Altium MW Radio System Product Description

TM
Broadband Transmission Solutions

PDH, SDH, ATM, and SONET
Altium
TM
Microwave Radio System

Product Description

6111199A2
Copyright 1999 by Digital Microwave Corporation.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval
system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by any means, electronic, magnetic,
optical, chemical, manual or otherwise, without the prior written permission of Digital Microwave Corporation.
Printed in the United States of America.
Disclaimer
Digital Microwave Corporation makes no representation or warranties with respect to the contents hereof and
specifically disclaims any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. Further, Digital
Microwave Corporation reserves the right to revise this publication and to make changes from time to time in the
content hereof without obligation of Digital Microwave Corporation to notify any person of such revision or changes.
CE Mark
This equipment has been designed to meet the requirements of the European Electromagnetic
Compatibility Directive 89/336/EEC (currently amended by 92/31/EEC). Operation of the equipment is
designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in its electromagnetic environment
without introducing intolerable electromagnetic disturbances.
Trademarks
FibreNex and Altium are trademarks and DMC Net is a registered trademark of Digital Microwave Corporation. All
other product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies.
Digital Microwave Corporation Digital Microwave Corporation

170 Rose Orchard Way 10 Ang Mo Kio Street 65
San Jose, California 95134-1358 #03-13 Techpoint
U.S.A. Singapore 569059
Telephone: (408) 943-0777 Telephone: + 65-484-7780
Telex: 759597 DIGMIC Fax: + 65-484-7768
Fax: (408) 944-1801
www.dmcwave.com
Digital Microwave Corporation

Middlemarch Business Park
Siskin Drive
Coventry, England CV3-4JA
Telephone: + 44-1203-863838
Fax: + 44-1203-530126
Digital Microwave Corporation Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Chapter 1
System Overview
Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1
System Description ..................................................................................................... 3
System Architecture ................................................................................................ 3
System Configurations ............................................................................................ 4
Modular Architecture .............................................................................................. 4
Indoor Unit (IDU) .................................................................................................... 4
ODU ........................................................................................................................ 5
Frequency Plans and Options .................................................................................. 7
ATPC ....................................................................................................................... 7
Path Calculations with ATPC Radio ................................................................... 7
Maintenance Features .............................................................................................. 8
Web Maintenance Terminal ................................................................................. 8
Network Management System ................................................................................ 8
Overhead Channels .................................................................................................. 9
Standards Compliance ................................................................................................. 9
Electromagnetic Compatibility ................................................................................... 9
Network Applications ............................................................................................... 10
Integration with Other SDH/SONET Network Elements ..................................... 10
Ring Topology ................................................................................................... 10
Star Topology .................................................................................................... 11
System Synchronization ........................................................................................ 11
Chapter 2
System Operation
Overview ................................................................................................................... 13
Indoor Unit (IDU) ..................................................................................................... 14
Motherboard .......................................................................................................... 15
Signal Processor Module - 155 Mbps ................................................................... 15
Power Supply Unit ............................................................................................ 15
Multiplexer ......................................................................................................... 15
Demultiplexer .................................................................................................... 16
Modulator ........................................................................................................... 18
Demodulator ...................................................................................................... 18
IF Processor ....................................................................................................... 19
Signal Processor Module - PDH 8/16 E1 ............................................................. 21
ISAC Module ......................................................................................................... 22
Microcontroller .................................................................................................. 22
Memory .............................................................................................................. 22
Ethernet Repeater Hub ....................................................................................... 22
VF Orderwire Channels ..................................................................................... 22
Auxiliary Data Channels .................................................................................... 23
TTL and Relay Control and Alarms .................................................................. 23
Fan Module ............................................................................................................ 24
Access Panel .......................................................................................................... 24
ODU .......................................................................................................................... 25
OSAC Module ...................................................................................................... 26
RF Plug-In Module ................................................................................................ 28
Altium Product Description page iii

Digital Microwave Corporation Table of Contents
RF Transceiver Assembly ..................................................................................28

RF Distribution Module .........................................................................................28
ODU Housing ........................................................................................................29
Software Architecture ................................................................................................29
Chapter 3
System Performance Specifications
155 Mbps Radios ......................................................................................................31
PDH (8/16 E1) Radios ...............................................................................................34
Glossary
Index
page iv Altium Product Description

Digital Microwave Corporation System Overview
Chapter 1
System Overview
Introduction
With a name derived from the Latin altus, meaning high, Digital Microwave
Corporations Altium Microwave Radio System provides a flexible, high-performance
wireless transport solution. The Altium radio combines reliable, incrementally
upgradeable, high-capacity interconnection with cost-effective deployment and lowest
cost of ownership.
Figure 1. Altium Microwave Radio System
Altium Product Description page 1

As seen in Table 1, the Altium radio is available in different frequencies and

capacities. Altiums 155 Mbps option is suitable for deployment in SDH (STM-1),
SONET (OC-3) and ATM (OC-3c) transmission networks. For the 8 and 16 E1 PDH
topologies, the available frequencies range from 6 GHz to 15 GHz. The PDH radio can
be easily upgraded to provide SDH functionality.
Table 1. System Capacities and Frequency Bands
Frequency Bands Capacity

6 - 38 GHz 155 Mbps
STM-1
OC-3
OC-3c
6 - 15 GHz 8/16 E1
The Altium radio is the most bandwidth-efficient 155 Mbps access radio on the
market. It uses a 128 QAM modulation scheme to support STM-1/OC-3/OC-3c
payload transmission in a bandwidth of 28 MHz, and QPSK and 16 QAM modulation
to support 8E1 and 16 E1 operation in a 14 MHz bandwidth. Table 2 shows the
different modulation schemes, bandwidth occupied, and user interface provided for
each of the different capacities.
An Altium radio consists of a frequency-independent indoor unit (IDU) connected by
coaxial cable to a capacity-independent outdoor unit (ODU).
Table 2. Interfaces, Bandwidths, Modulation Schemes
Capacity Interface Bandwidth Modulation

STM-1/OC-3/ Optical 28 MHz 128 QAM
OC-3c Multimode
Singlemode
8 E1 Electrical 14 MHz QPSK
75 ohm or 120 ohm
16 E1 16 QAM
page 2 Altium Product Description

System Description
System Architecture
Digital Microwave Corporation pioneered the indoor unit outdoor unit architecture
for microwave radios. The Altium radio incorporates this feature, which has become a
standard for DMCs radios and a defacto industry standard. See Figure 2.
In the Altium radio family, the indoor unit (IDU) and outdoor unit (ODU) are
connected by a single cable for non-protected configurations, and by two cables for
protected configurations (Table 3). This feature eliminates the need to run long
stretches of waveguide, leading to less expensive installations and better system
performance.
Table 3. IDU/ODU Cables
Recommended Cable Maximum Distance Cable Connectors

RG11 (Belden 9292) 260 m/850 ft. TNC (75 ohm)
Note: Other cable options are available.
Direct Mount Antenna
Altium Radio
75 Ohm Coaxial Cables

(2 Cables for Protected Systems)
0277
Figure 2. IDU/ODU Coaxial Cables

System Configurations
The Altium radio is offered in several configurations that provide maximum
flexibility, but is optimized for a protected (1+1) configuration. Moreover, the Altium
radio is the only radio on the market that offers a 1+1 protection configuration in a
single box. For these reasons, more than 80% of the radios currently deployed are 1+1
systems. Table 4 summarizes Altium system configurations.
Table 4. Altium System Configurations
Configuration Designation
Non-protected transmitter and receiver NN
Monitored hot standby transmitter and receiver HH
Monitored hot standby transmitters and space HS
diversity receivers
Modular Architecture
The modular nature of the Altium radio makes it a very flexible platform. Three
modules are common for all Altium radio configurations: the ISAC and Fan Module
in the IDU, and the OSAC module in the ODU. In addition, all configurations use the
same IDU and ODU enclosures.
Indoor Unit (IDU)

The Indoor Unit (IDU) is a frequency-independent multiplexer/modem platform. The
IDU consists of three field-replaceable modules: the SP module, the ISAC module,
and the Fan module. The Altium IDU can be installed in a standard 19-in. (48 cm) rack
and requires 3 rack units (Figure 3).
The SP (Signal Processing) module determines the capacity and interface of the radio.
It includes the multiplexer/demultiplexer and modem. It can support either electrical
PDH (8/16E1) or optical STM-1/OC-3/OC-3c (ATM) interfaces. Protected
configurations use two SP modules, while the unprotected configuration uses only
one.
The PDH IDU is software configurable between 8 E1 and 16 E1 capacity, adding to
the radios flexibility. If a change in capacity is required, from the 8/16E1 radio to the
155 Mbps radio, only the IDU needs to be changed. These two features extend the
investments lifetime and future-proofs the network.
The ISAC (Indoor Status Alarm and Control) module provides the hardware platform
for the operational firmware of the radio. The ISAC module does not need to be
redundant because once the radio is operating, the ISAC is non-essential for continued
data transmission. The Fan module contains two independent fans and is controlled by
the ISAC. These two modules are common to all radio platforms.
In case the IDU needs to be replaced, the PROM containing the radios configuration
can be easily exchanged in the field, between the old ISAC module and the new one.
This allows the radio link to continue operation with a minimum of down time.
These modules are described in detail in Chapter 2 System Operation.

