A ? A Did you drink a lot of alcohol yesterday?

B . B Yes , 1drank no less than 10 bottles

A ? A How much time is left before the train arrives?

B 30 . B There s (still as much as) thirty minutes remaining

A ? A Does Martin have a lot of cars?

B 5 . B Yes , hes got as many as five.

What S the Difference?

While the particle indicates that a number or amount is less than expected or doesn t meet
a general standard , () indicates that a number or amount is more than expected or exceeds a
general standard. Depending on the perspective, a certain quantity can be viewed as either sm aller or
larger than expected, and thus and (0 1) can be used to express such views.

(The amount is less than expected.)
.
(The amount is more than expected.)

A .
(T he number is not viewed as very many.)
B ? .
(T he number is viewed as more than usual.)

80 .
(Dane normally score5 around 70 , 50, to him, 80 is a better than expected score.)
80 -
(Wang Jing normally scores around 90 , so to her 80 is a worse than expected score.)

08
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using (Ql) q.

( 1)

A .

B . .
(1 )

2) -
.n
. Wl ~I
A ?
_ .,- !'I ..
B . .
(3)

(3)

a A ?

B . .
(5)

(4)

A .
B ?

A .
(10of)

(5)

A .

B . .
(6)

3. Par..
 N

20 .
About 20 people came to the party.

.
I arrived at the airport around 1 clock .

3 000 .
These days , tomatoes c5t about 3 ,000 won.

Grammar Focus
is added to nouns denoting numbers , qua ntities , and tim e to indicate approxi mation. It
corresponds t about or around in English.

.
10 000 .
.
5 .

In Conversation ..











..














.












.


..





.
..


.
.
64
A ? A At about what time shall we meet tomorrow?

B 1 ? B How5 around 1 clock?

My class ends at 12:50.
12 50 .

3
A ? A Howlongds it take you to get to school from home?

B 30 . B It takes me about 30 minutes by bus.

A ? A When did you come to Korea?

B 1 . B I came about a year ago.

When referring to approximate prices, Noun is used more often than Noun t

A ? About how much are apples these days?

B 3 2.m 2
Recently they cost about , 000 won for Ihree

A ? About how much is Ihe airfare 10 China?

B l.300.000 Um it will probably cosl around 300,000 won.

Look at the pictures and I in the b lanks using .

A ?
B

2)

A ?
B

(3)
A ?

A ?

3. P a:-.:c':5
 N N

.
He sings like a professional singer.

.
Hayeong is as kind as an angel.

.
Hes as handsome as a movie actor.

Grammar Focus ..... .

/01 expresses t hat some action or th ing appears the same or v ery similar to the preceding
noun. It corresponds to like or as ... as in English.

il
. (= .)
. (= .)
. (= .)
. (= .)
. (= .)

In Conversation .....

A ? A Is Minu s girlfriend pretty?

B . . B Yes , shes as pretty as Miss Korea.

2
A ? A What do you think of (my) boriend?

B . B He s as fun ny as a comedian.

A ? A Is Seoul crowded?

B . B Yes , its crowded like Tokyo , Japan.

/ are often used in Korean to express characteristics metaphorically by comparing them to

animals or other things in nature. lUS you will often encounter the following figures of speech used to
describe people: someone scary is someone cute s someone slow to
act is someone overweight is and someone generous is
.

ook at t he pictures and write the appropriate answer for each item in t he space provided.
,-

@ @
/

.
l
1) \

1l\
2) .
li
/

tl\

.
/

3)
/
tl\

4) .
/1l

5) .

6) .

3. ?a-';o':s
 N

.
(= .)
Airplanes are faster than trains.

%- H

"'!.

.
( .)
My little sister is bigger than my elder sister.

.
(= .)
The department store is more expensive than the market.

Grammar Focus ............. .

indicates that the word preceding it is the standard from which a comparison will be made. It
corresponds t more ... than' or -er than' in English. Though is added to a noun to form N
/ N - the er of the subject and noun with added can be reversed with no
change in meaning. Also , while the adverbs and are generally used together with they can
be omitted.

() .
() h.
() .
.

1 '1 4
111 "ttr!lti c) 11
C:c)I1

A ? A 00 you like spring or summer?

B . B I like spring more than summer.

A A Oane, are you busy on Saturday or Sunday?

B . B I go to church on Sunday
So lm busier on Sunday.
.

A A Which is warmer, Jeju Island or Seoul?

?
B . B Jeju Island is warmer.

l ook at the pictures and fill in the blanks using .

(1)

A ?

B
( 5~q) ( 3~q)

(2)
A ?
B

(3)
A ?

(3) (5)

(4)

A ?

3. =
 N

.
Wesley goes to church every Sunday

.
The train comes once every hour.

.
Every country has a different flag.

Grammar Focus .....

i is added to time nouns. expresses the repetition of the same or a similar situation or

behavior over a set period of tim e. It corresponds t every r nce every in English.

. I cut my hair (once) every two months

. The subway train comes nc every five minutes.

2 can also indicate all , or every one , of something , with no exceptions. In this sense , it
corresponds to every or all in English. is added to the noun being described

. I take a trip every weekend.

.
During lunchtime , all the cafeterias become f I (have no seats available).

1 .
.
.
.

~ ~ .

l
In Convertion
A ? A Do you have time this Friday evening?

B B I have taekwondessons every Fay

80 I don t have any time

A ? A A re t here a lot of flights?

B B There's a flight every two days

A ? A A re there computers in every c lassroom?

B B Yes , all classrooms have them.

) The
.
phrases and can also be written as / and

-
I go to work (at the company) daily. = I go to work (at the company) every day.
=
We have a meeting weekly. = We have a meeting every week
=/ .
The magazine is published mont hly. = The magazine is published every month

= .
I move (change residences) once a year. = I move every year.

f) In the case of the word is used instead of .

These days , all households use the Internet.

: ~~
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using .

A ?

B
()

A .

B .
.
()

(3)

A ?

B .
()

A ?

B
(5)
 AIV-:
v-
AIV-
AIV-()L/ @
 A/V-

.
Carol is tall and slender.

.
Minu is Korean. and Dane is British.

.
At yesterday5 party. Tiluen sang songs and danced.

Grammar Focus ............ ..

1 - is used to list two or more actions , states. or facts. It corresponds t and in English. - is

added to the stems of verbs and adjectives

. . My older brother is big. And my younger brother is 5

- . My older brother is big. and my younger brother is smal l.

