Mikro PFR Panel Design Traning Slides Kuching Aug 2016

Mikro Electrical Distribution Solution 2014
Power Factor Panel Design - Table Content
Fundamental Theories
Power Factor
Harmonics
Design inputs
Design Inputs Based on Existing PF Installation
Designing PF Panel with Limited Information
Power Factor Correction System Design

Components Selection
Application Example
Setting the regulator
Post Installation Check on PFC System
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
www.itmikro.com Copyright Mikro Sdn Bhd Tay Siang Hui

POWER FACTOR
Power Factor - What is Power Factor?
Ratio of Real Power [W] over Apparent

Power [VA]
Dimensionless
Range between -1 to 1
Measures the efficiency of real power

transferred
Near modulus 1 is considered good

Power Factor - Consequences of Low Power Factor
Due to linear load

High transmission losses
Inefficiency of power transfer
Lower source capacity
Due to non-linear load

Harmonics
Resonance
Damaging of power factor capacitor
Damaging of neutral line

Power Factor - What causes Low Power Factor?
Non-linear load
High reactive component load

Power Factor - How to Improve Power Factor?
Power factor correction capacitor (for inductive load)
Active filter

Power Factor - Utility Penalty from Low Power Factor
TNB classifies user as:

Domestic
Commercial
Industrial
Power factor penalty details:

Single phase not applicable
Domestic not applicable
132kV and above 0.90
Below 132kV 0.85
Aggregated monthly

Malaysias Utility TNB
1.5% surcharge of the current bill for every 0.01 less than 0.85 power factor.
3% surcharge of the current bill for every 0.01 less than 0.75 power factor.

The following is an excerpt from the TNB Tariff Book.
For all Tariffs, except Tariffs A and G, the consumer should strive to obtain the highest
Power Factor possible in the operation of any of his electrical installations.
If the Average Power Factor in any month is found to be:
Below 0.85 and up to 0.75 lagging, a supplementary charge of one and one-half
per cent (1%) of the bill for that month for each one-hundredth part (0.01)
below 0.85 and up to 0.75 lagging Power Factor will be added to the bill for that
month, and
Below 0.75 lagging, in addition to the charge payable under subparagraph (A)
above, a supplementary charge of three per cent (3%) of the bill for that month
for each one-hundredth (0.01) part below 0.75 lagging Power Factor will be
added to the bill for that month.

Example: A Consumer has a Power Factor at 0.60 and his consumption is

RM4,800.00
(a) 0.85 - 0.75 = 1% x 10 units lagging = 15%
(b) 0.75 - 0.60 = 3% x 15 unit lagging = 45%

Total extra levied = 60%
Therefore, his penalty charge would be

60% of RM 4,800.00 which is RM 2,880.00
The total payable will hence be RM 7,680.00

Power Factor - Estimation of total kVAR requirement
Required information:
Utility bill
Total reactive load
Transformer size
Power meter reading
Required total kVAR can be calculated from:
Q = P x (Tan 1 Tan 2)
Q = Total required reactive power [VAR]

P = Full load active power [W]
1 = Measured displacement power factor angle
2 = Target displacement power factor angle (For 0.85, 2 is 31.79o)

Power Factor - Displacement Power Factor (DPF) vs. Power Factor (PF)
Power Factor
Power factor is the ratio of total
active power [W] over total
apparent power [VA]
PF = P / |Vrms| x |I rms|
The calculation of power factor

takes into account the harmonics
component
Utility meter measure power factor

Power Factor DPF vs. PF
Displacement Power Factor

Displacement power factor is the ratio of total
fundamental active power [W] over total
fundamental apparent power [VA] which does
not take into account of harmonics
Displacement power factor is caused by linear

load which causes phase shift between voltage
and current
Displacement power factor are usually

represented by cos phi
Power factor regulator typically measures

displacement power factor and only corrects
displacement power factor
Power Factor DPF vs. PF (Calculation Example)
Power factor is typically less than or equals to displacement power factor
PF DPF
RMS 50Hz 150Hz 350Hz

V 10o 0.220o 0.0510o
I 130o 0.280o 0.15-20o

Displacement Power Factor vs. Power Factor (Calculation Example)
Sum of all harmonics order of active power

P = (1)(1)cos 30o+ (0.2)(0.2)cos 60o+ (0.05)(0.15)cos 30o = 0.892
(Vrms)2 = 12 + 0.22 + 0.052 = 1.0425, Vrms = 1.021
(Irms)2 = 12 + 0.22 + 0.152 = 1.0625, Irms = 1.031
Apparent Power, S = (Vrms)(Irms) = 1.052
Power Factor, PF = P / S = 0.892 / 1.052 = 0.848
Displacement Power Factor, DPF = cos(fundamental) = cos 30o

= 0.866 (lag)
PF (0.848) < DPF (0.866)

HARMONICS
What is Harmonics
IEEE 519 definition:
A sinusoidal component of a periodic wave or quantity having a frequency

that is an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency.

