would remain in the dark
and that it was wrong not to voice out.
In the coming articles, I shall be dissecting construction
contracts in a way that was never done before. I shall
be revealing the darkest secrets of the construction
industry.I shall be dissecting the complete construction
contract awarding process, the construction contract
preparation, the Bill of Quantities,the Contract
Specifications and much more. I shall be writing mainly
about the misuse and
I shall be revealing the abuse of the FIDIC
form of construction
darkest secrets of the contracts.
construction industry FIDIC stands for the
International Federati-
-on of Consulting Engineers.
The biggest mistake in the GCC construction industry
was to depend on a foreign form of contract that only a
few knew the secrets.
The FIDIC form of contracts have done the GCC region
very wrong due to the individuals that knew the secrets
and that took advantage of those that didnt know the
25
the secrets. What a great world that we live in!
The strict majority of those that knew the secrets of
the FIDIC form of contracts and that have abused and
misused such contracts are not GCC nationals. Our
dependence on expatriates to handle construction
contracts and to finalize mega deals was our biggest
mistake which has led to several fraudulent practices
and several malpractices as well.
The reality is that there is more money that can be saved
out of managing correctly the construction contract
than the actual savings that can be done through the
procurement process or through the savings on proper
project management.
Once again, I shall be discussing the absence of honest
and appropriate internal and external auditing in the
construction industry. I believe that auditors themselves
need to be audited and they also need to be certified
by local GCC governments as many are not qualified
enough to conduct their jobs and this in an ethical,
professional or correct manner. Mainly, auditors lack the
investigative sense.
Auditing is a skill that is innate and it is an art that not
many possess.
Then comes the quality management system certifying
bodies who certify construction companies blindly.
26
I shall be explaining everything in detail.
I shall also be discussing the importance of having
a localized form of the construction contract that I
have called The Unified GCC Form of Construction
Contract.
The Unified GCC Form of Construction Contract
shall be what the GCC region actually requires to be
protected against those that have outsmarted the FIDIC
form of contracts and that have done the FIDIC form of
contracts very wrong.
I personally believe that FIDIC is not suitable any longer
for the GCC region and I shall, later on, explain why.
I am one who shall always believe in honesty and justice.
I am also one who shall always believe in innovation
and continuous improvement and for these reasons, the
time has come to make drastic changes. I have always
believed that what is wrong will never be right.
That is all that I am willing to share for now.
Important hope: I am still praying to Almighty
Allah (God) to see the light of the fair and just 2016
Labor Law in all GCC countries.
Important reminder:
There is a saying that goes like this: Forgiven is the one
that has warned!

27
 E-QUOTES
"Quotes Wall For
Engineers"
Carpediem
Research Desk

28
But remember this,
Japanese boy... airplanes
are not tools for war.
They are not for making
money. Airplanes
are beautiful dreams.
Engineers turn dreams
into reality.
Hayao Miyazaki

Engineers like to
solve problems.
If there are no
problems handily
available, they will
create their own
problems.
Scott Adams

29
One mans magic
is another mans
engineering.
Supernatural is a null
word.
Robert A. Heinlein

30
Final Semester

Engr. Qazi Arsalan Hamid

31
Last month I was in Pakistan, I arranged sittings with
different universities students to dig out that what are
they thinking about Post degree scenario or future,
Hammed from UIT told me I am exciting about the
fascination of my education curriculum, but most of the
professor style of delivering lectures are boring and they
always paint any of our requirement in terms of exams
marks. Tanveer from Mehran university told, most of
the lecturers are threatened us in the classroom while
we asked questions that if you want to knew it read it
by yourself, we are bound to deliver as per curriculum.
Ms. Anum from Mehran University informed that after
degree program she wants to do masters and Ph.D., but
the issue is that most of the scholarships are reserved for
University lecturers, these lecturers take lion share from
the allotted scholarships and other deserving candidates
are out of the picture due to other commitments.
Hassan from Nust told We are afraid after aizazs
suicide, 1st we have thoughts that we will be engineers
we will be fixed anywhere, but due to aizazs death now
we have parallel thoughts, in our universities there is no
career consultation group or advisor, senior engineers
are busy in their work they are even not ready to come
to our university or ready to allow us in their offices for
32
career advice, Tuseef from Ned university told 1st
I am planning to launch my final year project in the
market with a bank loan, but on peers pressure I am
dropping this idea as no one is ready to buy my idea,
everyone in my group and my internal advisor is
advising me that it is not possible , Raheel from Quaid
e Awam told I am fed up with LinkedIn and Facebook
job groups, most of the posted jobs are fraud and
most of the overseas recruiters asked money for visa
processing and job allotment.
I talked with One university Professor, I promised
to not disclose his name in this article, he informed
look we are tasked to deliver lecture as per the
approved curriculum, we also try to give some extra
information but tight schedule and limited resources
are not permitting us to go beyond our aligned virtual
boundaries
One oversea recruiter informed me look Arsalan,
most of these fresh graduates are willing to pay money
and they offered us first, and from us some recruiters
accepted their offers, but most of us denied these offers,
because we have to deliver best human resource to our
client else they will not come to us again, for us our
client is main source of business not applicant

33
 Engineer Making
difference
Edvard Csanyi,
he is founder
and electrical
engineer at EEP.
Love in electrical
engineering
moved and
motivated him to
create all-in-one
handy place like
EEP and to share all his knowledge and experience, as
well as to attract other electrical engineers to do the
same.
He is highly specialized for design of low voltage high
power busbar trunking (<6300A) in power substations,
buildings and industry fascilities as well as designing of
low voltage and medium voltage switchgears.

Weblink: http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/
34
 Book For this
month
High-Voltage Engineering by
Mazen Abdel-Salam.
Preview:
"Bridges the gap between
laboratory research and
practical applications in
industry and power utilities-
clearly organized into three
distinct sections that cover
basic theories and concepts,
execution of principles,and
innovative new techniques.
Includes new chapters detailing industrial uses and
isues of hazard and safety, and review excercises to
accompany each chpter."

35
enpak2017@gmail.com