2 - is also used to express that the action in the first clause was performed before the action in

the second ause . It corresponds to and (then) in English. Tense is only expressed in the second
clause , not the firs t.
ISee also Unit 5. Time Expressions 03 v- )

. .
Yesterday. I ate dinner. And I did my homework
- . ( . (x))
Yesterday. I ate dinner. and then did my homework.



+
+ - -

Base Form - Base Form -

|t:ft:f |

l::i]. ~.::Ll

The form N Vst N V is used when combining two or more facts about the same subjec t.

}. h.
My older brother is good at swimming. And (hes) also good at basketbal l.
- .
My der brother is good at swimming and also (good at) basketball

. .
1like strawberries. And (1) like bananas, too.

.
1like strawberries and also (1 like) bananas.

A ? A What will you do tomorrow?

B B In the morning , 1 11 meet a friend ,

and in the afternoon , (1 11) go to the library.
.

A ? A What did you do yesterday?

B . B 1 ate pizza and saw a movie

A ? A What do you think of your g irlfriend?

B . B (She smart and pretty.

4. List ing ana C:::-

c:s
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using -.

(1)
A ?
B .
(

(2)

A ?

B
(.)

(3)

A ?

B ,
( )

(4)

A ?

B
( . )
 v-

.
In the morning , I (eith eat bread or drink milk.

.
On the weekend , I plan to listen to music or watch a movie.

.
I take a taxi when I m busy or my bag is too heavy.

Grammar Focus .....

- is added to the stem of a verb or adjective to express a choice between that verb or adjective
d the one following it. It means the same as or in English. Usually, it is used only once to connect
:- ',' 0 verbs or adjectives , but it can also be used to connect three or more. In the case of adjectives and
erbs, - is added to the verb stem , but in the case of nouns , - is added

See also Unit 3. Particles 15 N ( ) G))

+ +

Base Form - Base Form -

4. Listing and Contrast ;


A ? A What will you do this weekend?

B 81 11 go exercise
1'11 (eith play tennis or go swimming.

A A 1have a sore throat

B . 8 Then (you shId) drink some ginger tea or eat some

candy

A ? A What will you do on your wedding anniversary?

B . 8 0Ne 11) take a tri p or go out to eat.

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using -.

(1 )

A . ?

B .
()

(2)
A ! . .2 .

B . !
()

(3)
A .

B .
()

(.!)

A .

B !
()

-
 AIV-"A I

.
Korean is difficult but interesting.

.
My older brother is big , but my younger brother is small.

.
Hayeong eats a lot, but shesslim

Grammar Focus .....

- is used when the information in the second clause of the sentence is opposite or contrary
:0 th at in the firs t. It corresponds to but in English. - is added to the stems of verbs and
adjectives , and in the case of the past tense , -/ is added.

+ - - + - -

Base Form - Base Form -

Compare with Unit 4. Listing and Contrast 04 NV-() L / (j))

4. sting and co:


A ? A How is the weather today?

B B Its windy but not cold.

A , ? A How is your apartment , Yoko?

B B Its small but clean

A ? A Can Dane speak Korean well?

B , B Yes , (hes) a foreigner, but he can speak Korean well

Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using -.

(1)

A ?

B
(.)

(2)

A ?
B
() ()

(3)
F 1
'" /
A ?
B
( (

A ?

B
( . )
 A1V-()L/ICD

.

In the afternoon , there are a lot of cars , but at night, there arent any.

.
1have an older brother, but not an older sister.

.
1cant sing, but 1can dance wel l.

Grammar Focus ................ .

Th is pattern is used when the information in the second clause of the sentence is opposite of , in
ntrast to , or an unexpected result of what is presented in the first clause. It corresponds to but in
=nglish. When added to an adjective ending in a vowel , - L is added whi le - is added to an
adject ending in a consonant. As for present tense verbs , past tense verbs , and /-
s added.

I I
|

Base Form -()Lj Base Form I -()

4. Li sting and Contrast ~ '? ;

 |

:::

* Irregar form
(Compare w ith Unit 4. Li sting and Contrast 03 A/V-)

A ? A Why dont you 90 to that market?

B . B The prices are cheap, but its too far away.

A ? A How5 your job at the company?

B . B There are many things to do, but the salary is small

Look at the pictures and I in the blanks using -(} L/.

(1)
A ?

B
()

Ah ET ?

x
1

pu

-
-
-

- -
(2 01 )

(3)
A ?

B .
()

A ?
~'::::5-r

B .
()
 N v-
N v-()L
v-
v-o
N nH , A/V-() 2 [
v-()

G N v-
v-
N v-
v-()L
 N v-

2 .
I came to Korea two years ago.

.
Please take this medicine before meals.

.
I do warm-up exercises before swimming.

Grammar Focus " .

This pattern means before a certain period of time or before some action , and corresponds to
before, ago in English. It is used in the forms Time | Noun and Verb - in a

sentence.

Noun is used mainly with nouns to which can be added to make verbs. For this reason ,
- can be added to t he corresponding verb st em to produce t he same meaning (
). However, for all verbs other than verbs , only - can be used

L Time+ N+ Base Form v-

-

1 (~)

()

2 ()

.::J
 1 ()

A . A Lets have lunch together.

B . 1 . B Sorry. I ate an hour ago.

A A In Korea, before getting married ,

the groom w ill secure a home.
.
B . B Its the same in my country.

A ? A Where did you live before coming to Korea?

g . B I lived in New York.

What 5 the Difference?

W hat's the d ifference between the expressions 1 and 1 ?

1 .
(11 means Ihe person can come any time before i :00, such as 12:50, 12:00, or even 11 :00.)
1
(11 means Ihe person should come exactly one hour before some previously slated lime. For example, if there is a
meeting scheduled for 3:00, Ihen the person should come at 2:00.)

... . --., ..

5. Time Expressions
What should be done before performing each action shown under ()? Find the most appropriate answer
under ( ) connect both actions with a line , and then complet e each of the sentences that follow using
either or - .

( ()
(1)

(2)

. @

(3)

. @

(4)

. @

(1) .

2) .

(.!)

132
 N v-()L

.
r
My baby will be born in one month.

.
I brush my teeth after dinner.

.
I got a job after college graduation.

(= .)
I got a job after graduating from col lege.

Grammar Focus .....

r, is pattern means after a certain period of t ime' or after some action and corresponds to after or
ater in English. It is used in the forms 'Time Noun and v-()L in a sent ence.

',hen attaching to verbs , - L is added when the stem ends in a vowel, - is added
hen the stem ends in a consonant, and when the stem ends in 2 , is deleted , and - L is
dded to t he remaining part of the stem. -()L can also be used in place of -() L .

Nou |
e1fTlY"!!-:JI.