Harmonics - How Harmonics are generated
Arc discharge
Saturated magnetic devices
Rotating devices
Static power converters

Harmonics - How Harmonics are generated
Static Power Converters are the largest none linear load that are used in the
industry
It includes circuitries with rectifiers such as:
UPS
Inverter systems
Adjustable speed drives
Switch mode power supply (SMPS)

Harmonics - How Rectifying Circuits Generates Harmonics

Currents are drawn only when Vs > Vcap

Harmonics - Number of Pulse and Harmonics Order
h = kq 1
k = any integer
q = pulse number of converter

Harmonics - THD Definition
IEEE definition The denominator is the fundamental value
CSA definition The denominator is the total rms value
IEEE Definition CSA Definition
Note: CSA Definition will yield a smaller THD value

Harmonics - Parallel Resonance
Typically load mixture of linear and non-linear load

Harmonics - Parallel Resonance
Power factor compensation (capacitor) interacts with the non-linear load
When the system resonant frequencies corresponds to one of the harmonics

frequencies being produced by non-linear load (natural frequency),
harmonic resonance can occur

Harmonics - Consequences of Parallel Resonance
Harmonics current will see a low

impedance at the resonance circuit
This causes a high resonance current
During parallel resonance, a high

magnitude current will flow from
harmonic source to power factor
capacitor and transformer circuit

Harmonics - Consequences of Parallel Resonance
Effects on power factor capacitor

This high current flows through the power factor capacitor and heats up
the capacitor above its rating which reduces its lifespan
Higher temperature also causes faster degradation of insulation within
the capacitor
Effects on power quality

Parallel resonance will cause voltage distortion thus affecting power
quality

Harmonics - Regulatory Requirements for Harmonics
IEEE Std 519-1992
IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power System
IEC 61000-3-6
Part 3: Limits. Section 6: Assessment of Emission Limits for Distorting Loads in MV and HV
Power Systems
IEC 61000-3-2
Part 3-2: Limits - Limits for harmonic current emissions (equipment input current 16 A per
phase)

Harmonics - IEC 61000-2-2 Typical Harmonics Level at Low Voltage System
Long term compatible THDV level is 8%
Short term compatible THDV level is 11%

Harmonics - Triplen Harmonics
The triplen harmonics will flow through the neutral conductor
There is a possibility where the neutral current will be 300% of the phase
current due to the triplen harmonics

America adopts IEEE Std. 519-1992 standard

Europe adopts IEC 61000-3-6 standard
These standards apply in industrial electrical system
User can utilize solution such as 6-pulse inverter to cancel off harmonics

For domestic appliances, Europe adopts IEC 61000-3-2 standard

The electrical system designer virtually does not have to bother about
harmonics issue as the solution is already pre-designed into the equipment
Expensive equipment

Harmonics - Overcoming Parallel Resonance
Creating a trap filter using a reactor in series with the power factor
correction capacitor
12
10
Amp
6
Filter Attenuation
4
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Order

Harmonics - Overcoming Parallel Resonance
Utility Linear Load
150Hz
50Hz
150Hz
100Hz 200Hz

Harmonics - Overcoming Parallel Resonance Linear Load
Non-linear
Utility load
Non-linear
load
50Hz
150Hz
150Hz
150Hz
100Hz 200Hz
200Hz

Harmonics - Overcoming Parallel Resonance Linear Load
Non-linear
Utility load
Non-linear
load
50Hz
189Hz
150Hz
189Hz
200Hz

DESIGN INPUT
Design Input
Data required
Design input based on existing installation
New Design
Output
Type of panel
Type of compensation
Capacitor voltage
To use detuned reactor?