Fan
Signal Processor A
Out In
Signal Processor B
10BaseT Ethernet Hub Handset Connector Out In
ISAC 1 2 3 4
ESD
155 Mbps
B
VF/AUX DATA NMS/AUX 1 NMS/AUX 2
STATUS
A CONTROL/ALARMS MAINT NMS/AUX 3 MAJ MIN ODU MAINT
0286a
Figure 3. IDU Modules (155 Mbps STM-1/OC-3 Radio)
ODU
The baseband- (or capacity-) independent RF platform allows the Altium ODU to
support transmission capacities that span SDH/SONET/ATM and PDH hierarchies.
The ODU contains three field-replaceable modules: the RF Plug-in module, the RF
Distribution module, and the OSAC module.
The RF Plug-in modules main function is to perform the dual frequency upconversion
and downconversion of the transmitted and received signals. It also contains the
synthesizer module. This module has a wide tuning range, which gives the radio
maximum flexibility.
The RF Distribution module contains the diplexer filters of the radio. These filters are
channel specific for frequencies below and including the 15 GHz band. For 18 GHz
and above, these filters are broadband, covering a range of 360 MHz.
The OSAC (Outdoor Status Alarm and Control) module operates under the direction
of the ISAC, providing the hardware platform for the operational firmware of the
ODU. Like the ISAC, the OSAC is non-essential for the operation of the radio once it
is running, and thus is non-protected.
These modules are described in detail in Chapter 2 System Operation and are shown
in Figure 4.
RF Distribution Module
A B
RF Plug-in Module
OSAC
0246
Figure 4. ODU Modules

The Altium radios ODU is designed to be installed in a Slip-Fit configuration with

the antenna, as shown in Figure 5. This configuration eliminates the need for flexible
waveguide between the ODU and the antenna, which minimizes signal losses and
improves performance. Remote mounting options are also available.
Radio Bracket
Reflector Plate
Slip-fit
'block'
0357
Figure 5. Slip-Fit Connection with Polarization Rotator
Table 5. ODU Installation Options
ODU Installation Option Configuration

Slip-Fit Mount NN, HH
Remote Mount NN, HH, HS
Space diversity with remote mount HS
Space diversity with Slip-Fit/remote mount combination HS

Frequency Plans and Options

The Altium radio system is available in a wide range of frequency bands, from 6 GHz
for long haul access links to 38 GHz for short radio links. Because it occupies only 28
MHz of bandwidth for the 155 Mbps version and 14 MHz for the 8/16 E1 version, it
can be easily integrated into any channelization plan currently used by operators. Its
bandwidth efficiency for 155 Mbps transmission facilitates a graceful upgrade of
existing PDH network links and mitigates increased license fees.
Table 6. Altiums Frequency Bands
Frequency Band (GHz) Frequency Range (GHz)

6 5.9 - 7.1
7/8 7.1 - 8.5
10/11 10.5 - 11.7
13 12.75 - 13.25
15 14.20 - 15.35
18 17.7 - 19.7
23 21.2 - 23.6
26 24.2 - 26.5
28/31 27.5 - 29.5/29.5 - 31.5
38 37.0 - 40.0
ATPC
Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC) is a standard feature of the Altium radio.
ATPC is a feature of a microwave radio link that adjusts the transmitter output power
based on the varying signals at the receiver. ATPC effectively allows the transmitter
to operate at less than the maximum power for most of the time. When fading
conditions occur, transmit power is increased for as long as required: until the fading
condition no longer affect the link.
The Altium radio uses an algorithm that monitors two performance criteria BER and
the RSL. By monitoring these criteria, the additional power required to maintain the
availability targets for the link can be inserted and removed as appropriate during
operation.
Path Calculations with ATPC Radio

The transmitter output power needs to be considered when doing path calculations for
an ATPC radio link. This is related to the calculation of the link budget. This
calculation should be performed based on ATPC high operating conditions (maximum
output power).

Maintenance Features
The Altium family of radios features a common architecture, which translates into
reduced training costs and ease of maintenance. It also incorporates several features
that allow for easy maintainance and troubleshooting. The most basic way to do this
is through the LEDs in the Access Panel and in each of the modules. The main tool
used for maintenance is the WMT.
Web Maintenance Terminal

The Web Maintenance Terminal (WMT) is an HTML-based application that is run on
a PC/Workstation connected to an Altium radio. Each radio has an embedded HTML
server that supports the WMT, essentially a series of HTML pages that allow the user
to manipulate the radio configuration, or view radio performance, alarm, or control
information. This means that no craft terminal software application is required.
The WMT is designed to support all installation, commissioning, and maintenance
functions carried out by field personnel. It is assumed that field personnel are
equipped with a laptop PC. Once you established a connection to the local radio
terminal, you can then invoke the WMT for that terminal or any other terminal in the
network whose IP (Internet Protocol) address is known. The WMT can be accessed
either through a serial maintenance port connection, or the 10 Base-T hub that is built
into every radio. The WMT also incorporates built-in security mechanisms.
Network Management System

The Altium radio is an SNMP-based radio. Each radio has its own user-configurable
IP address through which it can be monitored, managed, and configured by a network
management system (NMS). DMC offers ProVision Network Management Software,
which is a graphical interoperable network management solution that accommodates
both DMC and other SNMP-based devices. However, you can use your own
SNMP-based NMS. The Altium radio supports distributed management, handling up
to five reporting destinations.

Overhead Channels
In addition to payload data, the Altium system supports additional applications through
overhead channels. You make these connections through industry standard connectors
on the Access Panel. See Table 7.
Table 7. Overhead Channels
Interface Speed Description

WMT 75 - 115200 bps WMT RS-232, V.28 asynchronous, DCE
interface.
EOW 64 kbps each Two voice-frequency circuits. VF channel 1
provides complete orderwire circuitry. VF
channel 2 requires external EOW equipment.
Both channels provide bridging capability.
Ethernet 128 kbps over the Four-port 10 Base-T compliant repeater hub.
Hub link, 10 Mbps at the
hub
Auxiliary Up to 64 kbps Two synchronous/asynchronous RS-422 B
Data data channels
NMS/Aux 1 Up to 19.2 kbps RS-232 DTE serial interface provides access to
the WMT through an external modem.
External Not applicable Eight TTL level inputs to monitor external
Alarms alarms and four TTL level outputs to control
external devices.
Control Not applicable Four Form C relays. Two latching and two
Relays nonlatching.
Standards Compliance
The Altium radio is designed to meet all relevant standards for point to point
microwave radio systems operating in bands from 6 GHz to 40 GHz. It also complies
with all relevant international safety standards for telecommunications equipment.
Electromagnetic Compatibility
This equipment has been designed to meet the requirements of the European
Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive 89/336/EEC (currently amended by
92/31/EEC). Operation of the equipment is designed to provide reasonable protection
against harmful interference in its electromagnetic environment without introducing
intolerable electromagnetic disturbances

Network Applications
Integration with Other SDH/SONET Network Elements
The Altium radio platform integrates seamlessly with any SDH, SONET, or ATM
network elements. Its 155 Mbps tributary interface is completely transparent to the
network elements, covering only the physical layer of the network. All Altium
overhead channels, such as Ethernet channels and orderwire channels, are separate
from the STM-1/OC-3 signal, increasing the over-the-air composite data rate to 166.9
Mbps. All this results in a simple and fast fiber/wireless infrastructure integration.
The two most commonly deployed network topologies for high capacity radios
(STM-1/OC-3) are the ring topology and the star topology. Other topologies can also
be accommodated.
Ring Topology
The ring topology is one of the most commonly deployed topologies for the
STM-1/OC-3/OC-3c radios. See Figure 6. One of the advantages of this topology is
that it gives the option to use path diversity with non-protected radios (1+0), which
minimizes cost.
NMS
ALTIUM PDH
ALTIUM BTS
FIBRENEX
SDH/SONET
FIBRENEX STD Network
STD Central Office

MSC BSC/BTS
STM-1/OC-3
FIBRENEX XTD FIBRENEX
ALTIUM STD FIBRENEX STD

SDH/SONET
STM-4/OC-12
FIBRENEX
FIBRENEX
XTD
FIBRENEX
XTD
STD Business Client
STM-1/OC-3
FIBRENEX
STD
ALTIUM PDH
ALTIUM PDH
ALTIUM PDH
BSC
ALTIUM PDH
BTS
BTS
ALTIUM PDH
BTS
Mobile Phone
BTS
BTS
Figure 6. Ring Topology Network

Star Topology
Figure 7 shows the star topology. In this configuration, Altium is used with the
STM-1/OC-3/OC-3c radio being used along the backbone, while the 8/16 E1 radio is
used to reach some of the nodes. This integrated solution ensures that you have the
flexible bandwidth and the end-to-end management capabilities required. In this
topology, the radios are primarily deployed in a protected configuration (1+1).
PSTN CENTRAL OFFICE

NMS
Network
ALTIUM SDH/SONET/PDH ALTIUM SDH/SONET/PDH
Business User
Business User
Local Exchange
Local Exchange
Residential User Residential User
LOCAL LOOP LOCAL LOOP

ALTIUM SDH/SONET/PDH
ALTIUM PDH ALTIUM PDH
Local Local
Exchange Exchange
RURAL VILLAGES
Figure 7. Star Topology Network
System Synchronization
It is not necessary to apply network element synchronization to the Altium
STM-1/OC-3 radio. The radio supports transparent physical layer interconnection
between synchronous network elements, such as ADMs and cross-connects. This is
directly analogous to fiber interconnect. Thus, the radio maintains its synchronization
off the incoming STM-1/OC-3 signal and does not impact the synchronization model
that applies to any SDH/SONET network element to which it is connected.


Chapter 2
System Operation
Overview
The Altium radio operation is segmented into several areas to help understand the
operation and its related requirements. This section provides information on the signal
flow and basic functions of different areas. Altium is a full duplex device: it transmits
and receives data at the same time. However, the transmit and receive paths are
explained separately for ease of understanding.
The 310 MHz modulated signal from the modem is upconverted in two stages: in the
first stage the 310 MHz signal is upconverted to 2118 MHz, in the second stage this
signal is then upconverted to the transmitter frequency in the 7.1 to 8.5 GHz band. The
selected sideband is amplified to the desired output level in the power amplifier, which
contains several stages and a voltage-controlled attenuator. This attenuator is used for
Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC) and for setting the output power level.
After passing through an isolator and the RF diplexer, the signal appears at the output
flange, where it is transmitted through the antenna to the far end.
The receive signal enters through the output flange and goes through the diplexer and
isolator to the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA). From the LNA, the signal goes to the first
downconverter. The first IF (1738 MHz) is amplified and filtered, then downconverted
to 70 MHz.
The received 70 MHz IF signal from the ODU appears at the IDU/ODU connector. In
the receive IF processor, this signal is then filtered, and the IF AGC amplifier
maintains it at a constant value to be applied to the quadrature demodulator. The
demodulator takes the QAM signal and converts it to baseband I and Q signals
(In-phase and Quadrature signals). These two signals are filtered, equalized, amplified
and sampled.
The inputs to the demultiplexer consist of I and Q NRZ data and symbol clock. The I
and Q data signals are demapped and translated into 8-bit byte data format. The
selected data is demultiplexed into its components of payload data and overhead
channels. The AUX, NMS, and VF channel data are each buffered according to their
configuration option and routed to their output ports. The STM1/STS-3 data is
buffered and then input to the line terminator device which converts the byte-formatted
parallel data into a serial NRZ data format. This data is scrambled and sent to the
transmit side of the Optical Interface Unit (OIU) where data is converted to light and
coupled to the optical output port of the radio system.