Time N ~I Base Form ~ V-L B ase Form V-

1 ()

()
--

Eg1 .:5}
nV1l| 1 * e

5. n me Ex.oressoe::s
 *

* I rreg ar form

In Conversation ...






.




..
..














.
..























.

..1QK'
\ 82J

A ? A Wh
enwl
il11
You
ret
tu
rr n toyourhometown?

B 1 B In one yea
r from now
w

A' ? A What is meant by ?

B B Its a Korean housewarming party for
someone who just moved into a new house.

A ? A Do you have t ime after class?

B . . B Sorry. I m busy. After class ends , I have

a part-time job at a restauran t.
.

What s the Difference?

What's the difference between the expressions 1 and 1 I?

. 1 .
Ot means the person can come an}me after 1 :00, such as 1:10, 2:00, or even 3:00.)
1 .
means the person should come exactly one hour after some previously stated time. For example, if there is a
"1eeting scheduled for 3:00, then the person should come at 4:00.)

)
-
What should be done after performing each action shown under ()? Find the most appropriate answer
u nde r ( ) connect both actions with a line , and then complet e each of the sentences that follow using
either or )L .

(1)

. @

2)

. @

3)

. @

. @

. (

. (

. (

. (

5. Time Exo~crs
 v-

.
I rest after finishing my work.

.
I sleep after watching TV.

.
I read the newspaper after eating breakfast.

Grammar Focus ..... .

- expresses the fishing of one behavior followed by the beginning of a subsequent behavior
and thus corresponds to do (something) after , upon finishing r and then ' in English. Although in
some cases- can be omitted without changing the meaning of the sentence , such as in
and the inclusion of - instead of simply - helps clarify
the fact that the first behavior has completely ended.

+ +

orm
gT
-

-------- -

J |

36
8ecause - expresses temporal order, it can only be used w ith verbs o Further, when the
subjects of t he first and second clauses are the same in sentences using the motion verbs (to
go) , (to com (to ente (to exit) , (to leave) , (to emerge
[from]) , (to go up) , and (to go d own) , and the verbs (to getlst and up) ,
(to sit) , (to lie down) , and (to meet) -/ is used in place of - and- .

() . (x )
- () . (
1go to school and (1) study.

() () . (x)
-() () . (
Today, (1) rode on the bus and (1) came (here).

ln COlIVersatio .--------------------------------------------------------------------\ track1

84)

A ? A Manager Kim , (by) when shall l give you the documents?

B B Please give them to me after the meeting.

A ? A How
doyouta
ke th
he
li ste
nlngtes
t
?

B
B T
h
eyw
ill
readth
le qltion
ns tw
t
ICce.
Listen to the questions carefIy and then find the

answer.

AA )
A What does mean?

au
B Its what you write after you finish reading a book.

5. Time Ex:o')S.-o.~
Look at t he pictures and fill in the blanks uSing either - or - .

(1) . (2)

. . (3) .

(4). _ __ -. 12 .

. (6)

6 9 . .

. (7) .

. (8) . (9) .

. 12 .

i-
 v-o~/

.

(The monkey) peeled a banana and ate it.

.
r;Ne) sat in a park for four hours and talked.

() .
I bought a necklace for my girlfriend and gave it to her.

Grammar Focus .....

-/ is a connective ending indicating the temporal relationship between events. Specifically,
expresses the occurrence of the action in the second clause after the action in the first clause has
cc urred. The two actions are so closely related that the second action cannot occur without the first
action occurring firs t. This expression corresponds t and or (in ord to in English. Moreover,
can often be omitted from -/ leaving just -/ but this is not possible with certain verbs,
'1cluding (to go) , (to come) , and (to stand). It is formed by adding - to stems
ending in the vowel ~ or ...L. Otherwise , - is added. For verbs ending in is added.

Base Form -/ Base Form -0 ~/

5. Time Exo'ElSS'ocs .:: ~

 }

* Irregar form

In the case of sentences in the past , present , or future tense , the tense is expressed only in the
second verb , not the f irs t.

.
Yesterday, I met a friend to watch a movie.

.
Tomorrow, I will meet a friend to watch a movie

The subjects of both verbs are the sam e.

() . (
Yesterday 1met a friend and (1) watched a movie

. (X)

A ? A Why do you eat apples without peeling them?

B . B Apples aren t tasty if you peel and eat them.

A ? A Did you come to school by subway today?

B B Yes , but on the way, 1stood for an hour,

and (s my legs are sore.
.

A ? A Why are you doing that part-time job?

B . B (1 plan) to make some money and buy a camera.

 0 - is a connective ending similar to -/ in that it indicates the temporal relationship
between events. However, while -/ is used when the first and second actions are very c10sely
related , - is used to connect two unrelated actions that happen sequentially.
( ) . ( ) .
(1IYou) wash the fruit and eat it (the fruit). (1IYou) wash the fruit and then eat (something els.

( 0 1) . ( ) .
1met a friend and (together we) watched a movie. 1met a friend and then (1by myself or with somebody else)
watched a movie.

f) When used with verbs designating the wearing of c10thes and accessories, - is used in place of
-Of/.

. (x)- . (0) 1put on a coat and study.

. (x) . (
People are putting up their umbrellas and going
. (x) . (
The child puts on glasses to read books.

_ook at the pictures a nd choose the appro priate word from below to fi ll in the blan ks using -of/ .

{n

A ?

B .

A ?
B .

B
?
.

A .

B .

5. Ti me 3S -YS
 N [ , AIV-()2 [[H

.
I work a pa-time job during vacation.

4 .
This is a picture of me when I was 4 years old

.
Dont look at your neighbors answer sheets when taking the test.

Grammar Focus ......... ..

expresses the time when an action or state occurs or its duration. When flowing a noun , is
used , and w hen following a verb , - 2 is used when the stem ends in a vowel or 2 , and - IS
used w hen the stem ends in a consonan t.

N Base Form V-2 Base Form v-

1 0

''"

2
 A 1- * *

L *

* Irregular form

In Converim.
A ? A How old were you when you went on your fi rst date?

B 20 . B (1went when) 1was 20 years old.

A ? A 00 you often meet your friends from elementary

school?
B . B No , 1 don t meet them often.

A . A This clothing is made of silk.

Be careful when you wash it
.
B . B Okay, 1 will.

is not used together with or the days of t he week.

. (x) ( Istudy in the morning.
. (x) . ( I exercise in the afternoon.
. (x) ~ . ( 0 ) I(w go to the airport on Monday.

Whats the Difference?

What's the difference between and ?