DESIGN INPUT BASED ON
MEASURING EXISTING
INSTALLATION
Design Input Based on Measuring Existing Installation
Data required
Effective kVAR requirement
Resonance
Individual Harmonics Component
THD-I
THD-V

Site Measurement Equipment for Existing Installation
Equipment required
Power Quality Analyzer
Hioki PW3198
Yokogawa CW120
Clamp on power meter
Yokogawa CW10

Checking Effective kVAR Requirement
Check on TNB meter if PF > 0.85 and still have available capacitor banks yet
to turned on?
OR
Turn on all capacitor banks manually and check if the TNB meter displays
leading/capacitive power factor?
If the existing PF panel has sufficient effective kVAR for displacement

power factor compensation, dont have to add additional capacitor
banks
If not, . Continue

Measuring the Required Effective kVAR (Existing PF Panel Insufficient kVAR)
1. Turn on all capacitor banks
2. Turn on all available loads with full loading
3. Measure the displacement power factor (Cos ) / read from power

meter (maximum instantaneous reactive power)
4. Determine the target displacement power factor required (Cos t)
5. Calculate or by reading on the table the total effective kVAR required
Required VAR = P (tan tan t)
6. Sub divide the kVAR to 15 25 % of the total capacitor bank kVAR for a
good average power factor compensation
Checking for Resonance
1. Turn off all capacitor banks
2. Turn on all the loads (especially those that produce harmonics)
3. Turn on 1 by 1 capacitor banks and record the THD-I and THD-V value
4. Check if THD-I and THD-V increases with the turning on of capacitor

banks
5. If it increases, means resonance occurred in the system and should

consider using detuned reactor

Measuring Harmonics (For Detuned Reactor Sizing)
1. Turn off all capacitor banks
2. Turn on all the loads (especially those that produce harmonics)
3. Measure the individual current and voltage harmonic order and

maximum amplitude (Measure without capacitor connected). You can
measure the harmonics current on the secondary side.
4. Calculate the %THDI and %THDV

Important Site Measurement Data - Power Factor Sizing Guide
Are there any significant

Use standard
harmonics in the system?
N capacitor would
be sufficient
THDI > 10%
or
THDV > 3%?
Use p=14%
Y Y
Is I3 > 0.2 . I5? type reactor
I3 significant
N
Is THDV > 7%? Use p=7%
type reactor
N
N Use p=5.67%
Is THDV > 10%?
type reactor
Y
Customize
type reactor
Y

DESIGNING PF PANEL WITH
LIMITED INFORMATION
Does your factory needs power factor panel?
Does your utility company penalize you for low power factor?
Does your source (generator) requires displacement power factor

compensation for better power efficiency (Issue with voltage drop)?
If your answer is yes for either one of the questions above, your factory
requires a power factor panel for power factor compensation.

What type of Power Factor Compensation do you need?
If you have a few big Fixed Compensation, PF

inductive loads with minor Capacitor connected
variation in power directly to the load
consumption
If you have fast changing Thyristor type switching of

load PF Capacitor
If you have only inverter Active Filter

type load
If you have many small Automatic Compensation

inductive loads with
significant variation in
power consumption

How much effective kVAR do you need?
What is your minimum power factor requirement imposed by the utility company
without penalty?
What is your monthly calculated cos phi (also known as displacement power factor),
or X/R ratio and total active power at your point of common coupling (PCC)?
What is your calculated total reactive power (kVAR) per month at your PCC?
Does your utility company calculate power factor penalty by averaging or demand
method?
If all of the above is not available, size power factor panel 30% or up to 40%
of transformers kVA rating for kVAR compensation

440V AC Dry Type Capacitor Less Durable
440V AC Oil Type Capacitor
525V AC Dry Type Capacitor
525V AC Oil Type Capacitor
525V AC Dry Type Capacitor with 7% Detuned Reactor
525V AC Oil Type Capacitor with 7% Detuned Reactor More Durable

POWER FACTOR
CORRECTION (PFC) SYSTEM
AND COMPONENTS
SELECTION
PFC System and Components Selection - Four Types of Power Factor

Solutions
Fixed capacitor compensation
Automated compensation
Fast changing load compensation
Pure none linear load compensation (Active filters)

PFC System and Components Selection - Important Parameters of Power

Factor Capacitor
Rated Voltage
Rated Frequency
Power kVAR
Temperature
Indoor or outdoor
Dry or Oil type

PFC System and Components Selection - Oil Type vs. Dry Type Capacitor
Item Oil Type Dry Type
Safety (fire Capacitor Oil will not catch fire, but it N/A
hazard) have a flash point at 230oC
Losses of the It is same, because it used metalized PP film with low loss factor
capacitor
Reliability It is same, because it used of high quality materials ensure reliability

and longevity
Other
Need more space for installation More convenience, no
- Installation need more space
- Leakage After using for long time oil may leak and No liquid impregnate
dirty.
- Price High Economical

PFC System and Components Selection - Relationship Between kVAR and

System Voltage
kVAR2 = kVAR1 x (U2/U1)2
U1Rated Voltage 1
U2Rated Voltage 2
kVAR1 Rated Reactive Power at U1
kVAR2 Rated Reactive Power at U2
Example :
What is the effective reactive power of a capacitor rated at 75kVAR, 525V AC
used at system voltage 400V AC?
kVAR400 = kVAR525 x (400/525)2

= 43.54 kVAR
X kVAR Capacitor at 525V AC using at 400V AC will yield a smaller kVAR then
X

PFC System and Components Selection - Relationship Between kVAR and

System Voltage
The kVAR of 525V AC rated power factor capacitor is about 62% at 415V AC
50kVAR @ 525V AC = 50 x 0.62

= 31kVAR @ 415V AC
The kVAR of 440V AC rated power factor capacitor is about 89% at 415V AC
25kVAR @ 440V AC = 25 x 0.89

= 22kVAR @ 415V AC

PFC System and Components Selection - Important Parameters of Reactor
%p Detuning factor
Rated Frequency
Capacitor power kVAR
Capacitor rated voltage
System voltage
Linearity
Core type

PFC System and Components Selection - Detuning/Filtering Factor %p
%p = XL / XC
XL : Impedance of the reactor

XC : Impedance of the capacitor
Determines the filtering characteristic
6% 233 Hz
7% 189 Hz
14% 134 Hz 6
5.67% 210 Hz 5
Freq = System Freq / Sqrt(%p)

Attenuation
3
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Frequency

PFC System and Components Selection - Selection of Reactor Depends On

Capacitor
Capacitor voltage increases by an induced voltage of a factor of 1 p
On top of that, the capacitor will have an additional voltage increase due to
harmonics current flowing in the detuning circuit
Example
System voltage 400V AC, using p = 7% reactor, what is the voltage increase due
to the induced voltage of the reactor?
Voltage across the capacitor will increase to
Uc = 400 / (1 - 0.07)
= 430V AC

PFC System and Components Selection - Selection of Reactor Depends On

Capacitor
The effective kVAR will also increases by an factor of 1 p
The bigger the %p, the bigger the increase
Example
System voltage 380V AC, using p = 7% reactor matching with 50kVAR 525V AC
power factor capacitor, what is the effective kVAR?
Effective kVAR will be increased to
Qc = 50kVAR x (380/525)2 / (1 - 0.07)

= 28.2 kVAR

Current per phase calculation for capacitor bank

Current per phase = 2
3

Cable, Isolator, Contactor and Protection Devices Selection
Contactor Size = 2 times current per phase of capacitor bank

Fuse size = 1.6 1.8 times rated current per step
Cable size = 1.8 times rated current per phase of capacitor bank
Main CB Size = 125% of sum of rated current of all steps
CB Size per step = 1.3 times of rated current per step

PFC System and Components Selection - Cable Selection Table for Capacitor
Wire Size mm2 Up till [Amp]

4 12.5
6 19.7
10 28.9
16 43.3
25 57.7
35 72.2
50 98.4

PFC System and Components Selection - Contactor Selection Table for

Capacitor
Typically use AC-6b type contactors for capacitor switching
With the installation of reactor, possible to use AC-6 type contactor as the
reactor would limit the inrush current

PFC System and Components Selection - Discharge Resistor
The power factor capacitor requirements in accordance to IEC 60831

is when disconnected from system voltage, the capacitor must discharge
to a voltage less then 75V AC within 3 minutes
t
R
Vi 2
Ct ln
V
f
Vi : Initial capacitor voltage (typically system voltage)

Vf : Capacitor safety voltage, 75V AC
t : Discharge time, 180s (3 min)
Ct : Capacitance
R : Discharge resistance
Note: Usually included in the power factor capacitor

Setting the regulator : C/K and rated

step size

Setting the regulator : C/K and rated step size
The regulator needs to know what capacitor it controls at each step in

order for it to compensate effectively
We need to set C/K value and rated step size (or let the regulator auto-
detect) for the regulator to know
Load
PF Panel
PFR
? kVAR ? kVAR ? kVAR ? kVAR
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

