2017 Boyd Metals Stock and Reference Guide

Stock &
Reference
Guide
FORT SMITH, AR
600 South 7th St.
P.O. Box 819
Fort Smith, AR 72902
800.323.8806 phone
479.782.0424 fax
LITTLE ROCK, AR
Little Rock Port Industrial Park
4324 Mauney Road
P.O. Box 3297
Little Rock, AR 72203
866.393.2693 phone
501.301.8501 fax
JOPLIN, MO
1027 Byers Ave.
P.O. Box 1746
Joplin, MO 64802
800.585.2693 phone
888.323.8763 fax
OKLAHOMA CITY, OK
6060 SW 44th St.
P.O. Box 19410
Oklahoma City, OK 73144
866.425.2693 phone
405.685.1415 fax
TYLER, TX
8102 CR 313 E.
Tyler, TX 75706
844.763.2693 phone
903.526.0235 fax
www.boydmetals.com
2017 BOYD METALS
A Message From
Our President
Boyd Metals is proud to present our Stock and Reference
Guide to metal products. We stock a wide range of the listed
products and are ready to supply all non-inventory items in
a timely manner through our numerous contacts in the
metals industry.
Our goal is to be your complete metals supplier and

processor. We encourage all of our associates and
representatives to take all the steps necessary to satisfy you
with the highest quality product at a competitive price.
Take a few minutes and browse the Stock and Reference

Guide and when you find an item that you need, call one
of our sales people and they will be glad to help you with
your requirements.
- Tom Kennon
Mission Statement
Boyd Metals is totally committed to
providing our customers with the best
overall service and value in the metals
service center industry. We supply quality
products at competitive prices, packaged
properly and delivered in a timely manner.
If we make an error we correct the problem
quickly and to the customers satisfaction.
Boyd Metals realizes our success has

been based on dealing ethically and fairly
with our customers, our employees and our
vendors, with our future dependent upon
how we honor those with whom
we do business.
General Stock Book
Information
To enable this stock book to be
more useful and easy to read, it is
divided into eleven general sections,
with a sub-index for each section.
Also, there is a Product Index that
encompasses the entire book to
offer assistance in searching for
particular types, forms, or shapes.
While this book lists a vast collection of items and data, it

is by no means a complete listing of every product produced
or manufactured for distribution by the steel service center
industry. The listed items in this book are not necessarily
inventoried by Boyd Metals, but are a representation of
products that are, in most cases, readily available. If you
have a requirement for an item that is not listed in this book,
contact a representative of Boyd Metals to check on the
availability of that item.
This book should be used for general information only.

The data herein is generally accepted throughout the
steel service center industry and is correct to the best of
Boyd Metals knowledge. Boyd Metals is expressly not
responsible for errors and/or omissions of the represented
data and reserves the right to add or delete items or data
without notice.
It should be noted that all products are subject

to standard tolerances and variations consistent
with usual manufacturing and trade practices regarding
dimensions, straightness, flatness, section, composition,
and mechanical properties, and normal variations in
surface and internal conditions of quality. All products
shall also be subject to deviations from tolerances and
variations consistent with standard practical testing and
inspection methods.
It should also be noted that standard tolerances and

variations may vary from manufacturer to manufacturer.
SECTION INDEX
Section Description
A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Structural Shapes
B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bars
C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plates
D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sheets
E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tubing & Pipe
F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stainless Steel
G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Aluminum
H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fiberglass
I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Special Products
J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brass, Bronze, Copper
K . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data
PRODUCT INDEX
PRODUCT PAGE PRODUCT PAGE
Angle Grating
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-9 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-7
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . A-12 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-7
Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . G-7 Fiberglass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-12
Beam Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . I-7
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-12 Half Rounds
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2 Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . G-11
Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . G-8 Hexagon Bar
Channel Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-15
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-10 Brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-5
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9 Carbon Steel
Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . G-8 Cold Finished . . . . . . . . B-16
Expanded Metal Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . G-10
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . I-3 & I-5 Perforated Metal
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . I-2 & I-3 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-9
Stainless Steel . . . G-18 & I-5 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-8
Expanding Metal Grating Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6 Pipe
Flat Bar Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-27
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-6 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . E-32
Brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-6 Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . G-21
Carbon Steel Plate
Cold Finished . . . . . . . . . B-11 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-18
Hot Rolled . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-6 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . C-6
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-11 Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . G-13
Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . G-11 Rail
Floor Plate Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . A-14
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-20 Reinforcing Bar
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . C-8 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1
Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . G-12 Reinforcing Wire Mesh
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1
PRODUCT INDEX
Round Bar Tee
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-14 Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-13
Brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-3 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . A-14
Bronze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-7 Tubing
Carbon Steel Aluminum
Cold Finished . . . . . . . . . B-17 Rectangular . . . . . . . . . . H-26
Hot Rolled . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10 Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-24
T, G & P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-8 Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-26
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-10 Bronze
Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . G-9 Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-8
Safety Grating Carbon Steel
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-11 Rectangular . . . . . . . . . . E-29
Sheet Relift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-39
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-21 Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-4
Carbon Steel Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-27
Cold Rolled . . . . . . . . . . . . D-7 Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hot Rolled . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5 Rectangular . . . . . . . . . . G-19
Hot Rolled Pickled Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-20
& Oiled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5 Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-19
Galvanized . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-10 Universal Mill Plate
Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . G-16 Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . C-5
Square Bar Valves & Fittings . . . . . . . . . F-2
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-15
Brass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-6
Carbon Steel
Cold Finished . . . . . . . . B-15
Hot Rolled . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-9
Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-11
Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . G-10
STRUCTURAL SHAPES
SECTION A
SECTION A
Structural Shapes Page
Processing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Standard "I" Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
Junior Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
Wide Flange Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
H - Pilings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-8
Channels - Bar Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9
Channels - Structural Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-10
Channels - MC (Ship & Car) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11
Channels - Junior Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-12
Angles - Bar Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-12
Angles - Structural Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-13
Tees - Bar Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-14
Rail - ASCE Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-14

Structural Processing
Services Available
Coping
Galvanizing
Miter Cutting
Pickling & Oiling
Painting
Production Cutting
Punching
Rolling
Saw Cutting to Length
Tees Split From Beams
A-1
B
Standard I Beams
C A
ASTM A-36 D
Available in Lengths 20 Ft. to 60 Ft.
A B C D
Nominal Depth of Flange Avg. Flange Web
Size in Weight Section Width Thickness Thickness
Inches per Foot Inches Inches Inches Inches
S3 x 5.70 3.00 2.330 .260 .170
7.50 3.00 2.509 .260 .349
S4 x 7.70 4.00 2.663 .293 .193
9.50 4.00 2.796 .293 .326
S5 x 10.00 5.00 3.004 .326 .214
S6 x 12.50 6.00 3.332 .359 .232

17.25 6.00 3.565 .359 .465
S8 x 18.40 8.00 4.001 .425 .271
23.00 8.00 4.171 .425 .441
S10 x 25.40 10.00 4.661 .491 .311
35.00 10.00 4.944 .491 .594
S12 x 31.80 12.00 5.000 .544 .350
35.00 12.00 5.078 .544 .428
40.80 12.00 5.252 .659 .462
50.00 12.00 5.477 .659 .687
S15 x 42.90 15.00 5.501 .622 .411
50.00 15.00 5.640 .622 .550
S18 x 54.70 18.00 6.001 .691 .461
70.00 18.00 6.251 .691 .711
S20 x 66.00 20.00 6.250 .795 .505
75.00 20.00 6.375 .795 .635
86.00 20.25 7.000 .920 .660
96.00 20.25 7.250 .920 .800
S24 x 80.00 24.00 7.000 .870 .500
90.00 24.00 7.125 .870 .625
100.00 24.00 7.250 .870 .745
106.00 24.50 7.875 1.090 .620
121.00 24.50 8.050 1.090 .800
B
Junior Beams
ASTM A-36 C A
Available in Lengths 20 Ft. to 40 Ft. D
A B C D
M6 x 4.40 6.00 1.844 .171 .114
M8 x 6.50 8.00 2.281 .189 .135
M10 x 9.00 10.00 2.690 .206 .157
M12 x 11.80 12.00 3.065 .225 .177
A-2
Wide Flange Beams B
C A
ASTM A-992 D
A B C D
W4 x 13 4.16 4.060 .345 .280
W5 x 16 5.01 5.000 .360 .240
19 5.15 5.030 .430 .270
W6 x 9 5.90 3.940 .215 .170
12 6.03 4.000 .280 .230
15 5.99 5.990 .260 .230
16 6.28 4.030 .405 .260
20 6.20 6.020 .365 .260
25 6.38 6.080 .455 .320
W8 x 10 7.89 3.940 .205 .170
13 7.99 4.000 .255 .230
15 8.11 4.015 .315 .245
18 8.14 5.250 .330 .230
21 8.28 5.270 .400 .250
24 7.93 6.495 .400 .245
28 8.06 6.535 .465 .285
31 8.00 7.995 .435 .285
35 8.12 8.020 .495 .310
40 8.25 8.070 .560 .360
48 8.50 8.110 .685 .400
58 8.75 8.220 .810 .510
67 9.00 8.280 .935 .570
W10 x 12 9.87 3.960 .210 .190
15 9.99 4.000 .270 .230
17 10.11 4.010 .330 .240
19 10.24 4.020 .395 .250
22 10.17 5.750 .360 .240
26 10.33 5.770 .440 .260
30 10.47 5.810 .510 .300
33 9.73 7.960 .435 .290
39 9.92 7.985 .530 .315
45 10.10 8.020 .620 .350
49 9.98 10.000 .560 .340
54 10.09 10.030 .615 .370
60 10.22 10.080 .680 .420
68 10.40 10.130 .770 .470
77 10.60 10.190 .870 .530
88 10.84 10.265 .990 .605
100 11.10 10.340 1.120 .680
112 11.36 10.415 1.250 .755
A-3
Wide Flange Beams B
C A
ASTM A-992 D
A B C D
W12 x 14 11.91 3.970 .225 .200
16 11.99 3.990 .265 .220
19 12.16 4.005 .350 .235
22 12.31 4.030 .425 .260
26 12.22 6.490 .380 .230
30 12.34 6.520 .440 .260
35 12.50 6.560 .520 .300
40 11.94 8.005 .515 .295
45 12.06 8.045 .575 .335
50 12.19 8.080 .640 .370
53 12.06 9.995 .575 .345
58 12.19 10.010 .640 .360
65 12.12 12.000 .605 .390
72 12.25 12.040 .670 .430
79 12.38 12.080 .735 .470
87 12.53 12.125 .810 .515
96 12.71 12.160 .900 .550
106 12.89 12.220 .990 .610
120 13.12 12.320 1.105 .710
136 13.41 12.400 1.250 .790
152 13.71 12.480 1.400 .870
170 14.03 12.570 1.560 .960
190 14.38 12.670 1.735 1.060
W14 x 22 13.74 5.000 .335 .230

26 13.91 5.025 .420 .255
30 13.84 6.730 .385 .270
34 13.98 6.745 .455 .285
38 14.10 6.770 .515 .310
43 13.66 7.995 .530 .305
48 13.79 8.030 .595 .340
53 13.92 8.060 .660 .370
61 13.89 9.995 .645 .375
68 14.04 10.035 .720 .415
74 14.17 10.070 .785 .450
82 14.31 10.130 .855 .510
90 14.02 14.520 .710 .440
99 14.16 14.565 .780 .485
109 14.32 14.605 .860 .525
120 14.48 14.670 .940 .590
132 14.66 14.725 1.030 .645
145 14.78 15.500 1.090 .680
159 14.98 15.565 1.190 .745
176 15.22 15.650 1.310 .830
193 15.48 15.710 1.440 .890
211 15.72 15.800 1.560 .980
233 16.04 15.890 1.720 1.070
257 16.38 15.995 1.890 1.175
283 16.74 16.110 2.070 1.290
311 17.12 16.230 2.260 1.410
342 17.54 16.360 2.470 1.540
370 17.92 16.475 2.660 1.655
398 18.29 16.590 2.845 1.770
A-4
Wide Flange Beams B
C A
ASTM A-992 D
A B C D
W16 x 26 15.69 5.500 .345 250

31 15.88 5.525 .440 .275
36 15.86 6.985 .430 .295
40 16.01 6.995 .505 .305
45 16.13 7.035 .565 .345
50 16.26 7.070 .630 .380
57 16.43 7.120 .715 .430
67 16.33 10.235 .665 .395
77 16.52 10.295 .760 .455
89 16.75 10.365 .875 .525
100 16.97 10.425 .985 .585
W18 x 35 17.70 6.000 .425 .300

40 17.90 6.015 .525 .315
46 18.06 6.060 .605 .360
50 17.99 7.495 .570 .355
55 18.11 7.530 .630 .390
60 18.24 7.555 .695 .415
65 18.35 7.590 .750 .450
71 18.47 7.635 .810 .495
76 18.21 11.035 .680 .425
86 18.39 11.090 .770 .480
97 18.59 11.145 .870 .535
106 18.73 11.200 .940 .590
119 18.97 11.265 1.060 .655
130 19.25 11.160 1.200 .670
143 19.49 11.220 1.320 .730
158 19.72 11.300 1.440 .810
175 20.04 11.375 1.590 .890
192 20.35 11.455 1.750 .960
211 20.67 11.555 1.910 1.060
234 21.06 11.650 2.110 1.160
258 21.46 11.770 2.300 1.280
W21 x 44 20.66 6.500 .450 .350

50 20.83 6.530 .535 .380
57 21.06 6.555 .650 .405
62 20.99 8.240 .615 .400
68 21.13 8.270 .685 .430
73 21.24 8.295 .740 .455
83 21.43 8.355 .835 .515
93 21.62 8.420 .930 .580
101 21.36 12.290 .800 .500
111 21.51 12.340 .875 .550
122 21.68 12.390 .960 .600
132 21.83 12.440 1.035 .650
147 22.06 12.510 1.150 .720
166 22.48 12.420 1.360 .750
182 22.72 12.500 1.480 .830
201 23.03 12.575 1.630 .910
A-5
B
Wide Flange Beams
C A
ASTM A-992 D
A B C D
W24 x 55 23.57 7.005 .505 .395
62 23.74 7.040 .590 .430
68 23.73 8.965 .585 .415
76 23.92 8.990 .680 .440
84 24.10 9.020 .770 .470
94 24.31 9.065 .875 .515
103 24.53 9.000 .980 .550
104 24.06 12.750 .750 .500
117 24.26 12.800 .850 .550
131 24.48 12.855 .960 .605
146 24.74 12.900 1.090 .650
162 25.00 12.955 1.220 .705
176 25.24 12.890 1.340 .750
192 25.47 12.950 1.460 .810
207 25.71 13.010 1.570 .870
229 26.02 13.110 1.730 .960
250 26.34 13.185 1.890 1.040
W27 x 84 26.71 9.960 .640 .460

94 26.92 9.990 .747 .490
102 27.09 10.015 .830 .515
114 27.29 10.070 .930 .570
129 27.63 10.010 1.100 .610
146 27.38 13.965 .975 .605
161 27.59 14.020 1.080 .660
178 27.81 14.085 1.190 .725
194 28.11 14.035 1.340 .750
217 28.43 14.115 1.500 .830
A-6
Wide Flange Beams B
C A
ASTM A-992 D
A B C D
W30 x 90 29.53 10.400 .610 .470
99 29.65 10.450 .670 .520
108 29.83 10.475 .760 .545
116 30.01 10.495 .850 .565
124 30.17 10.515 .930 .585
132 30.31 10.545 1.000 .615
148 30.67 10.480 1.180 .650
173 30.44 14.985 1.065 .655
191 30.68 15.040 1.185 .710
211 30.94 15.105 1.315 .775
235 31.30 15.055 1.500 .830
W33 x 118 32.86 11.480 .740 .550

130 33.09 11.510 .855 .580
141 33.00 11.535 .960 .605
152 33.49 11.565 1.055 .635
169 33.82 11.500 1.220 .670
201 33.68 15.745 1.150 .715
221 33.93 15.805 1.275 .775
241 34.18 15.860 1.400 .830
W36 x 135 35.55 11.950 .790 .600

150 35.85 11.975 .940 .625
160 36.01 12.000 1.020 .650
170 36.17 12.030 1.100 .680
182 36.33 12.075 1.180 .725
194 36.49 12.115 1.260 .765
210 36.69 12.180 1.360 .830
230 35.90 16.470 1.260 .760
232 37.12 12.120 1.570 .870
245 36.08 16.510 1.350 .800
256 37.43 12.215 1.730 .960
260 36.26 16.550 1.440 .840
280 36.52 16.595 1.570 .885
300 36.74 16.655 1.680 .945
328 37.09 16.630 1.850 1.020
W40 x 149 38.20 11.810 .830 .630

167 38.59 11.810 1.025 .650
199 38.67 15.750 1.065 .650
211 39.37 11.810 1.415 .750
249 39.38 15.750 1.420 .750
277 39.69 15.830 1.575 .830
297 39.84 15.825 1.650 .930
362 40.55 16.020 2.010 1.120
397 40.95 16.120 2.200 1.220
A-7
H-Pilings B
C A
ASTM A-36 D
A B C D
HP8 x 36 8.02 8.155 .445 .445
HP10 x 42 9.70 10.075 .420 .415

57 9.99 10.225 .565 .565
HP12 x 53 11.78 12.045 .435 .435

63 11.94 12.125 .515 .515
74 12.13 12.215 .610 .605
84 12.28 12.295 .685 .685
HP14 x 73 13.61 14.585 .505 .505

89 13.83 14.695 .615 .615
102 14.01 14.785 .705 .705
117 14.21 14.885 .805 .805
A-8
Channels - Bar Sizes B
A C
ASTM A-36
Available in 20 Ft. Lengths
Size in Inches
Weight
A B C Per Foot(1)
3/4 x 3/8 x 1/8 .56
1x 3/8 x 1/8 .68

1x 1/2 x 1/8 .84
1-1/8 x 9/16 x 3/16 1.16
1-1/4 x 1/2 x 1/8 1.01
1-1/2 x 1/2 x 1/8 1.12
1-1/2 x 9/16 x 3/16 1.44
1-1/2 x 3/4 x 1/8 1.17
2x 1/2 x 1/8 1.43
2x 9/16 x 3/16 1.86
2x 5/8 x 1/4 2.28
2x 1x 1/8 1.59
2x 1x 3/16 2.32
2-1/2 x 5/8 x 3/16 2.27
(1)
These weights may vary depending on producing mill.
A-9
Channels - Structural Sizes B
A C
ASTM A-36
A B C
Depth Weight Flange Web Thickness
in Inches per Foot Width Inches Inches
C3 x 3.5 1.375 .132
4.1 1.410 .170
5.0 1.498 .258
6.0 1.596 .356
C4 x 4.5 1.584 .125

5.4 1.584 .184
6.25 1.647 .247
7.25 1.721 .321
C5 x 6.7 1.750 .190

9.0 1.885 .325
C6 x 8.2 1.920 .200

10.5 2.034 .314
13.0 2.157 .437
C7 x 9.8 2.090 .210

12.25 2.194 .314
14.75 2.299 .419
C8 x 11.5 2.260 .220

13.75 2.343 .303
18.75 2.527 .487
C9 x 13.4 2.433 .233

15.0 2.485 .285
20.0 2.648 .448
C10 x 15.3 2.600 .240

20.0 2.739 .379
25.0 2.886 .526
30.0 3.033 .673
C12 x 20.7 2.942 .282

25.0 3.047 .387
30.0 3.170 .510
C15 x 33.9 3.400 .400

40.0 3.520 .520
50.0 3.716 .716
A-10
Channels - MC (Ship & Car) B
A C
ASTM A-36
A B C
MC3 x 7.1 1.938 .312
MC4 x 13.8 2.500 .500
MC6 x 12.0 2.497 .310

15.1 2.941 .316
15.3 3.500 .340
16.3 3.000 .375
18.0 3.504 .379
MC7 x 19.1 3.452 .352

22.7 3.603 .503
18.7 2.978 .353

MC8 x 20.0 3.025 .400
21.4 3.450 .375
22.8 3.502 .427
MC9 x 23.9 3.450 .400

25.4 3.500 .450
MC10 x 22.0 3.315 .290

25.0 3.405 .380
28.5 3.950 .425
33.6 4.100 .575
41.1 4.321 .796
MC12 x 31.0 3.670 .370

35.0 3.767 .465
40.0 3.890 .590
45.0 4.012 .710
50.0 4.135 .835
MC13 x 31.8 4.000 .375

35.0 4.072 .447
40.0 4.185 .560
50.0 4.412 .787
MC18 x 42.7 3.950 .450

45.8 4.000 .500
51.9 4.100 .600
58.0 4.200 .700
A-11
Channels - Junior Sizes B
A C
ASTM A-36
Available in Lengths 20 Ft. and 40 Ft.
A B C
MC8 x 8.5 1.875 .180
MC10 x 6.5 1.127 .152
8.4 1.500 .170
MC12 x 10.6 1.500 .190
Angles - Bar Sizes

A C
ASTM A-36
Available in Lengths 20 Ft. and 40 Ft. B
Size in Inches Wt. Per Size in Inches Wt. Per

A B C Foot A B C Foot
1/2 x 1/2 x 1/8 .38 1-3/4 x 1-3/4 x 1/8 1.44
3/16 2.12
5/8 x 5/8 x 1/8 .48 1/4 2.77
3/4 x 3/4 x 1/8 .59 2 x 1-1/4 x 3/16 1.96

1/4 2.55
7/8 x 7/8 x 1/8 .70
2 x 1-1/2 x 1/8 1.44
1 x 5/8 x 1/8 .64 3/16 2.12
1/4 2.77
1 x 3/4 x 1/8 .70
2 x 2 x 1/8 1.65
1 x 1 x 1/8 .80 3/16 2.44
3/16 1.16 1/4 3.19
1/4 1.49 5/16 3.92
3/8 4.70
1-1/4 x 1-1/4 x 1/8 1.01
3/16 1.48 2-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 3/16 2.47
1/4 1.92 1/4 3.19
5/6 3.92
1-3/8 x 7/8 x 1/8 .91
2-1/2 x 2 x 3/16 2.75
1-1/2 x 1-1/4 x 3/16 1.65 1/4 3.62
5/16 4.50
1-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 1/8 1.23 3/8 5.30
3/16 1.80
1/4 2.34 2-1/2 x 2-1/2 x 3/16 3.07
1/4 4.10
1-3/4 x 1-1/4 x 1/8 1.23 5/16 5.00
3/16 1.80 3/8 5.90
1/4 2.34 1/2 7.70
A-12
Angles - Structural Sizes
A C
ASTM A-36 B
Foot Foot
A B C A B C
3 x 2 x 3/16 3.07 5 x 3-1/2 x 1/4 7.00
1/4 4.10 5/16 8.70
5/16 5.00 3/8 10.40
3/8 5.90 1/2 13.60
1/2 7.70 5/8 16.80
3/4 19.80
3 x 2-1/2 x 3/16 3.39
1/4 4.50 5 x 5 x 5/16 10.30
5/16 5.60 3/8 12.30
3/8 6.60 1/2 16.20
1/2 8.50 5/8 20.00
3/4 23.60
3 x 3 x 3/16 3.71
1/4 4.90 6 x 3-1/2 x 1/4 7.90
5/16 6.10 5/16 9.80
3/8 7.20 3/8 11.70
1/2 9.40 1/2 15.30
3-1/2 x 2-1/2 x 1/4 4.90 6 x 4 x 5/16 10.30
5/16 6.10 3/8 12.30
3/8 7.20 1/2 16.20
1/2 9.40 5/8 20.00
3/4 23.60
3-1/2 x 3 x 1/4 5.40
5/16 6.60 6 x 6 x 5/16 12.40
3/8 7.90 3/8 14.90
1/2 10.20 1/2 19.60
5/8 24.20
3-1/2 x 3-1/2 x 1/4 5.80 3/4 28.70
5/16 7.20 1 37.40
3/8 8.50
1/2 11.10 7 x 4 x 3/8 13.60
1/2 17.90
4 x 3 x 1/4 5.80 5/8 22.10
5/16 7.20 3/4 26.20
3/8 8.50
1/2 11.10 8 x 4 x 1/2 19.60
3/4 28.70
4 x 3-1/2 x 1/4 6.20
5/16 7.70 8 x 6 x 1/2 23.00
3/8 9.10 3/4 33.80
1/2 11.90 1 44.20
4 x 4 x 1/4 6.60 8 x 8 x 1/2 26.40
5/16 8.20 5/8 32.70
3/8 9.80 3/4 38.90
1/2 12.80 1 51.00
5/8 15.70 1-1/8 56.90
3/4 18.50
9 x 4 x 1/2 21.30
5 x 3 x 1/4 6.60
5/16 8.20
3/8 9.80
1/2 12.80
A-13
Tees - Bar Sizes b
ASTM A-36 t
Flange Stem Thickness Weight
Inches Inches Inches Per Foot(1)
b d t
1-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 3/16 1.80
1/4 2.43
2 x 2 x 1/4 3.62
(1)
These weights may vary depending on producing mill.
Rails - ASCE Sections c

d
b
New Billet Steel
Pounds Section Height Width Width Length

Per Yard No. in Inches of Base of Head in Feet
d b c
12 1240 2 2 1 30
16 1640 2-3/8 2-3/8 1-11/64 30
20 2040 2-5/8 2-5/8 1-11/32 30
25 2540 2-3/4 2-3/4 1-1/2 30 & 40
30 3040 3-1/8 3-1/8 1-11/16 30 & 40
40 4040 3-1/2 3-1/2 1-7/8 30 & 40
60 6040 4-1/4 4-1/4 2-3/8 30, 33, 39 & 40
80 8040 5 5 2-1/2 39 & 40
85 8540 5-3/16 5-3/16 2-9/16 30, 33, 39 & 60
A-14
BARS
SECTION B
SECTION B
Bars Page
Processing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
Introduction to Bars
Hot Rolled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2
Cold Finished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3
Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4
Hot Rolled Flats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-6
Hot Rolled Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-9
Hot Rolled Rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10
Cold Finished Flats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-11
Cold Finished Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-15
Cold Finished Hexagons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-16
Cold Finished Rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .B-17
Turned, Ground and Polished Rounds . . . . . . . . . . B-18

Bar Processing
Services Available
Centerless Grinding
Galvanizing
Hard Chrome Plating
Induction Hardening
Miter Cutting
Pickling & Oiling
Production Cutting
Production Shearing
Rolling
Trepanning
B-1
Product Introduction - Hot Rolled Bars
Merchant Quality
M1010/M1020 Low carbon, general purpose

steels (mild steel) suitable for
forming, welding, and many
fabrication applications.

