Annotated Bibliography

C. (2013, September 23). Retrieved November 01, 2017, from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M4jhjt1_eyM

According to this video, deforestation leaves the balance of humanity and the balance of

the planet poor. It says its a short term economic gain that benefits a few at the expense

of the many. Deforestation is fundamentally cutting down trees and leaving behind a vast

open waste land. Deforestation, is most common is Brazil, Mexico, Indonesia, Russia,

Papua Guinea. According to this video, the main causes of deforestation can be classified

into 3 categories. First, industrial which cuts down trees to build factories or residential

areas. The second is agriculture to grow palm oil plantations or it can also be by non-food

crops like paper plantations. Finally, the third is livestock that happens by farmers

clearing the land to create pastoral land for cows. It can happen on a lot of different scales

it can happen by illegal scouting using small chainsaws and it can happen on a massive

industrial scale deforestation where they clear forests in a very short amount of time.

Deforestation can affect the environment in two main ways: 1) Trees absorb carbon

dioxide and as human beings put more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and the more

trees we cut down, the more we hinder the ability of the planet to balance how much

carbon is in the atmosphere. 2) By deforestation we are reducing habitats for animals to

live in, and every year over a 1000 species go extinct around the world and that is a

conservative estimate and a lot of that happens because of deforestation.

Deforestation. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-

warming/deforestation/

National Geographic, helps us better understand what is deforestation? The causes,

effects, and solutions to deforestation. The definition they have is that deforestation is

clearing Earths forests on a massive scale, often resulting in damage to the quality of the

land. They say the biggest driver of deforestation is agriculture, farmers cut forests to

provide more land for livestock and often small farmers will clear a few acres by a

process snowed as slash and burn agriculture. The second driver of deforestation is

logging operations, which provides the worlds wood and paper products, and they cut

countless trees each year, loggers sometimes act illegally, by building roads to access

more remote forests. Forests are also being cut down as a result of growing urban sprawl

as land developed for dwellings. Not all deforestation is intentional, some is caused by

wildfires and subsequent overgrazing, which may prevent the growth of new trees. The

most dramatic effect of deforestation is the loss of animal habitats and the loss of millions

of species. Deforestation drives climate change. Forest soils are moist, but without the

trees covering the sun, they dry out. Trees also help perpetuate the water cycle by

returning water vapor to the atmosphere. Without trees to fill these roles, many former

forest lands can quickly become barren deserts. Fewer forests also mean larger amounts

of greenhouse gases with means that global warming is more severe and it happens at an

increased speed. According to National Geographic, the most feasible solution to

deforestation is to carefully manage forest resources by eliminating clear-cutting to make

sure forest environments remain intact. The cutting that does occur should be balanced by

planting young trees to replace older trees.

Gay, K. (2001). Rainforests of the World: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-

CLIO.

The chapter titled Effects on Natural Resources states that deforestation is responsible

for the destruction of forest products such as fruits, nuts, various fibers, and medicinal

plants. About 34,000 species are threatened with extinction. Also many mammal, bird,

insect, and other species are becoming extinct. Species loss has been estimated to occur at

a rate of 50 to 150 species a day. The book says that the loss of species and their genetic

codes can have an adverse impact on the worlds agriculture, because other countries

crossbreed plants to make crops more resistant to disease. Erosion which is caused by

logging, increases the amount of sediment in river affecting aquatic life and it affects

water quality. Changes in rainfall also occur due to deforestation, because of the forests

role in evaporation. The chapter ends with an argument from an Oxford scholar that says

that technology and wealth need to be achieved to protect the environment.

Lpez Tarabochia, M. (2017, August 10). Five instances in which Peru won the battle against

deforestation. Retrieved November 01, 2017, from

https://news.mongabay.com/2017/08/five-instances-in-which-peru-won-the-battle-

against-deforestation/

This article tells five stories where the battle against deforestation was won in Peru. All

have been successfully detected by the Monitoring of the Andean Amazon Project

(MAAP). The first two cases are related to agro industrial business in the Amazon owned

by Czech-American entrepreneur Dennis Melka that have established oil palm plantations
 in the Ucayali region and a cacao plantation in the Loreto region. MAAP also highlighted

Perus Romero Group corporation and its palm oil operations, also in the Amazonian

region of Loreto. The two remaining cases were detected within two natural protected

areas affected by the encroachment of illegal gold mining. This occurred in the

Amarakaeri Communal Reserve and Tambopata National Reserve, both in Perus Madre

de Dios region. The two were intervened by the National Service of Natural Protected

Areas and the fourth was also stopped by the Contract Executor for the Administration of

Amarakaeri.