Setting the C/K value tells the regulator what the smallest capacitor size
is in the PF panel
Setting the rated step size tells the regulator what other capacitor sizes
are in the PF panel
Load
PF Panel
PFR
5 kVAR 10 kVAR 15 kVAR 25 kVAR

C/K is actually VAR divided by CT Ratio and line voltage
Rated step size is the multiple of the smallest step size
C/K = Effective kVAR
CT Ratio x Line Voltage

Setting the regulator : Settings Example
C/K = 5000/415/sqrt(3)/75x5 = 0.46

Rated Step Size : {S2:2; S3:3; S4:5; S5:0; S6:0}
415V
Load
75/5
PF Panel
PFR60
5 kVAR 10 kVAR 15 kVAR 25 kVAR
415V 415V 415V 415V
Note:
Need to use effective kVAR, e.g. 100kVAR 525V used at 415V, effective kVAR is 62kVAR

C/K determines whether or not to switch in or off the capacitor bank

Demand = 7kVAR
Smallest step size = 5kVAR
PF Panel
5kVAR 10kVAR 15kVAR 25kVAR
Demand = 7kVAR

Turning on 5kVAR does not overcompensate

Turn ON 5kVAR
PF Panel
Demand = 2kVAR

Demand is now 2kVAR after turning on Step 1

Regulator will stop switching because demand (2kVAR) is less than
smallest step size (5kVAR)
PF Panel

FREQUENTLY ASKED
QUESTION (FAQ) AND
EXPERIENCES
WHAT IS THE LOWEST CURRENT
THAT MIKROS PFR CAN
DETECT?
Minimum Current
Old Version PFR

Lowest current detection capability: 0.15A
New Version PFR

Lowest current detection capability : 0.05A
PFRLCD
Lowest current detection capability : 0.01A
The latest improvement of Mikros power factor regulator series expands the
dynamic range of current detection to better detect low load condition

Minimum Current
100A ON Big
Load
1000/5
0.5A PF Panel
ON Small
PFR
5 kVAR
Load
2.5 kVAR 10 kVAR 10 kVAR
PFR able Step 1 Step 3 Step 4

Step 2
to detect DPF

Minimum Current
20A OFF Big

Load
1000/5
0.1A PF Panel
ON Small
PFR
2.5 kVAR 5 kVAR 10 kVAR 10 kVAR Load
Old PFR not Step 1 Step 3 Step 4

Step 2
able to detect DPF

WHICH SWITCHING MODE IS
BETTER?
AUTOMATIC VS. ROTATIONAL
Switching Example: FIFO Mode
Load Demand = 17kVAR

PF Panel

Net Demand = 17kVAR
Cap ON = 0kVAR

Step 1 turn ON
Net Demand = 12kVAR
PF Panel

Net Demand = 12kVAR
Cap ON = 5kVAR

Step 2 turn ON
Net Demand = 7kVAR
PF Panel

Net Demand = 7kVAR
Cap ON = 10kVAR

Step 3 turn ON
Net demand = 2kVAR
Regulator will stop switching in more capacitor banks because
net demand (2kVAR) < smallest step size (5kVAR) of the PF panel
PF Panel

Net Demand = 2kVAR
Cap ON = 15kVAR

Load demand reduces from 17kVAR to 9kVAR

Regulator will prepare to switch off Step 1 as the absolute value of the
net demand (6kVAR) > smallest step size (5kVAR) of the PF panel
PF Panel Capacitive!

Load Demand = 9kVAR
Net Demand = - 6kVAR
Cap ON = 15kVAR

Step 1 turn OFF

Net Demand = -1kVAR
PF Panel

Load Demand = 9kVAR
Cap ON = 10kVAR

Load demand increases back to 17kVAR

Regulator will prepare to turn on Step 4 because the absolute value of the
net demand (7kVAR) > smallest step size (5kVAR) of the PF panel
PF Panel

Net Demand = 7kVAR
Cap ON = 10kVAR

Step 4 turn ON
Net Demand = 2kVAR
PF Panel

Net Demand = 2kVAR
Cap ON = 15kVAR

Load demand reduces back to 9kVAR from 17kVAR

Regulator will prepare to switch off step 2 because the absolute value of
the net demand is now bigger than the smallest step size of the PF panel