M1044 Similar to C1045 in strength and
heat-treatment properties but
less costly.
Commercial Grade

ASTM A-36 The standard specification for Hot
Rolled Bars and Shapes. This grade
is produced to a minimum yield of
36,000 psi with a tensile strength of
58,000/80,000 psi.
Special Quality
1018 & 1020 Low carbon, general purpose steels

produced to specific chemistries
with predictable physical properties.
1040 & 1045 Higher carbon levels increase

strength and allow heat treatment
for enhanced properties.
1095 (Spring Steel) High mechanical

properties due to a high carbon
content. Can be heat-treated to very
high tensile and yield values.
B-2
Product Introduction - Cold Finished Bars
Cold Finished carbon steel bars are produced from hot rolled special
bar quality stock by means of several different cold finishing processes:
COLD DRAWING, TURNING & POLISHING, TURNING, GRINDING
& POLISHING, and COLD ROLLING. The primary purpose of cold
finishing is to improve: surface quality, dimensional accuracy and
straightness, machinability, and overall mechanical properties.
1018 A low carbon steel with medium manganese

content, suitable for applications where high
stresses are not involved.
1044/1045 A medium carbon steel used extensively in

induction hardening applications.
1117 A low carbon, high manganese steel with good

machining and carburizing properties. Withstands
bending, broaching, and most deforming without
cracking.
11L17 The addition of .15 to .35% LEAD to the 1117

chemistry greatly improves machinability without
sacrificing other physical properties.

1141/1144 A medium carbon, high manganese steel with
free machining qualities. These grades are
recommended for parts requiring greater strength
and/or wear resistance than can be obtained from
lower carbon steels.
Stressproof - A higher strength, stress relieved bar
without heat treatment is readily machinable with
minimum distortion.
Fatigueproof - A higher strength than stressproof
achieved by mechanical working and thermal
treatment. Eliminates need for heat treating and
secondary operations such as straightening.
Readily machinable with low residual stress.
12L14 A lead bearing steel with superior machine rates

and excellent physical properties. It is a favorite
grade for automatic screw machine work.
1215 This fast cutting steel is the standard screw stock.

The machine finish is smooth and bright.
B-3
Product Introduction - Alloy Bars
4140/4150 A widely used medium carbon alloy steel.
A true general purpose, low cost alloy bar.
With nominal composition of .95% chromium
and .20% molybdenum content, a broad
range of strength and toughness is attainable
through heat treatment. This alloy has good
hardenability, strength, wear resistance,
toughness, and ductility.
ETD 150 It is made by the elevated temperature drawing

process to obtain properties and strengths
usually achieved only by quenching and
tempering. No heat treating is required -
properties are in-the-bar as received. This steel
machines faster than heat treated bars and
compares favorably with cold drawn
4140 annealed.
41L40/41L50 An annealed free machining direct hardening

alloy with medium carbon content. With the
addition of .15%-.35% lead, this alloy can be
quenched and tempered to a wide range of
strength levels with little loss in machinability.
4340 A highly alloyed steel with nominal composition

of 1.80% nickel, .80% chromium, and .25%
molybdenum content that assures deep
hardness when oil quenched, with high strength
characteristics attained throughout the section.
This alloy is used for heavily stressed parts.
8620 The most widely used of all case hardening

alloys. A true general purpose, low cost,
low carbon, oil hardened steel with good
core properties. Nominal composition is
balanced with .55% nickel, .50% chromium,
.20% molybdenum.
For more extensive data concerning hot rolled, cold rolled, and alloy bars
refer to the data section of this catalog.
B-4
Product Introduction - Alloy Bars
86L20 Similar to 8620, except with the addition of lead,
this steel becomes an excellent free machining,
case hardening steel. This alloy develops a
uniformly hard case supported by a tough,
ductile core and has relatively low distortion in
heat treatment.
For more extensive data concerning hot rolled, cold rolled, and alloy bars
refer to the data section of this catalog.
B-5
Hot Rolled Flats

Size Weight Size Weight
in Inches Per Foot in Inches Per Foot
1/8 x 1/2 .213 1/4 x 2 1.700
3/4 .319 2-1/4 1.913
1 .425 2-1/2 2.125
1-1/4 .531 2-3/4 2.338
1-1/2 .638 3 2.550
1-3/4 .744 3-1/2 2.975
2 .850 4 3.400
2-1/4 .956 4-1/2 3.825
2-1/2 1.063 5 4.250
2-3/4 1.169 5-1/2 4.675
3 1.275 6 5.100
3-1/2 1.488 7 5.950
4 1.700 8 6.800
4-1/2 1.913
5 2.125 5/16 x 1/2 .531
6 2.550 3/4 .797
8 3.400 1 1.063
1-1/4 1.328
1-1/2 1.594
3/16 x 1/2 .319 1-3/4 1.859
3/4 .478 2 2.125
7/8 .558 2-1/4 2.391
1 .638 2-1/2 2.656
1-1/4 .797 3 3.188
1-1/2 .956 3-1/4 3.453
1-3/4 1.116 3-1/2 3.719
2 1.275 4 4.250
2-1/4 1.434 5 5.313
2-1/2 1.594 6 6.375
2-3/4 1.753 8 8.500
3 1.913
3-1/2 2.231
4 2.550 3/8 x 1/2 .638
5 3.188 3/4 .956
6 3.825 1 1.275
8 5.100 1-1/4 1.594
1-1/2 1.913
1-3/4 2.231
1/4 x 1/2 .425 2 2.550
3/4 .638 2-1/4 2.869
1 .850 2-1/2 3.188
1-1/4 1.063
1-1/2 1.275
1-3/4 1.488
B-6
Hot Rolled Flats

3/8 x 2-3/4 3.506 3/4 x 1 2.550
3 3.825 1-1/4 3.188
3-1/2 4.463 1-1/2 3.825
4 5.100 2 5.100
4-1/2 5.738 2-1/2 6.375
5 6.375 3 7.650
5-1/2 7.013 3-1/2 8.925
6 7.650 4 10.200
7 8.925 5 12.750
8 10.200 6 15.300
7 17.850
1/2 x 3/4 1.275 8 20.400
1 1.700
1-1/4 2.125 7/8 x 1 2.975
1-1/2 2.550 1-1/4 3.719
1-3/4 2.975 1-1/2 4.463
2 3.400 1-3/4 5.206
2-1/4 3.825 2 5.950
2-1/2 4.250 2-1/4 6.694
2-3/4 4.675 2-1/2 7.438
3 5.100 3 8.925
3-1/2 5.950 3-1/2 10.413
4 6.800 4 11.900
4-1/2 7.650 5 14.875
5 8.500 6 17.850
5-1/2 9.350 7 20.830
6 10.200 8 23.800
7 11.900
8 13.600
5/8 x 1 2.125
1-1/2 3.188
2 4.250
2-1/2 5.313
3 6.375
3-1/2 7.438
4 8.500
4-1/2 9.563
5 10.625
6 12.750
8 17.000
B-7
Hot Rolled Flats

1 x 1-1/2 5.100 1-1/2 x 2 10.200
2 6.800 3 15.300
2-1/2 8.500 4 20.400
3 10.200 5 25.500
3-1/2 11.900 6 30.600
4 13.600
5 17.000 2 x 2-1/2 17.000
6 20.400 3 20.400
7 23.800 4 27.200
8 27.200 5 34.000
6 40.800
1-1/4 x 2 8.500
3 12.750
4 17.000
5 21.250
6 25.500
B-8
Hot Rolled Squares

3/8 .478 2 13.600

7/16 .651 2-1/4 17.210
1/2 .850 2-1/2 21.250
9/16 1.076 2-3/4 25.710
5/8 1.330
3/4 1.910 3 30.600
7/8 2.600 3-1/2 41.650
1 3.400 4 54.400
1-1/8 4.300 4-1/2 68.850
1-1/4 5.310
1-1/2 7.650 5 85.000
1-3/4 10.410
6 122.400
B-9
Hot Rolled Rounds
ASTM A-36
Diameter Weight Size Weight

1/4 .167 4 42.73

5/16 .261 4-1/4 48.23
3/8 .376 4-1/2 54.08
7/16 .511 4-3/4 60.25
1/2 .668
9/16 .845 5 66.76
5/8 1.043 5-1/4 73.60
3/4 1.502 5-1/2 80.78
7/8 2.045 5-3/4 88.29
15/16 2.347
6 96.13
1 2.670 6-1/4 104.30
1-1/8 3.380 6-1/2 112.80
1-3/16 3.766 6-3/4 121.70
1-1/4 4.172
1-3/8 5.049 7 130.90
1-1/2 6.008 7-1/4 140.40
1-5/8 7.052 7-1/2 150.20
1-3/4 8.178 7-3/4 160.40
1-7/8 9.388
8 170.90
2 10.68 8-1/4 181.80
2-1/4 13.52 8-1/2 192.90
2-1/2 16.69 8-3/4 204.50
2-3/4 20.19
9 216.30
3 24.03 9-1/2 241.00
3-1/4 28.21
3-1/2 32.71 10 267.00
3-3/4 37.55 10-1/2 294.40
11 323.10
12 384.50
Forged and rough-turned

rounds available up to 24
diameter. Please inquire.
B-10
Cold Finished Flats
Available in 12 Ft. Random Lengths

1/8 x 1/2 .213 1/4 x 1-1/8 .956
5/8 .266 1-1/4 1.063
3/4 .319 1-3/8 1.169
7/8 .372 1-1/2 1.275
1 .425 1-5/8 1.381
1-1/8 .478 1-3/4 1.488
1-1/4 .531 2 1.700
1-1/2 .638 2-1/4 1.913
1-3/4 .744 2-1/2 2.125
2 .850 2-3/4 2.338
2-1/2 1.063 3 2.550
3 1.275 3-1/4 2.763
3-1/2 1.488 3-1/2 2.975
4 1.700 3-3/4 3.188
5 2.125 4 3.400
6 2.550 4-1/2 3.825
5 4.250
3/16 x 1/2 .319 5-1/2 4.675
5/8 .398 6 5.100
3/4 .478 7 5.950
7/8 .558 8 6.800
1 .638 9 7.650
1-1/8 .717 10 8.500
1-1/4 .797 12 10.20
1-1/2 .956
1-3/4 1.116 5/16 x 1/2 .531
1-7/8 1.195 5/8 .664
2 1.275 3/4 .797
2-1/4 1.434 7/8 .930
2-1/2 1.594 1 1.063
3 1.913 1-1/4 1.328
3-1/2 2.231 1-1/2 1.594
4 2.550 1-3/4 1.859
5 3.188 2 2.125
6 3.825 2-1/4 2.391
2-1/2 2.656
1/4 x 1/2 .425 2-3/4 2.922
5/8 .531
3/4 .638
7/8 .744
1 .850
B-11
Cold Finished Flats

5/16 x 3 3.188 1/2 x 3/4 1.275
3-1/2 3.719 7/8 1.488
4 4.250 1 1.700
4-1/2 4.781 1-1/8 1.913
5 5.313 1-1/4 2.125
6 6.375 1-3/8 2.338
1-1/2 2.550
3/8 x 1/2 .638 1-5/8 2.763
9/16 .717 1-3/4 2.975
5/8 .797 2 3.400
3/4 .956 2-1/4 3.825
7/8 1.116 2-1/2 4.250
1 1.275 2-3/4 4.675
1-1/8 0.434 3 5.100
1-1/4 1.594 3-1/4 5.525
1-3/8 1.753 3-1/2 5.950
4 6.800
1-1/2 1.913
4-1/2 7.650
1-5/8 2.072 4-3/4 8.075
1-3/4 2.231 5 8.500
2 2.550 5-1/2 9.350
2-1/4 2.869 6 10.20
2-1/2 3.188 7 11.90
2-3/4 3.506 8 13.60
3 3.825 9 15.30
3-1/4 4.144 10 17.00
3-1/2 4.463 12 20.40
14-5/8 24.86
3-3/4 4.781
4 5.100 5/8 x 1 2.125
4-1/2 5.738 1-1/4 2.656
5 6.375 1-1/2 3.188
5-1/2 7.013 1-3/4 3.719
6 7.650 2 4.250
7 8.925 2-1/4 4.781
8 10.20 2-1/2 5.313
9 11.48 2-3/4 5.844
10 12.75 3 6.375
3-1/2 7.438
12 15.30
4 8.500
14-5/8 18.65 4-1/2 9.563
5 10.63
6 12.75
7 14.88
8 17.00
B-12
Cold Finished Flats

5/8 x 10 21.25 1 x 7 23.80
12 25.50 8 27.20
14-5/8 31.08 9 30.60
10 34.00
3/4 x 1 2.550 12 40.80
1-1/8 2.869 14-5/8 49.73
1-1/4 3.188
1-3/8 3.506 1-1/4 x 1-1/2 6.375
1-1/2 3.825 1-3/4 7.438
1-3/4 4.463 2 8.500
2 5.100 2-1/4 9.563
2-1/4 5.738 2-1/2 10.63
2-1/2 6.375 2-3/4 11.69
2-3/4 7.013 3 12.75
3 7.650 3-1/4 13.81
3-1/4 8.288 3-1/2 14.88
3-1/2 8.925 4 17.00
4 10.20 4-1/2 19.13
4-1/2 11.48 5 21.25
5 12.75 5-1/2 23.38
5-1/2 14.03 6 25.50
6 15.30 8 34.00
7 17.85 10 42.50
8 20.40 12 51.00
9 22.95 14-5/8 62.15
10 25.50
11 28.05 1-1/2 x 2 10.20
12 30.60 2-1/4 11.48
14-5/8 37.29 2-1/2 12.75
2-3/4 14.03
1 x 1-1/4 4.250 3 15.30
1-1/2 5.100 3-1/4 16.57
1-3/4 5.950 3-1/2 17.85
2 6.800 4 20.40
2-1/4 7.650 4-1/2 22.95
2-1/2 8.500 5 25.50
2-3/4 9.350 5-1/2 28.05
3 10.20 6 30.60
3-1/2 11.90 8 40.80
4 13.60 10 51.00
4-1/2 15.30 12 61.20
5 17.00 14-5/8 74.59
5-1/2 18.70
6 20.40
B-13
Cold Finished Flats

1-3/4 x 2 11.90 3 x 3-1/2 35.70
2-1/4 13.39 4 40.80
2-1/2 14.88 5 51.00
2-3/4 16.36 6 61.20
3 17.85 8 81.60
3-1/2 20.83 10 102.00
4 23.80 12 122.40
4-1/2 26.78
5 29.75
5-1/2 32.73
6 35.70
2 x 2-1/2 17.00
2-3/4 18.70
3 20.40
3-1/2 23.80
4 27.20
4-1/2 30.60
5 34.00
6 40.80
8 54.40
10 68.00
12 81.60
2-1/4 x 2-1/2 19.13

2-3/4 21.04
3 22.95
3-1/4 24.86
3-1/2 26.78
4 30.60
5 38.25
6 45.90
2-1/2 x 3 25.50
3-1/2 29.75
4 34.00
4-1/2 38.25
5 42.50
6 51.00
8 68.00
10 85.00
B-14
Cold Finished Squares
1/8 .053 1-3/4 10.41
3/16 .120 1-7/8 11.95
1/4 .213
5/16 .332 2 13.60
3/8 .478 2-1/8 15.35
7/16 .651 2-1/4 17.21
1/2 .850 2-1/2 21.25
9/16 1.076 2-3/4 25.71
5/8 1.329
11/16 1.608 3 30.60
3/4 1.914 3-1/4 35.91
13/16 2.246 3-1/2 41.65
7/8 2.605 3-3/4 47.81
15/16 2.990
4 54.40
1 3.402 4-1/4 64.41
1-1/8 4.306 4-1/2 68.85
1-3/16 4.795
1-1/4 5.316 5 85.00
1-3/8 6.432 5-1/2 102.90
1-1/2 7.655
1-5/8 8.984 6 122.40
B-15
Cold Finished Hexagons
1/4 .184 1-3/8 5.567

5/16 .288 1-1/2 6.625
3/8 .414 1-5/8 7.775
7/16 .564 1-11/16 8.385
1/2 .736 1-3/4 9.017
9/16 .932 1-7/8 10.350
5/8 1.150
11/16 1.392 2 11.780
3/4 1.656 2-1/4 14.910
13/16 1.944 2-3/8 16.610
7/8 2.254 2-1/2 18.400
15/16 2.588 2-5/8 20.290
2-3/4 22.270
1 2.944
1-1/16 3.324 3 26.500
1-1/8 3.727 3-1/4 31.100
1-3/16 4.152 3-1/2 36.070
1-1/4 4.601 3-3/4 41.410
4 47.110
B-16
Cold Finished Rounds
Available in 12 Ft. & 20 Ft. Random Lengths
Diameter Weight Diameter Weight
1/8 .042 2-13/16 21.12
3/16 .094 2-7/8 22.07
1/4 .167 2-15/16 23.04
5/16 .261
3/8 .376 3 24.03
7/16 .511 3-1/16 25.05
1/2 .668 3-1/8 26.08
9/16 .845 3-3/16 27.13
5/8 1.043 3-1/4 28.21
11/16 1.262 3-5/16 29.30
3/4 1.502 3-3/8 30.42
13/16 1.763 3-7/16 31.55
7/8 2.045 3-1/2 32.71
15/16 2.347 3-9/16 33.89
3-5/8 35.09
1 2.670 3-11/16 36.31
1-1/16 3.015 3-3/4 37.55
1-1/8 3.380 3-13/16 38.81
1-3/16 3.766 3-7/8 40.10
1-1/4 4.173 3-15/16 41.40
1-5/16 4.600
1-3/8 5.049 4 42.73
1-7/16 5.518 4-1/8 45.44
4-1/4 48.23
1-1/2 6.008
4-3/8 51.11
1-9/16 6.520
4-7/16 52.58
1-5/8 7.052
4-1/2 54.08
1-11/16 7.604
4-5/8 57.12
1-3/4 8.178 4-3/4 60.25
1-13/16 8.773 4-7/8 63.46
1-7/8 9.388 4-15/16 65.10
1-15/16 10.020
5 66.76
2 10.680 5-1/4 73.60
2-1/16 11.360 5-3/8 77.15
2-1/8 12.060 5-7/16 78.95
2-3/16 12.780 5-1/2 80.78
2-1/4 13.520 5-5/8 84.49
2-5/16 14.280 5-3/4 88.29
2-3/8 15.060 5-7/8 92.17
2-7/16 15.870 5-15/16 94.14
2-1/2 16.690
2-9/16 17.530 6 96.13
2-5/8 18.400
2-11/16 19.290 Diameters over 6 are available
2-3/4 20.190 turned and polished. Please inquire.
B-17
Turned, Ground, & Polished Rounds (1)
Available in 12 Ft., 20 Ft. & 24 Ft. Lengths

Diameter Weight Diameter Weight
1/8 .042 3 24.03
3/16 .094 3-3/16 27.13
1/4 .167 3-1/4 28.21
5/16 .261 3-7/16 31.55
3/8 .376 3-1/2 32.71
7/16 .511 3-11/16 36.31
1/2 .668 3-3/4 37.55
9/16 .845 3-15/16 41.40
5/8 1.043
11/16 1.262 4 42.73
3/4 1.502 4-1/4 48.23
7/8 2.045 4-7/16 52.58
4-1/2 54.08
1 2.670 4-3/4 60.25
1-1/8 3.380 4-15/16 65.10
1-3/16 3.776
1-1/4 4.173 5 66.76
1-5/16 4.600 5-7/16 78.95
1-3/8 5.049 5-1/2 80.78
1-7/16 5.518 5-3/4 88.29
1-1/2 6.008 5-15/16 94.14
1-5/8 7.052
1-11/16 7.604 6 96.13
1-3/4 8.178
1-7/8 9.388 7 130.80
1-15/16 10.020
8 170.90
2 10.680
2-1/8 12.060
2-3/16 12.780
2-1/4 13.520 Diameters less than 1 are
(1)
2-3/8 15.060 drawn, ground, & polished.

2-7/16 15.870
2-1/2 16.690
2-5/8 18.400
2-11/16 19.290
2-3/4 20.190
2-7/8 22.070
2-15/16 23.040
B-18
PLATES
SECTION C
SECTION C
Plates Page
Processing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
Introduction to Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2
Universal Mill Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-5
Hot Rolled Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-6
Floor Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-8

Plate Processing
Services Available
Blanking
Flame Cutting
Galvanizing
Grinding
Laser Cutting
Pickling & Oiling
Plasma Cutting
Production or Singles
Punching
Rolling & Forming
Shearing
Water Jet Cutting
C-1
Product Introduction - Plates
Structural Quality Plates
ASTM A283 A general purpose, low-cost structural

quality plate that has satisfactory forming,
machining, and welding characteristics.
ASTM A36 A structural quality carbon steel for use

in welded, bolted, or riveted construction
of bridges and buildings, and for general
structural purposes. Produced with a
minimum yield point of 36,000 psi, A36
is stronger than A283. A36 can be used
to design lighter weight structures and
equipment, and provide good weldability.
ASTM A572 The most economical of the high strength,

low alloy steels. This alloy provides high
strength, good workability, and weldability
at a moderate price. A572 has a minimum
yield point of 50,000 psi and has the same
corrosion resistance as that of plain carbon
steel.
ASTM A242 A242 has a minimum yield point of

50,000 psi but also offers a corrosion
resistance of four times that of plain carbon
steel. COR-TEN A conforms to A242
specifications.
ASTM A588 Similar to A242 but with a modified

chemistry, A588 also offers high strength
and corrosion resistance. COR-TEN B
conforms to A588 specifications.
ASTM A656 A low alloy, hot rolled, controlled cooled

steel used for applications where high
strength along with toughness, formability,
weldability, and fatigue resistance are
required. A656 has a minimum yield
point of 80,000 psi. HI-FORM 80
conforms to A656.
C-2
Pressure Vessel Quality Plates
ASTM A285 A popular, moderate strength steel for

stationary service vessels and boilers.
This alloy has excellent formability
and weldability.
ASTM A515 More strength than A285 for

intermediate and high temperature
service in boilers and pressure vessels.
Weldable with proper recommended
techniques, A515 plates have coarse
grain structure and are silicon killed.
ASTM A516 Carbon-manganese-silicon steel

plate with a fine grain structure. A516
is designed for moderate and lower
temperature service in pressure
vessels where improved notch
toughness is required.
Minimum Mechanical Properties of

Structural Quality Plates &
Pressure Vessel Quality Plates
ASTM Yield Point Tensile Strength Carbon
Specification psi psi Max.*
A283 Gr.D 33,000 60 - 72,000 not spec.

A36 36,000 58 - 80,000 .25/.29
A572 Gr. 50 50,000 65,000 .23
A242 50,000 70,000 .12
A588 Gr. A 50,000 70,000 .19
A656 Gr. 80 80,000 95,000 .18
A285 Gr. C 30,000 55 - 65,000 .28
A515 Gr. 70 38,000 70 - 85,000 .31/.15
A516 Gr. 60 32,000 60 - 80,000 .21/.27
A516 Gr. 65 35,000 65 - 80,000 .24/.29
A516 Gr. 70 38,000 70 - 90,000 .27/.31
*Depending on Thickness
C-3
Abrasion Resistant &Impact Resistant Plates
Abrasion resisting and impact resisting plates are low to medium

carbon, low alloy steel that has been heat treated by quenching
and tempering to develop high abrasion and impact resistance,
and high yield strength. Due to the nature of the high hardness
and toughness of these steels, they are relatively difficult to
machine without the use of high speed tools. Typically, these
steels have good welding and fabrication characteristics.
AR-225 A generally smooth sliding abrasion

resistance with a Brinell Hardness of
200-225. Typical applications include
handling of grains, coal fines, cement,
sand, gravel, and earth.
AR-360 Has good sliding abrasion resistance and

light impact resistance. With a Brinell
Hardness of 321 (min.), this alloy is
typically used for buckets, chutes,
hoppers, and conveyors.
AR-400 Having a Brinell Hardness of 360 (min.),

this alloy is suited for a broad range of
applications where sliding abrasion and
moderate impact resistance exists.
AR-500 Similar to AR-400 but with an even

higher Brinell Hardness of 477 (min.)
typically used in extreme conditions.
T-1 type A Combines high resistance to sliding and

impact abrasion. This steel is typically
used where formability and weldability
are more critical than with the AR steels
and higher impact resistance is desired.
Brinell Hardness for this alloy falls in
the 250 to 360 range depending on
thickness. Maximum thickness is 1-1/4.
T-1 type B Same as type A but is available in
greater thicknesses up to 2.
T-1 type C Same as type A but is available in

thicknesses up to 6.
For more extensive information on plate steel please refer to the data section of this catalog.
C-4
Universal Mill Plates
ASTM A-36
Thickness Est. Weight Thickness Est. Weight

& Width Per & Width Per
Inches Foot Inches Foot
1/4 x 9 7.66 3/4 x 9 22.97
10 8.51 10 25.52
11 9.36 12 30.63
12 10.21
7/8 x 10 29.78
5/16 x 9 9.57 12 35.74
10 10.63
12 12.76 1 x 9 30.63
10 34.03
3/8 x 9 11.49 12 40.84
10 12.77
11 14.04 1-1/4 x 9 38.25
12 15.32 10 42.54
12 51.05
1/2 x 9 15.32
10 17.02 1-1/2 x 10 51.05
12 20.42 12 61.26
5/8 x 9 19.13 2 x 9 61.26

10 21.27 10 68.06
12 25.53 12 81.68
C-5
Plates
ASTM A-36
Thickness Wt. Per Thickness Wt. Per

in Inches Sq. Foot in Inches Sq. Foot
3/16 7.66 3 122.52
1/4 10.21 3-1/4 132.72
5/16 12.76 3-1/2 142.93
3/8 15.32 3-3/4 153.14
7/16 17.87
1/2 20.42 4 163.35
9/16 22.97 4-1/4 173.56
5/8 25.53 4-1/2 183.77
11/16 28.08
3/4 30.63 5 204.19
7/8 35.74 5-1/2 224.61
1 40.84 6 245.03
1-1/8 45.95 6-1/2 265.45
1-1/4 51.05
1-3/8 56.16 7 285.87
1-1/2 61.26 7-1/2 306.29
1-5/8 66.37
1-3/4 71.47 8 326.71
1-7/8 76.58 8-1/2 347.13
2 81.68 9 367.55
2-1/8 86.79
2-1/4 91.89 10 408.38
2-1/2 102.10
2-3/4 112.31 12 490.06
C-6
Plates
Weights Per Plate -
Most Common Sizes
Size 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16

48 x 96 245.12 326.72 408.32 490.24 571.84
48 x 120 306.40 408.40 510.40 612.80 714.80
48 x 144 367.68 490.08 612.48 735.36 857.76
48 x 240 612.80 816.80 1020.80 1225.60 1429.60
60 x 96 306.40 408.40 510.40 612.80 714.80

60 x 120 383.00 510.50 638.00 766.00 893.50
60 x 144 459.60 612.60 765.60 919.20 1072.20
60 x 240 766.00 1021.00 1276.00 1532.00 1787.00
72 x 96 367.68 490.08 612.48 735.36 857.76

72 x 120 459.60 612.60 765.60 919.20 1072.20
72 x 144 551.52 735.12 918.72 1103.04 1286.64
72 x 240 919.20 1225.20 1531.20 1838.40 2144.40
96 x 240 1225.60 1633.60 2041.60 2451.20 2859.20
Size 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1
48 x 96 653.44 816.96 980.16 1143.68 1306.88

48 x 120 816.80 1021.20 1225.20 1429.60 1633.60
48 x 144 980.16 1225.44 1470.24 1715.52 1960.32
48 x 240 1633.60 2042.40 2450.40 2859.20 3267.20
60 x 96 816.80 1021.20 1225.20 1429.60 1633.60

60 x 120 1021.00 1276.50 1531.50 1787.00 2042.00
60 x 144 1225.20 1531.80 1837.80 2144.40 2450.40
60 x 240 2042.00 2553.00 3063.00 3574.00 4084.00
72 x 96 980.16 1225.44 1470.24 1715.52 1960.32

72 x 120 1225.20 1531.80 1837.80 2144.40 2450.40
72 x 144 1470.24 1838.16 2205.36 2573.28 2940.48
72 x 240 2450.40 3063.60 3675.60 4288.80 4900.80
96 x 240 3267.20 4084.80 4900.80 5718.40 6534.40
Other sizes available. Please inquire.

C-7
Floor Plates
Size in Wt. Per Size in Wt. Per
Inches Sq. Foot Inches Sq. Foot
16 ga 3.00 1/4 11.26

14 ga 3.75 5/16 13.81
12 ga 5.25 3/8 16.37
1/8 6.16 1/2 21.47
3/16 8.71 3/4 31.68
Floor Plates
Weights Per Plate -
Most Common Sizes
Size 16 ga 14 ga 12 ga 1/8 3/16

48 x 96 96.00 120.00 168.00 197.12 278.72
48 x 120 120.00 150.00 210.00 246.40 348.40
48 x 144 144.00 180.00 252.00 295.68 418.08
60 x 96 210.00 246.40 348.40

60 x 120 435.50
262.50 308.00 522.60
60 x 144 315.00 369.60
418.08
72 x 96 295.68 522.60
72 x 120 369.60 627.12
72 x 144 443.52
Size 1/4 5/16 3/8 1/2 3/4

48 x 96 360.32 441.92 523.84 687.04 1013.76
48 x 120 450.40 552.40 654.80 858.80 1267.20
48 x 144 540.48 662.88 785.76 1030.56 1520.64
60 x 96 450.40 552.40 654.80 858.80 1267.20

60 x 120 563.00 690.50 818.50 1073.50 1584.00
60 x 144 675.60 828.60 982.20 1288.20 1900.00
72 x 96 540.48 662.88 785.76 1030.56 1520.64

72 x 120 675.60 828.60 982.20 1288.20 1900.80
72 x 144 810.72 994.32 1178.64 1545.84 2280.96
96 x 240 2209.60 2619.20 3435.20 5068.80
Other sizes available. Please inquire.

C-8
SHEETS
SECTION D
SECTION D
Sheets Page
Processing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1
Introduction to Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-2
Hot Rolled Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5
Hot Rolled, Pickled & Oiled Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-5
Cold Rolled Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-7
Galvanized Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-10

Sheet Processing
Services Available
Blanking
Cutting To Length From Coils
Laser Cutting
Leveling
Pickling & Oiling
Plasma Cutting
Punching
Rolling, Forming, Bending
Shearing
Slitting
Water Jet Cutting
D-1
Product Introduction - Sheet
Hot Rolled Sheet
Primarily used for tanks, barrels, farm implements, and other

applications where surface quality is not critical. Conforming
to ASTM A1011, this specification covers hot-rolled, carbon,
structural, high-strength low-alloy and high strength low-alloy
with improved formability steel sheet in coils and cut lengths.
Hot-rolled steel sheet is available in the following designations:

Commercial Steel (CS in Types A, B, C and D)
Drawing Steel (DS in Types A and B)
Structural Steel (SS in grades 30, 33, 36 Type 1 and 2, 40,
45, 50, 55, 60, 70 & 80)
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel (HSLAS, classes 1 and 2 in
grades 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 & 70)
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel with Improved Formability
(HSLAS-F in grades 50, 60, 70 & 80)
Ultra-High Strength Steel (UHSS Types 1 and 2, in grades
90 and 100)
Sheet produced to CS and DS specifications will conform to

the chemical composition requirements for the appropriate
designation and is capable of being bent at room temperature in
any direction through 180 degrees flat on itself without cracking
on the outside of the bent portion. There are no mandatory
mechanical property requirements for sheets ordered to a CS or
DS designation.
Sheet produced to SS, HSLAS, HSLAS-F and UHSS specifications

will conform to the chemical composition requirements for the
appropriate designation and will also conform to the mandatory
mechanical property requirements for that designation.
Pickled and Oiled
Sheets ordered to the ASTM A1011 specification may also be

furnished with an oiled finish. Pickled and oiled sheets have the
same properties and forming characteristics but offer less wear
on tooling. These sheets go through an acid pickling bath which
removes mill oxide, improving surface appearance, uniformity
and finishing quality. Paint and enamel adhere well after cleaning.
Typical applications are auto and truck parts, farm implements,
tanks, stamped and roll formed parts.
D-2
Cold Rolled Sheet
Conforming to ASTM A1008, cold-rolled sheets matte finish

gives it a superior surface quality to hot pickled and oiled sheet.
This matte finish is ideal for paints, enamels, and lacquers. The
additional steps it undergoes in production also give cold-rolled
sheet closer thickness tolerances. Typical uses are refrigerators,
ranges, washing machines, auto and truck bodies, signs, panels,
furniture and stamped parts.
Cold-rolled sheets are available in the following designations:

Commercial Steel (CS in Types A, B, and C)
Drawing Steel (DS in Types A and B)
Deep Drawing Steels (DDS)
Extra Deep Drawing Steel (EDDS)
Structural Steel (SS in grades 25, 30, 33 Type 1 and 2,
40 Types 1 and 2, 50, 60, 70 & 80)
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel (HSLAS, classes 1 and 2 in
grades 45, 50, 55, 60, 65 & 70 in Classes 1 and 2)
High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel with Improved Formability
(HSLAS-F in grades 50, 60, 70 & 80)
Solution Hardened Steel (SHS) and
Bake Hardenable Steel (BHS)
Corrosion Resistant Steel Sheet
Falling within the ASTM A606 designation, this specification

covers high-strength, low-alloy hot-rolled and cold-rolled steel
sheets that have enhanced atmospheric corrosion resistance and
are supplied in two types, Type 2 and Type 4. While maintaining
high-strength characteristics, this steel is two to four times more
resistant to atmospheric corrosion than low carbon steels. When
unpainted, it has a tightly adherent oxide surface which stops
further oxidation. A606 has excellent weldability and formability.
Coated Sheet
HotDipped Galvanized - These sheets are continuously hot dip

coated with a durable protective coating of zinc. Hot Dipped
Gal-vanized Sheets can be formed without flaking or peeling.
Stamping, cold drawing, double seaming, and brake or roll forming
will not repair the corrosion protection qualities. Galvanized
D-3
sheet can be welded or soldered. Thicknesses of 16 ga. and
lighter are lockforming quality while thicknesses of 14 ga. and
heavier ar commercial quality. All conform to ASTM A-653
(previously A-525.)
Electro-Galvanized - These are cold rolled sheets that are zinc

coated by electrolytic deposition and conform to ASTM A-879.
The coating has a uniform dull gray matte appearance without
the spangles normally present on hot dipped galvanized. The
surface can be phosphate treated for immediate paintability.
These can also be formed, rolled, or stamped without flaking,
peeling, or cracking. Electro-galvanized sheets are particularly
suited for cabinets, signs, light fixtures, etc., where an excellent
finish is required.
Galvannealed - These sheets are heat treated after coating to

produce zinc-iron alloy and eliminated spangle. It can be painted
without further surface preparation except for normal cleaning. It
may be subject to simple bending and forming without impairing
its paintability or corrosion resistance. It is particularly suited for
sign boards, metal doors and partitions, truck and trailer bodies,
heater and furnace parts. It conforms to ASTM A-653.
Galvalume - This is a corrosion resistant sheet, continuously

hot dipped coated with aluminum zinc alloy. For certain applica-
tions it offers a substantial increase in corrosion resistance
over regular galvanized. It can be readily formed, welded, and
soldered. End uses include appliance and automotive parts,
metal building and agricultural parts. It conforms to ASTM A-792.
Aluminized - This sheet steel is continuously hot dip coated

with aluminum-silicon alloy. It has an attractive satin finish
and it provides the best qualities of aluminum and steel by
resisting corrosion and providing strength at a low cost. It can
be subjected to moderate forming, spinning, and drawing without
peeling and flaking of the coating. Conforming to ASTM A-463,
its applications include crop dryers, dry kiln fan walls, dryers,
incinerators, mufflers, oven and space heater components.
For more information on sheet steel please refer to the data

section of this catalog.
D-4
Sheet
Hot Rolled and Hot Rolled, Pickled & Oiled

Most Common Sizes Available
Size Decimal Est. Wt. Est. Wt.
Gauge in in per Sq. Ft. per Sheet
Inches Inches in Lbs. in Lbs.
7 48 x 96 .1793 7.500 240.0
48 x 120 .1793 7.500 300.0
48 x 144 .1793 7.500 360.0
48 x 240 .1793 7.500 600.0
60 x 96 .1793 7.500 300.0

60 x 120 .1793 7.500 375.0
60 x 144 .1793 7.500 450.0
60 x 240 .1793 7.500 750.0
72 x 120 .1793 7.500 450.0

72 x 144 .1793 7.500 540.0
72 x 240 .1793 7.500 900.0
10 48 x 96 .1345 5.625 180.0

48 x 120 .1345 5.625 225.0
48 x 144 .1345 5.625 270.0
48 x 240 .1345 5.625 450.0
60 x 96 .1345 5.625 225.0

60 x 120 .1345 5.625 281.3
60 x 144 .1345 5.625 337.5
60 x 240 .1345 5.625 562.5
72 x 96 .1345 5.625 270.0

72 x 120 .1345 5.625 337.5
72 x 144 .1345 5.625 405.0
72 x 240 .1345 5.625 675.0
11 48 x 96 .1196 5.000 160.0

48 x 120 .1196 5.000 200.0
48 x 144 .1196 5.000 240.0
48 x 240 .1196 5.000 400.0
60 x 96 .1196 5.000 200.0
60 x 120 .1196 5.000 250.0
60 x 144 .1196 5.000 300.0
60 x 240 .1196 5.000 500.0
72 x 96 .1196 5.000 240.0
72 x 120 .1196 5.000 300.0
72 x 144 .1196 5.000 360.0
72 x 240 .1196 5.000 600.0
D-5
Sheet
Hot Rolled and Hot Rolled, Pickled & Oiled

12 48 x 96 .1046 4.375 140.0
48 x 120 .1046 4.375 175.0
48 x 144 .1046 4.375 210.0
48 x 240 .1046 4.375 350.0
60 x 96 .1046 4.375 175.0

60 x 120 .1046 4.375 218.8
60 x 144 .1046 4.375 262.5
60 x 240 .1046 4.375 437.5
72 x 96 .1046 4.375 210.0

72 x 120 .1046 4.375 262.5
72 x 144 .1046 4.375 315.0
72 x 240 .1046 4.375 525.0
14 48 x 96 .0747 3.125 100.0

48 x 120 .0747 3.125 125.0
48 x 144 .0747 3.125 150.0
60 x 96 .0747 3.125 125.0

60 x 120 .0747 3.125 156.3
60 x 144 .0747 3.125 187.5
72 x 96 .0747 3.125 150.0

72 x 120 .0747 3.125 187.5
72 x 144 .0747 3.125 225.0
16 48 x 96 .0598 2.500 80.0

48 x 120 .0598 2.500 100.0
48 x 144 .0598 2.500 120.0
60 x 96 .0598 2.500 100.0

60 x 120 .0598 2.500 125.0
60 x 144 .0598 2.500 150.0
Other Sizes Available. Slit and cut-to-length from coil. Please inquire.
D-6
Sheet
Cold Rolled, Oiled

7 36 x 96 .1793 7.500 180.0
36 x 120 .1793 7.500 225.0
48 x 96 .1793 7.500 240.0

48 x 120 .1793 7.500 300.0
10 36 x 96 .1345 5.625 135.0

36 x 120 .1345 5.625 168.8
48 x 96 .1345 5.625 180.0

48 x 120 .1345 5.625 225.0
60 x 120 .1345 5.625 281.3
11 36 x 96 .1196 5.000 120.0

36 x 120 .1196 5.000 150.0
48 x 96 .1196 5.000 160.0

48 x 120 .1196 5.000 200.0
48 x 144 .1196 5.000 240.0
60 x 120 .1196 5.000 250.0
12 36 x 96 .1046 4.375 105.0

36 x 120 .1046 4.375 131.3
48 x 96 .1046 4.375 140.0

48 x 120 .1046 4.375 175.0
60 x 96 .1046 4.375 175.0

60 x 120 .1046 4.375 218.8
60 x 144 .1046 4.375 262.5
72 x 144 .1046 4.375 315.0
14 36 x 96 .0747 3.125 75.0

36 x 120 .0747 3.125 93.8
36 x 144 .0747 3.125 112.5
48 x 96 .0747 3.125 100.0

48 x 120 .0747 3.125 125.0
48 x 144 .0747 3.125 150.0
60 x 96 .0747 3.125 125.0

60 x 120 .0747 3.125 156.3
60 x 144 .0747 3.125 187.5
D-7
Sheet
Cold Rolled, Oiled

in in per Sq. Ft. per Sheet
Gauge Inches Inches in Lbs. in Lbs.
14 72 x 120 .0747 3.125 187.5
72 x 144 .0747 3.125 225.0
16 36 x 96 .0598 2.500 60.0
36 x 120 .0598 2.500 75.0
36 x 144 .0598 2.500 90.0
48 x 96 .0598 2.500 80.0
48 x 120 .0598 2.500 100.0
48 x 144 .0598 2.500 120.0
60 x 96 .0598 2.500 100.0
60 x 120 .0598 2.500 125.0
60 x 144 .0598 2.500 150.0
72 x 120 .0598 2.500 150.0
72 x 144 .0598 2.500 180.0
18 36 x 96 .0478 2.000 48.0
36 x 120 .0478 2.000 60.0
36 x 144 .0478 2.000 72.0
48 x 96 .0478 2.000 64.0
48 x 120 .0478 2.000 80.0
48 x 144 .0478 2.000 96.0
60 x 120 .0478 2.000 100.0
20 36 x 96 .0359 1.500 36.0
36 x 120 .0359 1.500 45.0
36 x 144 .0359 1.500 54.0
48 x 96 .0359 1.500 48.0
48 x 120 .0359 1.500 60.0
48 x 144 .0359 1.500 72.0
60 x 120 .0359 1.500 75.0
60 x 144 .0359 1.500 90.0
D-8
Sheet
Cold Rolled, Oiled

22 36 x 96 .0299 1.250 30.0
36 x 120 .0299 1.250 37.5
48 x 96 .0299 1.250 40.0

48 x 120 .0299 1.250 50.0
24 36 x 96 .0239 1.000 24.0

36 x 120 .0239 1.000 30.0
48 x 96 .0239 1.000 32.0

48 x 120 .0239 1.000 40.0
26 36 x 120 .0179 .750 22.5

48 x 120 .0179 .750 30.0
D-9
Sheet
Galvanized

10 36 x 120 .1382 5.781 173.43
48 x 96 .1382 5.781 184.99
48 x 120 .1382 5.781 231.24
48 x 144 .1382 5.781 277.49
60 x 120 .1382 5.781 289.05
11 48 x 96 .1233 5.156 164.99
48 x 120 .1233 5.156 206.24
48 x 144 .1233 5.156 247.49
12 36 x 96 .1084 4.531 108.74
36 x 120 .1084 4.531 135.93
48 x 96 .1084 4.531 144.99
48 x 120 .1084 4.531 181.24
48 x 144 .1084 4.531 217.49
60 x 120 .1084 4.531 226.55
60 x 144 .1084 4.531 271.86
14 36 x 96 .0785 3.281 78.74
36 x 120 .0785 3.281 98.43
48 x 96 .0785 3.281 104.99
48 x 120 .0785 3.281 131.24
48 x 144 .0785 3.281 157.49
60 x 120 .0785 3.281 164.05
60 x 144 .0785 3.281 196.86
16 36 x 96 .0635 2.656 63.74
36 x 120 .0635 2.656 79.68
48 x 96 .0635 2.656 84.99
48 x 120 .0635 2.656 106.24
48 x 144 .0635 2.656 127.49
60 x 120 .0635 2.656 132.80
60 x 144 .0635 2.656 159.36
D-10
Sheet
Galvanized