For some nouns, such as and the meaning is the same whether they are written in
the form of N or N However, for some nouns, especially those representing holidays, like
and the fo rm N refers to the spefic day(s) of the holiday while the form N
refers to the approximate time period just before, during, and after the holiday. For example,
refers to Christmas Day, December 25 , and refers to the span of the few days
surrounding Ch ristmas , such as the day before and the day after Christmas.
The period around Christmas, including the day before, Christmas Day, and the day after.
Christmas Day (December 25).

Either or can be used after nouns such as and with 110 difference in meaning .
1. = 1. =

5. me pre5S1O"5 "!~
Look at t he pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in the blanks using either or
)2 .

(1)

A ?

B .

(2)

A .
B .

(3)

A ?

B .

(4)

A ?
B . .

14Ll
 v-()

f.
1eat while watching TV.

.
My/our older sister sings while she plays the piano.

. .
Don t use the phone while driving. Its dangerous

Grammar Focus ......... .

-() Indicates that the actions of the first and second verbs occur simultaneously. It means
hi le in English. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or is used , and when it ends in a
nsonant - is used

Base Form - Base Form -

-

- - -- ---
71 *

*
..-- '"
*

* k

Irreg ar form
5. Ti me Ex-ess5
The subjects of both c lauses are the same. That is , they must be the same person.

. ( x )
( ) ( ) . (
(Hayeong) plays the piano while she (Hayeong) sings.

- . (
While Hayeong sings, Jaejun plays the piano.

When the subjects of the two verbs are different , - is used.

.
While my little brother/sister was cleaning the house, my older sister did the laundry
(See also Unit 5. Time Expressions 09 N v- )

Past and future tense endings are not added to the verb preceding -(). It is always written in
present tense.

. ( x )
. (
Yesterda Hayeong sang while she played the piano.

A ? A 00 you like music?

B . B Yes, thats why I listen to music while I study.

A ? A Were you very busy yesterday?

B B Yes , thats why I ate a sandwich while working.

A ? A Why are you tired these days?

B . B I have a pa-time job while attending school.

Thatswhy I m tired.
.

1L!. 6
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using -().

{ n

2)

3)

( . )

.!)

( )

5. Ti me Express:or.s :
 N v-

.
The subway is under construction

(= .)
The subway is in the course of construction.

.
The president is in a meeting.

(= .)
The president is currently having a meeting

.
(1 m) on the way home.

. .
1intend to move. 80 1 m looking for a new place to live.

Grammar Focus '","'"

This expression is used with a noun that indicates the content of an action and means that the subject
is in the process of performing the action. It corresponds to in the process/ middle of r currently
dng in English. After a noun , is add ed , and aer a verb - is added to the verb stem .

'~8
 Base Form N v-

()

()

H)

--{1lL=-;-
c:

* Irregar form

A ? A Why is there so much traffic?

B . B The department store is having a sale.

Thats why theres traffic.
.

A ? ? A Hello? Is this t he Korea Trade Company?

| d like to speak with Section Chief Kim
.
B . B Section Chief Kim is currently out of
the office. He should be back at 5 P. M.
5 .

A ? A Do you have a drivers license?

B . B Recently, Ive been learning how to drive.

| 11 take a driving test next week.
.

- and - are used in similar ways. However, while - has no restrictions r egard i n g
w hat subjects it can be used with , - cannot be used with subj ects representing nat ural
phenomena

. ( x) - . ( It S rammg
(x) - . ( It s snowlng
( x) . ( The wind is blowing.

5. Time Exore5SK) "

Look at the pictures and con nect each to its appropriate phrase with a line.

(1) (5)

@ @

(2) (6)

@ @

(3) (7)

@ @

(4) (8)
I

...-
@ @

.t..
 v-

.
I was so tired I went to sleep as soon as I got home

The fire truck arrived as soon as the fire started

.
The students left the classroom right after class was over.

Grammar Focus .................. .

- indicates that somet hing occurs immediately following the end of some event or action. It is
added to the verb and m eans as soon as or right after' in English.

+ - + - -

Base Form - Base Form -

-
-i

.A. Il~
-

~ -~

5. Tl me Exp-E"s -
Th e subjects of the first and second clauses of the sentence can be either the same or different.

( 7}) (7 .
As soon as I arrived home, I slept.

--.
As soon as the mother leaves , the baby stas crylng.

Tense is not expressed in the verb of the f irst clause , b ut it is in t he second.

-. ( x) }. (
As soon as I got home , I slept.

. (x)- . (
As soon as I get home , I mg ng to sleep.

A ? A When 11 you marry Jeonga?
B B We 11 get married as soon as we graduate from
college.

A ? A Why are you in a bad mood today?

B B I bought an umbrella yesterday.

But I lost it as soon as I bought it.

A . A I m so f1. I want to lie down and go to sleep

.
B B Its not good for your health if you lie down right after

eating

-
--
What did the f lowing people do? Connect each picture on the left with a picture on the right with a line ,
and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in the blanks using -

(1)

2)

.@

(3)

.@

.@

1) .

2) .

3) .

4) .

5. Time Exp.-ess3
 N v-

4 .
Yesterday, I studied for four hours

.
Bears hibernate during winter.

.
I did my homework while my friends were eating lunch.

Grammar Focus ....

This pattern expresses the length of time starting when a certain action or behavior begins and lasting
until it ends. It corresponds t during r w hile in English. After nouns , is added , and after verbs
- is added

+ - + - -->

N Base Form v-

10

E1l
lL-: E:~~

<=
c>L..:
------ - - - - - -

--
* *

* r:;c:ar form
When used in the form v- the subjects of the first and second clauses can be either the

same or different.

( () .
While I lived in Korea, I made a lot of good friends.

.
While I played with my friends , my lie brother/sister was studying hard at schoo l.

In Conversation

A ? A How long will you be in Korea?

B 3 . B I should be here for three years.

A ? A What will you do during the vacation?

B . B I plan to visit my relatives home.

A 2 . A The plane will depart in two hours

B B In that case, lets do some shopping at the duty-

free shop while we wait for our fligh t.
.

What's the Difference?

How are-() and- different?

-() is used when one person performs two or more actions simultaneollsly. However, - ()
can be used even when the su ects of the first and second clauses are not the sam e; that is, it can b e
used to indicate that while the su ect of the first clause is performing some action, the su ect ofthe
second clause is also performing an action.

I -
The subjects of the first and second clauses I The su ects of the first and second clauses can
must be the same. [ be differen t.
I
Hayeong listened to music while (sh read a book. I .
While Hayeong listened to music, Jaejun read a
book.
10:00-10:30 10:00- 10:30

5. Time Expressions
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using either or-

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

-.

