Biohorizons PlenaryLecture

Aconferencefor1st yearbiologystudentsinBIOL1040
SchoolofBiomedicalSciences
Saturday19th March
9:45am12:30pm,UQCentre
Targeting cancer specific defects to selectively
destroy your tumour

Professor
Brian Gabrielli
Cancer Program Head
Diamantina Institute
The University of
Queensland
 IMPORTANT: You must have your correct
UQ student ID (8 digits 4.) entered
before the end of March in time for Quiz 1
EITHER
Enter your UQ student ID when you are
prompted when you first access Mastering
Biology
OR To enter or edit your student ID:
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 LectureModulesinBIOL1040
PrinciplesofCellFunction LesleyLluka
PrinciplesofBiochemistry LukeGuddat
NervousSystems LesleyLluka
Support&Movement CarlStephan
Circulation&GasExchange Lluka/Chunduri
PrinciplesofEndocrinology PrasadChunduri
 A/ProfLesleyLluka

BIOL1040
MODULE1:PRINCIPLESOFCELL
FUNCTION
MembraneStructure&Function

AssociateProfessorLesleyJ.Lluka
SchoolofBiomedicalSciences
TheUniversityofQueensland

L.Lluka@uq.edu.au
4
 A/ProfLesleyLluka

MODULE1:
PRINCIPLESOFCELLFUNCTION
MembraneStructure&Function
CellCommunication&ReceptorFamilies
Review&Application UQCentreWorkshops:
14th March
11th April(withModule2)

5
 A/ProfLesleyLluka

MembraneStructure&Function:
LearningObjectives
Describethestructuralelementsofcell
membranesandtheirfunction
Listthepropertiesofmembraneproteins
Describehowmembranestructureresultsin
selectivepermeability
Rationalise theprocessofosmosis
Compareandcontrastpassivediffusion,
facilitateddiffusionandactivetransport
Describetheprocessesforbulktransportacross
thecellmembrane
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 A/ProfLesleyLluka

ResourcesrelevanttoMembraneStructure
&Function
Campbelletal.Biology, 10th edn,2014 Chpt 7
Concepts7.17.5
Osmosispractical
MathBench modules
tohelpyouwithapplicationofquantitativeskillsto
biology
linkavailableinBlackboardnow

7
 Recommended review reading: Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Chapter 6 A Tour of the Cell
(Chapter 6 is for review and is not specifically examinable for BIOL1040).

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Nuclear envelope

Nucleolus NUCLEUS
Rough ER Smooth ER
Chromatin
Flagelium
Plasma membrane
Centrosome

CYTOSKELETON

Microfilaments

Microtubules Ribosomes

Microvilli

Golgi apparatus

Peroxisome

Lysosome
Mitochondrion
Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 6.8
Concept7.1:Cellularmembranesarefluid
mosaicsoflipidsandproteins
a lipid group with a phosphate molecule at the end of it

Phospholipids abundant
they like being in both a lipid
and water environment bc
phosphate group has a charge
Phospholipidsareamphipathic molecules on it, likes interacting with
water and lipid part likes
being in lipid

Thefluidmosaicmodel membraneisfluidwitha
mosaicofproteinsembeddedinit
 Amphipathicphospholipids

WATER
Hydrophilic
head kinks is because of double
bond between 2 carbons,
have a set structure, cant
move around easily
Hydrophobic
tail

WATER

lipids interact with each other, phosphate head faces outwards (aqueous environment of extracellular/intracellular fluid)

Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 7.2

 lateral: sideways

phosphate head have to go

through lipid environment to flip
flop, so very rare
Lateral movement Flip-flop
(~107 times per second) (~ once per month)

(a) Movement of phospholipids

Fluid Viscous
membranes that vary in fluidity in a saturated environment,
depending on ratio of saturated to they pack closely bc tails
unsaturated hydrocarbons can move around and fit
around each other, have
more phospholipids in a
given area

Unsaturated hydrocarbon Saturated hydro-

tails with kinks carbon tails
(b) Membrane fluidity

normally as you heat membrane up,

molecule moves more, membrane becomes
cholesterol is a molecule that can more fluid, however with cholesterol present,
influence the fluidity of the membrane it prevents too much movement, prevents
because they are related to the steroids membrane from getting too fluid, keeps
that connect hydrocarbon rings, it is an stability within the membrane
important part of cell membrane structure
in cold environments, say a cold-blooded
animal in the middle of winter, cholesterol
Cholesterol increases the fluidity of the membrane

cholesterol not produced by plant, only found useful for preventing dramatic
within animal cell membrane (c) Cholesterol within the animal cell membrane changes in membrane fluidity as
temperature changes
Campbell Biology, 9th ed, Fig 7.8 (similar to 10th ed, Figure 7.5)
 lots of receptors have chains of amino acids that run through the membrane, one side to the other
proteins attached to microfilaments so as to stay inside of the cell
proteins connected to fibres of the extracellular matrix, keeping that cell in the tissue that it is in
Fig.protein
7-7 with carbohydrate part at the end good for antibodies, recognition

Fibres of
extracellular
matrix (ECM)