Indoor Unit (IDU)

The IDU contains the motherboard, the Access Panel, the Signal Processing (SP)
module (one SP module in a nonprotected system, two SP modules in a protected
system), ISAC, and Fan module. See Figure 8.
Access Panel
Alarms Aux/NMS 1 2
Data
VF/Aux Maint M 3
Muldem
ISAC Module
3 2 2 Ethernet
EOW 4 1 3 1
5 4 Hub CPU I/O
Codec Codec Controller
128 Kbps
Muldem Muldem Muldem
Alarm and Control
SP Module
MUX MOD IF Processor
Muldem Modem
DEMUX DEMOD IF Processor
Tx Fiber Rx IDU/ODU Cable

0247a
Figure 8. IDU Block Diagram

Signal
Fiber
Processor
A
RF A
Signal
Processor Fiber
M B
RF B
o
ISAC t
h
e Access VF, Data, NMS, Aux
r
b Panel Maint, DC Power
o
a
r
d
Fan
10 Base-T Ethernet
Figure 9. IDU Block Diagram
Motherboard
In addition to supporting continuous intercommunication among all the modules, the
motherboard serves as a controlled impedance interconnection, and is used to
terminate, split, and merge signals.
Signal Processor Module - 155 Mbps

Power Supply Unit
The power supply unit (PSU) is integrated into the SP module, so that in a protected
system there are two PSUs. The PSU provides power to run the SP, Fan, ISAC, RF
Plug-in, and OSAC modules. The PSU is a DC/DC switching power supply integrated
with EMI filters, voltage monitor and control circuits.
Multiplexer
Line Interface Unit (LIU): The 155 Mbps interface to the user equipment is an
optical fiber interface. There are two optical connectors on the SP module to be
used for 155.52 Mbps input and output signals. The optical connectors are ST
type. The receiver section of the optical interface incorporates 1300 nm
InGaAs/lnP PIN photodiodes that convert light signal into electrical current which
is amplified, regenerated and resampled. This serial data is then converted to 8-bit
parallel data, that is input to the multiplexer. See Figure 10.
Buffering and multiplexing: The parallel 155 Mbps data output from the LIU is
buffered, and synchronously multiplexed with spaces for the FEC parity bytes,
and with overhead channel bytes to form the frame. See Figure 11.

Scrambler: The scrambler serves two main functions. First, to break up any
repetitive bit patterns in the data which might cause tones in the transmitted
spectrum. Second, scrambling is necessary for the receiver to work properly
(equalization, carrier recovery, and timing recovery). A scrambling code needs to
be specified for each pair of radios in a link, through the WMT. Scrambling is
applied to the data after it has been multiplexed, before it is FEC encoded.
FEC Encoder: Reed-Solomon Forward Error Correction (FEC) is applied to the
scrambled data, as a mean to achieve reliable and relatively error-free
transmission. The FEC encoder generates 16 parity bytes. This scheme allows the
FEC decoder at the receive end to correct up to 8 bytes in error per 253 bytes.
Modulation Mapper: The FEC encoded data is then passed to the 128-QAM
mapping process. The 8-bit data bus is first buffered and then converted to 7-bit
symbol words. Each 7-bit symbol word is mapped into a 4-bit I (in-phase) and a
4-bit Q (quadrature) signal component, which are output to the modulator.
Service Channel multiplexer: The service channels data is multiplexed here
prior to being inserted into the SDH main data frame. VF, NMS, PC and AUX
channel bits are combined into an 8-bit SC Byte (Service Channel), which in turn
is multiplexed into the main multiplexer frame. The 64 KHz clock used for
sampling bits is derived from the AUX1 input interface. This is the external
transmit (input) clock that synchronizes both AUX data channels. In the absence
of activity in AUX1, an internally generated clock is used.
Demultiplexer
Modulation Demapper: The inputs to the demapper are I, Q, and symbol clock
signals output from the demodulator. A frame acquisition circuit resolves any
phase ambiguity before the demapping process. The 128-QAM demapper
converts the 4-bit Q and I signals into 7-bit symbols. The resulting 7-bit symbol
is converted to 8-bit data bytes. In order to be able to process the bytes from this
point on, the correct byte boundary must be found first.
Frame Acquisition: The data enters the frame acquisition circuit. This circuit,
while in frame search mode, will scan the data for the alignment word. Once the
correct sequence is found, the byte boundary is set. The circuit then enters the
frame maintenance mode. In this mode, if seven consecutive frame word errors
are detected, the acquisition process starts again.
FEC Decoder: The FEC decoder corrects up to 8 bytes in error per 253 bytes of
sub frame, and sends back to the demultiplexer the corrected data along with
correction status bits.
Descrambler: In the demultiplexer, the data output from the FEC decoder is
descrambled.
Demultiplexing: The data is sent to the demultiplexing circuit, where Service
Channel bytes and data bytes are separated and fed to their respective buffers.
Errorless Switch: The descrambled data is sent to both the errorless switch
circuit and to the corresponding circuit on the other SP board. The switch
command is received from the ISAC control circuit. If the command is received,
the circuit waits until the 9th parity byte position of the next FEC frame before
switching to the selected side, avoiding loss of data control signals.

Service Channel Demultiplexer: The main demultiplexer outputs the 6-bit

Service Channel word and VF bits. AUX1, AUX2, NMS and MAINT
components of the frame are buffered to remove demultiplexing and destuffing
gaps before sending them, with the VF components, to their respective interfaces.
Line Interface Unit (LIU): The optical output interface (transmit section)
consists of a data parallel-to-serial converter that serializes the 155 Mbps payload
coming from the demultiplexer and the optical transmitter. For a multimode
interface, the transmitter section of the optical hybrid incorporates a 1300nm
InGaAs/lnP PIN LED and driver circuit which converts serial data to light.
STS3 EOW
STM1 Optical STM1/STS3 Main Data EOW and Data
In Receiver serial/parallel Input Fifo Mux Service Channel
Clock converter Buffer Input Buffer
Recivery
Modulation TX
FEC
Encoder Mappper
FEC Digital Loopback RX

Decoder Selectpr
STS3
STM1
Out STM1/STS3 Main Data
Optical Modulation
parallel/serial Output Fifo Demux
Transmitter Demapper
converter Buffer
EOW
EOW and
Data
Service Channel
Output Buffer
Error Count Data
Figure 10. Multiplexer/Demuliplexer
User Payload Data Radio Overhead
155 Mbps 11.9 Mbps
166.9 Mbps
Figure 11. Altium Frame Format

Modulator
Baseband Filtering: The output from the multiplexer (I and Q signals) is fed into
the baseband filtering part of the modulator, to provide the proper spectral
shaping to fit within the regulatory emissions masks. The filter consists of dual 32
tap FIR (finite impulse response) filters followed by 10 bit digital/analog
converters and two low pass roofing filters. The FIR filter coefficients and filter
configuration is loaded whenever power is applied to the SP board. See Figure 12.
I-Q Modulator: The output of the baseband filtering is applied to two analog
modulators, that upconvert the two baseband signals to 310 MHz. The combined
output of the modulators is the 310 MHz 128 QAM signal.
Digital/ Low
I
Analog Pass
Modulator
Mux Q Data Converter Filter
Multiplexer FIR Filter

Mux I Data
Digital/ Low
Q
Analog Pass
Modulator
Converter Filter
FIR
Programming
Figure 12. Modulator
Demodulator
The demodulator includes all functions required to extract data from the modulated
70 MHz delivered to the demodulator from the IF AGC amplifier. See Figure 13.
Quadrature Demodulator: This device down converts the 128 QAM signal at
70 MHz to two baseband signals I and Q.
Baseband Signal Processing: The analog baseband signals I and Q are filtered
and amplified to assure proper input level to the Analog/Digital converters, which
convert the signals to baseband digital signals. These signals are then passed
through adaptive equalizers, to equalize distortions in the signal, which are then
fed into the demodulator signal processor.
Signal Processor: The signal processor performs several functions. It contains
the acquisition and tracking algorithms, loop filters, and error slicers. The
processed I and Q digital signals are then fed to the demultiplexer.

Lowpass Analog/
AGC Adaptive
Filter Digital
Equalizer
Converter
70 MHz IF
Quadrature Signal I & Q Data
Demodulator Processing
FPGA
Lowpass Analog/
AGC Digital Adaptive
Filter
Converter Equalizer
Figure 13. Demodulator
IF Processor
The Intermediate Frequency processor consists basically of four sections. See Figure
14.
Transmit Section: Its function is to pass the 310 MHz modulated signal through
the N-Plexer and then through the ODU-IDU cable. A transmit alarm detector
circuit is present to detect loss of signal. The alarm is reported back to the ISAC
interface.
Receive Section: It consists of a filter, an AGC amplifier, and a slope equalizer.
The input to this section is the 70 MHz signal from the N Plexer filter. The signal
passes through an IF filter that provides some adjacent channel rejection and then
through the IF AGC. This helps maintain the signal level constant to the
demodulator and corrects amplitude slopes on the signal.
Loopback Section: Its function is to implement an IF loopback when commanded
by the ISAC module.
N-Plexer Filter: This is a six-port passive circuit that combines the transmit,
receive, telemetry (transmit and receive), and DC power to a single port for
application to the RF cable that connects the indoor and outdoor units together.

TX Alarm Transmit
Alarm
Detector
310 MHz TX Signal
380 MHz
Loopback
Oscillator
IF Loopback
Slope
Receive 70 MHz IF IF
70 MHz IF Slope N-Plexer
AGC Bandpass Loopback
Equalizer
Amplifier Filter Switch
IDU/ODU
Cable
AGC
Detector
and Driver
ODU/IDU TLM
IDU/ODU TLM
-48 VDC
Figure 14. IF Processor
Figure 15 shows a qualitative spectrum of the signal between the IDU and ODU.
DC Power ODU-to-IDU Signal IDU-to-ODU Signal
IDU-ODU Telemetry
0 20 40 60 80 100 (continues) 280 300 320 340
Frequency (MHz)
Figure 15. Signal Spectrum

Signal Processor Module - PDH 8/16 E1

The PDH 8/16 E1 Signal Processor (SP) modules architecture and functional
description are essentially the same as the STM-1/OC-3 SP module. The main
difference is that a software-configurable 8 or 16 E1 tributary replaces the 155 Mbps
tributary.
Electrical Interface: The optical interface on the STM-1/OC-3 SP module is
replaced by an electrical interface. Instead of connecting two optical fibers
directly into the SP module, two DB-37 connectors are provided on the IDU front
panel. See Figure 16.
ESD
VF DATA NMS/AUX 1 NMS/AUX 1

B
STATUS
A ALARMS MAINT NMS/AUX 2 MAJ MIN ODU MAINT
0271a_pdh 8/16 E1 Interfaces
Figure 16. PDH Interfaces
There are two options for the electrical interface of these DB-37 connectors: the
75 ohm unbalanced interface, and the 120 ohm balanced interface. This is
specified at the time of ordering. To connect the user equipment to the Altium
radio through these connectors, special cable assemblies must be ordered. In the
case of the 75 ohm interface, the cables are terminated in 8 or 16 individual male
BNC connectors. For the 120 ohm interface, the cables are left open at the user
side. One of the DB-37 connectors is used for Transmit signals and the other for
Receive signals. The line code for the E1 channels is HDB3. All E1 I/F parameters
comply with ITU-T G.703.
Multiplexer: As mentioned above, instead of a 155 Mbps interface, the
multiplexer in the SP card will break down the user payload into 8 or 16 different
E1 channels. This setting is configured through the WMT.
There are other differences, such as occupied bandwidth and modulation type. See
Chapter 3 System Performance Specifications.