_
'* - ........
.- .
 v-()L

2 .

Its been two years since 1came to Korea.

.
Its been one month since 1stopped smoking.

5 .
Its been five hours since you started playing computer games

Grammar Focus ........... ..

)L indicates how much time has passed since some situation or action occurred and thus
::;orresponds t since in English. It can be expressed in various ways , including -()L ~
-{) L ~ and -()L ~ . When the verb stem ends in a vowel or -L
is used , and when it ends in a consonant , - is used.

Base Form -L Base Form -

:;:

Irregular form
5. nme Exo>:-'-$

A ? A When did you start studying Korean?

B 6 B Its been six months since I began studying Korean

A ? A How long have you been dating your boyfriend?

B 3 B Weve been dating for three years

Read the f lowing passage and complete the sentences that follow using -() L .

{m
:> I I I

2004 2ob5 5 2ob5 8 111 2605 9. 2008 3111 2009 4111

~ tlH
'"

----- 2009 9.
iii

lirf

;-
spl
e -

1
- 1L -/

-----

(1) 9.

(2) P 5 .

(3) 4.

4.

(5) 2.

(6) 1 5 .

4 .
 V-()2 /

< V-()2 /
 v-()2 /

.
0Ne) can see this movie.

.
0Ne) can t see that movie.

.
(1) can speak Korean.

.
(1) cant speak Afrikaans.

.
1can read Chinese characters.

.
1can t read Chinese characters.

Grammar Focus ............ .

This pattern expresses ability or possibility. When someone or something is able to do something , or
when something is possible, -() 2 is used , and when someone or something is not able
to do something , or when someth ing is not possible , -()2 is used. In English it means
can. When a verb stem ends in a vowel or 2 ,- 2 / is used , and when a verb stem
ends in a consonant , - / is used .

+ -2 / _, / + - / /

Base Form - 2 / Base FJR-7- /

-
/ - I /
/ /
------ -------- ---
/ /

* / d

- ega rform
In Conversation .....

A ? A What sports can you play?

B . B I can p lay soccer. And I also know

. (how to do) taekwondo. But I can't swim

A , ? A Yoko , can you meet me this evening?

B . B I'm s I can t meet you. I have other plans

A ? A Can you understand Korean 1V dramas?

B . B Yes , I can understand 1V d ramas somewhat.

Butlcan t understand the news.
.

A ddin g the part icle - to -() / t o form-() / makes the p h rase m o re

emphatic in m eaning than -()2 / al o n e.

The ddeokbokki is spic so I can teat it.

. The ddeokbokki is so spicy that 1(really) can t eat t.

. Theres a lot 01 traffic, so 1wont be able to make it.

Theres so much traffic that 1really can't make it no matter what.

6. Ability and P OSSI b< ;ty r.::

Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to f in the blanks using -()2
/.

;

..._......
............... .........".. ..............
............ .......... ...........,

(1)

A .

(2)
A ?

(3)

A ?

B .

(4)

B .

v-()2 - /



.
)
I know how to make strawberry jam

.
I know how to send pictures by mobile phone.

.
I know how to cook a tasty doenjang stew.

Grammar Focus ...... .

li s pattern expresses whether one knows how , or has the ability, to do something. When the
erb stem ends in a vowel or 2 ,- 2 / is used , and when the verb stem ends in a
:onsonant, - / is used. It corresponds t know how to/ doesn t know how to In

=nglish.

+ -2 / + - /
-+ / - /

Base Form - 2 / Base Form -/

/ /

/ /

/ s /

* / * /

Irregular form

6. Ability arcPoss

A A Carol , do you know how to play
the computer game Starcraft?
?
B . ? B No , I dont. How do you play it?

A ? A What kinds of foods do you know how to make?

B I know how to make Korean japchae and spaghetti.

What's the Difference?

-IE / ~ IE / 1
Expresses whether one knows how or has the Used not only to express the abili ty to do
ability to do something. something but also whether a situation permits
something to be done.
-
I don t know how to make strawberry jam. (1) I don t know how to make strawberry jam.
(2) I know how to make strawberry jam , but lor some
reason (such as a lack 01 strawberries,) I cant
make it right now

Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to f ill in the blanks using -()2
/ .

A ?
B

A ?
B

3)
A ?

B .

6
 V-()
V-
AIV-O~/ /
e AIV-/
AIV-{)
AIV- ( AIV-/ )
 v-()

.
Please sit here.

15 .
Please see (Iook at) page 15 in the book.

.
Please go straight up this road.

Grammar Focus ........ .

-() is used when ptely asking the listener to do something when making a request :
when giving directions or orders. It corresponds to please (d in English. In such situations , -0-
can also be used , but -() IS more p ite than -/. When the verb stem ends -
a vowel -| is added , and when it ends in a consonant , - is added. Some verbs h '=
special forms though. The formal p ite style uses -().

Base Form i -| Base Form -() Base Form Special Fo rr-

| / I
.-

6

*

* s

Irregular form
. :See also Introduction to the Korean Language 5. Honorific Expressions)

.nen -() is used in the imperative sense to give an order, it can only be used with v erbs and
-ot 01 or adjectives
(x) . ( Please become a doctor.

(x) - . ( Be happy.
( Adjective changed to its verb form)
e also Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech 04 A-O)

- owever, there are a number of adjectives ending in used idiomaticaily that can be used with
-.

. .
Grandpa, please be healthy. Li ve a long , long time.

. .
Minu , congratulations on your marriage. 1 wish you happiness.

Conver.
A . A 1want to lose some weigh t.

3 . B Then you should eat a lot of vegetables.

And get lots of exercise.
.

A . A Please write down your name and phone number here.

3 . B Okay.

A ! A Everyone , please be quiet!

Now, Director, please begin (speaking)
.
3 . B Thank you , Manager Kim.

7. Demands and Obligations , Permission and Pro- 0-::r

How should you respond? Look at the pictures and find the most appropriate response from the choices
glven.

(1)

. @ .

(2)

. @.

(3)

. @ .

(4)

. @ .

-g
 v-

.
Please don t drink alcohol.

.
Please don t use the phone

.
Please don t sleep during class.

Grammar Focus .................. .

- is used w hen requesting , persuading , indicating , or ordering the listener not to d
someth ing. This is the negative form of -() and it corresponds to please d o not (d tn
=nglish. It is used by adding - to verb stems. The formal p ite form is - .

+ - -- + - -

Base Form - Base Form -

- can only be used w ith verbs and not 0 I r adjectives.

. ( x )
. ( x ) . ( Please don tfeel sad

. ( x ) . ( Please don t feel hurt.