Glyco- Carbohydrate
protein
Glycolipid
EXTRACELLULAR
SIDE OF
MEMBRANE

Cholesterol

Microfilaments Peripheral
of cytoskeleton proteins
Integral
protein
CYTOPLASMIC SIDE
OF MEMBRANE

Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 7.3

 N terminus=Nh2 end
c-terminus=cooh end

the way that these amino acids are arranged

within the helix depends on which particular
amino acids are in these structures, amino acids
all have a NH2 and COOH group at the end,
thats how the join together to make a protein, but
also side chains hanging off the proteins, which
gives it particular structures, s

Phospholipid
bilayer

Hydrophobic regions
of protein
Hydrophilic
some can be like methyl, ethyl group, eg doesnt like regions of protein
being near water, and these will most likely be in the side chains with OH, carboxy, likes
internal part of protein interacting with water

Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 7.6

 Howdoweknowitisafluidmosaic?

proteins definitely moving around

RESULTS
tags with different colours on these cells

Membrane proteins

Mixed proteins
after 1 hour
Mouse cell
Human cell
Hybrid cell
Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 7.4
 signalling molecule such as adrenaline
acting on its receptor (protein), produces
some sort of effect inside the cell
Signaling molecule
Sixmajor Enzymes Receptor
functionsof
membrane
proteins
ATP
Signal transduction
(a) Transport (b) Enzymatic activity (c) Signal transduction
allows process to occur at
normal body temperature rather
than 800 degrees

Glyco-
protein

(d) Cell-cell recognition (e) Intercellular joining (f) Attachment to

carbohydrates hanging off protein
eg for antibodies, ABO blood groups
Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 7.7
involved in keeping cells the cytoskeleton
together, keeping integrity of
tissues so cells have links to and extracellular
each other, for both e and f matrix (ECM)
Concept7.2:Membranestructureresultsin
selectivepermeability
Lipidbilayers areimpermeabletomostessential
moleculesandions
hydrocarbons also

Somepermeabilitytowater moleculesandafewother
small,uncharged,moleculeslikeoxygenandcarbon
dioxide.

Lipidbilayers areNOTpermeableto:
ions suchasK+,Na+,Ca2+,Cl,HCO3
smallhydrophilicmoleculeslikeglucose
macromolecules likeproteinsandRNA
also water bc it has partial charges such as oxygen is partially negative charge
Concept7.3:Passivetransportisdiffusionofasubstance
acrossamembranewithnoenergyinvestment
DIFFUSION:withtime duetorandom motion
moleculesbecomeequally distributed
i.e.toeliminateconcentrationgradients provided
moleculescancrossthemembrane
Concentration gradient
No work
Diffusion across a
biological membrane is
passive transport
(no ATP required)

Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 7.10

 Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane into another aqueous compartment
containing solute at a higher concentration

mainly uses protein called aquaporin

Water wants to be at equilibrium

same number of molecules in each compartment

Remember: plasma membrane is semi-permeable!

Whatareosmotica?
(thingsthatareosmotically active)

Ions (Na+, K+ , Cl-, etc)

Sugars if on one side, a lot of one of these molecules, they cant
move through membrane by diffusion

instead water moves to equalise the concentration

Proteins these are the things that cause osmosis to occur

(Nutrients!!)
Lower Higher Same concentration
concentration concentration of sugar
of solute (sugar) of sugar

H 2O

Selectively
permeable
membrane

since green molecules cant get pass the membrane, water moves across

if have combination of sugar, glucose,

sodium chloride etc, doesnt matter what
solutes are, add up the concentration of
them, and water will move until the
concentration is equal, for example one
side might have more sugar, the other
Osmosis will have more salt
Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 7.11
 Tonicityistheabilityofasolutiontocausea
celltogainorlosewater
outside the cell

Isotonicsolution:Soluteconcentrationisthe
sameasthatinsidethecell;nonetwater
movementacrosstheplasmamembrane
Hypertonicsolution:Soluteconcentrationis
greaterthanthatinsidethecell;cellloseswater
Hypotonicsolution:Soluteconcentrationisless
thanthatinsidethecell;cellgainswater
OSMOLARITY

glucose, lactose are molecules that dont break,

however when calcium chloride dissolves in
water, for every mole of calcium chloride, splits
into one calcium and two chlorides, so three
ions for every molecule of cacl2

A B C
1Mglucose 0.5MCaCl2 1.5Mlactose
1osmol/l 1.5osmol/l 1.5osmol/l
180g/l 55.5g/l 513g/l

AcomparedwithBorC=HYPOtonic

CcomparedwithB=ISOtonic

BorCcomparedwithA=HYPERtonic
Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 7.12
 RedBloodCells

hypotonic isotonichypertonic

50300 500mosmol/l
FacilitatedDiffusion:PassiveTransportAidedby
Proteins
still down the concentration gradient, but with help from protein

Infacilitateddiffusion,transportproteinsspeed
thepassivemovementofmoleculesacrossthe
plasmamembrane
Channelproteinsprovidecorridorsthatallowa
specificmoleculeoriontocrossthemembrane
Channelproteinsinclude
Aquaporins,forfacilitateddiffusionofwater
aquaporins: relatively new discovery