ISAC Module
The Status, Alarm and Control Unit of the IDU (ISAC) module provides the hardware
platform for the operational firmware of the Altium radio. An MC68360 RISC-based
microprocessor performs all the required supervisory and control functions of the
terminal as well as controlling terminal communications with a network management
system. The ISAC module provides self diagnostics and fault analysis for the radio
link and contains circuits for the auxiliary data, voice, and Ethernet channels. It is
located in the bottom slot in the Altium IDU.
Microcontroller
The microcontroller runs at a clock speed of 24.576 MHz and contains several
hardware support modules that control the operation of the microwave radio terminal.
Memory
There are three different types of memory on the ISAC. The Boot memory is contained
in two serial EEPROMs. One contains the product configuration and revision
information. The second EEPROM is mounted on a removable PCA, and stores the
radio configuration set by the customer. If needed, this PCA can be unplugged from
one ISAC and inserted on another, so that the radio does not have to be completely
configured again.
The second memory type is 8 MB of DRAM, which holds the program code after
system initialization.
The third memory type is the 8 MB of Flash memory that contains the executable code
of the ISAC.
Ethernet Repeater Hub

The ISAC module provides a four port Ethernet repeater hub, which is 10 Base-T
compliant. The hub provides regeneration of incoming signals to all ports, collision
detection, and keeps statistics on the operation of the local net. The Ethernet ports are
accessed through four 8-pin RJ45 connectors located at the front of the ISAC module.
Port 1 is wired with the transmit data as an input and the receive data as an output.
Ports 2,3 and 4 are wired with the transmit data as output and receive data as input.
VF Orderwire Channels
Altium provides two voice frequency orderwire circuits through the VF/AUX DATA
interface panel connector. These two channels are independent, 64 kbps bandwidth
channels, that can process VF signals in the range between 300 Hz and 3400 Hz.
The ISAC module provides VF bridging capabilities to mix orderwire signals from
other equipment. VF Channel 1 provides a 5-port bridge (audio mixer), while VF
Channel 2 provides a 4-port bridge. Three of the legs of both VF Channel 1 and VF
Channel 2 provide Access Panel interfaces. These interfaces are for the upstream and
downstream radios, and for local interfacing. Another leg in both VF Channels is
connected to its respective CODEC. The difference between VF Channel 1and VF
Channel 2 is that Channel 1 has a fifth leg, which connects to the local orderwire
telephone handset. If VF Channel 2 is used, it requires external orderwire equipment.
In the transmit direction, the VF signal obtained after adding the signals from the
bridge is quantized and encoded using A-law encoding at 64 kbps. The encoder is
synchronized with the on-line MULDEM, and the encoded signal is then fed to the
Service Channel multiplexer to be then integrated into the main data frame.

In the receive direction the ISAC module receives 64 kbps NRZ data and clock from
the SP module, which is synchronized through a PLL (phase locked loop) oscillator.
The CODEC decodes the digital data into a VF signal and sends it to the VF bridge,
where it is distributed to the rest of the bridge legs.
The VF section on the ISAC module also contains circuits for the VF channel address
decoder, DTMF generator/detector and ring generator logic.
Auxiliary Data Channels

The Auxiliary Data Channels are two independent 64 kbps synchronous channels with
a common clock. Each one of them can be configured either as a synchronous 64 kbps
channel, or an asynchronous channel configurable at different speeds. When operated
as an asynchronous channel, the 64 kbps synchronous channel is oversampled.
In the synchronous mode in the transmit direction, the interface receives TIA/EIA
RS-422B transmit data, starting with the rising edge of the associated clock. The signal
is then translated to CMOS levels and NRZ line code, and sent to both SP modules. On
the receive direction, the ISAC module receives the NRZ data and RX clock from the
two SP modules. The data coming from the on-line receiver is smoothed through a
FIFO buffer. This signal, together with the clock signal, are then passed through an
RS-422 level translator and sent to the VF/Aux Data connector on the interface panel.
The clock signal used by both auxiliary data channels can be configured as external or
internal, depending on the application. In the external mode, the connected user
equipment gives the TX clock, and the RX clock is given by the radio. This mode of
operation is mainly used for tail circuit applications (DCE-DCE connections). In the
internal clock mode, both the TX and RX clocks are given by the radio. This mode is
mainly used when connecting the radios data channel to a DTE interface. In the
external mode, if the external clock fails, the radio will switch to internal clock.
In the asynchronous mode, a high-speed clock is used to over sample the Transmit data
before synchronizing with a 64 kbps signal and multiplexing it with the rest of the
channels.
TTL and Relay Control and Alarms

The CONTROL/ALARMS connector provides eight TTL inputs, four TTL outputs,
and four relays.
Eight TTL level compatible status inputs are available. Their change of state is logged
in the radio event log that is viewable by the NMS or WMT as TTL external input 1
through 8 events. The active state is a TTL high while the normal state is a TTL low.
If the input is left open pullup resistors set the state high (+5 VDC). The inputs can also
be designated as unused and as such they do not create any log entries. Typical
applications for the TTL inputs are to monitor site access alarms or other
communications device alarms.
There are 4 TTL outputs that can be set high (+5 VDC) or low (0 VDC) by the user
through the NMS or WMT configuration menu. Their change in state is reported in the
event log as TTL external output 1, 2, 3 or 4 events. Typical applications for the TTL
outputs include controlling site lighting or other externally controlled devices.
There are four form C relays available for alarm and control outputs. Two of the relays
are nonlatching and two are latching (remain in the last state when power is removed).
Two alarm indications, Minor and Major, can be assigned to the nonlatching relays.
The alarm is active when the relay is deenergized so that the alarms show active if the
radio looses power. The user can also set the relays in a manual mode though the NMS

or WMT.
A forced open condition opens the connection between the normally closed and
common terminals. A forced closed condition connects the normally closed and
common terminals.
Fan Module
The Fan module plug-in resides in the IDU enclosure. The Fan provides forced air into
the IDU enclosure to keep the electronic components within their normal operating
temperature range. The Fan draws air from vent holes on the right side of the IDU
Enclosure and forces the air to exit from the left side. The Fan module contains two
independently operating fans, which are controlled by the ISAC module.
The Fan module requires three different voltage supplies (+5 VDC, -5 VDC and 48
VDC) to operate. Each supply is a dual feed to protect against a single failure. This
allows the Fan to continue operating when only one power source is available.
The Fans are specified to operate from 41 to 56 VDC. However, the Fan module
operates over the battery range of 49 to 72 VDC, using a battery voltage regulator
to obtain the correct voltage.
The fan on/off operation is controlled by individual external signals from the ISAC
module. The Fan module reports the operating condition of each fan to the ISAC
module. In case either of the fans in the module fails, the ISAC lights the Module Fail
LED on the Fan module.
Access Panel
The Access Panel contains the system status LEDs, power input, fuse holders,
connectors for external equipment such as alarms, an antistatic wrist strap, modems,
and terminal.
The removable Front Panel provides access to the signal processor unit, ISAC, and fan
modules.

ODU
The ODU contains the OSAC module, the RF plug-in module and the RF Distribution
module. See Figure 17. These modules are all located inside the ODU housing, which
is usually installed behind the antenna. The ODU can be mounted indoors and
outdoors. The antenna ports are on the back of the housing while the cable interface
and RSL monitor connectors are on the bottom of the ODU. The ODU draws its power
and, in nonprotected configurations, communicates with the IDU using a single
coaxial cable.
OSAC
Telemetry A
Cable Modem
I/O CPU
Cable Modem
Telemetry B
Alarm and Control Combiner
Transmitter/Receiver Diplexer
4
1 Mixer Rx Mixer LNA Filter
Lo
IDU/ODU Syn
Cable
3
5 Power
Mixer Tx Mixer Filter
Amplifier
2 DC-DC
Converter
1. 70 MHz AGC Amplifier

2. 310 MHz ALC Amplifier
3. 1848 MHz
4. 1778 MHz
5. 2158 MHz
Figure 17. ODU Block Diagram

OSAC Module
The OSAC (Outdoor Status Alarm and Control) module plug-in provides the
hardware platform for the operational firmware of the ODU. The fault, status,
diagnostics, and communications software is implemented on a MOTOROLA
MC68360 32 bit RISC microprocessor running at 25MHz. It operates under the
direction of the ISAC module in the IDU. In conjunction with this module, the OSAC
module provides sophisticated self diagnostics and fault analysis for the radio link.
See Figure 18.
The OSAC module performs the following functions:
Controls the operation of the ODU under supervision of the ISAC module in the
IDU. In order to be able to do this, the OSAC provides serial telemetry
communication channels between itself and the ISAC.
Monitors the radio modules in the ODU, collecting status and alarm information
from them. The ODU provides various stress points and generate alarms to
analyze traffic of the in-service equipment.
Provides calibrated RSSI (Receive Signal Strength Indicator) voltage to the radio
user. The receive AGC voltage is processed according to the capacity, frequency
and is corrected by a fixed factor based on current temperature and equipment
type. The resulting AGC voltage is converted back to a linear analog form and
sent to the RSL monitor port. The AGC voltage is linearized across 100 dB range
such that each 100 mV is equivalent to 10 dB of RSL. The higher the RSSI
voltage reading, the weaker the signal. The maximum allowed received signal
level is 20 dB (RSSI reading greater than 200 mV). The OSAC also sends the
adjusted receive AGC value to the ISAC module where it is converted to a dBm
value for the WMT.
Provides the hardware platform for the operational firmware of the ODU. The
memory subsystem consists of system boot memory, two identical banks of
program memory (FLASH), volatile data memory (SRAM), and nonvolatile
configuration memory (serial EEPROM).
The control program is stored onboard in nonvolatile memory. The FLASH
contains the compressed firmware (microcontroller instructions) which controls
the OSAC board and the radio system. The OSAC contains 512 KB of FLASH
EEPROM space. Additional memory is provided for updating the operational
code. In case a software download is unsuccessful, you can always return to the
previous version of code. This is reprogrammed, through the telemetry channel
with the IDU, using the Web Maintenance Terminal serial user interface or over
the NMS network.
The OSAC keeps the current status in volatile SRAM. The SRAM contains the
uncompressed firmware, system data base, interrupt stack and other data which is
constantly changed and updated.
Provides A/D conversion of analog status signals. Some modules in the ODU
provide continuously varying analog status signals to the OSAC. The ADC
converts these signals to digital form for use by the microcontroller. There is also
a DAC on board to provide the varying RSL signal.
Perform transmitter protection switching under control of the IDU.
Operates the ATPC (Automatic Transmit Power Control) based on the RSL
reading.