18 36 x 96 .0516 2.156 51.74

36 x 120 .0516 2.156 64.68
36 x 144 .0516 2.156 77.62
48 x 96 .0516 2.156 68.99

48 x 120 .0516 2.156 86.24
48 x 144 .0516 2.156 103.49
60 x 120 .0516 2.156 107.80
20 36 x 96 .0396 1.656 39.74

36 x 120 .0396 1.656 49.68
36 x 144 .0396 1.656 59.62
48 x 96 .0396 1.656 52.99

48 x 120 .0396 1.656 66.24
60 x 96 .0396 1.656 66.24

60 x 120 .0396 1.656 82.80
22 36 x 96 .0336 1.406 33.74

36 x 120 .0336 1.406 42.18
48 x 96 .0336 1.406 44.99

48 x 120 .0336 1.406 56.24
60 x 96 .0336 1.406 56.24

60 x 120 .0336 1.406 70.30
24 36 x 96 .0276 1.156 27.74

36 x 120 .0276 1.156 34.68
48 x 96 .0276 1.156 36.99

48 x 120 .0276 1.156 46.24
60 x 96 .0276 1.156 46.24

60 x 120 .0276 1.156 57.80
D-11
Sheet
Galvanized

26 36 x 96 .0217 .906 21.74
36 x 120 .0217 .906 27.18
48 x 96 .0217 .906 28.99

48 x 120 .0217 .906 36.24
60 x 96 .0217 .906 36.24
28 36 x 96 .0187 .781 18.74

36 x 120 .0187 .781 23.43
48 x 96 .0187 .781 24.99

48 x 120 .0187 .781 31.24
30 36 x 96 .0157 .656 15.74

36 x 120 .0157 .656 19.68
D-12
TUBING & PIPE
SECTION E
SECTION E
Tubing & Pipe Page
Processing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1
Introduction to Tube & Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-2
DOM & Round Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-4
Square Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .E-27
Rectangular Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-29
Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-32
Relift Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-39

(Also known as Auger Tube, Blow Pipe & Spouting)
Tubing & Pipe Processing
Services Available
Bending
Beveling
Centerless Grinding
Coating
Galvanizing
Hard Chrome Plating
Honing
Miter Cutting
Production Cutting
Threading
E-1
Product Introduction - Tubing & Pipe
Round Tubing
Electrical Resistance Welded - ERW is the lowest cost of all

mechanical tubing. It is produced from low carbon steel. Tubing
with wall thicknesses heavier than 18 ga. is produced from hot
rolled steel, while tubing with wall thicknesses of 18ga. and
lighter is produced from cold rolled steel. Furnished in as-
welded condition, the OD weld flash is removed on all sizes.
For round tubing with 1 OD and larger, the ID weld flash is
controlled to .010 to .015 (depending on OD). Sizes under
1 OD are produced flash-in. Manufactured to OD and wall
dimensions, ERW meets ASTM A-513 Type 1 (HR) or Type 2
(CR) specifications.
DOM (Drawn-Over-Mandrel) - DOM is a cold drawn electric

resistance welded tube with all weld flash removed. Each tube
is tested for soundness of weld. Typically, DOM is preferred
over seamless tubing for its excellent OD and ID concentricity.
Normalizing and cold drawing over a mandrel makes DOM a
uniform and precision product. Furnished in as drawn condition
and produced to OD and ID dimensions, DOM meets ASTM
A-513 type 5 specifications.
Cold Drawn Seamless - This carbon steel tube is produced to

OD and ID dimensions and is furnished in as-drawn condition.
Cold drawn seamless tubing offers good surface quality and
increased mechanical properties over hot finished seamless
tubing. Cold drawn seamless meets ASTM A-519 specifications.
Hot Finished Seamless - This carbon steel tube is lower in cost

than its cold drawn counterpart. It is most applicable where
precise dimensions and surface quality are of secondary
importance. It also meets ASTM A-519 specifications.
Square and Rectangular Tubing
Structural ASTM A-500 Gr. B - This is a cold formed, electric

resistance welded tubing with a high strength-to-weight ratio. It
is relatively low in cost and is easily welded, formed, punched
and drilled. The hollow shape offers good appearance and ease
of maintenance. The OD weld flash is removed on all sizes and
it has a flash-in ID.
E-2
Structural High Strength, Low Alloy (HSLA-70) - This tube
offers the same benefits of ASTM A-500 Gr. B, but with a 52%
higher strength-to-weight ratio. This tube offers a minimum yield
strength of 70,000 psi.
Mechanical ASTM A-513 - This electric resistance welded tubing

is made from low carbon steel. Those with wall thicknesses that
are heavier than 18ga. are produced from hot rolled steel, and
those with wall thicknesses of 18ga. and lighter are produced
from cold rolled steel. All OD weld flash is removed on all sizes,
while the ID is flash-in. This tube offers good surface finish and
forming qualities.
Pipe
Continuous Buttweld - A general purpose pipe for use in steam,

gas and air lines. It is not intended for close coiling, bending or
high temperature service. No minimum mechanical properties
are specified for this product, but is typically stocked with a
standard black lacquer coating. Continuous buttweld meets
ASTM A-53 Type F Specifications (which has replaced the
obsolete ASTM A-120 specifications.)
Electric Resistance Welded (ERW) - This pipe is suitable for

welding, coiling, bending, flaring, and flanging. It is pressure
tested and is typically stocked with a standard black lacquer
coating with plain beveled edge ends. ERW meets ASTM A-53
Gr. B Type E.
Pipe Size ERW - A structural purpose pipe sized tube that is

produced to meet ASTM A-500 specifications. Compared to
pipe, this product offers higher strength, better straightness as
well as a superior finish and usually costs less than pipe. This
product is not pressure tested.

E-3
DOM & Round Mechanical Tubing
Carbon Steel
OD Avg. Wall ID Weight

In. Wall Decimal In. Per Foot
1/4 O.D. x 22 .028 .194 .0664
20 .035 .180 .0804
18 .049 .152 .1052
5/16 O.D. x 22 .028 .257 .0852
20 .035 .243 .1039
18 .049 .215 .1382
16 .065 .183 .1722
3/8 O.D. x 22 .028 .319 .1038
20 .035 .305 .1271
18 .049 .277 .1706
17 .058 .259 .1964
16 .065 .245 .2152
14 .083 .209 .2588
13 .095 .185 .2841
12 .109 .157 .3097
1/8 .125 .125 .3338

7/16 O.D. x 20 .035 .368 .1506
18 .049 .340 .2036
17 .058 .322 .2354
16 .065 .308 .2589
14 .083 .272 .3147
13 .095 .248 .3480
12 .109 .220 .3830
1/8 .125 .188 .4179
1/2 O.D. x 20 .035 .430 .1738
18 .049 .402 .2360
17 .058 .384 .2738
16 .065 .370 .3020
14 .083 .334 .3696
13 .095 .310 .4109
12 .109 .282 .4552
11 .120 .260 .4870
1/8 .125 .250 .5006
10 .134 .232 .5238
5/32 .156 .188 .5731
3/16 .188 .125 .6264
17/32 O.D. x 14 .083 .365 .3971
11 .120 .291 .5270
9/16 O.D. x 20 .035 .493 .1974
18 .049 .465 .2690
16 .065 .433 .3457
14 .083 .397 .4255
13 .095 .373 .4748
12 .109 .345 .5285
11 .120 .323 .5677
1/8 .125 .313 .5847
10 .134 .295 .6140
Please inquire on sizes not listed.

E-4
Carbon Steel

5/8 O.D. x 22 .028 .569 .1785
20 .035 .555 .2205
18 .049 .527 .3014
17 .058 .509 .3512
16 .065 .495 .3888
14 .083 .459 .4805
13 .095 .435 .5377
12 .109 .407 .6007
11 .120 .385 .6472
1/8 .125 .375 .6675
10 .134 .357 .7027
5/32 .156 .312 .7814
3/16 .188 .250 .8774
7/32 .219 .187 .9496
1/4 .250 .125 1.0010
11/16 O.D. x 16 .065 .558 .4325
14 .083 .522 .5363
13 .095 .498 .6017
11 .120 .448 .7279
1/8 .125 .438 .7516
3/4 O.D. x 22 .028 .694 .2159
20 .035 .680 .2673
18 .049 .652 .3668
17 .058 .634 .4287
16 .065 .620 .4755
14 .083 .584 .5913
13 .095 .560 .6646
12 .109 .532 .7462
11 .120 .510 .8074
1/8 .125 .500 .8344
10 .134 .482 .8816
5/32 .156 .437 .9897
3/16 .188 .375 1.1280
7/32 .219 .313 1.2420
1/4 .250 .250 1.3350
13/16 O.D. x 16 .065 .683 .5193
14 .083 .647 .6471
11 .120 .573 .8881
1/8 .125 .563 .9178
1/4 .250 .312 1.5020
.840 O.D. x 12 .109 .622 .8510

E-5
Carbon Steel

27/32 O.D. x 12 .109 .626 .8556

7/8 O.D. x 20 .035 .805 .3140
18 .049 .777 .4323
16 .065 .745 .5623
14 .083 .709 .7021
13 .095 .685 .7914
12 .109 .657 .8917
11 .120 .635 .9676
1/8 .125 .625 1.0010
10 .134 .607 1.0600
5/32 .156 .563 1.1980
3/16 .188 .500 1.3790
7/32 .219 .438 1.5340
1/4 .250 .375 1.6690
5/16 .313 .250 1.8790
15/16 O.D. x 16 .065 .808 .6060
14 .083 .772 .7579
13 .095 .748 .8553
12 .109 .720 .9651
11 .120 .698 1.0480
1/8 .125 .688 1.0850
10 .134 .670 1.1510
5/32 .156 .626 1.3030
3/16 .188 .562 1.5060
1/4 .250 .438 1.8370

1 O.D. x 20 .035 .930 .3607
18 .049 .902 .4997
17 .058 .884 .5835
16 .065 .870 .6491
14 .083 .834 .8129
13 .095 .810 .9182
12 .109 .782 1.0370
11 .120 .760 1.1280
1/8 .125 .750 1.1680
10 .134 .732 1.2390
5/32 .156 .688 1.4060
3/16 .188 .625 1.6300
7/32 .219 .562 1.8270
1/4 .250 .500 2.0030
9/32 .281 .438 2.1580
5/16 .313 .375 2.2970
11/32 .344 .313 2.4100
3/8 .375 .250 2.5030

E-6
Carbon Steel

1-1/16 O.D. x 20 .035 .993 .3843

18 .049 .965 .5306
16 .065 .933 .6928
14 .083 .897 .8687
13 .095 .873 .9821
12 .109 .845 1.1110
11 .120 .823 1.2090
1/8 .125 .813 1.2520
10 .134 .795 1.3300
5/32 .156 .750 1.5110
3/16 .188 .687 1.7570
1/4 .250 .562 2.1710
1-1/8 O.D. x 20 .035 1.055 .4074
18 .049 1.027 .5631
16 .065 .995 .7359
14 .083 .959 .9237
13 .095 .935 1.0450
12 .109 .907 1.1830
11 .120 .885 1.2880
1/8 .125 .875 1.3350
10 .134 .857 1.4180
5/32 .156 .813 1.6140
3/16 .188 .750 1.8810
7/32 .219 .688 2.1190
1/4 .250 .625 2.3360
9/32 .281 .563 2.5330
5/16 .313 .500 2.7140
3/8 .375 .375 3.0040

1-3/16 O.D. x 20 .035 1.118 .4310
18 .049 1.090 .5961
16 .065 1.058 .7796
14 .083 1.022 .9795
13 .095 .998 1.1090
11 .120 .948 1.3690
1/8 .125 .938 1.4190
5/32 .156 .875 1.7190
3/16 .188 .812 2.0080
7/32 .219 .750 2.2660

1-1/4 O.D. x 20 .035 1.180 .4542
18 .049 1.152 .6285
16 .065 1.120 .8226
14 .083 1.084 1.0340
13 .095 1.060 1.1720
12 .109 1.032 1.3280
11 .120 1.010 1.4480
1/8 .125 1.000 1.5020

E-7
Carbon Steel

1 1/4 O.D. x 10 .134 .982 1.5970
5/32 .156 .938 1.8230
3/16 .188 .875 2.1320
7/32 .219 .812 2.4110
1/4 .250 .750 2.6700
9/32 .281 .687 2.9080
5/16 .313 .625 3.1320
11/32 .344 .562 3.3290
3/8 .375 .500 3.5040
7/16 .438 .375 3.7980
1-5/16 O.D. x 16 .065 1.183 .8664
14 .083 1.147 1.0900
13 .095 1.123 1.2360
12 .109 1.094 1.4020
11 .120 1.073 1.5290
1/8 .125 1.063 1.5860
10 .134 1.044 1.6870
5/32 .156 1.000 1.9280
3/16 .188 .937 2.2590
7/32 .219 .875 2.5590
1/4 .250 .813 2.8380
9/32 .281 .751 3.0970
5/16 .313 .687 3.3430
3/8 .375 .562 3.7570
1-3/8 O.D. x 20 .035 1.305 .5009
18 .049 1.277 .6939
16 .065 1.245 .9094
14 .083 1.209 1.1450
13 .095 1.185 1.2990
12 .109 1.157 1.4740
11 .120 1.135 1.6080
1/8 .125 1.125 1.6690
10 .134 1.107 1.7760
5/32 .156 1.063 2.0310
11/64 .172 1.031 2.2100
3/16 .188 1.000 2.3830
7/32 .219 .937 2.7040
1/4 .250 .875 3.0040
9/32 .281 .813 3.2830
5/16 .313 .749 3.5500
3/8 .375 .625 4.0050

E-8
Carbon Steel

1 7/16 O.D. x 11 .120 1.198 1.6890
1/8 .125 1.188 1.7530
5/32 .156 1.125 2.1360
3/16 .188 1.062 2.5100
7/32 .219 1.000 2.8510
1/4 .250 .938 3.1720

1-1/2 O.D. x 20 .035 1.430 .5476
18 .049 1.402 .7593
16 .065 1.370 .9962
14 .083 1.334 1.2560
13 .095 1.310 1.4260
12 .109 1.282 1.6190
11 .120 1.260 1.7690
1/8 .125 1.250 1.8360
10 .134 1.232 1.9550
5/32 .156 1.188 2.2390
3/16 .188 1.125 2.6340
7/32 .219 1.062 2.9960
15/64 .234 1.032 3.1640
1/4 .250 1.000 3.3380
9/32 .281 .938 3.6580
5/16 .313 .875 3.9680
11/32 .344 .813 4.2470
3/8 .375 .750 4.5060
7/16 .438 .625 4.9680
1/2 .500 .500 5.3400

1-9/16 O.D. x 13 .095 1.372 1.4890
12 .109 1.345 1.6930
11 .120 1.323 1.8490
1/8 .125 1.313 1.9200
5/32 .156 1.251 2.3440
3/16 .188 1.187 2.7610
1/4 .250 1.063 3.5060
5/16 .313 .937 4.1790
3/8 .375 .812 4.7580

1-5/8 O.D. x 20 .035 1.555 .5943
18 .049 1.527 .8248
16 .065 1.495 1.0830
14 .083 1.459 1.3670
13 .095 1.435 1.5520
12 .109 1.407 1.7650
11 .120 1.385 1.9290
1/8 .125 1.375 2.0030
10 .134 1.357 2.1340

E-9
Carbon Steel

1-5/8 O.D. x 5/32 .156 1.313 2.4470
3/16 .188 1.250 2.8850
7/32 .219 1.187 3.2890
1/4 .250 1.125 3.6710
9/32 .281 1.063 4.0330
5/16 .313 1.000 4.3860
3/8 .375 .875 5.0060
7/16 .438 .750 5.5530
1/2 .500 .625 6.0080

1-11/16 O.D. x 1/8 .125 1.438 2.0870
5/32 .156 1.375 2.5520
3/16 .188 1.312 3.0120
1/4 .250 1.188 3.8380

1-3/4 O.D. x 20 .035 1.680 .6411
18 .049 1.652 .8902
16 .065 1.620 1.1700
14 .083 1.584 1.4780
13 .095 1.560 1.6790
12 .109 1.532 1.9100
11 .120 1.510 2.0890
1/8 .125 1.500 2.1690
10 .134 1.482 2.3130
5/32 .156 1.438 2.6560
3/16 .188 1.375 3.1360
7/32 .219 1.312 3.5810
1/4 .250 1.250 4.0050
9/32 .281 1.188 4.4090
5/16 .313 1.125 4.8040
3/8 .375 1.000 5.5070
7/16 .438 .875 6.1370
1/2 .500 .750 6.6750
9/16 .563 .624 7.1370
5/8 .625 .500 7.5090

1-13/16 O.D. x 1/8 .125 1.563 2.2540
5/32 .156 1.501 2.7610
3/16 .188 1.437 3.2630
1/4 .250 1.313 4.1730

E-10
Carbon Steel

1-7/8 O.D. x 18 .049 1.777 .9556
16 .065 1.745 1.2570
14 .083 1.709 1.5890
13 .095 1.685 1.8060
12 .109 1.657 2.0560
11 .120 1.635 2.2490
1/8 .125 1.625 2.3360
10 .134 1.607 2.4920
5/32 .156 1.563 2.8640
3/16 .188 1.500 3.3870
7/32 .219 1.437 3.8730
1/4 .250 1.375 4.3390
9/32 .281 1.313 4.7840
5/16 .313 1.250 5.2220
3/8 .375 1.125 6.0080
7/16 .438 1.000 6.7220
1/2 .500 .875 7.3430

1-15/16 O.D. x 1/8 .125 1.688 2.4200
5/32 .156 1.626 2.9680
7/32 .219 1.500 4.0210
1/4 .250 1.437 4.5070
3/8 .375 1.188 6.2580

2 O.D. x 20 .035 1.930 .7345
18 .049 1.902 1.0210
16 .065 1.870 1.3430
14 .083 1.834 1.6990
13 .095 1.810 1.9330
12 .109 1.782 2.2010
11 .120 1.760 2.4090
1/8 .125 1.750 2.5030
10 .134 1.732 2.6700
5/32 .156 1.688 3.0720
7 .180 1.640 3.4990
3/16 .188 1.625 3.6380
7/32 .219 1.563 4.1660
1/4 .250 1.500 4.6730
9/32 .281 1.437 5.1590
5/16 .313 1.375 5.6390
11/32 .344 1.313 6.0840
3/8 .375 1.250 6.5080
7/16 .438 1.125 7.3070
1/2 .500 1.000 8.0100
9/16 .563 .875 8.6400
5/8 .625 .750 9.1780
3/4 .750 .500 10.0100


E-11
DOM& Round Mechanical Tubing
Carbon Steel

2-1/16 O.D. x 5/32 .156 1.750 3.1770
3/16 .188 1.687 3.7650
1/4 .250 1.563 4.8410
5/16 .313 1.437 5.8500
2-1/8 O.D. x 20 .035 2.055 .7812
18 .049 2.027 1.0860
16 .065 1.995 1.4300
14 .083 1.959 1.8100
13 .095 1.935 2.0600
11 .120 1.885 2.5700
1/8 .125 1.875 2.6700
5/32 .156 1.813 3.2810
3/16 .188 1.750 3.8890
7/32 .219 1.687 4.4580
1/4 .250 1.625 5.0060
9/32 .281 1.563 5.5340
5/16 .313 1.500 6.0570
3/8 .375 1.375 7.0090
7/16 .438 1.250 7.8920
1/2 .500 1.125 8.6780
9/16 .563 1.000 9.3920
5/8 .625 .875 10.0100

2-3/16 O.D. x 1/8 .125 1.938 2.7540
1/4 .250 1.688 5.1740

2-1/4 O.D. x 20 .035 2.180 .8280
18 .049 2.152 1.1520
16 .065 2.120 1.5170
14 .083 2.084 1.9210
13 .095 2.060 2.1860
12 .109 2.032 2.4920
11 .120 2.010 2.7300
1/8 .125 2.000 2.8370
10 .134 1.982 3.0280
5/32 .156 1.938 3.4890
3/16 .188 1.875 4.1400
7/32 .219 1.813 4.7500
1/4 .250 1.750 5.3400
9/32 .281 1.688 5.9090
5/16 .313 1.625 6.4750
11/32 .344 1.563 7.0020
3/8 .375 1.500 7.5090
7/16 .438 1.375 8.4760
1/2 .500 1.250 9.3450

E-12
DOM&Round Mechanical Tubing
Carbon Steel

2-1/4 O.D. x 9/16 .563 1.125 10.140
5/8 .625 1.000 10.850
3/4 .750 .750 12.020

2-5/16 O.D. x 3/16 .188 1.937 4.267
1/4 .250 1.813 5.508

2-3/8 O.D. x 18 .049 2.277 1.217
16 .065 2.245 1.604
14 .083 2.209 2.032
13 .095 2.185 2.313
12 .109 2.157 2.638
1/8 .125 2.125 3.004
5/32 .156 2.063 3.697
3/16 .188 2.000 4.391
7/32 .219 1.938 5.043
1/4 .250 1.875 5.674
9/32 .281 1.813 6.284
5/16 .313 1.750 6.893
3/8 .375 1.625 8.010
7/16 .438 1.500 9.061
1/2 .500 1.375 10.010
9/16 .563 1.250 10.900
5/8 .625 1.125 11.680
3/4 .750 .875 13.020

2-7/16 O.D. x 1/4 .250 1.938 5.842

2-1/2 O.D. x 18 .049 2.402 1.283
16 .065 2.370 1.690
14 .083 2.334 2.143
13 .095 2.310 2.440
12 .109 2.282 2.783
11 .120 2.260 3.050
1/8 .125 2.250 3.171
10 .134 2.232 3.386
5/32 .156 2.188 3.905
7 .180 2.140 4.460
3/16 .188 2.125 4.642
7/32 .219 2.063 5.335
1/4 .250 2.000 6.008
9/32 .281 1.938 6.659
5/16 .313 1.875 7.311
11/32 .344 1.813 7.921
3/8 .375 1.750 8.511
7/16 .438 1.625 9.646
1/2 .500 1.500 10.680

E-13
Carbon Steel

2-1/2 O.D. x 9/16 .563 1.375 11.650
5/8 .625 1.250 12.520
3/4 .750 1.000 14.020

2-9/16 O.D. x 3/16 .188 2.187 4.769
1/4 .250 2.063 6.176

2-5/8 O.D. x 16 .065 2.495 1.777
13 .095 2.435 2.567
12 .109 2.407 2.929
11 .120 2.385 3.210
1/8 .125 2.375 3.338
5/32 .156 2.313 4.114
3/16 .188 2.250 4.893
7/32 .219 2.187 5.627
1/4 .250 2.125 6.341
9/32 .281 2.063 7.035
5/16 .313 2.000 7.729
3/8 .375 1.875 9.011
7/16 .438 1.750 10.230
1/2 .500 1.625 11.350
9/16 .563 1.500 12.400
5/8 .625 1.375 13.350

2-3/4 O.D. x 18 .049 2.652 1.413
16 .065 2.620 1.864
14 .083 2.584 2.364
13 .095 2.560 2.694
11 .120 2.510 3.371
1/8 .125 2.500 3.504
5/32 .156 2.437 4.322
3/16 .188 2.375 5.144
7/32 .219 2.312 5.920
1/4 .250 2.250 6.675
9/32 .281 2.188 7.410
5/16 .313 2.125 8.147
11/32 .344 2.062 8.839
3/8 .375 2.000 9.512
7/16 .438 1.875 10.820
1/2 .500 1.750 12.020
9/16 .563 1.625 13.150
5/8 .625 1.500 14.180
11/16 .688 1.375 15.150
3/4 .750 1.250 16.020
7/8 .875 1.000 17.520
1 1.000 .750 18.690

E-14
Carbon Steel

2-7/8 O.D. x 16 .065 2.745 1.951
13 .095 2.685 2.821
11 .120 2.635 3.531
1/8 .125 2.625 3.671
5/32 .156 2.563 4.530
3/16 .188 2.500 5.395
7/32 .219 2.437 6.212
1/4 .250 2.375 7.009
9/32 .281 2.313 7.785
5/16 .313 2.250 8.564
3/8 .375 2.125 10.010
7/16 .438 2.000 11.400
1/2 .500 1.875 12.680
9/16 .563 1.750 13.900
5/8 .625 1.625 15.020
3/4 .750 1.375 17.020
3 O.D. x 18 .049 2.902 1.544
16 .065 2.870 2.037
14 .083 2.834 2.586
13 .095 2.810 2.947
12 .109 2.782 3.365
11 .120 2.760 3.691
1/8 .125 2.750 3.838
10 .134 2.732 4.102
5/32 .156 2.688 4.738
7 .180 2.640 5.421
3/16 .188 2.625 5.646
7/32 .219 2.563 6.505
1/4 .250 2.500 7.343
9/32 .281 2.438 8.160
5/16 .313 2.375 8.982
11/32 .344 2.312 9.758
3/8 .375 2.250 10.510
7/16 .438 2.125 11.980
1/2 .500 2.000 13.350
9/16 .563 1.875 14.650
5/8 .625 1.750 15.850
11/16 .688 1.625 16.990
3/4 .750 1.500 18.020
7/8 .875 1.250 19.860
1 1.000 1.000 21.360

E-15
Carbon Steel

3-1/16 O.D. x 1/4 .250 2.563 7.511
5/16 .313 2.438 9.193

3-1/8 O.D. x 16 .065 2.995 2.124
13 .095 2.935 3.074
11 .120 2.885 3.851
1/8 .125 2.875 4.005
3/16 .188 2.750 5.897
7/32 .219 2.687 6.797
1/4 .250 2.625 7.676
5/16 .313 2.500 9.400
3/8 .375 2.375 11.010
7/16 .438 2.250 12.570
1/2 .500 2.125 14.020
9/16 .563 2.000 15.400
5/8 .625 1.875 16.690
3/4 .750 1.625 19.020
7/8 .875 1.375 21.030

3-1/4 O.D. x 16 .065 3.120 2.211
13 .095 3.060 3.201
11 .120 3.010 4.011
1/8 .125 3.000 4.172
10 .134 2.982 4.459
5/32 .156 2.938 5.155
3/16 .188 2.875 6.148
7/32 .219 2.812 7.089
1/4 .250 2.750 8.010
5/16 .313 2.625 9.818
11/32 .344 2.562 10.680
3/8 .375 2.500 11.510
7/16 .438 2.375 13.150
1/2 .500 2.250 14.690
9/16 .563 2.125 16.160
5/8 .625 2.000 17.520
3/4 .750 1.750 20.030
7/8 .875 1.500 22.190
1 1.000 1.250 24.030

3-3/8 O.D. x 11 .120 3.135 4.172
3/16 .188 3.000 6.399
1/4 .250 2.875 8.344
5/16 .313 2.750 10.240
3/8 .375 2.625 12.020
7/16 .438 2.500 13.740
1/2 .500 2.375 15.350
9/16 .563 2.250 16.910
5/8 .625 2.125 18.360
3/4 .750 1.875 21.030

E-16
Carbon Steel

3-1/2 O.D. x 18 .049 3.402 1.806
16 .065 3.370 2.385
14 .083 3.334 3.029
13 .095 3.310 3.455
11 .120 3.260 4.332
1/8 .125 3.250 4.506
10 .134 3.232 4.817
5/32 .156 3.188 5.571
7 .180 3.140 6.382
3/16 .188 3.125 6.650
7/32 .219 3.063 7.674
1/4 .250 3.000 8.678
9/32 .281 2.938 9.660
5/16 .313 2.875 10.650
3/8 .375 2.750 12.520
7/16 .438 2.625 14.320
1/2 .500 2.500 16.020
9/16 .563 2.375 17.660
5/8 .625 2.250 19.190
3/4 .750 2.000 22.030
7/8 .875 1.750 24.530
1 1.000 1.500 26.700

3-5/8 O.D. x 16 .065 3.495 2.471
11 .120 3.385 4.492
3/16 .188 3.250 6.901
1/4 .250 3.125 9.011
9/32 .281 3.063 10.040
5/16 .313 3.000 11.070
3/8 .375 2.875 13.020
7/16 .438 2.750 14.910
1/2 .500 2.625 16.690
9/16 .563 2.500 18.410
5/8 .625 2.375 20.030
3/4 .750 2.125 23.030

3-3/4 O.D. x 16 .065 3.620 2.558
13 .095 3.560 3.708
11 .120 3.510 4.652
1/8 .125 3.500 4.839
3/16 .188 3.375 7.152
1/4 .250 3.250 9.345
5/16 .313 3.125 11.490
3/8 .375 3.000 13.520
7/16 .438 2.875 15.490
1/2 .500 2.750 17.360

E-17
Carbon Steel

3-3/4 O.D. x 9/16 .563 2.625 19.160
5/8 .625 2.500 20.860
3/4 .750 2.250 24.030
7/8 .875 2.000 26.870
1 1.000 1.750 29.370

3-7/8 O.D. x 1/8 .125 3.625 5.006
3/16 .188 3.500 7.403
1/4 .250 3.375 9.679
5/16 .313 3.250 11.910
3/8 .375 3.125 14.020
7/16 .438 3.000 16.080
1/2 .500 2.875 18.020
5/8 .625 2.625 21.690
3/4 .750 2.375 25.030

4 O.D. x 16 .065 3.870 2.732
14 .083 3.834 3.472
13 .095 3.810 3.962
12 .109 3.782 4.530
11 .120 3.760 4.973
1/8 .125 3.750 5.173
10 .134 3.732 5.533
5/32 .156 3.688 6.404
7 .180 3.640 7.344
3/16 .188 3.625 7.654
7/32 .219 3.562 8.843
1/4 .250 3.500 10.010
9/32 .281 3.438 11.160
5/16 .313 3.375 12.330
3/8 .375 3.250 14.520
7/16 .438 3.125 16.660
1/2 .500 3.000 18.690
9/16 .563 2.875 20.670
5/8 .625 2.750 22.530
3/4 .750 2.500 26.030
7/8 .875 2.250 29.200
1 1.000 2.000 32.040
1-1/4 1.250 1.500 36.710

4-1/8 O.D. x 16 .065 3.995 2.818
3/16 .188 3.750 7.905
1/4 .250 3.625 10.350
5/16 .313 3.500 12.740
3/8 .375 3.375 15.020
7/16 .438 3.250 17.250
1/2 .500 3.125 19.360
5/8 .625 2.875 23.360
3/4 .750 2.625 27.030

E-18
Carbon Steel

4-1/4 O.D. x 16 .065 4.120 2.905

13 .095 4.060 4.216
11 .120 4.010 5.293
1/8 .125 4.000 5.507
3/16 .188 3.875 8.156
1/4 .250 3.750 10.680
5/16 .313 3.625 13.160
3/8 .375 3.500 15.520
7/16 .438 3.375 17.830
1/2 .500 3.250 20.030
5/8 .625 3.000 24.200
11/16 .688 2.875 26.170
3/4 .750 2.750 28.040
7/8 .875 2.500 31.540
1 1.000 2.250 34.710
1-1/8 1.250 2.000 37.550
1-1/4 1.250 1.750 40.050
4-3/8 O.D. x 3/16 .188 4.000 8.407
1/4 .250 3.875 11.010
5/16 .313 3.749 13.580
3/8 .375 3.625 16.020
7/16 .438 3.500 18.420
1/2 .500 3.375 20.690
5/8 .625 3.125 25.030
3/4 .750 2.875 29.040

4-1/2 O.D. x 16 .065 4.370 3.079
14 .083 4.334 3.915
13 .095 4.310 4.469
1/8 .125 4.250 5.841
10 .134 4.232 6.248
5/32 .156 4.188 7.237
7 .180 4.140 8.305
3/16 .188 4.125 8.658
7/32 .219 4.062 10.010
1/4 .250 4.000 11.350
5/16 .313 3.875 14.000
3/8 .375 3.750 16.520
7/16 .438 3.625 19.000
1/2 .500 3.500 21.360
9/16 .563 3.375 23.670
5/8 .625 3.250 25.870
3/4 .750 3.000 30.040
7/8 .875 2.750 33.880
1 1.000 2.500 37.380

E-19
Carbon Steel

4-1/2 O.D. x 1-1/8 1.125 2.250 40.550

1-1/4 1.250 2.000 43.390
1-1/2 1.500 1.500 48.060

4-5/8 O.D. x 3/16 .188 4.250 8.909

1/4 .250 4.125 11.680
5/16 .313 4.000 14.410
3/8 .375 3.875 17.020
1/2 .500 3.625 22.030
5/8 .625 3.375 26.700

4-3/4 O.D. x 11 .120 4.510 5.934
1/8 .125 4.500 6.174
3/16 .188 4.375 9.160
1/4 .250 4.250 12.020
5/16 .313 4.125 14.830
3/8 .375 4.000 17.520
1/2 .500 3.750 22.700
9/16 .563 3.625 25.180
5/8 .625 3.500 27.530
3/4 .750 3.250 32.040
7/8 .875 3.000 36.210
1 1.000 2.750 40.050

5 O.D. x 16 .065 4.870 3.426
14 .083 4.834 4.359
11 .120 4.760 6.254
1/8 .125 4.750 6.508
7 .180 4.640 9.266
3/16 .188 4.625 9.662
1/4 .250 4.500 12.680
5/16 .313 4.375 15.670
3/8 .375 4.250 18.520
7/16 .438 4.125 21.340
1/2 .500 4.000 24.030
9/16 .563 3.875 26.680
5/8 .625 3.750 29.200
3/4 .750 3.500 34.040
7/8 .875 3.250 38.550
1 1.000 3.000 42.720
1-1/8 1.125 2.750 46.560
1-1/4 1.250 2.500 50.060
1-1/2 1.500 2.000 56.070

5-1/8 O.D. x 5/16 .313 4.500 16.090
1/2 .500 4.125 24.700
5/8 .625 3.875 30.040


E-20
Carbon Steel

5-1/4 O.D. x 11 .120 5.010 6.575
3/16 .188 4.875 10.160
1/4 .250 4.750 13.350
5/16 .313 4.625 16.500
3/8 .375 4.500 19.520
1/2 .500 4.250 25.370
5/8 .625 4.000 30.870
3/4 .750 3.750 36.050
7/8 .875 3.500 40.880
1 1.000 3.250 45.390
1-1/4 1.250 2.750 53.400

5-3/8 O.D. x 3/16 .188 5.000 10.410

5-1/2 O.D. x 16 .065 5.370 3.773
11 .120 5.260 6.895
10 .134 5.232 7.679
3/16 .188 5.125 10.670
1/4 .250 5.000 14.020
5/16 .313 4.875 17.340
3/8 .375 4.750 20.530
1/2 .500 4.500 26.700
5/8 .625 4.250 32.540
3/4 .750 4.000 38.050
7/8 .875 3.750 43.220
1 1.000 3.500 48.060
1-1/4 1.250 3.000 56.740
1-1/2 1.500 2.500 64.080

5-5/8 O.D. x 5/16 .313 5.000 17.760
5/8 .625 4.375 33.380

5-3/4 O.D. x 11 .120 5.510 7.215
3/16 .188 5.375 11.170
1/4 .250 5.250 14.690
3/8 .375 5.000 21.530
1/2 .500 4.750 28.040
5/8 .625 4.500 34.210
3/4 .750 4.250 40.050
7/8 .875 4.000 45.560
1 1.000 3.750 50.730

6 O.D. x 16 .065 5.870 4.120
14 .083 5.834 5.245
11 .120 5.760 7.536
1/8 .125 5.750 7.843
7 .180 5.640 11.190

E-21
Carbon Steel

6 O.D. x 3/16 .188 5.625 11.670
1/4 .250 5.500 15.350
5/16 .313 5.375 19.010
3/8 .375 5.250 22.530
1/2 .500 5.000 29.370
5/8 .625 4.750 35.880
3/4 .750 4.500 42.050
7/8 .875 4.250 47.890
1 1.000 4.000 53.400
1-1/4 1.250 3.500 63.410
1-1/2 1.500 3.000 72.090

6-1/4 O.D. x 11 .120 6.010 7.856
1/8 .125 6.000 8.177
3/16 .188 5.875 12.170
1/4 .250 5.750 16.020
3/8 .375 5.500 23.530
1/2 .500 5.250 30.710
5/8 .625 5.000 37.550
3/4 .750 4.750 44.060
1 1.000 4.250 56.070

6-1/2 O.D. x 3/16 .188 6.125 12.670
1/4 .250 6.000 16.690
3/8 .375 5.750 24.530
1/2 .500 5.500 32.040
5/8 .625 5.250 39.220
3/4 .750 5.000 46.060
1 1.000 4.500 58.740
1-1/4 1.250 4.000 70.090
1-1/2 1.500 3.500 80.100

6-5/8 O.D. x 1/8 .125 6.375 8.678
3/16 .188 6.249 12.920
1/4 .250 6.125 17.020

6-3/4 O.D. x 1/4 .250 6.250 17.360
3/8 .375 6.000 25.530
1/2 .500 5.750 33.380
3/4 .750 5.250 48.060
7/8 .875 5.000 54.900
1 1.000 4.750 61.410

E-22
Carbon Steel

7 O.D. x 1/8 .125 6.750 9.178
3/16 .188 6.625 13.680
1/4 .250 6.500 18.020
3/8 .375 6.250 26.530
1/2 .500 6.000 34.710
5/8 .625 5.750 42.550
3/4 .750 5.500 50.060
1 1.000 5.000 64.080
1-1/4 1.250 4.500 76.760
1-1/2 1.500 4.000 88.110
2 2.000 3.000 106.800

7-1/4 O.D. x 3/16 .188 6.875 14.180
1/4 .250 6.750 18.690
3/8 .375 6.500 27.530
1/2 .500 6.250 36.050
5/8 .625 6.000 44.220
3/4 .750 5.750 52.070
7/8 .875 5.500 59.570
1 1.000 5.250 66.750

7-1/2 O.D. x 1/4 .250 7.000 19.360
3/8 .375 6.750 28.540
1/2 .500 6.500 37.380
5/8 .625 6.250 45.890
3/4 .750 6.000 54.070
1 1.000 5.500 69.420
1-1/4 1.250 5.000 83.440
1-1/2 1.500 4.500 96.120

7-5/8 O.D. x 1/4 .250 7.125 19.690

7-3/4 O.D. x 1/4 .250 7.250 20.030
3/8 .375 7.000 29.540
1/2 .500 6.750 38.720
3/4 .750 6.250 56.070
1 1.000 5.750 72.090

8 O.D. x 1/8 .125 7.750 10.770

E-23
Carbon Steel

8 O.D. x 1/4 .250 7.500 20.69
3/8 .375 7.250 30.54
1/2 .500 7.000 40.05
5/8 .625 6.750 49.23
3/4 .750 6.500 58.07
1 1.000 6.000 74.76
1-1/4 1.250 5.500 90.11
1-1/2 1.500 5.000 104.10

8-1/4 O.D. x 1/4 .250 7.750 21.36
3/8 .375 7.500 31.54
1/2 .500 7.250 41.39
5/8 .625 7.000 50.90
3/4 .750 6.750 60.08
1 1.000 6.250 77.43

8-1/2 O.D. x 1/4 .250 8.000 22.03
3/8 .375 7.750 32.54
1/2 .500 7.500 42.72
5/8 .625 7.250 52.57
3/4 .750 7.000 62.08
1 1.000 6.500 80.10
1-1/4 1.250 6.000 96.79
1-1/2 1.500 5.500 112.10

8-5/8 O.D. x 1/8 .125 8.375 11.35

8-3/4 O.D. x 3/8 .375 8.000 33.54
1/2 .500 7.750 44.06
3/4 .750 7.250 64.08
1 1.000 6.750 82.77
1-1/2 1.500 5.750 116.10

9 O.D. x 1/4 .250 8.500 23.36
3/8 .375 8.250 34.54
1/2 .500 8.000 45.39
3/4 .750 7.500 66.08
1 1.000 7.000 85.44
1-1/4 1.250 6.500 103.50
1-1/2 1.500 6.000 120.20
2 2.000 5.000 149.50

9-1/4 O.D. x 1/2 .500 8.250 46.73
3/4 .750 7.750 68.09
1 1.000 7.250 88.11

E-24
Carbon Steel

9-1/2 O.D. x 1/4 .250 9.000 24.70
3/8 .375 8.750 36.55
1/2 .500 8.500 48.06
5/8 .625 8.250 59.24
3/4 .750 8.000 70.09
1 1.000 7.500 90.78
1-1/8 1.125 7.250 100.60
1-1/2 1.500 6.500 128.20
2 2.000 5.500 160.20
9-3/4 O.D. x 1/2 .500 8.750 49.40
1 1.000 7.750 93.45

10 O.D. x 12 .109 9.782 11.51
1/8 .125 9.750 13.18
3/16 .188 9.624 19.70
1/4 .250 9.500 26.03
3/8 .375 9.250 38.55
1/2 .500 9.000 50.73
3/4 .750 8.500 74.09
1 1.000 8.000 96.12
1-1/4 1.250 7.500 116.80
1-1/2 1.500 7.000 136.20
1-3/4 1.750 6.500 154.20
2 2.000 6.000 170.90
2-1/4 2.250 5.500 186.20

10-1/4 O.D. x 3/4 .750 8.750 76.10

10-1/2 O.D. x 1/4 .250 10.000 27.37
3/8 .375 9.750 40.55
1/2 .500 9.500 53.40
3/4 .750 9.000 78.10
1 1.000 8.500 101.50
1-1/2 1.500 7.500 144.20
2 2.000 6.500 181.60

10-3/4 O.D. x 1/2 .500 9.750 54.74
3/4 .750 9.250 80.10

11 O.D. x 1/2 .500 10.000 56.07
3/4 .750 9.500 82.10
1 1.000 9.000 106.80
1-1/2 1.500 8.000 152.20
2 2.000 7.000 192.20

E-25
Carbon Steel

11-1/2 O.D. x 3/4 .750 10.000 86.11
1 1.000 9.500 112.10
1-1/2 1.500 8.500 160.20
2 2.000 7.500 202.90

12 O.D. x 3/8 .375 11.250 46.56
1/2 .500 11.000 61.41
3/4 .750 10.500 90.11
1 1.000 10.000 117.50
1-1/4 1.250 9.500 143.50
1-1/2 1.500 9.000 168.20
2 2.000 8.000 213.60

12-1/2 O.D. x 1 1.000 10.500 122.80
2-1/2 2.500 7.500 267.00

13 O.D. x 1 1.000 11.000 128.20
1-1/2 1.500 10.000 184.20
2 2.000 9.000 235.00

14 O.D. x 1 1.000 12.000 138.80
1-1/4 1.250 11.500 170.20
1-1/2 1.500 11.000 200.30
2 2.000 10.000 256.30

15 O.D. x 1 1.000 13.000 149.50
1-1/2 1.500 12.000 216.30
2 2.000 11.000 277.70

16 O.D. x 1 1.000 14.000 160.20
1-1/2 1.500 13.000 232.30
2 2.000 12.000 299.00
E-26
Square Tubing
Mechanical & Structural
Carbon Steel
Available in Lengths 20 Ft., 24 Ft., 40 Ft. & 48 Ft.
Wall Wall Weight Wall Wall Weight

Gauge Decimal Per Foot Gauge Decimal Per Foot
3/8 x 3/8 1-1/2 x 1-1/2

20 .035 .1618 18 .049 .9669
16 .065 .2740 16 .065 1.2690
14 .083 1.6000
1/2 x 1/2 11 .120 2.2520
20 .035 .2213 3/16 .188 3.2300
18 .049 .3005 1/4 .250 4.2500
16 .065 .3845
1-3/4 x 1-3/4
5/8 x 5/8 16 .065 1.4900
18 .049 .3838 14 .083 1.8820
16 .065 .4950 11 .120 2.6600
3/4 x 3/4 2 x 2
20 .035 .3400 18 .049 1.3000
18 .049 .4671 16 .065 1.7110
16 .065 .6055 14 .083 2.1640
14 .083 .75290 11 .120 3.0680
11 .120 1.0280 1/8 .125 3.0500
3/16 .188 4.3200
7/8 x 7/8 1/4 .250 5.4100
18 .049 .5504
16 .065 .7160 2-1/4 x 2-1/4
14 .083 .8940 16 .065 1.9320
1/4 .250 6.2600
1 x 1
20 .035 .4593 2-1/2 x 2-1/2
18 .049 .6337 16 .065 2.1530
16 .065 .8265 14 .083 2.7280
14 .083 1.0350 11 .120 3.8840
12 .109 1.3210 3/16 .188 5.5900
11 .120 1.4360 1/4 .250 7.1100
1-1/8 x 1-1/8 3 x 3
18 .049 .7170 14 .083 3.2930
16 .065 .9370 11 .120 4.7000
3/16 .188 6.8700
1-1/4 x 1-1/4 1/4 .250 8.8100
18 .049 .8003 5/16 .313 10.5800
16 .065 1.0480 3/8 .375 12.1700
14 .083 1.3170
12 .109 1.6910 3-1/2 x 3-1/2
11 .120 1.8440 3/16 .188 8.1500
3/16 .188 2.4000 1/4 .250 10.5100
5/16 .313 12.7000

E-27
Square Tubing
Carbon Steel

4 x 4 10 x 10
11 .120 6.460 3/16 .188 24.73
3/16 .188 9.420 1/4 .250 32.63
1/4 .250 12.210 5/16 .313 40.35
5/16 .313 14.830 3/8 .375 47.90
3/8 .375 17.270 1/2 .500 62.46
1/2 .500 21.630 5/8 .625 76.33
4-1/2 x 4-1/2 12 x 12
3/16 .188 10.700 1/4 .250 39.43
1/4 .250 13.910 5/16 .313 48.86
3/8 .375 58.10
5 x 5 1/2 .500 76.07
11 .120 8.160
3/16 .188 11.970 14 x 14
1/4 .250 15.620 3/8 .375 68.31
5/16 .313 19.080 1/2 .500 89.68
3/8 .375 22.370
1/2 .500 28.430 16 x 16
3/8 .375 78.52
6 x 6 1/2 .500 103.30
3/16 .188 14.530
1/4 .250 19.020
5/16 .313 23.340
3/8 .375 27.480
1/2 .500 35.240
7 x 7
3/16 .188 17.080
1/4 .250 22.420
5/16 .313 27.590
3/8 .375 32.580
1/2 .500 42.050
8 x 8
3/16 .188 19.630
1/4 .250 25.820
5/16 .313 31.840
3/8 .375 37.960
1/2 .500 48.850
5/8 .625 59.320