Ionchannelsthatopenorcloseinresponsetoa
stimulus(gatedchannels)
TransportProteins two types: channel proteins and carrier proteins

Transportproteinsallowpassageofhydrophilic
substancesacrossthemembrane
channelproteins,haveahydrophilicchannelthat
certainmoleculesorionscanuseasatunnel;e.g.
aquaporins (water)
carrierproteins,bindtomoleculesandchange
shapetoshuttlethemacrossthemembrane
Atransportproteinisspecific forthesubstanceit
moves
 Getting across the membrane

Na+ Water
K+ K+
K+ Na+
K+ K+
K+ Water

Na+ K+
K+
Na+
Na+
Na+
Na+

Membraneisadiffusionbarrierformostmolecules!!!!
 still running down a conc. gradient, channel never allows active transport, only facilitated diffusion

Thesetransmembrane proteinsformpores
throughwhichionsandmoleculescanpass
PotassiumIonChannelStructure

RodMacKinnon
NobelPrizeforChemistry
2003
Isthereawaterchannel??
Aquaporins!!

PeterAgre
NobelPrizefor
Chemistry2003
Theseporeformingproteinsfallinto
twobroadcategories

1. Channels facilitateddiffusion

2. Transporters facilitateddiffusionor
activetransport
FacilitatedDiffusion
this diagram is incomplete, look at next 2 slides
 arrows through transporter*

ActiveTransport

this is
transporter, not
channel

ATP
 Passive Active

ATP

Diffusion. Hydrophobic Facilitated diffusion. Many

molecules and (at a slow hydrophilic substances diffuse
rate) very small uncharged through membranes with the
polar molecules can diffuse assistance of transport proteins,
through the lipid bilayer. either channel or carrier proteins.

Passive=DOWNaconcentrationgradient
Active=AGAINSTaconcentrationgradient transporters

Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 7.16

Concept7.4:Activetransportusesenergytomove
solutesagainsttheirgradients

Againstconcentrationgradient
Requireswork fromenergyofATP
e.g.Na+/K+ATPase =sodiumpotassium
pump
 Anelectrogenic pumpisatransportproteinthat
generatesvoltageacrossamembrane
Thesodiumpotassiumpumpisthemajor
electrogenic pumpofanimalcells seeNervous
SystemsModule
Themainelectrogenic pumpofplants,fungi,and
bacteriaisaprotonpump hydrogen

using the pump to create a differential charge across the membrane

Cotransport:CoupledTransportbyaMembrane
Protein
Cotransport occurswhenactivetransportofa
soluteindirectlydrivestransportofanothersolute
Plantscommonlyusethegradientofhydrogenions
generatedbyprotonpumpstodriveactive
transportofnutrientsintothecell

2 proteins involved: one provides energy, active transport, another coupled with it, so 2 transporters working together
 Cotransport: active transport driven by
a concentration gradient

proton pump
uses energy to cotransport sitting nearby, allow hydrogen ions
transport H+ ions to go back down the concentration gradient
into extracellular which allows sucrose to be transported (look at
space (needs shape)
energy since
already have
high conc of H+
ions out there),
and then have a
cotransporter
sitting nearby,
allows H+ ions to
go back inside
along their
concentration
gradient as
sucrose goes
inside against
the concentration
gradient, what
happens is they
work together,
energy from ATP
drives proton
pumps and then
somehow allows
energy to be
transferred to
transport sucrose

Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 7.18

 HowcantheNa+/K+ATPase worktogether
withtheNa+glucosecotransporter todrive
glucoseuptake??
Concept7.5:Bulktransportacrosstheplasma
membraneoccursbyexocytosis andendocytosis

Endocytosis
vesicle

Exocytosis

fuse with cell membrane

 Phagocytosis EXTRACELLULAR
FLUID Solutes
Pseudopodium Pseudopodium
of amoeba

Bacterium

1 m
Food vacuole
An amoeba engulfing a bacterium Food
via phagocytosis (TEM). or other
particle

TypesofEndocytosis
Phagocytosis
engulfingparticles Food
vacuole
CYTOPLASM
Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 7.19
 Pinocytosis

0.5 m
Plasma
membrane

Pinocytosis vesicles forming

in a cell lining a small blood
vessel (TEM).

TypesofEndocytosis
Pinocytosis
cellsdrinking! Vesicle
solution taken up into the cell forming a vesicle

Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 7.19

 more complexed version

TypesofEndocytosis receptors around part of the membrane, a compound

binds on receptors, and take in more specific compound
inside the cell

Receptormediatedendocytosis
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Plasma Receptor
Coat
membrane proteins Ligand

Coat proteins

Coated
0.25 m

pit

Coated
vesicle
Top: A coated pit. Bottom: A
coated vesicle forming during
receptor-mediated endocytosis
(TEMs).
Campbell Biology, 10th ed, Fig 7.19
Exocytosis

....andexocytosisis
themechanismof
neurotransmitter
releasefromneurons
SeeNervous
SystemsModule
 A/ProfLesleyLluka

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