( Adj ectiv e changed to its verb form)
see also Unit 18. Changes in Parts of Speech 04 A-/)
7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and Prohibition <:.::'
 'tracJ"
In Conversation ............ .

A ? A Shall 1take the bus?

B . B Theres a lot of traffic. so dont take the bus.

(Please) take the subway.
.

A ? ? A Hows this movie? Is it interesting?

B . . B (Please) don t see this movie. Its boring.

A . A (Please) don t listen to music too loudly.

Its bad for your ears.
.
B . B Okay.

The following friends each have a problem. Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using - .

(1 ) __ .....
_. -
" TI
--
0.11
A . .
.. .... ~

B ()

(2)
A .

B ()

A .
B . ( )

(4)

A .

B ( )

70
 A/V-o~/ IC.~/

. .

I have an exam tomorrow. So I must study

.
Its my girlfriend's birthday, so I have to buy her a present.

.
You have to pay before you eat.

Grammar Focus .......... .

-/ / expresses an obligation or necessity to do something or the necessity of a
ceain condition. It corresponds t must r have (to) in English. If the stem ends in the vowel r or
..L, then - / is used , and for all other vowel endings , - |/ is used . As for
verbs ending in the form changes t / The past tense form is -/
/

- F. _
I ~
+ /
Stem Ending in Vowel Other
.-han or ...L.r
(}1 m | l
111

1
- --

/ / - /

Base Form -// Base Form -//

/ /

/ * AA /

/ /

/ g /{

* Irregular form
7. Oemands and Obligations, Permission and prot
ln Conversation .---------------------------------------------------------------------Fra
.:1 0

A ? A Shall we 5ee a movie this weekend?

B . B Sorry, but it5 my mother's birthday, and I have t

visit home
.

A . A I m planning to go to Jeju 151and in the sum mer.

B ? B Did you re5erve a plane ticket? A lot 01 people will

be going there , 50 you have to reserve your ticket in
.
advance

A ? A Why didn t you come to the party yesterday?

B B I had a lot of things to do , s o I had to s tay at the

office and work.

-/ / h as two negative fo r m s , on e m ean in g it is n ot necessary to do something, -

and the oth er expressing th e pr ohibition of so m e beh avior, -()

o - (don't n eed to, don't have tO)

(See also Un it 7. Demands and Obligatio n s , Per mission and Proh ibitio n 06 A /V- )

A | ? 00 you go to the office tomorrow?

B No, tomorrow is a hiday so I don t have to go to work

A ? (Oo y take the bus to the park?

B . . .

he park) is nearby. 80 I don t need to take the bus. I can walk

e ) (sh o uldnt , b e n ot allowed to)

See also Unit 7. Deman ds and Obligatio n s , Per m issio n and Prohibitio n 05 A/V-() )

. You re not allowed to take photogra phs inside the museum

@ You should not smoke indoors.

--~
/
} k at the pictures and fill in the b lanks u si ng -0 .

A ?

B .
(

2)
A .

B
()
A

3
A ?
B .
()

A l .

B
(12 )

A ?

B
( )

7. Demands and Obligations, Penmission anC Prc;-L~:X

 AIV-o

?
May I take a picture?

?
May I sit here?

?
May I use that pen?

Grammar Focus .....

-/ expresses permission or approval for a behavior. It corresponds to may r be
allowed to in English. If the stem ends in the vowel ~ or ..L, then - is used , and for all
ther vowel endings , - is used. As for verbs ending in the form changes t .
In place of-/ / and-/ can also be used.

- -

Base Form -/ Base Form -/

g1

* Irreg lar fm
-:7

n Conversation . /tr.k
110/

A ? A May I call you at night?

a . B Sure. Please call anytime

A ? A 00 you mind if I open the window?

B . B Not at al l. You may open it

A ? A May I turn on the radio?

B . . B The child is asleep. Please don t turn it on

_ook at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in the blanks using-/ .

A . ?
B .

2)

A ?
B .

(3)

A ?
B . .

4)

A ?

B .

7. Oemands and Obligations , Permission and Prohibition

 AIV-()

.
Smoking indoors is not allowed.

/ ~L_ 11-0 -(

/' . lt o ~A .
_ . . -
c
Using the phone while driving is not allowed.

~ O. ,..

.
You may not cross the street now.

Grammar Focus .....

-() e
xpresse
s the pro
1
oh ib

bi
ition 0r li

iir
m1
can represent social conventions or common sense dictating that a behavior or state is prohibited or
not tolerated. It corresponds to may not or not allowed to in English. When the stem ends in a vowel
r - is used , and when the stem ends in a consonant , - is used.

Base Form - Base Form -

"::

*IJSar form

.
-

-
In Conversation ........ .

A ? A May I speak in English during class?

B B During class , you may not speak in English.

Please speak in Korean.
. .

A A In Korea , you're not supposed to blow your nose

when eating.
.
B ? . B Oh , realiy? I didnt know that.

A . A You re not aliowed to talk in the library

B . B Okay, I m sorry.

-() can be u sed in the double negative form , that is , - to em phasize that a
particul ar behavior must b e performed.

. 8 . (= .)
August is vacation season, so (you) must buy plane tickets in advance. (Plane tickets have to be bought in advance.)
. (= . )
8ecause the illness is serious, surgery must be performed. 0Ne have to perform surgery.)
. ( )
8ecause (1) have an important test next week, 1must study. (1 have to study.)

7. Demands and Obligations, Permission and ProhJbr:.<<:

Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using ) .

(1)

A ?

(2)

A ?

(3)

B .

(4)

A ?
B . .

- -
"'I:--;'~
]
 AN- ( AN-O~/ )

.

Preschool students don t have to pay the bus fare.

.
Because its a weekday, we don t have to buy tickets in advance.

.
On Fridays , we don t have to wear suits.

Grammar Focus .....

- expresses that a paCar st ate of affairs or behavior is not necessary and is
the negative form of -/ / wh ich expresses the obligation to perm a paicar
behavior. It corresponds t does not have to in English. It is made by add ing - or
-/ to the verb stem.
See als -/ conjugation in Unit 16. Condit ions and Suppositions 03 AIV-/)

+ - + -
(= - (= )

Base Form - -/

71

7. Demands and Obligations , Permission and Pro:-.::;::c.;-



* Irregar form

A ? A Must I go to the dinner today?

B . B If you re busy, you don t have to go.

A ! A I ve got to go on a diet!

B . B You re already slender.

You don't need to diet
.

Look at the pictures and fill in t he blanks using either - or -/

A ?
B

A ?

A ?

A ?

B
 v-
AIV-/
 v-

. .