Address, Data, Controll Busses

Boot PROM
CPU
Telemetry A 38.4 kbps
Flash Memory
Telemetry B 38.4 kbps
Flash Memory
Int Alarms
Control SRAM
ADC
SPI
Serial Tristate
ADC DACs
PROM Buffers
Parallel I/O
Watchdog
Reset
Figure 18. OSAC Block Diagram

RF Plug-In Module
The RF Plug-In module consists of the RF Transceiver Assembly, and the Synthesizer
module. In a protected system there are two RF Plug-in modules located to the left and
right of the RF Distribution module. The basic function of the RF Plug-in module is
to perform the dual upconversion and downconversion.
RF Transceiver Assembly
The RF Transceiver Assembly consists of the IF (Intermediate Frequency) processor
board, the Transceiver, and the Interface board.
In the Transmit direction, the 310 MHz signal coming from the IDU enters the IF
Processor assembly. The 310 MHz TX signal is filtered from the other signals present
on the IDU-ODU cable. The signal then goes through two Automatic Level Control
(ALC) circuits, whose function is to compensate for power variations and to control
the voltage level of the signal. Next, the signal goes into a predistorter circuit, which
compensates for intermodulation produced in the power amplifier. Finally, the IF
processing board upconverts the signal from 310 MHz to the first intermediate
frequency of 2.118 GHz, using a local oscillator operating at 1.808 GHz.
The Transmit signal then enters the Transceiver module where it is upconverted to the
transmitter frequency in the 7.1 to 8.5 GHz band (for the 7/8 GHz ODU). The reason
for using two upconverter stages is that the 2118 MHz IF frequency makes sideband
filtering simple. The selected sideband is amplified to the desired output level in the
Power Amplifier, which contains several stages and a voltage controlled attenuator.
This attenuator is used for Automatic Transmit Power Control and for setting the
output power level.
The receive signal enters through the output flange and goes through the diplexer and
isolator to the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA). From the LNA, the signal goes to the first
downconverter through an image filter. The first IF (1738 MHz) is amplified, filtered,
and then downconverted to 70 MHz. The 1738 MHz filter provides image rejection at
140 MHz. The attenuators in the LNA and the two IF stages are arranged in a
delayed AGC configuration to provide linear operation under high input level
conditions and when there are high level spurious tones.
The Receive Signal Strength Indicator voltage is developed in a circuit separate from
the main signal path so that the voltage can be obtained independently of the AGC
amplifier in the Indoor unit. In addition, a narrow band filter can be used ahead of the
detector, so that strong interference tones will not affect the RSSI reading.
RF Distribution Module
In the transmit direction, after passing through an isolator and the RF diplexer, the
signal appears at the output flange. For maximum flexibility, two separate filters and
a W/G circulator are used. This arrangement minimizes insertion loss and also allows
the various configurations (HS, HH, and so on) to be used without special filters.
On the receive direction, the receive signal enters through the output flange and goes
through diplexer and isolator. After that it passes to the RF plug in module.

ODU Housing
The RF unit is housed in a corrosion-proof outdoor enclosure. The enclosure provides
two waveguide output flanges, two connectors for the modem cables, and two
connectors with RSSI voltages for antenna alignment.
The enclosure has a double gasket for environmental and electromagnetic interference
(EMI) protection.
Software Architecture
The Altium software architecture consists of an IDU and ODU component. The IDU
consists of (Figure 19):
WMT (Web Maintenance Terminal) - This component interacts with the user
through a standard web browser such as Netscape and allows the user to configure,
control, and monitor the performance of the system. To facilitate interfacing with
a web browser, the software includes an embedded web server.
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) Agent - The SNMP Agent
provides SNMP standards-based monitoring and control facility that can be
exercised using an SNMP client such as Provision.
Embedded Control and Monitoring -The embedded control and monitoring
component performs all necessary radio control and monitoring functions. It
interfaces with the WMT and the MIB.
MIB (management information base) - The MIB is a store for caching status and
alarm information, making it available to the outside world through the WMT and
SNMP agent.
Web/SNMP Embedded SP Modules

Bus
Ports WMT Control &
Interface
Browser Monitoring
SNMP
Agent
MIB
Figure 19. Software Architecture
The ODU component consists of control and monitoring software that interfaces with
the IDU through a link employing asynchronous communication. The ODU receives
operating parameters from the IDU on power-up and forwards status and alarm
information to the IDU embedded control and monitoring module. The status and
alarm information is then forwarded to the MIB. It is also used to implement protection
algorithms.


Digital Microwave Corporation Specifications
Chapter 3
System Performance
Specifications
155 Mbps Radios
Digital Service Channels

Quantity 2 (Ch1 and Ch2)
Inteface RS-422B
Digital Line Rate 64 Kbps Synchronous or
(configuarable) 19.2 Kbps Asynchronous
External Alarms
Inputs 8-TTL
4- Form C dry contact relays
Outputs
4-TTL
Network Management
NMS Prototcol SNMP
Interface 10 Base-T
Configurations
Non Protected 6 - 38 GHz
Protected (MHSB) 6 - 38 GHz
Space Diversity 6 - 13 GHz
Frequency diversity 6 - 11 GHz
Data Interface (STM-1/OC-3)
Type Optical (multimode)
Source LED PIN photodiode
Output Power -19 to -14 dBm
Input Power -30 to -14 dBm
VF Service Channels
Quantity 2 (VF 1 and VF 2)
Frequency 300-3400 Hz
I/O Impedance 600 ohms
Input Level -3.5 or -16 dBm


Output Level -3.5 or 7 dBm
Signalling DTMF EOW (VF1 only), RJ-11
Bridging 3 port (VF 1 and VF 2)
Protected Network System - Additional Losses

Tx Rx A Rx B
Protected MHSB 0.5 dB 1 dB 11 dB
Space Diversity 0.5 dB 0 dB 0 dB
Frequency Diversity 0 dB 1 dB 1 dB
Environmental
Ambient
Humidity Altitude
Temperature
IDU -10 o to -55o C -10 o to -55o C 4, 500 meters
ODU -33 o to -55o C All weather 4, 500 meters

Mechanical
Weight (kg) Dimensions (mm)
Nonprotected Protected HxWxD
IDU 6 7 133 x 483 x 300
ODU 16.5 21.5 483 x 300 x 239
Electrical
Input Voltage -40.5 to -72 VDC
Power Consumption ATPC Hi ATPC Lo
Nonprotected 110 W 100 W
Protected 210 W 190 W

RF Specifications
Frequency Band (GHz) 6 7/8 10/11 13 15 18 23 26 28 31 (3) 38
5.9 7.1 10.5 12.75 14.20 17.7 21.2 24.5 27.5 29.5 37.0
Range (GHz)
7.125 8.5 11.7 13.25 15.35 19.7 23.6 29.5 29.5 31.5 40
Tx Output Power 1 (dB) 24 19 18 16 16.5 16 15.5
ATPC Range (minimum) 7 dBm
Output Power Tolerance +2/-1 dBm
Receiver Threshold at 10 -6 BER (dBm) -68.0 -67.0 -66.0 -65.0 -64.5 -63.5 -63.0 -61.0
System Gain at 10 -6 BER (dB) 92.0 86.0 84.0 82.0 81.5 81.0 79.5 79.0 76.5
Frequency Stability 0.001% 0.0007% 0.0005%
Dispersive Fade Margin 2 43.0 dB
Tuning Bandwidth Center tuned up to 360 MHz
1. Maximum output power - ATPC HI

2. Based on 10 -6 BER

PDH (8/16 E1) Radios

Quantity 2 (Ch1 and Ch2)
Inteface RS-422B
Digital Line Rate 64 Kbps Synchronous or
(configuarable) 19.2 Kbps Asynchronous
External Alarms
Inputs 8-TTL
4- Form C dry contact relays
Outputs
4-TTL
Network Management
NMS Prototcol SNMP

Interface 10 Base-T
Configurations
Non Protected 6 - 15 GHz
Protected (MHSB) 6 - 15 GHz
Space Diversity 6 - 13 GHz
Frequency diversity 6 - 11 GHz
Data Interface (8/16 E1)
Type Electrical G.703
75 ohm unbalanced
Options
120 ohms balanced
VF Service Channels
Quantity 2 (VF 1 and VF 2)
Frequency 300-3400 Hz
I/O Impedance 600 ohms
Input Level -3.5 or -16 dBm
Output Level -3.5 or 7 dBm
Signalling DTMF EOW (VF1 only), RJ-11
Bridging 3 port (VF 1 and VF 2)

Protected Network System - Additional Losses

Tx Rx A Rx B
Protected MHSB 0.5 dB 1 dB 11 dB
Space Diversity 0.5 dB 0 dB 0 dB
Frequency Diversity 0 dB 1 dB 1 dB
Electrical
Input Voltage -40.5 to -72 VDC
Power Consumption ATPC Hi ATPC Lo
Nonprotected 110W 100W
Protected 210W 190W
Environmental
Ambient
Humidity Altitude
Temperature
IDU -10o to -55o C -10o to -55o C 4, 500 meters
ODU -33o to -55o C All weather 4, 500 meters

Mechanical
Weight (kg) Dimensions (mm)
Nonprotected Protected HxWxD
IDU 6 7 133 x 483 x 300
ODU 16.5 21.5 483 x 300 x 239

RF Specifications
Frequency Band (GHz) 6 7/8 10/11 13 15
5.9 7.1 10.5 12.75 14.20

Range (GHz)
7.125 8.5 11.7 13.25 15.35
8 E1 29 24 23
Tx Output Power 1 (dB)
16 E1 27 22 21
ATPC Range (minimum) 7 dBm
Output Power Tolerance +2/-1 dBm
8 E1 -86 -85 -84

Receiver Threshold at 10 -6 BER (dBm)
16 E1 -79 -78 -77
8 E1 115 109 107

System Gain at 10 -6 BER (dB)
16 E1 106 109 98
Frequency Stability 0.001% 0.0007%
8 E1 64
Dispersive Fade Margin 2
16 E1 56
Tuning Bandwidth Center tuned
1. Maximum output power - ATPC HI