N. (2017, August 21). Retrieved November 01, 2017, from

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ic-J6hcSKa8

This video explains deforestation in the simplest form and it tells you the causes and the

effects for deforestation, as well as some solutions for this worldwide problem. 30% of

the world is covered with trees, and they play a crucial role in supporting life on earth.

Deforestation however, is clearing earths forests on a massive scale and based on the

video, at the rate deforestation is growing the worlds rainforests will be gone in a 100

years. 24% of greenhouse gas emissions come from forestry and agriculture making

deforestation a significant contributor to climate change. When trees are cut down they

release the carbon they were storing releasing it into the atmosphere. Trees also play a

critical role in absorbing the greenhouse gases that fuel global warming. Fewer forests

mean larger amounts of greenhouse gases entering the atmosphere and increase the

severity and speed of global warming. Aside preventing global warming, they provide

habitats for over 80% of animals who live on land. Deforestation destroys habitats

diminishing biodiversity. According to the video some say that four to six thousand
 rainforest species go extinct each year. This affects more than 2 billion people who rely

on rainforests as their main source of food and shelter. Agriculture: Farmers cut down

trees to plant crops like soybeans, palm trees and cocoa or to make room to make

livestock for beef. Logging provides for wood and paper products. Growing urban sprawl

as land is developed for dwellings. Efforts such as managing forest resources eliminating

clear cutting and planting new trees. And while some species are gone forever we can

prevent some from disappearing forever. This source fits nicely into the topic and it is

filled with a lot of information some might not already know, like the amount of species

that are gone extinct every year.

St. Fleur, N. (2015, November 20). Deforestation May Threaten Majority of Amazon Tree

Species, Study Finds. The New York Times. Retrieved November 01, 2017, from

https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/21/science/deforestation-may-threaten-majority-of-

amazon-tree-species-study-finds.html

Deforestation threatens more than half of all tree species in the Amazon. Researchers

studied the status of more than 15,000 Amazonian tree species, including the Brazil nut

and the plants that produce cacao and aa palm. The researchers found that 36 percent

and up to 57 percent of the Amazons tree species should qualify as threatened on the

International Union for Conversation of Natures Red List, the most widely recognized

authority on threats to species conservation. Their finding suggested that plant species

could decrease globally by 36%. The article read that The conservation union has

several criteria for conferring Red List status, and it considers both historical and

projected population loss. To date, it has assessed more than 76,000 species, including all

birds, amphibians and mammals, and has labeled more than 22,000 animals, fungi and
 plants as being at risk for extinction. Then the researcher found two possible outcomes,

one where 40% of the Amazon forest would disappear by 2050 and one where 21% of the

forest would be destroyed by 2050.

Vaughan, A. (2012, August 3). Amazon deforestation falls again. The guardian. Retrieved from

http://0-www.lexisnexis.com.lib.utep.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/

This source shows how it is possible to reduce deforestation. This article talks about the

reduction of deforestation in the amazon. This article shows a 23% reduction in

deforestation from August 2011 to July 2012 against the previous year. From those 12

months, deforestation has fallen, according to some data that was published by Brazils

National Institute for Space Research. According to the article the decrease started after

Brazils Forest Code in April. Data from satellite images showed a significant reduction,

from 2,679 sq. km being cleared to 2,049 in just one year. Since peak deforestation in

2004 in the Amazon, clearance rates have fallen about 3/4 and the data showed that the

rates were still going down. The article says that the Brazilian government announced

that R$100m from the countrys Amazon fund was going to be given out to local projects

that maintain the rain forest. Brazil was hoping to launch a satellite which will help

monitor clearing of the Amazon, which is home to millions of species and is one of the

worlds biggest stores of carbon. Finally, the author concludes the article by giving a

quote from Greenpeace Brazil that says: it is possible to achieve zero deforestation in

Brazil.