I can t speak Korean wel l. I want to speak Korean wel l.

2 . .
I havent seen my family for two years. I want to see my family

.
I want to eat strawberries.

Grammar Focus ...... .

- expresses the wish or hope of the speaker and correspond s to want to in English. -
is added to verb stems. If the subject is in t he first or second person , then - is used , but
when t he subject is in t he t hird person, t hen - is used .

(See also Check It Out!)

+ - - + - -

Base Form - Base Form -

....

-

-

In Conversation ..'.
.
..

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
......
...
..
..
..
..
.....
..
..
..
..
.. ....aCK
..
.1 16

A ? A
W h1at doyou w
an
1t to dr
rin

n1
B . 8 1m sleepy. I want to drink some coffee

A ? A What do you want for Christmas?

B 8 1d like some nice looking gloves

o When the subject is in the third person, - is used.

(See also Unit 18. Changes in Parts ofSpeech 04 A-/)
(x) ( 0 ) Eric wants to buy a car.

f) Although- cannot be added direc t1y to adjectives, if-/ is first added to an adjective ,
making it a verb, then - can be used.
(See also Unit 19. Expressions of State 03 A-/)
(x) ( 0 ) I want to become slim

- can be combined with the particles -/ and-Ol/.

( 0 ) I want to see my fami ly
( 0 ) I want to see my family.

The f lowing exe rcise concerns pe ople who have come to Korea . Look at the picture and fill in the
blanks with t he a ppropriat e sentences using - .

(1)
( )

(2)
( )

(3)
()

(4)
(.)

(5)
()

8. Express o"s ::' """=

 AIV-/

.
1wish 1had a car.

.
1wish 1had a lot of money.

.
1hope it snows on Christmas.

~rammar Focus ........ .

-/ expresses a person's wish or hope about something that has yet to be realized.
It can also be used when expressing a desire for a situation to become the opposite of what it
currently is. This expression corresponds to hope/want in English. When the verb stem ends in ~ or
..L, then- is used; while - is used for all other verb stem endings. As
for verbs ending in the form changes to -

In addition to -/ / can also be used , but -/

indicates a stronger degree of hope or desire.

iliiI:m; lut r.w~

t~ 'lIi1:rIIIIi

c>1 (") [J:I Z:

n (") [J:I Z:; ( n

- -
-
-
-

--


- -

Base Form -/

- -
-

* Irregu lar form

A ? A At what age do you want to get married ?

B 30 . B I d like to get married before I m 30.

A ? A Are you still busy these days?

B . B Yes , I m still busy.

I w ish I could have some time off.
.

A ? A What will you do this vacation?

B . B I plan to go skiing with my friends.

I wish vacation would come soo ner.
.

-() can be u sed in the same sen se as -/ but because -/

supposes the realization of an as yet unrealized state, it more strongly emphasizes the verb .

. he speaker is simply wishing 10 have a 101 01 money.)

he speaker is supposing a silualion in which he has a 10 1 01 money, which is in conlrasl 10 t>:s

currenl silualion 01 having no money; , thus Ihe wish is emphasized.)

8. Expressions 0;
1 Look at the pictures and fi ll in the blanks using -/ .

( 1)

A ?

B ( )

(2)

A ?
B ()

(3)
| A ?
.l.. ~ |
B (
f! ~S!|

2 Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks as shown in t he example.

(1)

(2)

.
()

(3)

86
 A/V-Q @

A/V-() @
N A/V-
 AN-ot/@

.

Nice to meet you.

.
I was in such a good mood that I danced

.
| m sorry for arriving late.

Grammar Focus ..... .

-/ is used to express t hat t he informat ion in the first clause is the reason for or the cause of
the succeeding clause. It corresponds t because (of), on account of , and so .. that... in English.
If t he stem ends in t he vowel ~ or ...L, then - is used. Otherwise , - is used. As for verbs
ending in the form c hanges to and in th e case of 01 is used , except in
conversation , when is used.

Base Form -ou Base Form -/

188
 01 (01 ) s ~~

* Irregular form

-/ cannot be used in imperative or propositive sentences

. (x)
- . (
These shoes are big , so please show me a different pa

? (x)
- ? (
1have to meet someone else today, so shall we meet tomorrow?

. (x)
. (
1like this one , so lets buy it.
:See also Unit 9 . Reasons and Causes 02 AN() (j))

Tense markers such as -/-and-- cannot come before -/.

. (x)
. (
My stomach hurts on account of eating so much food.

. (x)
(
1want to wear these clothes because they re pretty
(Compare with Unit 5. Time Expressions 04 V-/)

9. Reasons and Causes :: ::!

In Conversation . rack
\120;

A ? A 00 you have time on Saturday?

B B This week, I m busy and dont have time

A ? A Why don t you wear these clothes?

B . B Those clothes are so small that I can't wear them.

A ? A 00 you take the bus when you go home?

B B No , because theres a lot of traffic when

I get off work, I take the subway.
.

Look at the pictures and choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using -/.
.:
;
M .. ...

(1)

A -?

B .

(2)

A ?

B .

(3)

A ?

B .

(4 )

A ?

B .

90
 A1V-()G)

.

The road5 are 11 of traffic , 50 let5 take the 5ubway.

.
It5 cold , 50 plea5e Cl05e the window.

.
I took a 5hower, 50 now I feel good

Grammar Focus .....

-() expresses the reason or cause for something and corresponds to s or because in
English. When the verb stem ends in a vowel or - is used , and when the verb stem ends in a
consonant , - is used .

Base Form -LI Base Form -

01 01

---
4

* Irregular form
9. Reasons cC..:s

A , ? A Chi is there a meeting this week?

B B This week I m busy, so lets have it next week

A ? A Wh present shodlg my g irlfriend?

B B Gir
r|

What'5 the Difference?

111) 1
o Cannot be used in imperative or propositive o Can be used with imperative or propositive
sentences sentences, i.e. , -()-() ? and
-()

. (x) (
? (x) Theres no time, so go quickly
? ( 0)
My legs are sore. so shall we take a taxi?

Tense markers such as -/- and Tense markers such as -/-and

-- cannot be used. -- can be used.
} (x) . (
1can speak Korean well because 1lived in Korea.

o Used mainly to express a general reason.
A ? Why were you late?
B .
There was a lot of traffic. so 1 was late
o Used when stating a subj ective reason o r
providing a basis for a particular reason.
Further, it is used mainly when the other
party also knows about the topic under
discussion.
A ? Why were you late?
B
Because (as you know) there was a 101 of traffic

o Can be used with common words of o Cannot be used with common words of
g reeting, such as greeting , such as
and and .
. ( Nice to meet you. . (x)

92
1 Choose the appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using -().