Load Demand = 9kVAR
Cap ON = 15kVAR

Step 2 turn OFF

PF Panel

Load Demand = 9kVAR
Cap ON = 15kVAR

Switching Example: Automatic Mode

PF Panel

Net Demand = 17kVAR
Cap ON = 0kVAR

Step 2 turn ON
Net Demand = 7kVAR
PF Panel

Net Demand = 7kVAR
Cap ON = 10kVAR

Step 1 turn ON
Net Demand = 2kVAR
Regulator will stop switching in more capacitor banks because the
net demand (2kVAR) < smallest step size of the PF panel
PF Panel

Net Demand = 2kVAR
Cap ON = 15kVAR

Load demand reduces from 17kVAR to 4kVAR

Regulator will prepare to switch off Step 2 because the absolute value of
the net demand < smallest step size of PF panel

Load Demand = 4kVAR
Net Demand = -11kVAR
Cap ON = 15kVAR

Step 2 turn OFF

Net Demand = -1kVAR
net demand < smallest step size of the PF panel
PF Panel

Load Demand = 4kVAR
Net Demand = -1kVAR
Cap ON = 5kVAR

Load demand increases from 4kVAR to 26kVAR

Regulator will prepare to turn on Step 3 because the absolute value of the
net demand < smallest step size of PF panel
PF Panel

Net Demand = 21kVAR
Cap ON = 5kVAR

Step 3 turn ON
Net Demand = 1kVAR
net demand < smallest step size of the PF panel
PF Panel

Net Demand = 1kVAR
Cap ON = 25kVAR

FIFO vs. Automatic Switching Mode Comparison
FIFO typically have the same step size per step e.g. 25kVAR for all 12 steps
Advantage of using same step size is common stock for capacitor,

contactor, breaker, fuse
Simplicity, equal wear and tear of capacitor banks
Disadvantage of using same step size is target power factor might not be
achieved (i.e. oscillation issue, longer time, need a lot of steps)
Automatic mode : Fast, more precise, balancing algorithm within the

same step size

WHAT DETERMINES THE
SWITCHING TIME OF THE
REGULATOR?
Switching Reaction Time
Mikro PFR has a slow response in switching in capacitor bank?
Determination of switching in capacitor banks of regulators in the market:

Time delay method
Sensitivity method (Mikro)

Condition to turn on/off capacitor banks is when demand vs. smallest

step size of power factor panel.
Example 1:
Smallest step: 10kVAR
Required kVAR: 20kVAR
Demand vs. C/K*
DPF < Target PF Turn on capacitor
*Smallest Step Size

Example 2:
Smallest step: 10 kVAR
Demand: -30 kVAR If Demand < smallest step size,
DPF > Target PF Turn off capacitor capacitor banks stop switching

As the load fluctuates, regulator cannot immediately turn on/off

capacitor when the threshold has been crossed (oscillation issue)
Oscillation Issue

Most regulator will have hysteresis threshold and time delay to avoid
oscillation (i.e. switching on and off capacitor frequently)

At some cases, it is inevitable that the load fluctuates.
Time delay / sensitivity method is used to control the switching of the

capacitor banks to accommodate this load fluctuation condition

Switching time is inversely proportional to capacitors lifespan (i.e. more

switching, reducing the lifespan of capacitor banks)
If the load fluctuates frequently, faster switching time will be better to

avoid power factor penalty
No. of Capacitor
Switching Lifespan

Case 1:
If your systems worst case of load fluctuation causes you to incur power
factor penalty, increase the response time of switching (i.e. reducing the
sensitivity time setting) to track the load fluctuation so that your system
will not incur power factor penalty
This is because the priority of avoiding power factor penalty is higher

than capacitor banks lifespan
Priority of Power Factor Penalty Decrease sensitivity OR time delay

> Capacitor Bank Lifespan setting

Condition
Penalty threshold : 0.85
Fluctuation demand > Smallest step size
Fluctuation power factor : 0.95 -> 0.98 (Does not incur penalty)
Fluctuation time = 10s (Oscillate from 0.95)
Solution
Priority to prevent capacitor from switching in and out frequently
Setting of sensitivity/time delay > fluctuation time (10s)