E-28
Rectangular Tubing
Carbon Steel

1 x 1/2 2-1/2 x 2
18 .049 .4671 11 .120 3.476
16 .065 .6060
3 x 1
1 x 3/4 16 .065 1.711
16 .065 .7160 14 .083 2.164
11 .120 3.068
1-1/2 x 1/2
16 .065 .8265 3 x 1-1/2
14 .083 2.446
1-1/2 x 3/4 11 .120 3.476
16 .065 .9370 3/16 .188 4.960
14 .083 1.176 1/4 .250 6.260
11 .120 1.640
3 x 2
1-1/2 x 1 16 .065 2.153
16 .065 1.048 14 .083 2.728
14 .083 1.317 11 .120 3.884
11 .120 1.844 3/16 .188 5.590
1/4 .250 7.110
2 x 3/4 5/16 .313 8.450
16 .065 1.158
3-1/2 x 2-1/2
2 x 1 3/16 .188 6.870
18 .049 .9669 1/4 .250 8.810
16 .065 1.269
14 .083 1.600 4 x 2
11 .120 2.252 14 .083 3.293
11 .120 4.700
2 x 1-1/4 3/16 .188 6.870
14 .083 1.741 1/4 .250 8.810
5/16 .313 10.580
2 x 1-1/2 3/8 .375 12.170
14 .083 1.882
11 .120 2.660
4 x 3
2-1/2 x 1 11 .120 5.516
14 .083 1.882 3/16 .188 8.150
1/4 .250 10.510
2-1/2 x 1-1/4 5/16 .313 12.700
14 .083 2.023 3/8 .375 14.720
2-1/2 x 1-1/2 5 x 2
14 .083 2.164 11 .120 5.516
11 .120 3.068 3/16 .188 8.150
3/16 .188 4.320 1/4 .250 10.510
1/4 .250 5.410 5/16 .313 12.700

E-29
Rectangular Tubing
Carbon Steel

5 x 2-1/2 7 x 4
3/16 .188 8.780 3/16 .188 13.250
1/4 .250 17.320
5 x 3 3/8 .375 24.930
11 .120 6.460
3/16 .188 9.420 7 x 5
1/4 .250 12.210 3/16 .188 14.530
5/16 .313 14.830 1/4 .250 19.020
3/8 .375 17.270 5/16 .313 23.340
1/2 .500 21.630 3/8 .375 27.480
1/2 .500 35.240
5 x 4
3/16 .188 10.700 8 x 2
1/4 .250 13.910 3/16 .188 11.970
1/4 .250 15.620
6 x 2 3/8 .375 22.370
11 .120 6.460
3/16 .188 9.420 8 x 3
1/4 .250 12.210 3/16 .188 13.250
5/16 .313 14.830 1/4 .250 17.320
3/8 .375 17.270 5/16 .313 21.210
3/8 .375 24.930
6 x 3 1/2 .500 31.840
11 .120 7.310
3/16 .188 10.700
1/4 .250 13.910
5/16 .313 16.960
3/8 .375 19.820
1/2 .500 25.030
6 x 4
3/16 .188 11.970
1/4 .250 15.620
3/16 .313 19.080
3/8 .375 22.370
1/2 .500 28.430
7 x 3
3/16 .188 11.970
1/4 .250 15.620
3/8 .375 22.370

E-30
Rectangular Tubing
Carbon Steel

8 x 4 10 x 8
3/16 .188 14.53 1/4 .250 29.23
1/4 .250 19.02 3/8 .375 42.79
5/16 .313 23.34 1/2 .500 55.66
3/8 .375 27.48
1/2 .500 35.24 12 x 2
3/16 .188 17.08
8 x 6 1/4 .250 22.42
3/16 .188 17.08
1/4 .250 22.42 12 x 3
5/16 .313 27.59 1/4 .250 24.12
3/8 .375 32.58
1/2 .500 42.05 12 x 4
3/16 .188 19.63
9 x 5 1/4 .250 25.82
3/8 .375 32.58 5/16 .313 31.84
3/8 .375 37.69
9 x 7 1/2 .500 48.85
1/4 .250 25.82
5/16 .313 31.84 12 x 6
1/4 .250 29.23
10 x 2 5/16 .313 36.10
3/16 .188 14.53 3/8 .375 42.79
1/4 .250 19.02 1/2 .500 55.66
10 x 3 12 x 8
1/4 .250 20.72 1/4 .250 32.63
3/8 .375 47.90
10 x 4 1/2 .500 62.46
3/16 .188 17.08
1/4 .250 22.42 14 x 4
5/16 .313 27.59 1/4 .250 29.23
3/8 .375 32.58
1/2 .500 42.05 14 x 6
3/8 .375 47.90
10 x 5
1/4 .250 24.12 14 x 10
3/8 .375 58.10
10 x 6
3/16 .188 19.63 16 x 8
1/4 .250 25.82 3/8 .375 58.10
5/16 .313 31.84 1/2 .500 76.07
3/8 .375 37.69
1/2 .500 48.85

E-31
Pipe
Available in 21 ft. lengths or single and double random lengths
Nominal Outside Wall Inside Weight

Pipe Size Diameter Schedule Thickness Diameter Per
Inches Inches Inches Inches Foot
1/8 0.405 10 .049 .307 .1863
40 - Std. .068 .269 .2447
80 - Ex. Hvy. .095 .215 .3145
1/4 0.540 10 .065 .410 .3297

40 - Std. .088 .364 .4248
80 - Ex. Hvy. .119 .302 .5351
3/8 0.675 10 .065 .545 .4235

40 - Std. .091 .493 .5676
80 - Ex. Hvy. .126 .423 .7388
1/2 0.840 5 .065 .710 .5383

10 .083 .674 .6710
40 - Std. .109 .622 .8510
80 - Ex. Hvy. .147 .546 1.0880
160 .188 .464 1.3090
XX Hvy. .294 .252 1.7140

3/4 1.050 5 .065 .920 .6838
10 .083 .884 .8572
40 - Std. .113 .824 1.1310
80 - Ex. Hvy. .154 .742 1.4740
160 .219 .612 1.9440
XX Hvy. .308 .434 2.4410
1 1.315 5 .065 1.185 .8678

10 .109 1.097 1.4040
40 - Std. .133 1.049 1.6790
80 - Ex. Hvy. .179 .957 2.1720
160 .250 .815 2.8440
XX Hvy. .358 .599 3.6590
1-1/4 1.660 5 .065 1.530 1.1070

10 .109 1.442 1.8060
40 - Std. .140 1.380 2.2730
80 - Ex. Hvy. .191 1.278 2.9970
160 .250 1.160 3.7650
XX Hvy. .382 .896 5.2140
1-1/2 1.900 5 .065 1.770 1.2740

10 .109 1.682 2.0850
40 - Std. .145 1.610 2.7180
80 - Ex. Hvy. .200 1.500 3.6310
160 .281 1.338 4.8590
XX Hvy. .400 1.100 6.4080
E-32
Pipe

2 2.375 5 .065 2.245 1.604
10 .109 2.157 2.638
40 - Std. .154 2.067 3.653
80 - Ex. Hvy. .218 1.939 5.022
160 .343 1.689 7.444
XX Hvy. .436 1.503 9.029
2-1/2 2.875 5 .083 2.709 2.475

10 .120 2.635 3.531
40 - Std. .203 2.469 5.793
80 - Ex. Hvy. .276 2.323 7.661
160 .375 2.125 10.010
XX Hvy. .552 1.771 13.690
3 3.500 5 .083 3.334 3.029

10 .120 3.260 4.332
40 - Std. .216 3.068 7.576
80 - Ex. Hvy. .300 2.900 10.250
160 .438 2.624 14.320
XX Hvy. .600 2.300 18.580
3-1/2 4.000 5 .083 3.834 3.472

10 .120 3.760 4.973
40 - Std. .226 3.548 9.109
80 - Ex. Hvy. .318 3.364 12.500
XX Hvy. .636 2.728 22.850
4 4.500 5 .083 4.334 3.915

10 .120 4.260 5.613
40 - Std. .237 4.026 10.790
80 - Ex. Hvy. .337 3.826 14.980
120 .438 3.624 19.000
160 .531 3.438 22.510
XX Hvy. .674 3.152 27.540
5 5.563 5 .109 5.345 6.349

10 .134 5.295 7.770
40 - Std. .258 5.047 14.620
80 - Ex. Hvy. .375 4.813 20.780
120 .500 4.563 27.040
160 .625 4.313 32.960
XX Hvy. .750 4.063 38.550

E-33
Pipe

6 6.625 5 .109 6.407 7.585
10 .134 6.357 9.289
40 - Std. .280 6.056 18.97
80 - Ex. Hvy. .432 5.761 28.57
120 .562 5.491 36.39
160 .718 5.189 45.30
XX Hvy. .864 4.897 53.16
8 8.625 5 .109 8.407 9.914

10 .148 8.329 13.40
20 .250 8.125 22.36
30 .277 8.071 24.70
40 - Std. .322 7.981 28.55
60 .406 7.813 35.64
80 - Ex. Hvy. .500 7.625 43.39
100 .593 7.439 50.87
120 .718 7.189 60.93
140 .812 7.001 67.76
160 .875 6.878 72.42
XX Hvy. .906 6.813 74.69
10 10.750 5 .134 10.482 15.19

10 .165 10.420 18.70
20 .250 10.250 28.04
30 .307 10.136 34.24
40 - Std. .365 10.020 40.48
60 - Ex. Hvy. .500 9.750 54.74
80 .593 9.564 64.33
100 .718 9.314 76.93
120 .843 9.064 89.20
140 1.000 8.750 104.10
160 1.125 8.500 115.70
12 12.750 5 .165 12.420 22.18

10 .180 12.390 24.20
20 .250 12.250 33.38
30 .330 12.090 43.77
Std. .375 12.000 49.56
40 .406 11.938 53.53
Ex. Hvy. .500 11.750 65.42
60 .562 11.626 73.16
80 .687 11.376 88.51
100 .843 11.064 107.20
120 1.000 10.750 125.50
140 1.125 10.500 139.70
160 1.312 10.126 160.30
E-34
Pipe

14 14.000 10 .250 13.500 36.71
20 .312 13.376 45.68
30 - Std. .375 13.250 54.57
40 .438 13.124 63.37
Ex. Hvy. .500 13.000 72.09
60 .593 12.814 84.91
80 .750 12.500 106.10
100 .937 12.126 130.70
120 1.093 11.814 150.70
140 1.250 11.500 170.20
160 1.406 11.188 189.10
16 16.000 10 .250 15.500 42.05
20 .312 15.376 52.36
30 - Std. .375 15.250 62.58
40 - Ex. Hvy. .500 15.000 82.77
60 .656 14.688 107.50
80 .843 14.314 136.50
100 1.031 13.938 164.80
120 1.218 13.564 192.30
140 1.438 13.124 223.50
160 1.593 12.814 245.10
18 18.000 10 .250 17.500 47.39
20 .312 17.376 59.03
Std. .375 17.250 70.59
30 .438 17.124 82.06
Ex. Hvy. .500 17.000 93.45
40 .562 16.876 104.80
60 .750 16.500 138.20
80 .937 16.126 170.80
100 1.156 15.688 208.00
120 1.375 15.250 244.10
140 1.562 14.876 274.20
160 1.781 14.438 308.50

E-35
Pipe

20 20.000 10 .250 19.500 52.73
20 - Std. .375 19.250 78.60
30 - Ex. Hvy. .500 19.000 104.10
40 .593 18.814 122.90
60 .812 18.376 166.40
80 1.031 17.938 208.90
100 1.281 17.438 256.10
120 1.500 17.000 296.40
140 1.750 16.500 341.10
160 1.968 16.064 379.00
22 22.000 10 .250 21.500 58.07

20 - Std. .375 21.250 86.61
30 - Ex. Hvy. .500 21.000 114.81
60 .875 20.250 197.41
80 1.125 19.750 250.81
100 1.375 19.250 302.88
120 1.625 18.750 353.60
140 1.875 18.250 403.00
160 2.125 17.750 451.10
24 24.000 10 .250 23.500 63.41

20 - Std. .375 23.250 94.62
Ex. Hvy. .500 23.000 125.50
30 .562 22.876 140.80
40 .687 22.626 171.20
60 .968 22.064 238.10
80 1.218 21.564 296.40
100 1.531 20.938 367.40
120 1.812 20.376 429.40
140 2.062 19.876 483.10
160 2.343 19.314 541.90
26 26.000 10 .312 25.376 85.60

Std. .375 25.250 102.63
20 - Ex. Hvy. .500 25.000 136.17
28 28.000 10 .312 27.376 92.26

Std. .375 27.250 110.64
20 - Ex. Hvy. .500 27.000 146.85
30 .625 26.750 182.73
E-36
Pipe

30 30.000 10 .312 29.376 98.93
Std. .375 29.250 118.65
20 - Ex. Hvy. .500 29.000 157.53
30 .625 28.750 196.08
32 32.000 10 .312 31.376 105.59

Std. .375 31.250 126.66
20 - Ex. Hvy .500 31.000 168.21
30 .625 30.750 209.43
40 .688 30.625 230.08
34 34.000 10 .344 33.312 123.65

Std. .375 33.250 134.67
20 - Ex. Hvy .500 33.000 178.89
30 .625 32.750 222.78
40 .688 32.624 244.77
36 36.000 10 .312 35.376 118.92

Std. .375 35.250 142.68
20 - Ex. Hvy .500 35.000 189.57
30 .625 34.750 236.13
40 .750 34.500 282.35
38 38.000 Std. .375 37.250 150.69

Ex. Hvy. .500 37.000 200.25
40 40.000 Std. .375 39.250 158.70

Ex. Hvy. .500 39.000 210.93
42 42.000 Std. .375 41.250 166.71

Ex. Hvy. .500 41.000 221.61
48 48.000 Std. .375 47.250 190.74

Ex. Hvy. .500 47.000 253.65
54 54.000 Std. .375 53.250 215.06

Ex. Hvy. .500 53.000 285.69
E-37
Pipe

60 60.000 Std. .375 59.250 238.80

Ex. Hvy. .500 59.000 317.73
66 66.000 Std. .375 65.250 262.83

Ex. Hvy. .500 65.000 349.77
72 72.000 Std. .375 71.250 287.24

Ex. Hvy. .500 71.000 381.81
78 78.000 Std. .375 77.250 311.30

Ex. Hvy. .500 77.000 413.85
84 84.000 Std. .375 83.250 335.36

Ex. Hvy. .500 83.000 445.89
90 90.000 Std. .375 89.250 359.42

Ex. Hvy. .500 89.000 477.93
96 96.000 Std. .375 95.250 383.48

Ex. Hvy. .500 95.000 509.97
102 102.000 Std. .375 101.25 407.54

Ex. Hvy. .500 101.00 542.01
108 108.000 Std. .375 107.25 431.60

Ex. Hvy. .500 107.00 574.05
120 120.000 Std. .375 119.25 479.72

Ex. Hvy. .500 119.00 638.13
144 144.000 Std. .375 143.25 575.96

Ex. Hvy. .500 143.00 766.29

E-38
Relift Tube - Hot Rolled Finish
(Also known as Auger Tube, Blow Pipe and Spouting)
Available in 21 ft. lengths
O.D. Avg. Wall I.D. Weight

IN. Wall Decimal IN. Per Foot
4 11 .120 3.760 4.973
5 11 .120 4.760 6.254
6 14 .083 5.834 5.245

12 .109 5.782 6.858
11 .120 5.760 7.536
10 .134 5.732 8.395
8 14 .083 7.834 7.018

12 .109 7.782 9.186
10 .134 7.732 11.257
3/6 .188 7.624 15.685
10 12 .109 9.782 11.514

10 .134 14.119
3/6 .188 9.624 19.701
1/4 .250 9.500 26.033
12 12 .109 11.782 13.843

10 .134 11.732 16.982
3/16 .188 11.624 23.717
1/4 .250 11.500 31.373
14 12 .109 13.782 16.171

10 .134 13.732 19.844
3/16 .188 13.624 27.732
16 12 .109 15.782 18.499

10 .134 15.732 22.706
3/16 .188 15.624 31.748

Other finishes are available, please inquire.
E-39
PIPE VALVES & FITTINGS
SECTION F
SECTION F
PVF Page
Pipes, Valves & Fittings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-2
Additional Data on Pipe
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-27
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-32
Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-21

F-1
Pipes, Valves & Fittings
PIPE VALVES FITTINGS
STEEL PIPE BRONZE FITTINGS
Black / Galv. T&C Gate, Globe, Chcks, Ball 150 lb. Malleable Iron
Welded/Seamless Fortune, Stockham Fittings
Coated/Wrapped Apollo, Sharpe, Crane 300 lb. Malleable Iron
All Sizes & Schedules Fittings
Cut, Thread, Groove 150/300 Imp. Malleable
Iron Fittings
STAINLESS CAST IRON FLANGED STEEL BUTT WELD

FITTINGS & FLANGES
304/316, P22 Stockham, Crane, Davis Domestic & Import
Exotic Alloys, Alloy 20 Butterfly Valves All Sizes & Schedules
Pipe, Tube, Shapes UL Plug Valves Double Extra Heavy
Sanitary Tube Gate, Check, Ball
ALUMINUM STAINLESS STEEL STAINLESS STEEL

Pipe & Tube Threaded, Flanged Threaded & Socket
All sizes & Schedules Gates, Globes, Checks Weld
Ball, Butterfly Butt Weld Fittings &
Needle Valves Flanges
Compression Fittings
Sanitary
High Purity
INSTRUMENTATION STEEL VALVES FORGED STEEL

Stainless & Copper Threaded, SW, Flanged, 2000, 3000, 6000 lb.
Tube Etc. Threaded, Socket Weld
20 Lengths & Coils Gates, Globes & Check Flanges 150-2500 lb.
Pressure Gauges Valves
Thermometers Ball & Butterfly Valves
Seal Valves
Steam Valves
STRAINERS GROOVED FITTINGS &

VALVES
Bronze Threaded & Misc. Fittings & Valves
Sweat
Cast Iron Threaded &
Flanged
Steel & Stainless Steel
FASTENERS
Nut, Bolt & Gasket Kits
B7 Studs
MISCELLANEOUS PIPE SUPPORTS HYDRONICS

Fiberglass Strut & Strut Fittings Watts Regulator,
Armatex Insulation Hangers & All Thread Wilkins
Relief Valves Sanitary Hangers
Needle Valves Etc.
F-2
STAINLESS STEEL
SECTION G
SECTION G
Stainless Steel Page
Processing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1
Introduction to Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-2
Structural Shapes
Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-7
Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-8
Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-8
Bars
Rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-9
Hexagons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-10
Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-10
Half Rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-11
Flats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-11
Floor Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-12
Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-13
Standard Surface Finishes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-14
Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-16
Expanded Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-18
Tubing
Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-19
Rectangular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-19
Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-20
Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-21
Stainless Processing
Services Available
Coil Slitting & Cutting To Length

Laser Cutting
Leveling
Miter Cutting
Plasma Cutting
Punching
Rolling, Forming & Bending
Saw Cutting To Length
Shearing & Blanking
Water Jet Cutting
G-1
Product Introduction - Stainless Steel
The outstanding qualities of corrosion resistance, workability,
strength, and attractiveness have made stainless steel one of
the worlds most versatile materials.
Stainless steels are typically low carbon iron alloys to which

approximately 12% chromium has been added. It is chromium
which enables the stainless to resist corrosion. Increasing
the chromium content of the alloy renders it more resistant
to corrosive media. By adding elements, such as nickel,
manganese, copper, molybdenum, silicon, titanium, columbium,
aluminum, or sulfur to the composition, alloys can be produced
to suit nearly any application.
All stainless steels, regardless of composition, can be

conveniently categorized into four basic categories:
1. Austenitic Stainless Steels - offer the best corrosion

resistance of all classes due to the addition of nickel in their
composition. Austenitic types have high ductility, low yield
strength, and moderate tensile strength. Non-magnetic and
non-heat treatable, their structure is very tough and ductile as
annealed. They can only develop high strength by cold working.
Typical alloys include:
Type 302 This is a chromium-nickel stainless steel that

is commonly known as 18-8. It has excellent
corrosion resistance and is not affected by
ordinary atmospheres when properly maintained
by periodic cleaning. It has excellent ductility and
is well suited for drawing and forming. It is readily
welded by most modern methods and produces
tough, ductile welds without the need for post-
welding annealing or stress relieving, and is
easily hot forged or cold upset.

