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Monthly e-Bullletin
Introduction:
Bursae are cavities lined by synovial membrane.
There are two types of bursae typical (present at
birth- Navicular, Bicipital, etc) and Atypical (acquired
after birth Atlantal, Subcutaneous, etc). A bursa serves
to reduce friction between moving parts, such as tendons,
ligaments, and muscles, or to cushion the effects of
excess pressure between these movable structures and
bony prominences. Therefore, pathologic changes in
bursae can be associated with changes in the adjacent
tendon, ligament, muscle, or bone.
Postnatal diseases:
A) Early postnatal diseases: within 48 hours e.g. malnutrition due to poor mothering, hypothermia due to
exposure to cold, low vigor in neonates due to malnutrition, special disease (Naval ill and Colibacillosis).
(B) Delayed postnatal diseases: within 2 -7 days after parturition e.g. mammary incompetence resulting in
starvation, increased susceptibility to infection due to hypoglobulinemia such as lamb dysentery,
colibacillosis and foal septicemia.
(C) Late postnatal diseases: within 1 - 4 week of life e.g. white muscle disease, enterotoxemia. In summary,
the causes of mortality in newborn lambs are largely physical and environmental and occur immediately at
birth or shortly thereafter. In calves, the major causes of mortality are with dystokia and with neonatal
diarrhea in postnatal life. Meanwhile, lambs are susceptible to physical and environmental influences.
Congenital defects
Abnormalities of structure or function which are present at birth. They may be or may not inherited,
the inherited defects may not be present at birth. The effects of noxious agents in the pregnant female
during the three major periods of gestation are going as following:
A) Period of the ovum: causes deaths of the ovum and resorption e.g. vibriosis.
B) Period of the embryo and organogenesis: depending on dosage and duration of insult and may lead
either to:
Structural abnormality or functional deficit caused by vitamin A deficiency, toxic agent, infection.
Death of the embryo and resorption or abortion (vibriosis).
C) Period of the fetus and fetal growth: illness of fetus resulting in:
Abortion - Brucella abortus, IBR .
Mummification inherited, infectious and unknown.
Stillbirth , Dystokia, hypoxia, Weak neonate infection in last week of gestation
Weak neonate infection in last week of gestation.
2) Nutritional deficiency:
There are numbers of congenital defects in animals which are known to be caused by deficiency of
specific nutrients in the diet of dam; such conditions include the following.
Goiter in all species due to iodine deficiency.
Enzootic ataxic in lambs due to copper deficiency.
Manganese deficiency which causes limb deformity in calves.
Vitamin D causes neonatal rickets.
Vitamin. A deficiency which causes eye defect, hairless in piglet.
Simple inanition or nutritional deficiency of protein do not cause congenital defects, but can increase
prevalence of stillbirth and abortions.
3) Chemical poisons:
A) Poisonous plants.
B) Farm chemical.
Parbendazole and cambendazole in sheep.
Organophosphorus compound (may be).
C) Miscellaneous chemical and drugs.
Cortisone in early pregnant.
Estrogen derivatives.
Bismuth, selenium, nitrogen mustard and tetanus toxin.
D) Physical insults.
Severe exposure to beta or gamma irradiation.
Hyperthermia.
4) Environmental influences.
The fetus is a sensitive biological indicator of the presence of some noxious influences in the
environment.
Effect of nutrition:
Nutrition of dams is so important in relation to the resistance of offspring. Newborn lambs, calves
and foals are much more capable of maintaining their blood glucose level than piglets when starved.
Hypoglycemic coma may be observed in lambs while calves are highly resistance to insulin deficiency
where produced hypoglycemia during first 48 hrs of life.
Malnutrition of lambs caused by:
Antipartum malnutrition of ewe which causes reducing of milk flow.
Inclement weather preventing lamb sucking or ewe mothering.
Inadequate maternal behavior.
Too old ewes low milk flow.
Too tired ewes low milk flow.
Neonatal infection:
Attention is currently devoted to both the virulence of the pathogens and the resistance of the host,
because of some of non-pathogenic microorganisms can cause the diseases if the immunological status of
the animal is not at an optimum level.
Etiology:
The common neonatal infections among the domestic farm animals are:
Cattle:
Bacteremia or septicemia caused by E. coli, listeria monoytogenes, pasteurella spp., Streptococcus,
salmonella spp.
Enteritis caused by pathogenic E. coli, salmonella spp, rotavirus, corona virus, cryptosporidia,
clostridium.
Respiratory tract diseases caused by IBR, Pl3 viruses.
Horses:
Septicemia with localization especially in joints, caused by E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium,
Sterpt.Pyogenes.
Septicemia with localization particularly in lungs caused by C. equi.
Enteritis caused by Clostridium perfringens and rotavirus.
Sheep:
Bacteremia with localization in joints caused by Strept. micrococci, E. insidiosa.
Gas gangrene of the navel caused by CI. septicum, CI. edematus.
Lamb dysentery caused by Cl. Perfringens type B.
2. Resistance to infection:
All newborn farm animals are more susceptible to infection than adults due to:
They are a gammaglobulinemic and possess no resistance to infection until after they have ingested
colostrums. The immune system of the newborn animal is less mature than adult and dose not respond
effectively to antigens as the adult.
The fetal lamb produce large quantity of corticosteroides beginning 810 days before birth (also fetal
calves) result in lymphopenia decrease phayocytic activity decreased cellular immunity and decreased
resistance.
