Chapter1 MatlabIntroduction

An Engineers Guide to MATLAB Chapter 1
AN ENGINEERS GUIDE TO MATLAB

3rd Edition
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Copyright Edward B. Magrab 2009 1

Goal of Course
For you to be able to generate readable, compact,
and verifiably correct MATLAB programs that
obtain numerical solutions to a wide range of
physical and empirical models, and to display the
results with fully annotated graphics.

MATLAB founded in 1984 by Jack Little, Steve

Bangert, and Clive Moler
1985 - MIT bought 10 copies
1986 - MATLAB 2
1987 - MATLAB 3
1990 - Simulink 1
1994 - MATLAB 4
1996 - MATLAB 5
2000 - MATLAB 6
2004 - MATLAB 7
2009 MATLAB 7.8 (2009a)

Chapter 1 Objective
To introduce the fundamental characteristics of the
MATLAB environment and the languages basic
syntax

MATLAB
A computing language devoted to processing data in
the form of arrays of numbers (called matrices).
Integrates computation and visualization into a
flexible computer environment, and provides a diverse
family of built-in functions that can be used to obtain
numerical solutions to a wide range of engineering
problems.
Derives its name from MATrix LABoratory.

Some Suggestions on How to Use MATLAB
Use the Help files extensively.

This will minimize errors caused by incorrect syntax
and by incorrect or inappropriate application of a
MATLAB function.
Write scripts and functions in a text editor and save them
as M files.
This will save time, save the code, and greatly
facilitate the debugging process, especially if the
MATLAB editor/debugger is used.


Attempt to minimize the number of expressions
comprising scripts and functions.
This usually leads to a tradeoff between readability
and compactness, but it can encourage the search
for MATLAB functions and procedures that can
perform some of the steps faster and more directly.
When practical, use graphical output as the script or
function is being developed.
This usually shortens the code development process
by identifying potential coding errors and can
facilitate the understanding of the physical process
being modeled or analyzed.

Most importantly, verify by independent means that

the outputs from the scripts and functions are correct.

Notation Conventions
Variable/Function Name Font Example
User-created variable Times Roman ExitPressure
a2, sig
MATLAB function Courier cosh(x), pi
User-created function Times Roman BeamRoots(a, x, k)
Bold
Numerical Value Font Example
Provided in program Times Roman 5.672
Output to command window Helvetica 5.672
or to a graphical display

What We Will Cover in Chapter 1

The MATLAB Environment
Preliminaries: Command Window Management
Executing Expressions from the MATLAB Command
Window: Basic MATLAB Syntax
Clarification and Exceptions to MATLAB Syntax
MATLAB Functions
Creating Scripts and Executing Them from the
MATLAB Editor
Online Help
Symbolic Toolbox

Command Window, Command History, Workspace

Command Window, Command History, Workspace,
and Editor

Command Window and Editor
MATLAB command window (left) and editor (right)

after closing the command history and workspace windows

Clearing of Command Window and Workspace
MATLAB function Description

clc Clear the command window
clear Removes variables from the
workspace (computer memory)
close all Closes (deletes) all graphic
windows
format Formats the display of numerical
output to the command window
format compact Removes empty (blank) lines

These operation can also be done with

and with
format compact
format long e
format short

Results from Different Format Selections
Option Display (number > 0) Display (number < 0)

short 444.4444 0.0044
long 4.444444444444445e+002 0.004444444444444
short e 4.4444e+002 4.4444e-003
long e 4.444444444444445e+002 4.444444444444444e-003
short g 444.44 0.0044444
long g 444.444444444444 0.00444444444444444
short eng 444.4444e+000 4.4444e-003
long eng 444.444444444444e+000 4.44444444444444e-003
rational 4000/9 1/225
hex 407bc71c71c71c72 3f723456789abcdf
bank 444.44 0.00

Preferences Menu Selections: Font Size

MATLAB Variable Names

63 alphanumeric characters
Start with uppercase or lowercase letter
Followed by any combination of uppercase and
lowercase letters, numbers, and the underscore
character (_)
Case sensitive - junk different from junK
Example
exit_pressure or ExitPressure
Length of variable names -
Tradeoff between easily recognizable identifiers and
readability of the resulting expressions
Keywords Reserved Explicitly for the MATLAB

Programming Language
break global
case if
catch otherwise
continue persistent
else return
elseif switch
end try
for while
function