2. Based on 10 -6 BER

Digital Microwave Corporation Glossary
Glossary
100 Base-T. 100-Mbps baseband Fast Ethernet specification using UTP wiring. Like the 10
Base-T technology on which it is based, 100Base-T sends link pulses over the network
segment when no traffic is present. However, these link pulses contain more information than
those used in 10 Base-T. Based on the IEEE 802.3 standard. See also 10 Base-T, Fast
Ethernet, and IEEE 802.3.
10 Base-2. 10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using 50-ohm thin coaxial cable. 10
Base-2, which is part of the IEEE 802.3 specification, has a distance limit of 606.8 feet (185
meters) per segment. See also Cheapernet, Ethernet, IEEE 802.3, and Thinnet.
10 Base-T. 10-Mbps baseband Ethernet specification using two pairs of twisted-pair

cabling (Category 3, 4, or 5): one pair for transmitting data and the other for receiving data.
10 Base-T, which is part of the IEEE 802.3 specification, has a distance limit of
approximately 328 feet (100 meters) per segment. See also Ethernet and IEEE 802.3.
802.12. IEEE LAN standard that specifies the physical layer and the MAC sublayer of the
data link layer. IEEE 802.12 uses the demand priority media-access scheme at 100 Mbps over
a variety of physical media.
802.x. Set of IEEE standards for the definition of LAN protocols.
A&B bit signaling. Procedure used in T1 transmission facilities in which each of the 24 T1
subchannels devotes one bit of every sixth frame to the carrying of supervisory signaling
information. Also called 24th channel signaling.
address. Data structure or logical convention used to identify a unique entity, such as a
particular process or network device.
ADC or A/D. Analog to Digital Converter
address mapping. Technique that allows different protocols to interoperate by translating

addresses from one format to another. For example, when routing IP over X.25, the IP
addresses must be mapped to the X.25 addresses so that the IP packets can be transmitted by
the X.25 network.
address resolution. Generally, a method for resolving differences between computer

addressing schemes. Address resolution usually specifies a method for mapping network
layer (Layer 3) addresses to data link layer (Layer 2) addresses.
ADM. Add/Drop Multiplexer. Device which allows traffic to be inserted and/or dropped in
either direction without demultiplexing the entire signal.
AGC. Automatic Gain Control
agent. Generally, software that processes queries and returns replies on behalf of an
application. In NMSs, process that resides in all managed devices and reports the values of
specified variables to management stations.
alarm. SNMP message notifying an operator or administrator of a network problem.
ALC. Automatic Level Control

Glossary Digital Microwave Corporation
ANSI. American National Standards Institute. The coordinating body for voluntary
standards groups within the United States. ANSI is a member of the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO).
application. Program that performs a function directly for a user. FTP and Telnet
clients are examples of network applications.
ARP. Address Resolution Protocol. Internet protocol used to map an IP address to a

MAC address. Defined in RFC 826.
ASCII. American Standard Code for Information Interchange. 8-bit code for character
representation (7 bits plus parity).
asynchronous transmission. Term describing digital signals that are transmitted

without precise clocking. Such signals generally have different frequencies and phase
relationships. Asynchronous transmissions usually encapsulate individual characters in
control bits (called start and stop bits) that designate the beginning and end of each
character.
ATM. Asynchronous Transfer Mode. (1) The CCITT standard for cell relay wherein
information for multiple types of services (voice, video, data) is conveyed in small,
fixed-size cells. ATM is a connection oriented technology used in both LAN and WAN
environments. (2) A fast-packet switching technology allowing free allocation of
capacity to each channel.
ATPC. Automatic Transmit Power Control
authentication. In security, the verification of the identity of a person or process.
AUX. Auxiliary
B8ZS. binary 8-zero substitution. Line-code type, used on T1 circuits, in which a

special code is substituted whenever 8 consecutive zeros are sent over the link. This
code is then interpreted at the remote end of the connection. This technique guarantees
ones density independent of the data stream. Sometimes called bipolar 8-zero
substitution.
Backplane. The main bus that carries data within a device.
Bandwidth. (1) Measure of the information capacity of a transmission channel. (2)

The difference between the highest and lowest frequencies of a band that can be passed
by a transmission medium without undue distortion, such as the AM band 535 to 1705
kilohertz. (3) Information carrying capacity of a communication channel. Analog
bandwidth is the range of signal frequencies that can be transmitted by a
communication channel or network.
bandwidth. Difference between the highest and lowest frequencies available for
network signals. The term is also used to describe the rated throughput capacity of a
given network medium or protocol.
baseband. Characteristic of a network technology where only one carrier frequency

is used. Ethernet is an example of a baseband network. Also called narrowband.
Contrast with broadband.

baud. Unit of signaling speed equal to the number of discrete signal elements
transmitted per second. Baud is synonymous with bits per second (bps) if each signal
element represents exactly 1 bit.
BER. Bit Error Rate. (1) Percentage of bits in a transmittal received in error. (2) The
number of coding violations detected in a unit of time, usually one second.
bipolar 8-zero substitution. See B8ZS.
BNC. Bayonet Neill-Concelman connector.
BOOTP. Bootstrap Protocol. Protocol used by a network node to determine the IP

address of its Ethernet interfaces, in order to affect network booting.
BPF. Band Pass Filter
bps. Bits Per Second. The number of bits passing a point every second. The
transmission rate for digital information.
bridge. Device that connects and passes packets between two network segments that
use the same communications protocol. Bridges operate at the data link layer (Layer 2)
of the OSI reference model. In general, a bridge will filter, forward, or flood an
incoming frame based on the MAC address of that frame.
broadband. Transmission system that multiplexes multiple independent signals onto

one cable. In telecommunications terminology, any channel having a bandwidth
greater than a voice-grade channel (4 kHz). In LAN terminology, a coaxial cable on
which analog signaling is used. Also called wideband. Contrast with baseband.
browser. GUI-based hypertext client application, such as Internet Explorer, Mosaic,

and Netscape Navigator, used to access hypertext documents and other services located
on innumerable remote servers throughout the WWW and Internet.
BW. Bandwidth
cable. Transmission medium of copper wire or optical fiber wrapped in a protective

cover.
carrier. Electromagnetic wave or alternating current of a single frequency, suitable for

modulation by another, data-bearing signal. See also modulation.
CE. Compliance marking which denotes that a product conforms to certain European
Economic Community Directives to remove technical barriers to trade within the
Single Market (quotation taken from URN 94/634) (includes EMC/EMI, etc.).
CEPT. European Conference of postal and Telecommunications Administration
Channel. (1) A communication path. Multiple channels can be multiplexed over a

single cable in certain environments. The term is also used to describe the specific path
between large computers and attached peripherals. (2) An electrical or photonic, in the
case of fiber optic-based transmission systems, communications path between two or
more points of termination. (3) The smallest subdivision of a circuit that provides a type
of communication service; usually a path with only one direction.
CLEI. Common Language Equipment Identification

CLK. Clock
Clock. Any of the sources of timing signals used in isochronous data transmission.
CODEC. Coder/Decoder.
CPU. Central Processing Unit
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE). (1) Telephone terminal devices, such as

handsets and private branch exchanges (PBXs), located on the customers premises. (2)
Terminating equipment, such as terminals, phones, routers and modems, supplied by
the phone company, installed at customer sites, and connected to the phone company
network.
DAC or D/A. Digital to Analog Converter
data circuit-terminating equipment. See DCE.
data communications equipment. See DCE.
data terminal equipment. See DTE.
dB. Decibel, logarithmic unit of signal ratio.
DB connector. data bus connector. Type of connector used to connect serial and
parallel cables to a data bus. DB connector names are in the format DB-x, where x
represents the number of wires within the connector. Each line is connected to a pin on
the connector, but in many cases, not all pins are assigned a function. DB connectors
are defined by various EIA/TIA standards.
DB-25. The name of the standard 25-pin connector.
DB-9. The name of the standard 9-pin connector used for RS-232 serial
communications.
dBm. Decibel referenced to 1 mW
DCE. 1. data communications equipment (EIA expansion) 2. data circuit-terminating

equipment (ITU-T expansion). Devices and connections of a communications network
that comprise the network end of the user-to-network interface. The DCE provides a
physical connection to the network, forwards traffic, and provides a clocking signal
used to synchronize data transmission between DCE and DTE devices. Modems and
interface cards are examples of DCE.
demodulation. Process of returning a modulated signal to its original form. Modems

perform demodulation by taking an analog signal and returning it to its original (digital)
form. See also modulation.
DEMOD. Demodulator
demultiplexing. Separating of multiple input streams that were multiplexed into a

common physical signal back into multiple output streams.
DEMUX. Demultiplexer

DFM. Dispersive Fade Margin
DS-0. Digital Signal level 0. Framing specification used in transmitting digital signals
over a single channel at 64-kbps on a T1 facility.
DS-1. Digital Signal level 1. Framing specification used in transmitting digital signals
at 1.544-Mbps on a T1 facility. Composed of 24 DS-0 channels in many cases. The
DS1 digital transmission system is the primary digital communication system in North
America (in the United States).
DS-3. Digital Ssignal level 3. Framing specification used for transmitting digital
signals at 44.736-Mbps on a T3 facility.
DTE. Data Terminal Equipment. Device at the user end of a user-network interface
that serves as a data source, destination, or both. DTE connects to a data network
through a DCE device (for example, a modem) and typically uses clocking signals
generated by the DCE. DTE includes such devices as computers, protocol translators,
and multiplexers.
DTMF. Dual Tone Multi-Frequency
E1. The term for a digital facility used for transmitting data over a telephone network
at 2.048 Mbps. The European equivalent of T1. Consists of 30 64 kbps voice/data
channels.
E3. Wide-area digital transmission scheme used predominantly in Europe that carries
data at a rate of 34.368 Mbps. E3 lines can be leased for private use from common
carriers. Consists of 16 E1 channels
ECC. Embedded Control Channel.
EEPROM. electrically erasable programmable read-only memory. EPROM that can

be erased using electrical signals applied to specific pins.
EIA. Electronic Industries Association. Group that specifies electrical transmission

standards. The EIA and TIA have developed numerous well-known communications
standards, including EIA/TIA-232 and EIA/TIA-449.
EIA-530. Refers to two electrical implementations of EIA/TIA-449: RS-422 (for

balanced transmission) and RS-423 (for unbalanced transmission).
EIA/TIA-232. Common physical layer interface standard, developed by EIA and TIA,
that supports unbalanced circuits at signal speeds of up to 64 kbps. Closely resembles
the V.24 specification. Formerly called as RS-232.
EIA/TIA-449. Popular physical layer interface developed by EIA and TIA.

Essentially, a faster (up to 2 Mbps) version of EIA/TIA-232 capable of longer cable
runs. Formerly called RS-449.
EIA/TIA-586. Standard that describes the characteristics and applications for various
grades of UTP cabling.
EMC. Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMI. Electromagnetic Interference. Interference by electromagnetic signals that can

cause reduced data integrity and increased error rates on transmission channels.
EOW. Engineering Order Wire
EPROM. erasable programmable read-only memory. Nonvolatile memory chips that

are programmed after they are manufactured, and, if necessary, can be erased by some
means and reprogrammed.
ES. Error Second
ESD. Electrostatic Discharge
Ethernet. A baseband LAN specification invented by Xerox Corporation and

developed jointly by Xerox, Intel, and Digital Equipment Corporation. Ethernet
networks operate at 10 Mbps using CSMA/CD to run over coaxial cable. Ethernet is
similar to a series of standards produced by IEEE referred to as IEEE 802.3.
Ethernet. Baseband LAN specification invented by Xerox Corporation and

developed jointly by Xerox, Intel, and Digital Equipment Corporation. Ethernet
networks use CSMA/CD and run over a variety of cable types at 10 Mbps. Ethernet is
similar to the IEEE 802.3 series of standards.
ETSI. European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
FCC. Federal Communications Commission. U.S. government agency that supervises,

licenses, and controls electronic and electromagnetic transmission standards.
FDDI. Fiber Distributed Data Interface. LAN standard, defined by ANSI X3T9.5,
specifying a 100-Mbps token-passing network using fiber-optic cable, with
transmission distances of up to 2 km. FDDI uses a dual-ring architecture to provide
redundancy.
FEC. Forward Error Correction
FIFO. First In First Out buffer.
FIR. Finite Impulse Response
FLASH. Nonvolatile storage that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed so that
software images can be stored, booted, and rewritten as necessary. Flash memory was
developed by Intel and is licensed to other semiconductor companies.
flow control. Technique for ensuring that a transmitting entity, such as a modem,
does not overwhelm a receiving entity with data. When the buffers on the receiving
device are full, a message is sent to the sending device to suspend the transmission until
the data in the buffers has been processed. In IBM networks, this technique is called
pacing.
G.703/G.704. ITU-T electrical and mechanical specifications for connections

between telephone company equipment and DTE using BNC connectors and operating
at E1 data rates.
GUI. graphical user interface. User environment that uses pictorial as well as textual
representations of the input and output of applications and the hierarchical or other data
structure in which information is stored. Conventions such as buttons, icons, and

windows are typical, and many actions are performed using a pointing device (such as
a mouse). Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh are prominent examples of
platforms using a GUI.
handshake. Sequence of messages exchanged between two or more network devices

to ensure transmission synchronization.
HDB3. Line code type used on E1 circuits.
HH. Hot Standby TX / Hot Standby RX
HS. Hot Standby TX / Space Diversity RX
HTML. Hypertext Markup Language. Simple hypertext document formatting language

that uses tags to indicate how a given part of a document should be interpreted by a
viewing application, such as a Web browser. See also hypertext and Web browser.
HTTP. Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The protocol used by Web browsers and Web
servers to transfer files, such as text and graphic files.
H/W. Hardware
IDU. Indoor Unit
IEC. International Electrotechnical Commission. Industry group that writes and

distributes standards for electrical products and components.
IEEE. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Professional organization

whose activities include the development of communications and network standards.
IEEE LAN standards are the predominant LAN standards today.
IEEE 802.3. IEEE LAN protocol that specifies an implementation of the physical
layer and the MAC sublayer of the data link layer. IEEE 802.3 uses CSMA/CD access
at a variety of speeds over a variety of physical media. Extensions to the IEEE 802.3
standard specify implementations for Fast Ethernet. Physical variations of the original
IEEE 802.3 specification include 10 Base-2, 10 Base-5, 10 Base-F, 10 Base-T, and
10Broad36. Physical variations for Fast Ethernet include 100Base-T, 100Base-T4, and
100Base-X.
IEEE 802.5. IEEE LAN protocol that specifies an implementation of the physical
layer and MAC sublayer of the data link layer. IEEE 802.5 uses token passing access
at 4 or 16 Mbps over STP cabling and is similar to IBM Token Ring.
IF. Intermediate frequency
Internet. A collection of networks interconnected by a set of routers which allow them

to function as a single, large virtual network.
IP. Internet Protocol. Network layer protocol in the TCP/IP stack offering a
connectionless internetwork service. IP provides features for addressing,
type-of-service specification, fragmentation and reassembly, and security. Defined in
RFC 791.
IP address. 32-bit address assigned to hosts using TCP/IP. An IP address belongs to

one of five classes (A, B, C, D, or E) and is written as 4 octets separated by periods

(dotted decimal format). Each address consists of a network number, an optional

subnetwork number, and a host number. The network and subnetwork numbers
together are used for routing, while the host number is used to address an individual
host within the network or subnetwork. A subnet mask is used to extract network and
subnetwork information from the IP address. CIDR provides a new way of representing
IP addresses and subnet masks. Also called an Internet address.
ISO 9000. Set of international quality-management standards defined by ISO. The

standards, which are not specific to any country, industry, or product, allow companies
to demonstrate that they have specific processes in place to maintain an efficient quality
system.
ISAC. Indoor Service Administration and Control. Replaceable IDU module.
ITU-T. International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization

Sector. International body that develops worldwide standards for telecommunications
technologies. The ITU-T carries out the functions of the former CCITT.
kbps. Kilo bit per second.
LAN. Local-Area Network. High-speed, low-error data network covering a relatively

small geographic area (up to a few thousand meters). LANs connect workstations,
peripherals, terminals, and other devices in a single building or other geographically
limited area. LAN standards specify cabling and signaling at the physical and data link
layers of the OSI model. Ethernet, FDDI, and Token Ring are widely used LAN
technologies.
Leased Line. A transmission line reserved by a communications carrier for the

private use of a customer.
LED. Light Emitting Diode
line of sight. Characteristic of certain transmission systems such as laser,

microwave, and infrared systems in which no obstructions in a direct path between
transmitter and receiver can exist.
Link. Physical connection between two nodes in a network. It can consist of a data
communication circuit or a direct channel (cable) connection.
LIU. Line Interface Unit
LNA. Low Noise Amplifier
Local Loop. The line from a telephone customers premises to the telephone
company Central Office.
LOF. Loss of Frame
LOS. Loss of Signal
LPBK. Loopback
LPF. Low Pass Filter
Mbps. Mega bit per second

MCU. Monitor and Control Unit.
MDF. Main Distribution Frame
MHSB. Monitored Hot Standby
MIB. Management Information Base. A database of information on managed objects

that can be accessed via network management protocols such as SNMP and CMIP.
microwave. Electromagnetic waves in the range 1 to 30 GHz. Microwave-based

networks are an evolving technology gaining favor due to high bandwidth and
relatively low cost.
modem. modulator-demodulator. Device that converts digital and analog signals. At

the source, a modem converts digital signals to a form suitable for transmission over
analog communication facilities. At the destination, the analog signals are returned to
their digital form. Modems allow data to be transmitted over voice-grade telephone
lines.
Modulation. process by which signal characteristics are transformed to represent

information. Types of modulation include frequency modulation (FM), where signals
of different frequencies represent different data values.
MTBF. Mean Time Between Failures (in 10+9 hours of operation)
MTTR. Mean Time to Repair
MULDEM. Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
multimode fiber. Optical fiber supporting propagation of multiple frequencies of

light. See also single-mode fiber.
multiplexing. Scheme that allows multiple logical signals to be transmitted

simultaneously across a single physical channel.
mux. multiplexing device. Combines multiple signals for transmission over a single
line. The signals are demultiplexed, or separated, at the receiving end.
NC. Normally Closed Contact of the relay.
NE. Network Element
network. Collection of computers, printers, routers, switches, and other devices that
are able to communicate with each other over some transmission medium.
network administrator. Person responsible for the operation, maintenance, and

management of a network.
NIC. 1. network interface card. Board that provides network communication

capabilities to and from a computer system. Also called an adapter.
NMS. network management system. System responsible for managing at least part of
a network. An NMS is generally a reasonably powerful and well-equipped computer
such as an engineering workstation. NMSs communicate with agents to help keep track
of network statistics and resources.

NN. Non-Protected Transmitter/Non-Protected Receiver
NRZ. nonreturn to zero. Signals that maintain constant voltage levels with no signal
transitions (no return to a zero-voltage level) during a bit interval.
OAM&P. Operations, Administration and Maintenance Provisioning
OC-1. Optical Carrier 1. ITU-ISS physical standard for optical fiber used in
transmission systems operating at 51.84 Mbps.
OC-3. Optical Carrier 3. ITU-ISS physical standard for optical fiber used in
transmission systems operating at 155 Mbps
OC-x. Optical Carrier. Fundamental unit used in SONET (Synchronous Optical

NETwork) hierarchy. OC indicates an optical signal and x represents increments of
51.84 Mbps. OC-1, -3, and -12 equal optical rates of 51, 155, and 622 Mbps.
ODU. Outdoor Unit
OIU. Optical Interface Unit
optical fiber. See fiber-optic cable.
OS. Operating System.
OSAC. Outdoor System Administration and Control
OSI. Open Systems Interconnection. A 7-layer architecture model for communications

systems developed by ISO and used as a reference model for most network
architectures.
PA. Power Amplifier
PCB. Printed Circuit Board
PCM. Pulse Code Modulation
PDH. Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
plesiochronous transmission. Term describing digital signals that are sourced

from different clocks of comparable accuracy and stability.
POH. Path OverHead.
PPP. Point-to-Point Protocol. Successor to SLIP that provides router-to-router and

host-to-network connections over synchronous and asynchronous circuits. Whereas
SLIP was designed to work with IP, PPP was designed to work with several network
layer protocols, such as IP, IPX, and ARA. PPP also has builtin security mechanisms,
such as CHAP and PAP. PPP relies on two protocols: LCP and NCP.
Premises. A building or a portion of a building in a multitenant building, or buildings

on a continuous property (except Railroad Right-of-Way, etc.) not separated by a
public highway except for an end user that offers Telecommunications Services
exclusively as a reseller. This term is not to be limited to one building, but applies as
well to a complex, or campus-type configuration, or buildings.