Case 2:
If your systems load fluctuation does not cause you to incur power factor
penalty, decrease the response time of switching (i.e. increasing the
sensitivity or time delaysetting) to avoid reducing the lifespan of capacitor
banks
This is because the priority of capacitor banks lifespan is more important

as the load profile is stable (i.e. no power factor penalty incurred)
Priority of Capacitor Bank Lifespan Increase sensitivity OR

> Power Factor Penalty time delay setting

Condition
Penalty threshold : 0.85
Fluctuation demand > Smallest step size
Fluctuation power factor : 0.80 -> 0.98 (Incur penalty)
Fluctuation time = 10s (Oscillate from 0.95)
Solution
Priority to avoid penalty in the expense of frequent switching of capacitor
Setting of sensitivity/time delay = Fluctuation time (10s)

Time delay switching method

If the absolute value of kVAR demand >> smallest step size of the PF
panel, the response time to switch in/out capacitor banks will be at a
fixed amount of time (depending on the setting of the time delay)
regardless on whether the demand requirement is big or small
Mikros sensitivity switching method

If the absolute value of kVAR demand >> smallest step size of the PF
panel, response time to switch in/out capacitor banks will be fast
As the kVAR demand drops close to the smallest step size of the PF panel,
response time to switch in/out capacitor banks will be slow

If Mikro PFRs sensitivity time setting is set to be the same as regulators

using time delay methods setting, at a big demand requirement, Mikros
PFR will have a faster response time
At a small demand requirement on the other hand, Mikros PFR will have
a same response time as regulators using time delay method (if time
delay setting is set to be same as Mikros sensitivity time setting)
10s 10s

Contact Us
Mr. Tay Siang Hui

MSc. Eng, MBA, P.Eng, MIEM
Email : taysh@itmikro.com
Website: www.itmikro.com
Mikro MSC Bhd.

No. 1, Jalan TP 7/7,
Sime UEP Industrial Park,
40400, Shah Alam, Selangor
Malaysia.
Tel : +6 03 5192 7155

Fax : + 6 03 5192 7166
Hp : +6 16 216 4801

Mikro PFR Panel Design Traning Slides Kuching Aug 2016

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Mikro PFR Panel Design Traning Slides Kuching Aug 2016

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Mikro Electrical Distribution Solution 2014

Power Factor Panel Design - Table Content

Power Factor Correction System Design

Post Installation Check on PFC System

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

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Power Factor - What is Power Factor?

Ratio of Real Power [W] over Apparent

Measures the efficiency of real power

Near modulus 1 is considered good

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Power Factor - Consequences of Low Power Factor

Due to linear load

Due to non-linear load

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Power Factor - What causes Low Power Factor?

High reactive component load

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Power Factor - How to Improve Power Factor?

Power factor correction capacitor (for inductive load)

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Power Factor - Utility Penalty from Low Power Factor

TNB classifies user as:

Power factor penalty details:

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Power Factor - Utility Penalty from Low Power Factor

Malaysias Utility TNB

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Power Factor - Utility Penalty from Low Power Factor

The following is an excerpt from the TNB Tariff Book.

If the Average Power Factor in any month is found to be:

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Power Factor - Utility Penalty from Low Power Factor

Example: A Consumer has a Power Factor at 0.60 and his consumption is

(a) 0.85 - 0.75 = 1% x 10 units lagging = 15%

(b) 0.75 - 0.60 = 3% x 15 unit lagging = 45%

Therefore, his penalty charge would be

The total payable will hence be RM 7,680.00

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Power Factor - Estimation of total kVAR requirement

Required total kVAR can be calculated from:

Q = Total required reactive power [VAR]

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The calculation of power factor

Utility meter measure power factor

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Power Factor DPF vs. PF

Displacement Power Factor

Displacement power factor is caused by linear

Displacement power factor are usually

Power factor regulator typically measures

Power Factor DPF vs. PF (Calculation Example)

Power factor is typically less than or equals to displacement power factor

RMS 50Hz 150Hz 350Hz

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Displacement Power Factor vs. Power Factor (Calculation Example)

Sum of all harmonics order of active power

(Vrms)2 = 12 + 0.22 + 0.052 = 1.0425, Vrms = 1.021

(Irms)2 = 12 + 0.22 + 0.152 = 1.0625, Irms = 1.031

Apparent Power, S = (Vrms)(Irms) = 1.052

Power Factor, PF = P / S = 0.892 / 1.052 = 0.848

Displacement Power Factor, DPF = cos(fundamental) = cos 30o

PF (0.848) < DPF (0.866)

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