Command Window Interaction
p = 7.1 User types and hits Enter

p=
System response
7.1000
x = 4.92 User types and hits Enter
x=
System response
4.9200
k = -1.7 User types and hits Enter
k=
System response
-1.7000

Suppression of System Response - Semicolon

p = 7.1;
x = 4.92;
k = -1.7;

Several Expressions Placed on One Line
p = 7.1, x = 4.92, k = 1.7
System response
p=
7.1000 Using semicolon
x= instead of commas
4.9200 suppresses this output
k=
-1.7000


Arithmetic Operators
Hierarchy
Level
( ) Parentheses 1
Prime (Apostrophe) 1
^ Exponentiation 2
* Multiplication 3
/ Division 3
+ Addition 4
Subtraction 4

Parentheses
Needed so that the mathematical operations are
performed on the proper collections of quantities
and in their proper order.
Within each set of parentheses the mathematical
operation are performed from left to right on
quantities at the same hierarchical level.
These rules can help minimize the number of
parentheses.

Some Examples
Mathematical
expression MATLAB expression
1 dcx+2 1-d*c^(x+2)
dcx + 2 d*c^x+2 or 2+d*c^x
(2/d)cx+2 (2/d)*c^(x+2) or 2/d*c^(x+2) or 2*c^(x+2)/d
(dcx + 2)/g2.7 (d*c^x+2)/g^2.7
dc x 2 sqrt(d*c^x+2) or (d*c^x+2)^0.5

Another Example
Consider
k
1
t
1 + px
The MATLAB script is
p = 7.1; x = 4.92; k = 1.7; % Numerical values
% must be assigned first
t = (1/(1+p*x))^k
which results in
t=
440.8779
Syntax Clarification and Exceptions

Blanks
In an arithmetic expression, blanks can be employed
with no consequence except when
expression appears in an array specification; that is,
between two brackets [ ]
Excluding blanks in assignment statements, variable
names on the right hand side of the equal sign must be
separated by
one of the arithmetic operators
a comma (,)
a semicolon (;)

Two Exceptions
(1) Complex Numbers: z = a +1jb or z = a +1ib (i = j = -1)
Example
a = 2; b = 3;
z = (a+1j*b)*(4-7j)
Note:
Real and complex numbers can be mixed without any
special concerns.
Example 1 Example 2
z = 4 + sqrt(-4) z = 1i^1i
System displays System displays
z= z=
4.0000 + 2.0000i 0.2079
(2) Exponential Form: x = 4.56102
x = 4.56e-2
or
x = 0.0456
or
x = 4.56*10^-2
Note:
Maximum number of digits that can follow the e is 3.

System Assignment of Variable Names

Type in the command window
cos(pi/3)
The system responds with
ans =
0.5000
The variable ans can now be used as one would any
other variable. Then, typing in the command window
ans+2
the system responds with
ans =
2.5000
Scalars versus Arrays

MATLAB considers all variables as arrays of numbers
When using the five arithmetic operators, +, , *, /,
and ^, these operations have to obey the rules of
linear (matrix) algebra
When the variables are scalar quantities [arrays of
one element (one row and one column)] the usual
rules of algebra apply
One can operate on arrays of numbers and suspend
the rules of linear algebra by using dot operations

Some Elementary MATLAB Functions
Mathematical function MATLAB expression

ex exp(x)
ex 1 x << 1 expm1(x)
x sqrt(x)
ln(x) or loge(x) log(x)
log10(x) log10(x)
|x| abs(x)
signum(x) sign(x)
loge(1+x) x << 1 log1p(x)
n! factorial(n)
All prime numbers n primes(n)

Some MATLAB Constants and Special Quantities
Mathematical quantity or MATLAB Comments

operation expression
pi 3.141592653589793
1 i or j Indicates complex quantity.
Floating point relative eps 2.2210-16
accuracy
inf Infinity
0/0, 0, / NaN Undefined mathematical
operation
Largest floating-point realmax 1.7977e+308
number before overflow
Smallest floating-point realmin 2.2251e-308
number before underflow

MATLAB Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
Trigonometric Hyperbolic
Function (radians) (degrees) Inverse Inverse
sine sin(x) sind(x) asin(x) sinh(x) asinh(x)
cosine cos(x) cosd(x) acos(x) cosh(x) acosh(x)
tangent tan(x) tand(x) atan(x) tanh(x) atanh(x)
secant sec(x) secd(x) asec(x) sech(x) asech(x)
cosecant csc(x) cscd(x) acsc(x) csch(x) acsch(x)
cotangent cot(x) cotd(x) acot(x) coth(x) acoth(x)

atan2(y, x) is the four quadrant version.

