Practical applications of experiments

Experiment No 1-free and force vortex

(1) Vortex behavior in hydro international products

(2) Minimize short circuiting

Cutting short circuiting means that a smaller tank is required, with reliable performance at
varying flow rates.

(3) Extend residence time of solids

Increased residence of solids leads to better performance and/or the need for a smaller separation
vessel.

Sweep solids to a central location for collection

Using the vortex to sweep solids means that no mechanical components are required resulting
in reduced power and maintenance need. An absence of mechanical components also makes the
system resilient against fat, oil and grease (FOG) and rags.

There is often ambiguity in what constitutes vortex behaviour, and common descriptions are
qualitative in nature and therefore necessarily limited. It has become common to identify
quantitative features associated with vortices in order to provide a definition.
Theoretical vortex behaviours provide a foundation of understanding, and it is helpful to examine
the vortex core region to illustrate dominant features. Two theoretical behaviours exist: free and
forced motion. In a real fluid, however, neither the forced nor the free vortex behaviours
prevailmeaning that theoretical behaviours are of limited practical application.
In real fluids some blending between the forced and free vortex behaviours is always observed,
though in the vast majority of real-world industrial flows there is a strong tendency to exhibit
free vortex behaviour, whereas the dominance of forced vortex behaviour is only observed in the
vortex core and in lower Reynolds number flows.
A full understanding of real-world vortex behaviour enables engineers to develop hydrodynamic
separators that minimise short circuiting and maximize the residence time of the fluid, ensuring
that the best use is made of the available volumes. With this understanding, separation units can
be designed to be resistant to changes in inflow conditions, enabling them to collect a wide range
of materials across a wide range of flow rates.

Experiment No 2 Pipe Fraction In A Smooth Pipes

A common application of smooth flow is in the smooth flow of a viscous liquid through a tube or
pipe.
In that case, the velocity of flow varies from zero at the walls to a maximum along the cross-
sectional center of the vessel.
The flow profile of laminar flow in a tube can be calculated by dividing the flow into thin
cylindrical elements and applying the viscous force to them.
Another example is the flow of air over an aircraft wing. The boundary layer is a very thin sheet
of air lying over the surface of the wing (and all other surfaces of the aircraft).
Because air has viscosity, this layer of air tends to adhere to the wing. As the wing moves
forward through the air, the boundary layer at first flows smoothly over the streamlined shape of
the airfoil. Here, the flow is laminar and the boundary layer is a laminar layer.
Prandtl applied the concept of the smooth pipes boundary layer to airfoils in 1904.

Experiment No 3 fluid friction in a Reynolds pipe: