Voices and Modes

October 2016
Veronica P. Atin 11/1/201
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 Modes

How many modes are there in the KD language?

Two:
Normal Mode
Accidental/Ability Mode

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 Normal Mode
Voice Affix Past Tense Example
Actor Voice (AV) M-/-um- -in- makan
minakan
suminding
sinuminding/
sumininding
Undergoer Voice -on N- Akanon
(UV) -in- Nakan
Sindingon
sininding
Goal Voice (GV) -an n--an Akanan
-in-.-an sindingan
nakanan
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 Accidental/Ability Mode
Voice Affix Past Tense Example

AV ka-/ko- naka-/noko- kaakan

nakaakan
koboli
nokoboli
UV a-/o- na-/no- aakan
naakan
oboli
noboli
GV a--an/ na--an/ aakanan
o--an no--an naakanan
obolian
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 When do we use normal mode?

Most of the time, we use normal mode.

Most sentences in KD reflect this mode:

1) Makan isio (He eats)

2) Mangakan isio do punti
3) Suminding i Jen (Jen sings)
4) Sinuminding i Jen di konihab

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 When do we use Acc/AB Mode?

We use this mode when we talk about something that

happened involuntarily (without our control) such as:
A) Accidental actions

-Accidental actions almost always have past

interpretation (we cant call an action an accident if
it hasnt happened!)

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1) Nakaakan i tanak do rasun
(The child accidently ate poison)

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 Non-past interpretation (future):

In warning such as:

Kada pintangkus! Aratu ko moti!
(Do not run around! You might fall!)

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 Contd.

We also use this mode when:

B) Showing ability (can)

- Ability can have both past and present interpretations

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1) Kotombir i Jen di rasuk ngawi diri!
(Jen is able to sew all the shirts!)

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2) Otombir di Jen i rasuk do suab
(Jen can finish sewing the blouse tomorrow)

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3) Otombiran di Jon i Siti do rasuk
(Jon is able to sew the dress for Siti)

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Pronoun and Demonstrative Notes
Revision

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 Pronouns
Focus Non-Focus
Topic Focus Topic - Non-Focus Posessive
possesive
I Iyoku/Iyoho oku Doho/dogo ku ku

you Ika ko dika nu nu

(singular)
you (plural) Ikoyu ikoyu dokoyu/dikoyu Dokoyu/dikoyu diu (dokoyu/
dikoyu)

he Isio isio disio disio disio/dau

she Iyau iyau diyau dau dau
we (you and Iyato kito dato to to
I)
we (more Itokou tokou dotokou/ tokou tokou
than two ppl daton/dati
and I)
kita semua
we (some Iyahai iyahai dahai/dagai dahai/dagai dahai/dagai/ya
other ppl and /da
I) veronica/march2014/wk 4 11/1/2017 14
kami
they Iyolo iyolo diolo diolo diolo
 Focus Pronouns

Topic pronoun = the form that is used when the

pronoun is the topic of a sentence. The pronoun is
always followed by a linker or focus marker e.g
nopo nga, o or i.
e.g Iyoku nopo nga tulun Malaysia.

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 Focus Pronoun

Focus Pronoun = The form that is used in place of

main focus in AV, UV and GV. Mostly prominent in
Monongkounsikou
AV and GV. In other oku
words, the pronouns of this
category are in focus.
do tulun oku do
e.g
Malaysia.

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 Non-Focus Pronoun

Topic-possesive Pronoun = when the pronoun is the

topic in a UV sentence and used as a possessive (to
show ownership/belonging)
e.g -
Doho dino manuk do
akanon nu!
(Thats my chicken youre eating!)

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Contd.
Non Focus= the form that is used for secondary focus in
sentences. Mostly used for Actors in UV and GV. In other
words, the pronouns of this category is not in focus.

e.g
Akanon ku iti taakanon!

- This is a UV sentence, thus, ku is used

in place of the actor.
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 Possesive Pronouns
Showing possession/belong to
Always put after the noun that belongs to the person

Olundus o walai
dikoyu!
Your house

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Demonstratives &Focus Markers
Close to speaker Close to hearer Far from both
speaker and hearer
Iti/itia (This) ino (That) (in focus) ilo (That) (in focus)

Itia/diya/idi (This hodi (That one) Hodi/huudi (That

one) one)
Definite Non-definite

Singular Focus i o
(person/things)
Non-focus di do
Plural Focus iyo -
(person
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only)
 Focus Markers
I
To refer to something that is known to both speaker and hearer
(definite)
It is in focus (the main point of attention) in the sentence
Also used with proper name in AV sentences
Example:
Minomoli i tanak di buuk.
(The child bought the book)
Mongoi i Jon sikul do tikid kosuabon.
(Jon goes to school every morning)
Speaker and hearer know which tanak is being referred to.
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 Contd.
Di
To refer to something known to both speaker and hearer
It is NOT in focus in the sentence
Past time reference is always marked by di

Example:
Minomoli i tanak di buuk.
(The child bought the book)

the book is known to both speaker/hearer, but it is not the main

point of attention in the sentence.
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 Contd.
O
Used to refer to something non-definite (known to speaker but not
the hearer)
The thing referred to is in-focus in the sentence.

Example:
Haro o dungau do id walai nu.
(There is a cat inside your house)

-The cat is in focus in the sentence, but it is not known to hearer.

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 Contd.
Do
Used to refer to something non-definite (known to speaker but not the
hearer)
The thing referred to is NOT in-focus in the sentence.
Also used to mark present/future time reference, and to link extra phrases
Example:
Bolian ku i tambalutku do bunga do suab.
(Im buying my friend some flowers tomorrow)
the flowers are not definite, the hearer does not know what colour, type,
etc.
bunga is not the focus in the sentence.
suab is marked as not definite

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