Several Specialized Mathematical Functions
Mathematical MATLAB Description

function Expression
Ai(x) airy(0,x) Airy function
Bi(x) airy(2,x) Airy function
I(x) besseli(nu, x) Modified Bessel function of first kind
J(x) besselj(nu, x) Bessel function of first kind
K(x) besselk(nu, x) Modified Bessel function of second kind
Y(x) bessely(nu, x) Bessel function of second kind
B(x,w) beta(x, w) Beta function
K(m), E(m) ellipke(m) Complete elliptic integrals of 1st & 2nd kind
erf(x), erfc(x) erf(x), erfc(x) Error and complementary error function
E1(z) expint(x) Exponential integral
(a) gamma(a) Gamma function
Pnm ( x) legendre(n, x) Associated Legendre function

Several Specialized Statistical Functions
Mathematical function MATLAB Description

Expression
maximum value of x max(x) Largest element(s) in an array
mean(x) Average or mean value of an array
median median(x) Median value of an array
minimum value of x min(x) Smallest element(s) in an array
mode mode(x) Most frequent values in an array
or s std(x) Standard deviation of an array
or s
2 2
var(x) Variance of an array of values

MATLAB Relational Operators
Conditional Mathematical MATLAB

symbol symbol
equal = ==
not equal ~=
less than < <
greater than > >
less than or equal <=
greater than or equal >=

Example
For x = 0.1 and a = 0.5, determine the value of y when
e
- x
y= - sin( x )/cosh(a ) - lne ( x + a )
The script is
x = 0.1; a = 0.5;
y = sqrt(abs(exp(-pi*x)-sin(x)/cosh(a)-log(x+a)))
When executed, the system returns

y=
1.0736
Decimal-to-Integer Conversion Functions
MATLAB x y Description
function
2.7 2.0000
y = fix(x) 1.9 1.0000 Round toward
2.49-2.51j 2.0000 2.0000i zero
2.7 3.0000
y = round(x) 1.9 2.0000 Round to nearest
2.492.51j 2.0000 3.0000i integer
2.7 3.0000
y = ceil(x) 1.9 1.0000 Round toward
2.49 2.51j 3.0000 - 2.0000i infinity
2.7 2.0000
y = floor(x) 1.9 2.0000 Round toward
2.49 2.51j 2.0000 3.0000i minus infinity

Complex Number Manipulation Functions
MATLAB function z y Description

z = complex(a, b) a + b*j - Form complex number;
a and b real
y = abs(z) 3 + 4j 5 Absolute value: a 2 b2
y = conj(z) 3 + 4j 3 4j Complex conjugate
y = real(z) 3 + 4j 3 Real part
y = imag(z) 3 + 4j 4 Imaginary part
y = angle(z) a +b*j atan2(b, a) Phase angle in radians:
y

Additional Special Characters and a

Summary of Their Usage
Character Name Usage

. Period (a) Decimal point.
(b) Part of arithmetic operators to indicate a special type of vector or
matrix operation, called the dot operation, such as c = a.*b.
, Comma (a) Separator within parentheses of matrix elements such as b(2,7) and
functions such as besselj(1, x) or brackets creating vectors such as v =
[1, x] or the output of function arguments such as [x, s] = max(a).
(b) Placed at the end of an expression when several expressions appear on
one line.
; Semicolon (a) Suppresses display of the results when placed at end of an expression.
(b) Indicates the end of a row in matrix creation statement such as
m = [x y z; a b c].
: Colon (a) Separator in the vector creation expression x = a:b:c.
(b) For a matrix, z it indicates all rows when written as z(:,k) or all
columns when written as z(k,:).