Type 303 This is the free machining version of Type
302/304 typically used in automatic machining
operations. The addition of sulfur assists in
breaking up the chips which reduces the drag
on the cutting tool, permitting greater machining
speed and producing smoother machined
finishes. Type 303 has a machinability rating of
60% in comparison to Bessemer screw stock
rated at 100%. This compares with about 45%
for Type 302/304.
G-2
Type 304 Generally more suitable than type 302 where
slightly better corrosion resistance is required
after welding. Type 304 is the most widely used
of the stainless and heat resisting steels. It offers
good corrosion resistance to many chemical
corrodants as well as industrial atmospheres.
Type 304 has very good formability and can be
readily welded by all common methods.
Type 304L Type 304L is generally more suitable than

Type 304 where service conditions dictate a
type requiring good corrosion resistance and
annealing is not feasible after welding thicker
sections. Type 304L has .03% maximum carbon
content, making it the low carbon variation of
Type 304. The extra low carbon avoids harmful
carbide precipitation due to welding. Type 304L
has the same corrosion resistance as Type 304
but with slightly lower mechanical proper-ties.
Type 309 Used in high temperature applications because

of its high scale resistance. Type 309 has greater
corrosion resistance than Type 304 and is
excellent in resisting sulfite liquors, nitric acid,
nitric-sulfuric mixtures, acetic, citric and lactic
acids.
Type 310 Higher alloy content gives Type 310 improved

characteristics over Type 309. It retains good
strength and toughness at high temperatures
and may be used to an advantage where
a combination of strength, toughness, and
oxidation resistance is essential. Where reducing
or carburizing conditions are encountered at high
temperatures, Type 310 is preferred.
Type 316 Has better resistance to pitting corrosion than

the other chromium-nickel stainless steels where
brines, sulphur-bearing or halogen salts, such
as chlorides are present. A valuable property
of Type 316 is high creep strength at elevated
temperatures. Other mechanical properties and
fabricating characteristics of Type 316 are similar
to Type 302 or Type 304. This alloy is used for
pumps, valves, textile and chemical equipment,
pulp and paper and marine applications.
G-3
Type 316L Preferred over Type 316 where post-weld an-
nealing is not practical and service conditions
require a structure free from harmful carbides.
Type 316L is the extra low carbon variation of
Type 316 which avoids carbide precipitation due
to welding.
Type 321 Has titanium added to reduce or eliminate

chromium carbide precipitation resulting from
welding or exposure to high temperatures. It is
quite effective as a stabilizer although the over-
all corrosion resistance is somewhat reduced.
Type 321 is used in almost exclusively for
aircraft parts such as exhaust systems, where
operating temperatures of 800 to 1600 degrees
F. are encountered and where corrosive condi-
tions are not too severe.
Type 347 Similar on analysis to Type 321 except that

Columbium is used as an addition instead of
titanium. Columbium is an effective stabilizer
and does not appreciable reduce the overall
corrosion resistance as does titanium. Type 347
is desirable in equipment operating in the tem-
perature range of 800 to 1600 degrees F. under
severely corrosive conditions or where corrosion
fatigue is likely to occur. Note that Columbium
bearing stainless has a tendency to be sensitive
in the hot short range which may cause check-
ing or cracking at the weld area.
2. Martensitic Stainless Steels - are heat treatable to a wide

range of hardness and strength levels. They attain optimum
corrosion resistance in the hardened and tempered (not an-
nealed) condition. Magnetic in all conditions, martensitic steels
are not as corrosion resistant as other classes but are used for
their strength as well as their resistance to wear and abrasion.
Typical alloys include:
Type 410 Most commonly called 12 chrome stainless,

Type 410 is the most widely used of the harden-
able stainless steels and is the general purpose
alloy of the martensitic class. Heat treated Type
410 has mechanical properties comparable to
alloy steels such as SAE 4130. Not recommend-
ed for applications where severe corrosive
G-4
conditions are encountered but typical uses
include valve and pump parts, fasteners, cutlery,
turbine parts, and busing.
Type 416 This is the free machining version of Type 410.
It has useful corrosion resistance to natural food
acids, basic salts, water and most atmospheres.
Type 422 Designed for service temperatures up to 1200

degrees F. while maintaining a good combina-
tion of high strength and toughness. It is typically
used in steam turbines as blading and bolting
material.
Type 440C A high carbon (.95-1.20%) chromium steel that

can attain the highest hardness (Rockwell C60)
of any standard stainless grade. In the hardened
and stress relieved condition, Type 440C has
maximum hardness together with high strength
and corrosion resistance. It also has high abra-
sion resistance.
3. Ferritic Stainless Steels - are non-hardenable and nor-

mal-ly used for their increased corrosion resistance rather than
tensile strength. Non heat treatable, though work hardenable to
a moderate extent, this class is magnetic in all conditions. Fer-
ritic stainless steels are capable of being buffed to a high luster
resembling chromium plate. Typical alloys include:
Type 409 The lowest cost stainless and is extensively

used in automotive exhaust systems. Because
of its combination of economy and good re-
sistance to oxidation and corrosion, Type 409
created the opportunity to economically improve
the performance of a wide range of parts where
surface appearance is not important.
Type 430 The most popular of the non-hardenable chro-

mium stainless steels. Type 430 combines good
corrosion and heat resistance with good me-
chanical properties. With oxidation resistance
to 1500 degrees F., Type 430 is widely used in
both industrial and consumer products.
G-5
4. Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels - have excellent
strength and good corrosion resistance. They develop increased
strength during heat treatment through precipitation hardening
(or age-hardening) reactions rather than phase transformations
such as occur in martensitic stainless steels. Typical alloys
include:
Type 17-4 This grade combines high strength and hard-

ness with corrosion resistance similar to T-304
in most media. Simple low temperature heat
treatment at 900 to 1150 degrees F. eliminates
scaling and prevents excessive warpage.
Type 17-4 This grade is solution annealed then double age

Double-Aged hardened to procedure #1 in NACE MR 01-75.
H1150 It is used in many pressure control applications
in the energy industry.
Type 15-5 This vacuum arc remelted grade offers high

strength and hardness. Type 15-5 has excellent
corrosion resistance plus excellent transverse
toughness.
More extensive information on stainless steel can be found in

the data section of this catalog.
G-6
Stainless Steel Angles
Types: 304, 304L, 316, 316L, 330
20 Ft. Random Lengths

Hot Rolled, Annealed & Pickled
Size in Weight Size in Weight

Inches Per Foot Inches Per Foot
3/4 x 3/4 x 1/8 .59 3 x 3 x 3/16 3.71

1/4 4.90
1 x 1 x 1/8 .80 5/16 6.10
3/16 1.16 3/8 7.20
1/4 1.49
4 x 3 x 1/4 5.80
1-1/4 x 1-1/4 x 1/8 1.01 3/8 8.50
3/16 1.48
1/4 1.92 4 x 4 x 1/4 6.60
3/8 9.80
1-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 1/8 1.23 1/2 12.80
3/16 1.80
1/4 2.34 5 x 3 x 1/4 6.60
3/8 9.85
2 x 2 x 1/8 1.65
3/16 2.44 5 x 5 x 3/8 12.30
1/4 3.19
3/8 4.70 6 x 3 x 1/4 7.45
3/8 11.02
2-1/2 x 2-1/2 x 3/16 3.07
1/4 4.10 6 x 4 x 1/4 9.21
3/8 5.90 3/8 12.30
3 x 1-1/2 x 1/4 3.51 6 x 6 x 3/8 14.90
3 x 2 x 3/16 3.07
1/4 4.10
G-7
Stainless Steel Welded Channels
Types: 304, 304L, 316, 316L

Weight Weight
Size Per Foot Size Per Foot
2 x 1 x 3/16 1.920 5 x 2-1/2 x 1/4 8.330
6 x 3 x 1/4 10.000
2 x 1 x 1/4 2.570
6 x 3 x 3/8 14.500
3 x 1-1/2 x 3/16 3.630
8 x 4 x 3/8 19.700
3 x 1-1/2 x 1/4 4.900
4 x 2 x 1/4 6.500
Stainless Steel Welded Beams

Types: 304, 304L, 316, 316L
Size Weight
Per Foot
3 x 2-3/8 x 1/4 7.250
4 x 2-3/4 x 1/4 9.150
6 x 4 x 1/4 13.600
Please inquire sizes not listed.
G-8
Stainless Steel Rounds
Types: 303, 304, 304L, 316, 316L, 321, 410, 416, 17-4

CD=Cold Drawn CG=Centerless Ground HR= Hot Rolled and Rough Turned
Diameter Weight Diameter
Weight
in Per Foot in
Per Foot
Inches Inches
3/32 CD .0235 2-7/16 CG 15.87
1/8 CD .0417 2-1/2 CG 16.69
5/32 CD .0652 2-5/8 CG 18.40
3/16 CD .0939 2-3/4 CG 20.20
1/4 CD .1669
CG .1669 3 CG 24.03
5/16 CD .2608 3-1/4 CG 28.21
3/8 CD .3755 3-1/2 CG 32.71
CG .3755 3-3/4 CG 37.55
7/16 CD .5111
CG .5111 4 CG 42.73
1/2 CD .6676 4-1/4 HR 48.23
CG .6676 4-3/8 HR 51.11
9/16 CG .8449 4-1/2 HR 54.08
5/8 CG 1.0430 4-5/8 HR 57.12
11/16 CG 1.2620 4-3/4 HR 60.25
3/4 CG 1.5020 4-7/8 HR 63.46
13/16 CG 1.7630
7/8 CG 2.0450 5 HR 66.76
15/16 CG 2.3470 5-1/4 HR 73.60
5-1/2 HR 80.77
1 CG 2.6700 5-5/8 HR 84.49
1-1/16 CG 3.0150 5-3/4 HR 88.29
1-1/8 CG 3.3800
1-3/16 CG 3.7660 6 HR 96.13
1-1/4 CG 4.1720 6-1/4 HR 104.30
1-5/16 CG 4.6000 6-1/2 HR 112.80
1-3/8 CG 5.0490 6-3/4 HR 121.70
1-7/16 CG 5.5180
1-1/2 CG 6.0080 7 HR 130.90
1-9/16 CG 6.5200 7-1/4 HR 140.40
1-5/8 CG 7.0510 7-1/2 HR 150.20
1-11/16 CG 7.6040 7-3/4 HR 160.40
1-3/4 CG 8.1780
1-7/8 CG 9.3880 8 HR 170.90
1-15/16 CG 10.0200 8-1/2 HR 192.90
2 CG 10.6800 9 HR 216.30
2-1/8 CG 12.0600
2-1/4 CG 13.5200 10 HR 267.00
2-3/8 CG 15.0600
12 HR 384.50
G-9
Stainless Steel Hexagons
Types: 303, 304, 316, 416, 17-4
Annealed & Cold Drawn

Weight Weight
Size Size
Per Foot Per Foot
1/8 .046 1 2.945
3/16 .104 1-1/16 3.324
1/4 .184 1-1/8 3.727
5/16 .288 1-3/16 4.152
11/32 .348 1-1/4 4.601
3/8 .414 1-5/16 5.073
7/16 .564 1-3/8 5.570
1/2 .736 1-7/16 6.090
9/16 .932 1-1/2 6.625
5/8 1.150 1-9/16 7.190
11/16 1.392 1-5/8 7.780
3/4 1.656 1-3/4 9.020
13/16 1.940 1-13/16 9.673
7/8 2.254 1-7/8 10.400
15/16 2.588
2 11.780
2-1/4 14.910
2-1/2 18.400
3 26.500
Stainless Steel Squares

Types: 303, 304, 316,
Cold Drawn

Per Foot Per Foot
1/8 .0531 1 3.400
3/16 .1195 1-1/8 4.303
1/4 .2125 1-1/4 5.313
3/8 .4781 1-3/8 6.428
7/16 .6510 1-1/2 7.650
1/2 .8500 1-3/4 10.410
9/16 1.0760
5/8 1.3280 2 13.600
3/4 1.9130 2-1/2 21.250
7/8 2.6030 2-3/4 25.710
3-1/2 41.650
4 54.400
G-10
Stainless Steel Half Rounds
Types: 304
Annealed & Cold Drawn

Size Weight
Per Foot
1/2 .334
5/8 .522
3/4 .751
Stainless Steel Flats

Types: 304 & 316
Weight Weight
Size Size
Per Foot Per Foot
1/8 x 1/4 .106 1/4 x 1-3/4 1.488
3/8 .159 2 1.700
1/2 .213 2-1/2 2.125
5/8 .266 3 2.550
3/4 .319 3-1/2 2.967
1 .425 4 3.400
1-1/4 .531 5 4.250
1-1/2 .638 6 5.100
1-3/4 .744
2 .850 3/8 x 1/2 .638
2-1/2 1.063 3/4 .956
3 1.275 1 1.275
4 1.700 1-1/4 1.594
1-1/2 1.913
3/16 x 1/2 .319 1-3/4 2.230
3/4 .478 2 2.550
1 .638 2-1/2 3.188
1-1/4 .797 3 3.825
1-1/2 .956 4 5.100
1-3/4 1.116 5 6.380
2 1.275 6 7.650
2-1/2 1.594
3 1.913 1/2 x 1 1.700
4 2.550 1-1/4 2.125
1-1/2 2.550
1/4 x 1/2 .425 2 3.400
3/4 .638 2-1/2 4.250
1 .850 3 5.100
1-1/4 1.063 4 6.800
1-1/2 1.275 6 10.200
G-11
Stainless Steel Flats
Types: 304 & 316

Weight Weight
Size Size
Per Foot Per Foot
5/8 x 1 2.125 1 x 1-1/2 5.100
1-1/2 3.188 2 6.800
2 4.250 2-1/2 8.500
2-1/2 5.313 3 10.200
3 6.375 4 13.600
4 8.500 5 17.000
5 10.630 6 20.400
6 12.750
1-1/4 x 2 8.500
3/4 x 1 2.550 2-1/2 10.630
1-1/2 3.830 3 12.750
2 5.100 4 17.000
2-1/2 6.375
3 7.650 1-1/2 x 2 10.200
3-1/2 8.925 2-1/2 12.750
4 10.200 3 15.300
5 12.750 4 20.400
6 15.300
2 x 2-1/2 17.000
3 20.400
4 27.200
Stainless Steel Diamond

Floor Plates
Type: 304
Thickness Weight Thickness Weight

& Width Per Sq. Ft. & Width Per Sq. Ft.
in Inches in Inches
1/8 x 48 6.150 1/4 x 48 11.25
3/16 x 48 8.700
G-12
Stainless Steel Plates
Types: 304, 304L, 316 and 316L
Thickness Weight Thickness Weight

& Width Per Sq. Ft. & Width Per Sq. Ft.
in Inches in Inches
3/16 x 48 8.579 1 x 48 42.67

60 8.579 72 42.67
72 8.579 96 42.67
96 8.579
1-1/8 x 96 47.83
1/4 x 48 11.16
60 11.16 1-1/4 x 72 53.00
72 11.16 96 53.00
96 11.16
1-1/2 x 72 63.34
5/16 x 48 13.75 96 63.34
60 13.75
96 13.75 1-3/4 x 72 73.67
96 73.67
3/8 x 48 16.50
60 16.50 2 x 96 84.01
72 16.50
96 16.50 2-1/4 x 96 94.78
1/2 x 48 21.66 2-1/2 x 96 105.10

60 21.66
72 21.66 3 x 96 126.30
96 21.66
3-1/4 x 96 136.60
5/8 x 72 26.83
96 26.83 3-1/2 x 96 147.00
3/4 x 48 32.12 3-3/4 x 96 157.30

72 32.12
96 32.12 4 x 96 167.60
7/8 x 96 37.29
G-13
STANDARD FINISHES OF STAINLESS STEEL
FLAT-ROLLED PRODUCTS
Surface finishes on stainless steel sheets, strip, tubing and plates are
generally selected for appearance, although degree and extent of
forming and welding should be taken into consideration. Where forming
is severe, or much welding is done, it is often more economical to use a
cold rolled finish and then polish.
Unpolished Finishes
No. 1 Finish. Hot rolled, annealed and descaled. Generally used in

industrial applications, such as for heat or corrosion resistance, where
smoothness of finish is not of particular importance.
No. 2D Finish. A dull cold rolled finish produced by cold rolling, an-
nealing, and descaling. The dull finish may result from the descaling or
pickling operation or may be developed by a final light cold roll pass on
dull rolls. The dull finish is favorable for the retention of lubricants on
the surface in deep drawing operations. This finish is generally used in
forming deep drawn articles which maybe polished after fabrication.
No. 2B Finish. A bright cold rolled finish commonly produced in the

same manner as No. 2D, except that the annealed and descaled sheet
receives a final light cold rolled pass on polished rolls. This is a general
purpose cold rolled finish. It is commonly used for all but exceptionally
difficult deep drawing applications. This finish is more readily polished
than No. 1 or No. 2D Finish.
Polished Finishes
Sheets can be produced with one or two sides polished. When polished
on one side only, the other side may be rough ground in order to obtain
the necessary flatness.
No. 3 Finish is a polished finish obtained with abrasives approximately

100 mesh, and which may or may not be additionally polished during
fabrication.
No. 4 Finish is a general purpose polished finish widely used for

restaurant equipment, kitchen equipment, store fronts, dairy equipment,
etc. Following initial grinding with coarser abrasives, sheets are gener-
ally finished last with abrasives approximately 120 to 150 mesh.
No. 6 Finish is a dull satin finish having lower reflectivity than No. 4
Finish. It is produced by Tampico brushing No. 4 Finish sheets in a
medium of abrasive and oil. It is used for architectural applications and
ornamentation where a high luster is undesirable; it is also used effec-
tively to contrast with brighter finishes.
G-14
No. 7 Finish has a high degree of reflectivity. It is produced by buffing
a finely ground surface, but the grit lines are not removed. It is chiefly
used for architectural and ornamental purposes.
No. 8 Finish is the most reflective finish that is commonly produced. It

is obtained by polishing with successively finer abrasives and buffing
extensively with very fine buffing rouges. The surface is essentially free
of grit lines from preliminary grinding operations. This finish is most
widely used for press plates, as well as for small mirrors and reflectors.
G-15
Stainless Steel Sheets
Types: 304, 304L, 316 and 316L
Available Mill Finish or Polished
Cold Rolled, Annealed & Pickled
Gauge Weight Weight

Size Thickness
Per Sq. Ft. Per Sheet
7 48 x 96 .1874 7.871 251.87
48 x 120 .1874 7.871 314.84
48 x 144 .1874 7.871 377.81
60 x 120 .1874 7.871 393.55
10 36 x 96 .1350 5.670 136.08

36 x 120 .1350 5.670 170.10
36 x 144 .1350 5.670 204.12
48 x 96 .1350 5.670 181.44
48 x 120 .1350 5.670 226.80
48 x 144 .1350 5.670 272.16
60 x 96 .1350 5.670 226.80
60 x 120 .1350 5.670 283.50
60 x 144 .1350 5.670 340.20
72 x 144 .1350 5.670 408.24
11 36 x 96 .1200 5.040 120.96

36 x 120 .1200 5.040 151.20
48 x 96 .1200 5.040 161.28
48 x 120 .1200 5.040 201.60
48 x 144 .1200 5.040 241.92
60 x 96 .1200 5.040 201.60
60 x 120 .1200 5.040 252.00
60 x 144 .1200 5.040 302.40
72 x 144 .1200 5.040 362.88
12 36 x 96 .1054 4.427 106.25

36 x 120 .1054 4.427 132.81
36 x 144 .1054 4.427 159.37
48 x 96 .1054 4.427 141.66
48 x 120 .1054 4.427 177.08
48 x 144 .1054 4.427 212.50
60 x 96 .1054 4.427 177.08
60 x 120 .1054 4.427 221.35
60 x 144 .1054 4.427 265.62
72 x 144 .1054 4.427 318.74
14 36 x 96 .0751 3.154 75.70

36 x 120 .0751 3.154 94.62
36 x 144 .0751 3.154 113.54
48 x 96 .0751 3.154 100.93
48 x 120 .0751 3.154 126.16
48 x 144 .0751 3.154 151.39
60 x 96 .0751 3.154 126.16
60 x 120 .0751 3.154 157.70
G-16
Types: 304, 304L, 316 and 316L

Gauge Weight Weight
Size Thickness
14 60 x 144 .0751 3.154 189.24
72 x 144 .0751 3.154 227.09
16 36 x 96 .0595 2.499 59.98

36 x 120 .0595 2.499 74.97
36 x 144 .0595 2.499 89.96
48 x 96 .0595 2.499 79.97
48 x 120 .0595 2.499 99.96
48 x 144 .0595 2.499 119.95
60 x 96 .0595 2.499 99.96
60 x 120 .0595 2.499 124.95
60 x 144 .0595 2.499 149.94
72 x 144 .0595 2.499 179.93
18 36 x 96 .0480 2.016 48.38

36 x 120 .0480 2.016 60.48
36 x 144 .0480 2.016 72.58
48 x 96 .0480 2.016 64.51
48 x 120 .0480 2.016 80.64
48 x 144 .0480 2.016 96.77
60 x 120 .0480 2.016 100.80
60 x 144 .0480 2.016 120.96
20 36 x 96 .0355 1.491 35.78

36 x 120 .0355 1.491 44.73
36 x 144 .0355 1.491 53.68
48 x 96 .0355 1.491 47.71
48 x 120 .0355 1.491 59.64
48 x 144 .0355 1.491 71.57
60 x 120 .0355 1.491 74.55
60 x 144 .0355 1.491 89.46
22 36 x 96 .0293 1.231 29.54

36 x 120 .0293 1.231 36.93
48 x 96 .0293 1.231 39.39
48 x 120 .0293 1.231 49.24
48 x 144 .0293 1.231 59.09
24 36 x 96 .0235 .987 23.69

36 x 120 .0235 .987 29.61
48 x 96 .0235 .987 31.58
48 x 120 .0235 .987 39.48
G-17
Types: 304, 304L, 316 and 316L

Weight Weight
Gauge Size Thickness
in Inches in Inches
(Estimated) (Estimated)
26 36 x 96 .0178 .7476 17.94

36 x 120 .0178 .7476 22.43
48 x 96 .0178 .7476 23.92
48 x 120 .0178 .7476 29.90
28 36 x 120 .0151 .6342 19.03
Stainless Expanded Metal

Types: 304
Standard & Flattened
Long way of diamond runs parallel to length of sheet

Style Sq. per Style Sq. per
Designation Inches Sq. Ft. Designation Inches Sq. Ft.

1/2 - 13 48x96 1.47 3/4 - 16 48x96 .54
1/2 - 16 48x96 0.86 3/4 - 18 48x96 .46
1/2 - 18 48x96 0.7 1-1/2 - 9 48x96 1.20
3/4 - 9 48x96 1.8 1-1/2 - 13 48x96 .60
3/4 - 13 48x96 .80 1-1/2 - 16 48x96 .40

G-18
Stainless Square & Rectangular Tubing
Type: 304
Available Mill Finish, 180, 240, 320 & 400 Grit Polished
17-24 Foot Random Lengths
Weight Weight
O.D. Wall per O.D. Wall per
Foot Foot
SQUARE
.750 x .750 .062 .650 2.500 x 2.500 .083 2.72
.083 .810 .120 3.88
.109 .950 .180 5.68
.120 1.130 .250 7.67
1.000 x 1.000 .049 .634 3.000 x 3.000 .083 3.29

.062 .830 .109 4.53
.083 1.030 .120 4.97
.109 1.320 .180 6.90
.120 1.450 .250 9.35
1.250 x 1.250 .062 1.080 4.000 x 4.000 .120 6.26

.083 1.370 .180 9.27
.109 1.760 .250 12.68
.120 1.930
5.000 x 5.000 .250 16.35
1.500 x 1.500 .062 1.270
.083 1.610 6.000 x 6.000 .250 18.77
.109 2.080
.120 2.260
.180 3.630
2.000 x 2.000 .062 1.690
.083 2.140
.109 2.800
.120 3.060
.180 4.460
.250 6.010
RECTANGULAR
.750 x 1.500 .062 .99 2.000 x 3.000 .120 3.88
.180 5.68
1.000 x 1.500 .083 1.37
2.000 x 4.000 .120 4.97
1.000 x 2.000 .062 1.27 .180 6.90
.083 1.61 .250 9.35
.120 2.26
2.000 X 6.000 .180 9.27
1.000 x 3.000 .062 1.69
.083 2.14 4.000 X 6.000 .180 11.90
.250 16.35
1.500 x 2.500 .062 1.69
1.500 x 3.500 .180 5.68

Please inquire sizes not listed.
G-19
Stainless Round Tubing
Type: 304
Weight Weight
O.D. Wall I.D. O.D. Wall I.D.
per per
Foot Foot
.188 .035 .118 .057 1.125 .065 .995 .736
.250 .028 .194 .066 1.250 .049 1.152 .629

.035 .180 .080 .065 1.120 .823
.049 .152 .105 .083 1.084 1.034
.065 .120 .128 .120 1.010 1.448
.313 .035 .243 .104 1.375 .035 1.305 .501