PSU. Power Supply Unit
PTT. Postal, Telegraph and Telephone Company. Generic term for a provider of these
services. A governmental agency in many countries.
PWR. Power
QAM. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK. Quadrature Phase Shift Key Modulation
RAM. Random-Access Memory. Volatile memory that can be read and written by a
microprocessor.
RBOC. Regional Bell Operating Company. (1) One of seven telephone companies
created after AT&T divestiture. (2) The acronym for the local telephone companies
created in 1984 as part of the breakup of AT&T. The seven RBOCs are Ameritech, Bell
Atlantic, Bell South, NYNEX, Pacific Telesis Group, Southwestern Bell, and U.S.
West.
Regenerator. Repeater (1) A device that regenerates and propagates electrical

signals between two network segments. (2) Device that restores a degraded digital
signal for continued transmission; also called a regenerator.
RF. Radio Frequency. Generic term referring to frequencies that correspond to radio
transmissions. Cable TV and broadband networks use RF technology.
RFI. Radio Frequency Interference. Radio frequencies that create noise that interferes
with information being transmitted across unshielded copper cable.
RJ-11. Standard 4-wire connectors for phone lines.
RJ-45. Standard 8-wire connectors for IEEE 802.3 10 Base-T networks.
RISC. Reduced instruction set computing
RS-232. Popular physical layer interface. Now known as EIA/TIA-232.
RS-423. Unbalanced electrical implementation of EIA/TIA-449 for EIA/TIA-232

compatibility. Now referred to collectively with RS-422 as EIA-530.
RS-449. Popular physical layer interface. Now known as EIA/TIA-449.
RSL. Receive Signal Level
RSSI. Received Signal Strength Indicator
RX. Receiver
SDH. Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. European standard that defines a set of rate and
format standards that are transmitted using optical signals over fiber. SDH is similar to
SONET, with a basic SDH rate of 155.52 Mbps, designated at STM-1.
SES. Severe Error Second
Single Mode. Used to describe optical fiber that allows only one mode of light signal

transmission.
Single-mode Fiber. Also called monomode. Single-mode fiber has a narrow core
that allows light to enter only at a single angle. Such fiber has higher bandwidth than
multimode fiber, but requires a light source with a narrow spectral width (for example,
a LASER).
SONET. Synchronous Optical Network. High-speed (up to 2.5 Gbps) synchronous

network specification developed by Bellcore and designed to run on optical fiber.
STS-1 is the basic building block of SONET. Approved as an international standard in
1988.
SNMP. Simple Network Management Protocol. The Internet network management

protocol. SNMP provides a means to monitor and set network configurations and
runtime parameters.
SOH. Section OverHead
SONET. Synchronous Optical Network. (1) A set of standards for transmitting digital
information over optical networks. Synchronous indicates that all pieces of the SONET
signal can be tied to a single clock. (2) A CCITT standard for synchronous transmission
up toe multigigabit speeds. (3) A standard for fiber optics.
SP. Signal Processing module.
SRAM. Type of RAM that retains its contents for as long as power is supplied. SRAM
does not require constant refreshing, like DRAM.
STD. Standard FibreNex shelf.
STM-1. Synchronous Transport Module level 1. One of a number of SDH formats that
specifies the frame structure for the 155.52-Mbps lines used to carry ATM cells.
STM-4. Synchronous Transport Module, Level 4. Transmission rate of 622.08 Mbps.
STS-1. Synchronous Transport Signal level 1. Basic building block signal of SONET,
operating at 51.84 Mbps. Faster SONET rates are defined as STS-n, where n is a
multiple of 51.84 Mbps.
subnet mask. 32-bit address mask used in IP to indicate the bits of an IP address that
are being used for the subnet address. Sometimes referred to simply as mask.
S/W. Software
synchronous transmission. Term describing digital signals that are transmitted

with precise clocking. Such signals have the same frequency, with individual
characters encapsulated in control bits (called start bits and stop bits) that designate the
beginning and end of each character.
T1. Digital WAN carrier facility. T1 transmits DS-1-formatted data at 1.544 Mbps
through the telephone-switching network, using AMI or B8ZS coding.
T3. Digital WAN carrier facility. T3 transmits DS-3-formatted data at 44.736 Mbps
through the telephone switching network.

TDM. Time Division Multiplexing. Technique where information from multiple

channels may be allocated bandwidth on a single wire based on time slot assignment.
Terminal. The device on a line where signals are either transmitted or received.
TFTP. Trivial File Transfer Protocol
TIA. Telecommunications Industry Association. Organization that develops standards

relating to telecommunications technologies. Together, the TIA and the EIA have
formalized standards, such as EIA/TIA-232, for the electrical characteristics of data
transmission.
TIA-232. -RS-422. Balanced electrical implementation of EIA/TIA-449 for

high-speed data transmission. Now referred to collectively with RS-423 as EIA-530.
TIU. Tributary Interface Unit
TNC. Threaded Neill-Concelman Connector
TTL. Transistor to transistor logic.
TX. Transmitter
URL. Universal Resource Locator. Standardized addressing scheme for accessing

hypertext documents and other services using a browser.
V.24. ITU-T standard for a physical layer interface between DTE and DCE. V.24 is
essentially the same as the EIA/TIA-232 standard.
V.32. ITU-T standard serial line protocol for bidirectional data transmissions at speeds
of 4.8 or 9.6 Kbps.
V.32bis. ITU-T standard that extends V.32 to speeds up to 14.4 Kbps.
V.34. ITU-T standard that specifies a serial line protocol. V.34 offers improvements to
the V.32 standard, including higher transmission rates (28.8 Kbps) and enhanced data
compression.
V.35. ITU-T standard describing a synchronous, physical layer protocol used for
communications between a network access device and a packet network. V.35 is most
commonly used in the United States and in Europe, and is recommended for speeds up
to 48 Kbps.
V.42. ITU-T standard protocol for error correction using LAPM.
VAC. Volts Alternating Current
VCO. Voltage Controlled Oscillator
VDC. Volts Direct Current
VF. Voice Frequency
WAN. Wide Area Network. A network which encompasses interconnectivity between

devices over a wide geographic area. Such networks would require public
rights-of-way and operate over long distances.

wiring closet. Specially designed room used for wiring a data or voice network.
Wiring closets serve as a central junction point for the wiring and wiring equipment that
is used for interconnecting devices.
WMT. Web Based Maintenance Terminal
XTD. Extended FibreNex shelf.

Digital Microwave Corporation Index
Index interfaces 2
ISAC module 4, 22
A M
Access Panel 24 maintenance features 8
alarm relays 23 MIB 29
alarms, external 9 modular architecture 4
ATPC 7 modulation schemes 2
Aux data 9
N
B network applications 10
bandwidth 2 NMS 8
NMS interface 9
C
capacities 2
O
coaxial cables 3 ODU
control relays 9, 23 block diagram 25
description 5
flexible waveguide 6
D housing 29
data channels 23 installation options 6
modules 5
E OSAC module 5, 26
overview 25
electromagnetic compatibility 9
RF Distribution module 5, 28
embedded control and monitoring 29
RF plug-in module 5, 28
EOW 9, 22
Slip-Fit configuration 6
Ethernet hub 9, 22
ODU software architecture 29
external alarms 9
operation, radio 13
OSAC module 5, 26
F Outdoor Status Alarm and Control (OSAC)
fan module 24 module 5
field-replaceable modules 4 overhead channels 9
frequency bands 7
frequency plans 7
frequency ranges 7
P
path calculations 7
payload 2
I PDH
IDU 4 120 ohm interface 21
block diagram 15 75 ohm interface 21
ISAC module 4 electrical interface 21
motherboard 15 PDH signal processor module 21
operation PROM 4
demodulator 18 Provision Network Management Software 8
demultiplexer 16
IF processor 19
modulator 18
R
rack units 4
multiplexer 15
radio operation 13
PDH version 4
relays 9
power supply unit 15
RF Distribution module 5, 28
rack units 4
RF plug-in module 5, 28
Indoor Status Alarm and Control (ISAC)
ring topology 10
module 4
installation options, ODU 6
interface connectors 9

Index Digital Microwave Corporation
S
Signal Processor (SP) module 4
signal spectrum 20
SNMP 8, 29
software architecture
embedded control monitoring 29
MIB 29
ODU 29
SNMP 29
WMT 29
SP module 4
specifications
155Mbps radios 31
PDH radios 34
standards compliance 9
star topology 11
system configurations 4
system synchronization 11
V
VF orderwire channels 22
W
Web Maintenance Terminal (WMT) 8
WMT 8, 9, 29

For more information,
please contact:
www.dmcwave.com
Corporate Headquarters
Americas Headquarters
170 Rose Orchard Way
San Jose, CA 95134
Corporate: +1 408.943.0777
North America: +1.408.944.1745
Latin America: +1.408.952.5210
Facsimile: +1.408.944.1648/9
Europe/Africa/Middle East Headquarters

Siskin Drive
Middlemarch Business Park
Coventry CV3 4JA
United Kingdom
Phone: +44.2476.514300
Facsimile: +44.2476.514373
Asia/Pacific Headquarters
10 Ang Mo Kio Street 65
#03-13 Techpoint
Singapore 569059
Phone: +65.484.7780
Facsimile: +65.484.7768
Altium, and One Choice. Unlimited Solutions. are trademarks of Digital

Microwave Corporation. Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft
Corporation in the USA and other countries. All other trademarks are property
of their respective owners. Altium meets all relevant Directives and is entitled
to carry the CE mark.
1999 Digital Microwave Corporation
6111199A4

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Microwave Radio System

Printed in the United States of America.

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Altium Product Description page iii

RF Transceiver Assembly ..................................................................................28

page iv Altium Product Description

Figure 1. Altium Microwave Radio System

Altium Product Description page 1

As seen in Table 1, the Altium radio is available in different frequencies and

Table 1. System Capacities and Frequency Bands

Frequency Bands Capacity

Table 2. Interfaces, Bandwidths, Modulation Schemes

Capacity Interface Bandwidth Modulation

page 2 Altium Product Description

Table 3. IDU/ODU Cables

Recommended Cable Maximum Distance Cable Connectors

Note: Other cable options are available.

Direct Mount Antenna

75 Ohm Coaxial Cables

Figure 2. IDU/ODU Coaxial Cables

Altium Product Description page 3

Table 4. Altium System Configurations

Indoor Unit (IDU)

page 4 Altium Product Description

A CONTROL/ALARMS MAINT NMS/AUX 3 MAJ MIN ODU MAINT

Figure 3. IDU Modules (155 Mbps STM-1/OC-3 Radio)

Figure 4. ODU Modules

Altium Product Description page 5

The Altium radios ODU is designed to be installed in a Slip-Fit configuration with

Figure 5. Slip-Fit Connection with Polarization Rotator

Table 5. ODU Installation Options

ODU Installation Option Configuration

page 6 Altium Product Description

Frequency Plans and Options

Table 6. Altiums Frequency Bands

Frequency Band (GHz) Frequency Range (GHz)

Path Calculations with ATPC Radio

Altium Product Description page 7

Web Maintenance Terminal

Network Management System

page 8 Altium Product Description

Table 7. Overhead Channels

Interface Speed Description

Altium Product Description page 9

FIBRENEX STD Network

STD Central Office

ALTIUM STD FIBRENEX STD

Figure 6. Ring Topology Network

page 10 Altium Product Description

PSTN CENTRAL OFFICE

ALTIUM SDH/SONET/PDH ALTIUM SDH/SONET/PDH

Residential User Residential User

LOCAL LOOP LOCAL LOOP

ALTIUM PDH ALTIUM PDH

Figure 7. Star Topology Network

Altium Product Description page 11

page 12 Altium Product Description

Altium Product Description page 13

Indoor Unit (IDU)

Codec Codec Controller

Alarm and Control