Additional Special Characters and a Summary of Their

Usage
() Parentheses (a) Denote subscript of an element of matrix z, where z(j, k) is the element
in row j and column k.
(b) Delimiters in mathematical expressions such as a^(b+c).
(c) Delimiters for the arguments of functions, such as sin(x).
[] Brackets Creates an array of numbers, either a vector or a matrix, or a string

(literal).
{} Braces Creates a cell matrix or structure.
% Percentage Comment delimiter; used to indicate the beginning of a comment wherein
the MATLAB compiler ignores everything to its right. The exception is
when it is used inside a pair of quotes to define a string such as a = 'p1 =
14 % of the total'.
%% Percentage Used to delimit the start and end of a cell in the MATLAB editor, which is a
portion of program code.
%{ Percentage Used to enclose a block of contiguous comment lines. Comments placed
%} and brace between these delimiters do not have to be preceded by a %. However, no
text can be placed on the line containing these delimiters.

Additional Special Characters and a Summary of Their

Usage
Character Name Usage

' Quote or (a) 'Expression' indicates that Expression is a string (literal)
Apostrophe (b) Indicates the transpose of a vector or matrix.
Ellipsis Continuation of a MATLAB expression to the next line. Used to create
code that is more readable.
Blank Context dependent: either ignored, indicates a delimiter in a data creation
statement such as c = [a b], or is a character in a string statement.
@ At sign Construct a function handle by placing @ before a function name, such as
@FunctionName.
\ Backslash A mathematical operator to perform certain matrix operations.

Creating Programs and Executing Them from

the MATLAB Editor
When to use the editor -
1. The program will contain more than a few lines of
code.
2. The program will be used again.
3. A permanent record is desired.
4. It is expected that occasional upgrading will be
required.
5. Substantial debugging is required.
6. One wants to transfer the listing to another person
or organization.

Additional Reasons -
Required when creating functions
Editor has many features
Commenting/Un-commenting
lines
Smart Indenting
Parentheses checking
Comments
in green
Keywords
in blue
Smart
indent Strings
in violet

Click one icon to save and run a program
(Must use Save As first time)
Save and Run icon

Enabling M-Lint from the Preferences menu

Illustration of M-Lint
Red
square
Orange
bar
Red bar
With cursor placed on red bar,
this error message is displayed.

Additional Reasons
Enabling the cell feature of the Editor

Illustration of Editing Cells
Run the
highlighted
cell
Run the Selected cell is

highlighted highlighted
cell and
advance to
the next cell Second cell
Third cell

A Script or a Function Typically Has the

Following Attributes -
1. Documentation:
Purpose and operations performed
Programmer's Name
Date originated
Date(s) revised
Description of the input(s): number, meaning, and
type
Description of the output(s): number, meaning, and
type

2. Input -
which includes numerous checks to ensure that all
input values have the qualities required for the
script/function to work properly.
3. Initialization -
where the appropriate variables are assigned their
numerical values.
4. Computation -
where the numerical evaluations are performed.
5. Output -
where the results are presented as graphical and/or
annotated numerical quantities.

Naming of Programs and Functions
File name follows that for variable names.

Must start with an upper or lower case letter followed
by up to 62 contiguous alphanumeric characters and
the underscore character.
No blank spaces are allowed in file names.
[This is different from what is allowed by the
Windows operating system]
A .m suffix must be affixed to the file name
Consequently, these files are called M files

Saving/Executing (Running) M Files

Set Path window (File)
Change current path

to file being executed.

Accessing the Browser Window to Change Current

Path (Directory)
Clicking on this
icon brings up the
Browser

Example - Flow in a circular channel
d/2 2 d/2
23/2 Dc5/2 g - 0.5sin 2
3/2
Q=
8 sin 1 - cos
5/2
Dc
d
Dc 1 cos
2
Let d = 2 m, g = 9.8 m/s2, and = 60 = /3. Then the script is
g = 9.8; d = 2; th = pi/3; % Input

Dc = d/2*(1-cos(th));
Qnum = 2^(3/2)*Dc^(5/2)*sqrt(g)*(th-0.5*sin(2*th))^(3/2);
Qden = 8*sqrt(sin(th))*(1-cos(th))^(5/2);
Q = Qnum/Qden % m^3/s

The various
MATLAB windows
after executing the
program

On-Line Help: Getting Started

On-Line Help: Desktop

On-Line Help:
Command Window

On-Line Help: When Function Name is Known

Type in
function name

On-Line Help: When Function Name Is Not Known

Type search entry
and press Enter

Symbolic Toolbox
The Symbolic Math Toolbox provides the capability
of manipulating symbols to perform algebraic,
matrix, and calculus operations symbolically
When one couples the results obtained from
symbolic operations with MATLABs ability to create
functions, one has a very effective means of
numerically evaluating symbolically obtained
expressions. This is introduced in Chapter 5.