(1) A ?

B .

(2) A ?

B .

(3) A ?

B .

(4) A ?

B ?

(5) A .

B .

2 Circle the correct answers .

(1) ( / ) .

(2)( / ) ?

(3) ( / ) .

(4) ( / ) .

(5) 1 ( / .

9. Reasons and CaJses

 N A/V-

.
The road is slippery because 01 the snow.

.
| m tired because 01 the children.

.
I can t speak Korean well because I m a 10reigner.

Grammar Focus ...... .

and - exp ress t he reason for or cause of the sit uation described in the second
clause and correspond to because in English. - is used when expressing a clear reason
and is a more Iiterary exp ression than -/ and -() After nouns , is add ed , and
after verbs and adjectives , - is added to t he stem.

Noun N Base Form AIV-

il::>

9
-71 cannot be used in imperative or propositive sentences.

. ( x )
. (
The weather i5 cOld , 50 plea5e wear warm clothe5

. (x)
--> . (
Our friend5 are waiting , 50 let5 go quickly

? (x)
? (
The weather i5 nice , 50 5hall we go to the mountain5?

In Conversation ....... ........ .

? A Why were you late?

3 . B There wa5 a lot of traffic due to the rain.

A ? A Can you meet me on Saturday?

3 B Saturday i5 my friend s birthday,

501 won t be able to meet yOU.
.

? A Will you take a trip during the vacation?

3 B No, 1want to , but beCaU5e 1have

a part-time job, 1 can t gO.
.

What '5 the Difference?

I 1

I can t eat because 01 (something related to) the The baby can t eat because he/she is (still) a baby
baby. (Ior example, not going to slee

.
You have to study hard because you are a student.
The teacher got angry because 01 (something) the
students did. (Ior example. tell a lie)

9. Reasons lO C:;es
Look at the pictures and fill in the blanks using either or - .

(1)

A ?
B .
()

(2)

A . ?

B .
(

(3)

A . ?

B . .
()

(4)

A ? ?

B .
()

196
 v-ou v-/ ?
G v-/ v-/ ?
 v-o~/ V-o ?

.
Please close the door.

."'-'''!
- ?
~O(
Would you please take our picture?

.
Please show her to a seat

Grammar Focus .....

This pattern expresses a request to someone to perform an action and corresponds to please/would
you in English. -/ ? is a more polite expression that shows more consideration for
the listener than -/ . When the recipient of the action is someone higher in status than
the speaker or someone to be respected , -/ is used. When the verb stem ends in ~
r ..L - /? is used. Otherwise- /? is used. For verbs
that end in the form changes to - /?

+ -
-
-

Base Form -/ -/ ?

98
 ?

* ?

* ?

* Irregular form

In Conversation ......... .. .

A ? A Excuse me. Could you please help me out?

B ? B Sure. How may I help you?

A . A Wang Dan , please teach me this grammar.

B . . B Sorry. I don t understand it either.

A . A I have to send an email to a company in t he U.S.

Would you p lease translate this into English?
?
B . B Yes , I sure wil l.

-/ is used when the speaker or the subj ect o f t h e sentence performs an action that
assists the listener or another person. Wh en the assistance has al ready been completed, -/ or
-/ is used.

. My big brother helps me a lot with my homework

. Please wait for just a moment.
. My older sister peeled some fruit for me.
1haven t given a present to my friend yet.

10. Making Requests a:"<:: :..sss-'_.....

What are the people in the following pictures requesting? Look at the pictures and choose the
appropriate word from below to fill in each blank using either -/ or -/ ?

(1)

A ?
B .

(2)

A
B .

(3)

B .

A ?
B .
L

2CiJ ,
 v-o~/ v-o~/ ?

?

I have two umbrellas , so shall I lend you one?

.
Let me help you with that.

?
Teacher, shall I help you out?

Grammar Focus ....... .

This pattern is used when attempt ing to help someone and corresponds t Shalll , Allow me , or |
will in English. When t he person receiving t he help is of higher status than the speaker, -/
r -/ ? is used. When the verb stem ends in ~ or ..1- - /? is
used. Otherwi se - /? is used. For verbs that end in the form changes to -
/?

m:m1Iil .(l:o~ UrnIB

+ - + -

- -

Base Form -/ -/?

10. Making Requests "IC .;sss::; - -

 ?

* ?

* 1eg ular form

In Conversation
A . A Ma am , please clear off this table.

B . B Okay, 1'11 clear it right away.

A ? A Would you mind turning on the air conditioner?

B . B Sure, 1'11 turn it on.

Whats the Difference?

-() ar li9 a
A simple com mand or request to the Iistener A request to the listener to do an action for the
to do an action for the listener's sake. sake of the speaker.
.
.
These clothes do not look good Minu. Please change These clothes do not look good on me. Please
them with something else change them with something else
(For the sake of you, Minu.) (For my sake.)
? . .
Does your foot hurt? Please sit down here (1) can t see the screen. Please sit down
(For the sake of the listener.) (For my sake.)

Look at t he picture s and choose the appropriate word f rom below to fill in each blank using e ither -/0-
or -/ ?

(1)

A ?

B .

(2)

A ?

B .

202
 v-/
V-()L /
 v-o~/

?

Have you tried Korean ribs?

.
Please try it on.

.
I want to visit Jeju Island.

Grammar Focus .....

-/ expresses trying out or experiencing an action , and corresponds to try in English.
When the verb stem ends in ~ or ...1... - is used. Otherwise- is used. For verbs that
end in the form changes to - .

In general , when used with the present tense , it expresses trying something , and when used with the
past tense , it expresses having the experience of doing something

. . Kimchi tastes good. Please try some kimch i. (try)

. Ive had kimch i. It tastes good. (experience)

20
 Base Form -/ -/

* Irreg ar form

A ? A May I try on these shoes?

B . B Yes , please try them on.

A ? A 00 you have any Korean friends?

B . B No , I don t. I would like to (have the chance to)

make Korean friends.
.

A ? A Have you tried drinking Korean rice wine?

B . B No , I haven t tried it yet. What does it taste like?

When-/ is used to express the experiencing of something, it is not used together with the verb
.

.(x) - . (0) I ve seen a Korean movie.

11. Trying New Things and Ex"enc

1 Look at the picture and make recommendations to a friend to go to the places in Korea shown on
the map.

I ~

(1)

(2)

(3)

2 The following is a dialogue. Choose the appropriate word from below to fill in the blanks using -/
.

: ?
: (1) . (2) ?
: .
: ?
: (3)

: . .
: (4)

206