There are four recognizable immunological deficiency states in newborn foal which are:
(1) Combined immunodeficiency (CID):
Which is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait in Arabian horses. There is marked lymphopenia,
absence of lymphocytes from all lymphoid organs, hypo-or a gammaglobulinemia and death at 2-20 weeks
of age.
(2) Primary a gammaglobulinemia:
Animals are usually affected with chronic infection. Serum concentration of IgG and IgM are low and may
not be detectable. There is failure of antibody production following injection of foreign antigens, but tests
for cell mediated immunity may be positive.
There is complete absence of B-lympocytes and immunoglobulins but normal T-lymphocyte counts.
(3) Hypogammaglobulinemia:
Following inadequate transfer of clolstral immunoglobulins from dam to foal; it is most common in foals
and associated with high incident of infection influence.
(4) Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency (IgM):
It is associated with infection 4-8 months of age.
(5) Passive immunity:
There are many important factors which influence the level of serum immunoglobulins achieved by the
newborn and they are:
(1) Insufficient ingestion of immunoglobulins due to:
Insufficient amount of colostrums produced by dam for many reasons as poor husbandry, malnutrition.
Low concentration of immunoglobulin in the colostrums.
Insufficient amount of colostrums ingested by the newborn due to:
- Poor mothering behavior which may prevent newborn from sucking.
- Poor udder or teat conformation.
- Weak and traumatized calf.
- Failure to allow the newborn to ingestion.
Laboratory findings:
Determination of serum immunoglobulin through:
(1) Indirect method:
Refractometer measures total protein.
Zinc sulphate turbidity test.
(2) Direct method:
Paper electrophoresis.
Radial diffusion test Ig. subclasses.
Other evaluation as that of adult.
Diagnosis:
History
Clinical signs.
Laboratory findings.
Suggestions
1. Examine suspect cows to determine whether they are truly anestrus, i.e., absence of ovarian structures,
cysts, pyometritis, etc.
2. Maintain adequate reproductive records and use heat expectancy chart. Milk Progesterone Testing can
be used to evaluate heat detection.
3. Closely observe cows for heat for at least 20 minutes each time. More heats will be shown in evening
and early morning than at mid-day. Provide good footing in heat detection area.
4. In conventional housing situations, turn cows out at least daily. Determine which cows are pregnant and
concentrate efforts on open cows.
Figure1: Orphan elephants need someone to bond with like its real mother. Picture from Understanding
The Elephant Orphans' Project.
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Healthy calves weigh about 100 kgs at birth and grow up to 2 inches in height every year.
The tethering area should be clean, dry, free from materials like plastics, papers and rubbers etc.
Calves can be housed near kitchen or in mahouts house to provide them warmth during night times.
Health should be regularly monitored to adjust the quantity and quality of food during hand rearing.
Naturally, elephant calves are not weaned up to 3-4 years, whereas captive, orphaned or hand reared
calves are weaned at 15-18 months of age.
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APPEAL
Dr. K. Trivikrama Rao is nearest and dearest to all his students. He was one of the teachers known
for simplicity of expression, precision, and was able to make the subject understandable even to the dullest
of the students. Thus he was a great motivating force to the students and building confidence in them. No
doubt his students still remember the Splanchnology course taught by him. He was always considerate and
compassionate to the below average students and helping them in their learning which was reflected in
their performance in the examinations.
In later part of his career he served as the Director of Instructions (Vety) and undertook many of the
activities. Under his stewardship Dairy Science College was started at Bangalore by erstwhile UAS. Many
teachers were benefited by being appointed in various cadres in KDDC scheme. Subsequent to winding up
of KDDC, Dr. K.T. Rao strived hard to relocate the staff into the university with due weightage given to
their cadres in KDDC.
For his kind heartedness and noble personality, consequent to his demise, like-minded veterinarians
who have great respect for Dr. K.T. Rao joined and thought of perpetuating the interest and philosophy of
Dr. K.T. Rao. In this direction DR TRIVIKRAMA RAO MEMORIAL VETERINARIANS FORUM
was founded in the month of September 2012.
Mandates of the forum:
Initially a fellowship to an economically weaker meritorious student of I BVSc. & AH Programme
of Veterinary College, Bangalore will be awarded and a lump sum of Rs. 15,000/- per year will
be paid for covering the expenses of tuition fees.
II year MVSc. Student majoring in Veterinary Anatomy will be provided a research grant of Rs.
5,000/- from the year 2013-14.
For this activity an appeal is made to all the Veterinarians who are ardent disciples of Dr.
K.T. Rao to donate liberally for this noble cause. An amount of not less than Rs. 1000/- can be do-
nated as per the details given below:
Cheque/DD drawn in favour of DR
Account No: 0425101053233 TRIVIKRAMA RAO MEMORIAL VET-
Canara Bank, Hebbal Branch, ERINARIANS FORUM sent to The
Bangalore 560 024. Secretary Dr. R.V. Prasad, Professor
IFSC Code : CNRB0000425 and Head, Department of Anatomy,
MICR Code: 560015021 Veterinary College, Hebbal, Banga-
With an Intimation to Secretary by lore 560 024.
mail/letter e-mail: rvprashwin@gmail.com
Phone: 09449855893
monthly e-Bulletin
Published and circulated by Veterinary College, Hebbal Bengaluru
Contact :
Dept of Veterinary and Animal Husbandry Extension Education
Veterinary College, Hebbal Bangalore
email: pashubandhavch@gmail.com
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Pashubandha 2013
2012 Volume No : 2
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