We will illustrate by example

Syntax
Variable precision arithmetic
Taylor series expansions
Differentiation and integration
Limits
Substitution
Inverse Laplace transform

The shorthand way to create symbolic variables is with

syms a b c
where a, b, and c are now symbolic variables.
The blanks between each variable are required
If the variables are restricted to being real variables,

then we modify this statement as
syms a b c real
These symbols can be intermixed with non-symbolic
variable names, numbers, and MATLAB functions, with
the result being a symbolic expression.

Consider the expression

- a2
f = 11.92e + b/d
Assuming that d = 4.2 (1/d = 0.238095), the script to
represent this expression symbolically is
syms a b
d = 4.2;
f = 11.92*exp(-a^2)+b/d
which, upon execution, displays
f= Note that:
298/25*exp(-a^2)+5/21*b 21/5 = 4.2
where f is a symbolic object. 298/25 = 11.92

Numbers in a symbolic expression are converted to the

ratio of two integers, when possible.
If the decimal representation of numbers is desired, then
one uses
vpa(f, n)
where f is the symbolic expression and n is the number of
digits.
Thus, to revert to the decimal notation with five decimal
digits, the script becomes
syms a b
d = 4.2;
- a2
f = vpa(11.92*exp(-a^2)+b/d, 5) f = 11.92e + b/d

which yields Note:

f= 1/d = 1/4.2 = 0.2381
11.920*exp(-1.*a^2)+.23810*b
Variable Precision Arithmetic

One can also use vpa to calculate quantities with
more than 15 digits of accuracy as follows
vpa('Expression', n)
where Expression is a valid MATLAB symbolic
relation and n is the desired number of digits of
precision.

Consider the evaluation of the following expression

y 32! e100
The script to evaluate this relation with 50 digits of precision

is
y = vpa('factorial(32)-exp(100)', 50)
Its execution gives
y=
-26881171155030517550432725348582123713611118.773742
If variable precision arithmetic had not been used, then
y = 2.6881171155030521043

Symbolic Differentiation and Integration

Differentiation is performed with the function
diff(f, x, n)
where
f = f(x) is a symbolic expression
x = variable with which differentiation is performed
n = number of differentiations to be performed
For example, when n = 2 the second
derivative is taken

Example
We shall take the derivative of bcos(bt), first with
respect to t and then with respect to b.
The script is
syms b t
dt = diff(b*cos(b*t), t, 1)
db = diff(b*cos(b*t), b, 1)
Upon execution, we obtain
dt =
-b^2*sin(b*t)
db =
cos(b*t)-b*sin(b*t)*t

Integration is performed with the function

int(f, x, c, d)
where
f = f(x) is a symbolic expression
x = variable of integration
c = lower limit of integration
d = upper limit of integration
When c and d are omitted, the application of int results in

the indefinite integral of f(x)

Example
We shall integrate the results of the differentiation
performed previously. Thus,
syms b t
f = b*cos(b*t);
dt = diff(f, t, 1);
db = diff(f, b, 1);
it = int(dt, t)
ib = int(db, b)
The execution results in
it =
b*cos(b*t)
ib =
b*t*cos(b*t))

Limits
One can take the limit of a symbolic expression using
limit(f, x, z)
where
f = f(x) is the symbolic function
x = symbolic variable that is to assume the limiting
value z
Example
Determine the limit of
2a b
Lim
a
3a 4

The script is 2a b
Lim
a
3a 4
syms a b
Lim = limit((2*a+b)/(3*a-4), a, inf)
where inf =
Example
Determine the limit of
x
y
Lim 1
x
x

The script is x
y
Lim 1
syms y x x
x
Lim = limit((1+y/x)^x, x, inf)
Lim =
exp(y)
In other words, the limit is ey.

Taylor Series Expansion

An n-term Taylor series expansion of a function f(x)
about the point a is given by
n 1
f ( k ) (a)

k 0
( x a)k
k!
The function that performs this operation is
taylor(f, n, a, x)

Example
Obtain a four-term expansion of cos about o. The
script is
syms x tho
Tay = taylor(cos(x), 4, tho, x)
Tay =
cos(tho)-sin(tho)*(x-tho)-1/2*cos(tho)*(x-tho)^2
+1/6*sin(tho)*(x-tho)^3
That is,
1 1
cos o sin o x o cos o x o sin o x o
2 3
2 6

Substitution
To substitute one expression b for another
expression a, the following function is used
subs(f, a, b)
where f = f(a)
Inverse Laplace Transform

If the Laplace transform of a function f(t) is F(s),
where s is the Laplace transform parameter, then the
inverse Laplace transform is obtained from
ilaplace(F, s, t)

Example
Consider the expression
1
F ( s) 2
s 2 s 1
where 0 < < 1.
The inverse Laplace transform is obtained from
syms s t z
f = ilaplace(1/(s^2+2*z*s+1), s, t)
The execution of this script gives
f=
exp(-t*z)*sinh(t*(z^2-1)^(1/2))/(z^2-1)^(1/2)

To simplify this expression, we make use of the following

change of variables
z^2-1 2 1 1 2 r 2
Then, a simplified expression can be obtained by
modifying the original script as follows
syms s t z r
f = ilaplace(1/(s^2+2*z*s+1), s, t)
f = simple(subs(f,(z^2-1), -r^2))
f=
exp(-t*z)*sin(t*r)/r
e t
1 2

sin t 1 2

Example
Determine the curvature of the parametric curves
x 2b cos t b cos 2t
y 2b sin t b sin 2t
The curvature is determined from

xy y x

x 2 y 2
3/ 2
where the prime denoted the derivative with respect to t.

The script is

syms t a b
x = 2*b*cos(t) +b*cos(2*t);
y = 2*b*sin(t)-b*sin(2*t);
xp = diff(x, t, 1);
xpp = diff(x, t, 2);
yp = diff(y, t, 1);
ypp = diff(y, t, 2);
kn = xp*ypp-yp*xpp;
kd = xp^2+yp^2;
kn = factor(simple(kn));
kd = factor(simple(kd));
k = simple(kn/kd^(3/2))
The execution of this script gives
k= 1

-1/4/(2-2*cos(3*t))^(1/2)/b 4b 2 2cos3t
This result can be simplified with the following

trigonometric identity
1 cos a 2sin 2 (a / 2)
Then
2-2*cos(3*t) 2 1 cos3t 4sin 2 3t / 2
To make this final change, we employ subs as follows

k = simple(subs(k, 2-2*cos(3*t), 4*sin(3*t/2)^2))
to obtain
k= 1

-1/8/sin(3/2*t)/b 8b sin(3t / 2)

Chapter1 MatlabIntroduction

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An Engineers Guide to MATLAB Chapter 1

AN ENGINEERS GUIDE TO MATLAB

Copyright Edward B. Magrab 2009 1

Copyright Edward B. Magrab 2009 2

MATLAB founded in 1984 by Jack Little, Steve

Copyright Edward B. Magrab 2009 3

Copyright Edward B. Magrab 2009 4

Copyright Edward B. Magrab 2009 5

Some Suggestions on How to Use MATLAB

Use the Help files extensively.

Copyright Edward B. Magrab 2009 6

Some Suggestions on How to Use MATLAB

Copyright Edward B. Magrab 2009 7

Some Suggestions on How to Use MATLAB

Most importantly, verify by independent means that

Copyright Edward B. Magrab 2009 8

Copyright Edward B. Magrab 2009 9

What We Will Cover in Chapter 1

Copyright Edward B. Magrab 2009 10

Copyright Edward B. Magrab 2009 11

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MATLAB command window (left) and editor (right)

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Clearing of Command Window and Workspace

MATLAB function Description

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These operation can also be done with

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Results from Different Format Selections

Option Display (number > 0) Display (number < 0)

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Preferences Menu Selections: Font Size

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MATLAB Variable Names

Keywords Reserved Explicitly for the MATLAB

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Command Window Interaction

p = 7.1 User types and hits Enter

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Suppression of System Response - Semicolon

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Syntax Clarification and Exceptions

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(2) Exponential Form: x = 4.56102

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System Assignment of Variable Names

Scalars versus Arrays

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Some Elementary MATLAB Functions

Mathematical function MATLAB expression

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Some MATLAB Constants and Special Quantities

Mathematical quantity or MATLAB Comments

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MATLAB Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

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Several Specialized Mathematical Functions

Mathematical MATLAB Description

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