.049 .215 .138 .120 1.135 1.608
.065 .183 .172
1.500 .049 1.402 .759
.375 .028 .319 .104 .065 1.370 .996
.035 .305 .127 .083 1.334 1.256
.049 .277 .171 .120 1.260 1.769
.065 .245 .215
1.750 .065 1.620 1.170
.500 .035 .430 .174 .083 1.584 1.478
.049 .402 .236
.065 .370 .302 1.875 .065 1.745 1.257
.120 1.635 2.250
.625 .035 .555 .221
.049 .527 .301 2.000 .049 1.902 1.021
.065 .495 .389 .065 1.870 1.343
.095 .435 .538 .083 1.834 1.699
.109 .407 .601 .120 1.760 2.409
.188 1.625 3.638
.750 .035 .680 .267 .250 1.500 4.673
.049 .652 .367
.065 .620 .476 2.125 .065 1.995 1.430
.083 .584 .591 .083 1.959 1.810
.095 .560 .665
.120 .510 .807 2.250 .065 2.120 1.517
.083 2.084 1.921
.875 .035 .805 .314 .120 2.010 2.730
.049 .777 .432 .188 1.874 4.140
.065 .745 .562 .250 1.750 5.340
.120 .635 .968
2.500 .065 2.370 1.690
1.000 .035 .930 .361 .083 2.334 2.143
.049 .902 .498 .120 2.260 3.050
.065 .870 .649 .188 2.125 4.686
.083 .834 .813 .250 2.000 6.064
.095 .810 .918
.120 .760 1.128
G-20
Stainless Round Tubing
Type: 304
O.D. Wall I.D. Weight O.D. Wall I.D. Weight

in In in per in in in per
Inches Inches Inches. Foot Inches Inches Inches Foot
3.000 .065 2.870 2.037 4.500 .065 4.370 3.070
.083 2.834 2.586 .083 4.334 3.915
.120 2.760 3.691 .120 4.260 5.613
.188 2.624 5.646
.250 2.500 7.343 4.750 .120 4.510 5.930
3.250 .065 3.120 2.210 5.000 .065 4.870 3.426
.120 3.010 4.011 .083 4.834 4.359
.120 4.760 6.254
3.500 .065 3.370 2.385
.120 3.260 4.332 6.000 .065 5.870 4.120
.083 5.834 5.245
4.000 .065 3.870 2.732 .120 5.760 7.536
.083 3.834 3.472
.120 3.760 4.973 8.000 .120 7.760 10.099
4.250 .120 1.010 5.293
Stainless Pipe
Type: 304, 304L. 316 and 316L
Cold Finished, Annealed & Pickled
Nominal Weight O.D. I.D.
Wall
Pipe per In in
Thickness
Size Foot Inches Inches
SCHEDULE 5
1/2 .540 .840 .710 .065
3/4 .690 1.050 .920 .065
1 .880 1.315 1.185 .065
1-1/4 1.120 1.660 1.530 .065
1-1/2 1.274 1.900 1.770 .065
2 1.620 2.375 2.245 .065
3 3.060 3.500 3.334 .083
SCHEDULE 10
1 1.420 1.315 1.097 .109
1-1/2 2.100 1.900 1.682 .109
2 2.660 2.375 2.157 .109
3 4.370 3.500 3.260 .120
3-1/2 4.973 4.000 3.760 .120
4 5.670 4.500 4.260 .120
5 7.840 5.563 5.295 .134
G-21
Stainless Pipe
Type: 304, 304L. 316 and 316L
Cold Finished, Annealed & Pickled
Nominal Weight O.D. I.D.
Wall
Pipe per In in
Thickness
Size Foot Inches Inches
SCHEDULE 10
6 9.380 6.625 6.357 .134
8 13.400 8.625 8.329 .148
10 18.650 10.750 10.420 .165
12 24.160 12.750 12.390 .180
SCHEDULE 40
1/8 .245 .405 .269 .068
1/4 .425 .540 .364 .088
3/8 .568 .675 .493 .091
1/2 .851 .840 .622 .109
3/4 1.131 1.050 .824 .113
1 1.679 1.315 1.049 .133
1-1/4 2.273 1.660 1.380 .140
1-1/2 2.718 1.900 1.610 .145
2 3.653 2.375 2.067 .154
2-1/2 5.793 2.875 2.469 .203
3 7.576 3.500 3.068 .216
3-1/2 9.109 4.000 3.548 .226
4 10.890 4.500 4.026 .237
5 14.750 5.563 5.047 .258
6 19.150 6.625 6.065 .280
8 28.820 8.625 7.981 .322
10 40.860 10.750 10.020 .365
12 50.030 12.750 12.000 .375
SCHEDULE 80
1/8 .320 .405 .215 .095
1/4 .540 .540 .302 .119
3/8 .750 .675 .423 .126
1/2 1.100 .840 .546 .147
3/4 1.490 1.050 .742 .154
1 2.190 1.315 .957 .179
1-1/4 3.030 1.660 1.278 .191
1-1/2 3.670 1.900 1.500 .200
2 5.070 2.375 1.939 .218
2-1/2 7.660 2.875 2.323 .276
3 10.250 3.500 2.900 .300
3-1/2 12.500 4.000 3.364 .318
4 14.890 4.500 3.826 .337
5 20.780 5.563 4.813 .375
6 28.570 6.625 5.761 .432
8 43.390 8.625 7.625 .500
G-22
ALUMINUM
SECTION H
SECTION H
Aluminum Page
Processing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1
Introduction to Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-2
Structural Shapes
Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-9
Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-10
Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-12
Tees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-13
Bars
Rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-14
Hexagons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-15
Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-15
Flats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-16
Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-18
Diamond Tread Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-20
Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-21
Tubing
Round . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-24
Square . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-26
Rectangular . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-26
Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-27
Aluminum Processing
Services Available
Coil Slitting & Cutting To Length

Leveling
Miter Cutting
Plasma Cutting
Punching
Rolling, Forming, Bending
Shearing & Blanking
Saw Cutting To Length
Water Jet Cutting
H-1
Product Introduction - Aluminum Alloys
In high-purity form aluminum is soft and ductile. Most
commercial uses, however, require greater strength than pure
aluminum affords. This is achieved first by the addition of
other elements to produce various alloys, which singly or in
combination impart strength to the metal. Further strengthening
is possible by means which classify the alloys roughly into two
categories, non-heat-treatable and heat-treatable.
Non-heat-treatable alloys - The initial strength of alloys in

this group depends upon the hardening effect of elements
such as manganese, silicon, iron and magnesium, singly or in
various combinations. The non-heat-treatable alloys are usually
designated, therefore, in the 1000, 3000, 4000, or 5000 series.
Since these alloys are work-hardenable, further strengthening
is made possible by various degrees of cold working, denoted
by the H series of tempers. Alloys containing appreciable
amounts of magnesium when supplied in strain-hardened
tempers are usually given a final elevated-temperature
treatment called stabilizing to insure stability of properties.
Heat-treatable alloys - The initial strength of alloys in this

group is enhanced by the addition of alloying elements
such as copper, magnesium, zinc, and silicon. Since these
elements singly or in various combinations show increasing
solid solubility in aluminum with increasing temperature, it is
possible to subject them to thermal treatments which will impart
pronounced strengthening.
The first step, called heat treatment or solution heat treatment,

is an elevated-temperature process designed to put the
soluble element or elements in solid solution. This is followed
by rapid quenching, usually in water, which momentarily
freezes the structure and for a short time renders the alloy
very workable. It is at this stage that some fabricators retain
this more workable structure by storing the alloys at below
freezing temperatures until they are ready to form them. At
room or elevated temperatures the alloys are not stable after
quenching, however, and precipitation of the constituents from
the super-saturated solution begins. After a period of several
days at room temperature, termed aging or room-temperature
precipitation, the alloy is considerable stronger. Many alloys
approach a stable condition at room temperature, but some
alloys, particularly those containing magnesium and silicon or
magnesium and zinc, continue to age-harden for long periods of
time at room temperature.
H-2
By heating for a controlled time at slightly elevated
temperatures, even further strengthening is possible and
properties are stabilized. This process is called artificial aging or
precipitation hardening. By the proper combination of solution
heat treatment, quenching, cold working and artificial aging, the
highest strengths are obtained.
Clad Alloys - The heat-treatable alloys in which copper and zinc

are major alloying constituents, are less resistant to corrosive
attack than the majority of non-heat-treatable alloys. To increase
the corrosion resistance of these alloys in sheet and plate form
they are often clad with high-purity aluminum, a low magnesium-
silicon alloy, or an alloy containing 1 per cent zinc. The cladding,
usually from 2 1/2 to 5 per cent of the total thickness on each
side, not only protects the composite due to its own inherently
excellent corrosion resistance, but also exerts a galvanic effect
which further protects the core material.
Special composites may be obtained such as clad non-heat-

treatable alloys for extra corrosion protection, for brazing
purposes, or for special surface finishes. Some alloys in
wire and tubular form are clad for similar reasons and on an
experimental basis extrusions also have been clad.
Annealing Characteristics - All wrought aluminum alloys are

available in annealed form. In addition, it may be desirable to
anneal an alloy from any other initial temper, after working, or
between successive stages of working such as in deep drawing.
Effect of Alloying Elements
1000 Series - Aluminum of 99 percent or higher purity has

many applications, especially in the electrical and chemical
fields. These alloys are characterized by excellent corrosion
resistance, high thermal and electrical conductivity, low
mechanical properties and excellent workability. Moderate
increases in strength may be obtained by strain-hardening. Iron
and silicon are the major impurities.
2000 Series - Copper is the principal alloying element in this

group. These alloys require solution heat-treatment to obtain
optimum properties; in the heat treated condition mechanical
properties are similar to, and sometimes exceed, those of mild
steel. In some instances artificial aging is employed to further
increase the mechanical properties. This treatment materially
effects yield strength, with attendant loss in elongation; its effect
on tensile (ultimate) strength, is not great.
H-3
The alloys in the 2000 series do not have as good corrosion
resistance as most other aluminum alloys and under certain
conditions they may be subject to intergranular corrosion.
Therefore, these alloys in the form of sheet are usually clad
with a high-purity alloy or a magnesium-silicon alloy of the 6000
series which provides galvanic protection to the core material
and thus greatly increases resistance to corrosion. Alloy 2024 is
perhaps the best known and most widely used aircraft alloy.
3000 Series - Manganese is the major alloying element of this

group, which is generally non-heat-treatable. Because only a
limited percentage of manganese, up to about 1.5 percent, can
be effectively added to aluminum, it is used as a major element
in only a few instances. One of these, however, is the popular
3003, which is widely used as a general-purpose alloy for
moderate-strength applications requiring good workability.
4000 Series - Major alloying element of this group is silicon,

which can be added in sufficient quantities to cause substantial
lowering of the melting point without producing brittleness
in the resulting alloys. For these reasons aluminum-silicon
alloys are used in welding wire and as brazing alloys where a
lower melting point than that of the parent metal is required.
Most alloys in this series are non-heat-treatable, but when
used in welding heat-treatable alloys they will pick up some of
the alloying constituents of the latter and so respond to heat
treatment to a limited extent. The alloys containing
appreciable amounts of silicon become dark gray when
anodic oxide finishes are applied, and hence are in demand
for architectural applications.
5000 Series - Magnesium is one of the most effective and

widely used alloying elements for aluminum. When it is used
as the major alloying element or with manganese, the result
is a moderate to high strength non-heat-treatable alloy.
Magnesium is considerably more effective than manganese
as a hardener, about 0.8 percent magnesium being equal to
1.25 percent manganese, and it can be added in considerably
higher quantities. Alloys in this series possess good welding
characteristics and good resistance to corrosion in marine
atmosphere. However, certain limitations should be placed on
the amount of cold work and the safe operating temperatures
permissible for the higher magnesium content alloys (over about
3 1/2 percent for operative temperatures above about 150 F (66
C) to avoid susceptibility to stress corrosion.)
H-4
6000 Series - Alloys in this group contain silicon and
magnesium in approximate proportions to form magnesium
silicide, thus making them heat-treatable. Major alloy in this
series is 6061, one of the most versatile of the heat-treatable
alloys. Though less strong than most of the 2000 or 7000 alloys,
the magnesium-silicon (or magnesium-silicide) alloys possess
good formability and corrosion resistance, with medium strength.
Alloys in this heat-treatable group may be formed in the T4
temper (solution heat-treated but not artificially aged) and then
reach full T6 properties by artificial aging.
7000 Series - Zinc is the major alloying element in this group,

and when coupled with a smaller percentage of magnesium
results in heat-treatable alloys of very high strength. Usually
other elements such as copper and chromium are also added in
small quantities. An outstanding member of this group is 7075,
which is among the highest strength alloys available and is used
in air-frame structures and for highly stressed parts.
H-5
Non-Heat Treatable
(Common) Alloys
1100 Excellent forming qualities, Chemical equipment, heat
resistance of corrosion, exchanger fins, sheet metal
weldability, electrical work, dials and mane plates,
conductivity. cooking utensils, decorative
parts, giftware, rivets and
reflectors.
3003 Similar characteristics to Ductwork, cooking utensils,

1100 but with slightly higher eyelet stock, ice cube
strength, good workability, trays, garage doors,
low wearing when deep awning slats, refrigerator
drawn, weldability, panels, gas lines, gasoline
resistance to corrosion. tanks, heat exchangers,
ASME unfired Pressure pressure vessels, chemical
Vessel Code Approved. equipment, drawn and
spun parts, general sheet
metal work.
5005 Similar characteristics to Useful where excessive

3003, but with finer grain finishing costs are
structure. Good finishing encountered in the use of
characteristics. Best alloy 3003 alloys due to surface
for anodizing. roughness upon drawing.
5052 Excellent resistance to Kitchen cabinets, small

corrosion, especially boats, home freezers, milk
marine environment; good crates, bus and truck bodies,
workability, higher strength refrigerator trays, aircraft
than 1100 or 3003. Good tube, fencing, fan blades,
finishing characteristics. shoe eyelets. Sheet metal
5052-H112 Plate: ASME parts, home appliances, tank
Unfired Pressure Vessel cars and trailers, shipping
Code Approved. drums, instrument cabinets.
5083 High strength, high Welded structures (high

resistance to corrosion, strength), pressure vessels,
suitable for being welded. storage tanks, truck and
marine applications.
5086 Higher strength than 5052 Ship yard plate, tanks,

with similar characteristics. structural and marine
Excellent resistance applications.
to corrosion in marine
environment. Good
workability, weldability.
H-6
Heat Treatable (Strong) Alloys
2011 Good machinability, unexcelled Screw-machine products, machine
for free-cutting qualities, good parts, atomizer and hose parts,
mechanical properties. pipe stems, cigarette holders, tube
fittings.
2017 Relatively high strength, combined Screw-machine products, tube

with fair workability and good fittings, pulleys, gauges, coat
machinability. hangers, crochet and knitting
needles.
2024 A high-strength material of Aircraft parts, truck wheels, caul

adequate workability. Has largely plates, piano hinges, luggage,
superseded 2017 for structural scientific instruments, ski poles,
applications. Use of 2024-0 fastening devices, veterinary and
is not recommended unless orthopedic braces and equipment,
subsequently heat-treated. structures, rivets.
2024 Combines high strength of 2024 Aircraft frames and skins, railroad
Alclad with excellent resistance to car roofs and sides, truck bodies,
corrosion in T3 and T4 temper. Its caul plates, washers.
appearance is good.
6061 Combines relatively high strength, Sailboats, canoes, truck and bus
good workability and high bodies, scaffolding, transmission
resistance to corrosion; widely towers, mine skips, furniture
available. ASME Unfired Pressure chemical equipment, marine
Vessel Code Approved. equipment, fire ladders, moldings,
pipe, tankage, tank fittings, general
structural and high pressure
applications, paper and textile rolls,
wire products, hardware.
6063 High resistance to corrosion. Irrigation pipe, awning supports,

windows, storefronts, architectural
trim, storm sash, thresholds, stair
rails, lighting standards.
6262 Good machinability with high Screw-machine products, fittings,

strength, corrosion resistance and couplings, camera parts, nuts.
finishing characteristics are better
then 2011, 2017, 2024 and equal
to 6061.
7075 Very high strength, excellent Aircraft, skiis. Used where higher
Alclad resistance to corrosion in the T6 strengths than Alclad 2024 are
temper. Used for highly stressed required.
structural parts. The 0 temper
combines formability with high
strength after heat treating.
7075 Very high strength material used Keys. Aerospace application not
for highly stressed structural requiring maximum corrosion
applications where maximum resistance of Alclad 7075.
corrosion resistance of Alclad
7075 is not required.
H-7
DESIGNATION OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS
MAJOR ALLOY GROUPS
Aluminum employs a four-digit system. The first digit indicates the alloy group.
The last two digits identify the alloy or, in the instance of the 1000 series, the
purity. The second digit indicates a modification of the alloy.
The alloy groups are these:
1XXX Aluminum - 99% and greater 6XXX Magnesium & Silicon - Major alloying elements
2XXX Copper - Major alloying element 7XXX Zinc - Major alloying element
3XXX Manganese - Major alloying element 8XXX Other elements
4XXX Silicon - Major alloying element 9XXX Unused to date
5XXX Magnesium - Major alloying element
TEMPER SYSTEMS
The temper designation follows and is separated from the alloy designation by a dash. i.e. 3003-H14
or 6061-T6. It indicates mechanical or thermal treatment. Additional digits to the right indicate
variations in basic treatment.
Basic Tempers
-F As fabricated. No special control over thermal conditions or strain hardening. No
mechanical property limits.
-O Annealed. Applies to wrought products which are annealed to obtain the lowest
strength temper.
-H Strain-hardened (cold worked). Applies to products which have their strength
increased by strain-hardening with or without supplementary thermal treatments to
produce some reduction in strength. The H is always followed by two or more digits.
-W Solution heat-treated. An unstable temper applicable only to alloys which
spontaneously age at room temperature after solution heat treatment.
-T Thermally treated to produce stable tempers other than O or H. Applies to
products which are thermally treated with or without supplementary strain-hardening,
to produce stable tempers. The T is always followed by one or more digits.
Non-Heat Treatable Alloy Tempers Heat Treatable Alloy Tempers
1000, 3000 and 5000 Series 2000, 6000 and 7000 Series
-O Annealed and recrystallized. -O Annealed and recrystallized. (Solution Annealed).
-H1 Work or strain hardened. -T1 Naturally aged only (certain extrusions).
-H2 Strain hardened and partially -T3 Solution heat treated, then cold
annealed. worked and naturally aged.
-H3 Strain hardened, then stabilized. -T4 Solution heat treated, then naturally aged.
A digit to the right of -H1, -H2 or -T42 Solution heat treated by the user, and then
-H3 above indicate the degree naturally aged.
of hardness: -T5 Artificially aged only (certain extrusions).
1 is the least degree of strain- -T6 Solution heat treated, then artificially aged.
hardness -T62 Solution heat treated by the user, then artificially aged.
2 is 1/4 hard -T8 Solution heat treated, cold worked, then artificially
4 is 1/2 hard aged.
6 is 3/4 hard -T9 Solution heat treated, artificially aged, then cold
8 is full hard worked.
-H111 Strain-hardened less than -T3511 Solution heat treated and cold worked (stress relieved
required for controlled H11 by stretching to produce a permanent set of 1 1/2 to
temper. 3%), minor straightening after stretching.
-H112 Equivalent to F temper except -T4511 Solution heat treated (stress-relieved by stretching
that mechanical property limits to produce a permanent set of 1 to 3%), minor
have been set or mechanical straightening after stretching.
listing is required. -T651 Solution heat treated (stress-relieved by stretching to
-H116 Work or strain hardened and produce a permanent set of 1 to 3%), with no further
when tested by the user is straightening.
required to pass the exfoliation -T6511 Solution heat treated (stress-relieved by stretching to
corrosion resistance test (asset produce a permanent set of 1 1/2 to 3%) and artificially
method.) aged, minor straightening after stretching.
For more information on aluminum refer to the data section of this catalog. H-8
Aluminum Angles
Extruded-American Standard
6061-T6
Available in Lengths 25 Ft.

Foot Foot
3/4 x 3/4 x 1/8 .201 3 x 2 x 3/16 1.071
1/4 1.403
1 x 1 x 1/8 .275 3/8 2.046
3/16 .400
1/4 .514 3 x 3 x 3/16 1.275
1/4 1.684
1-1/4 x 1-1/4 x 1/8 .343 5/16 2.082
3/16 .510 3/8 2.474
1/4 .656 1/2 3.227
1-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 1/8 .423 3-1/2 x 2-1/2 x 1/4 1.684

3/16 .619
1/4 .809 3-1/2 x 3-1/2 x 1/4 1.989
3/8 2.926
1-3/4 x 1-3/4 x 1/8 .497 1/2 3.826
3/16 .731
1/4 .956 4 x 3 x 1/4 1.988
3/8 2.926
2 x 1-1/2 x 1/8 .496
3/16 .731 4 x 4 x 1/4 2.283
1/4 .956 3/8 3.366
1/2 4.414
2 x 2 x 1/8 .577
3/16 .850 5 x 3 x 1/4 2.292
1/4 1.110 3/8 3.349
5/16 1.364
3/8 1.606 5 x 3-1/2 x 1/2 4.704
2-1/2 x 2 x 3/16 .961 5 x 5 x 3/8 4.237

1/4 1.257 1/2 5.578
2-1/2 x 2-1/2 x 3/16 1.070 6 x 4 x 3/8 4.237

1/4 1.404 1/2 5.578
5/16 1.729
3/8 2.047 6 x 6 x 3/8 5.119
1/2 6.754
8 x 8 x 1/2 9.141
3/4 13.478
H-9
Aluminum Angles
Extruded - Sharp Corner
6063-T52
Stock Lengths: 16 Ft.
Approx. Approx.
Foot Foot
1/2 x 1/2 x 1/16 .068 1-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 1/8 .422
1/8 .128 3/16 .619
1/4 .808
3/4 x 3/4 x 1/16 .107
1/8 .202 1-3/4 x 1-3/4 x 1/8 .496
1 x 1/2 x 1/8 .202 2 x 1 x 1/8 .422
1 x 3/4 x 1/8 .239 2 x 1-1/2 x 3/16 .731
1 x 1 x 1/16 .141 2 x 2 x 1/8 .569

1/8 .275 3/16 .841
3/16 .400 1/4 1.102
1-1/4 x 1-1/4 x 1/8 .348 2-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 1/8 .577

3/16 .511
2-1/2 x 2-1/2 x 1/8 .724
1-1/2 x 3/4 x 1/8 .313
3 x 2 x 1/8 .731
1-1/2 x 1 x 1/8 .349
3 x 3 x 3/16 1.275
1/4 1.684
Aluminum Channels
Extruded - American Standard
6061-T6
Web Depth Flange Approx. Web Depth Flange Approx.
& Width Weight & Width Weight
Thickness in per Thickness in per
in Inches Inches Foot in Inches Inches Foot
3 x .170 1.41 1.42 6 x .200 1.92 2.83
3 x .258 1.50 1.73 6 x .225 1.95 3.00
3 x .356 1.60 2.07 6 x .314 2.03 3.63
6 x .438 2.16 4.51
4 x .180 1.58 1.85
4 x .247 1.65 2.16 8 x .250 2.29 4.25
4 x .320 1.72 2.50 8 x .303 2.34 4.75
5 x .190 1.75 2.32 10 x .240 2.60 5.28

5 x .325 1.89 3.11 10 x .379 2.74 6.92
5 x .472 2.03 3.98
12 x .300 2.96 7.41
12 x .387 3.05 8.64
H-10
Aluminum Channels
Extruded - Aluminum Association
6061-T6
Web Depth
Flange Flange Approx.
&
Width in Thickness Weight
Thickness
Inches in Inches per Foot
in Inches
2 x .130 1.00 .13 .577
2 x .170 1.25 .26 1.070
3 x .130 1.50 .20 1.140

3 x .170 1.75 .26 1.600
4 x .150 2.00 .23 1.740

4 x .190 2.25 .29 2.330
5 x .150 2.25 .26 2.210

5 x .190 2.75 .32 3.090
6 x .170 2.50 .29 2.830

6 x .210 3.25 .35 4.030
7 x .170 2.75 .29 3.210

7 x .210 3.50 .38 4.720
8 x .190 3.00 .35 4.150

8 x .250 3.75 .41 5.790
9 x .230 3.25 .35 4.980

9 x .290 4.00 .44 6.970
10 x .250 3.50 .41 6.140

10 x .310 4.25 .50 8.360
12 x .290 4.00 .47 8.270

12 x .350 5.00 .62 11.820
H-11
Aluminum Channels
Extruded - Sharp Corner
6063-T52
Approx. Approx.
Weight Weight
Size per Foot Size per Foot
1/2 x 3/8 x 1/8 .147 1-3/4 x 3/4 x 1/8 .441
1/2 x 1/2 x 3/32 .145 1-3/4 x 1 x 1/8 .516
1/2 x 3/4 x 1/8 .258 2 x 1/2 x 1/8 .405
5/8 x 5/8 x 1/8 .239 2 x 1 x 1/8 .552
3/4 x 3/8 x 1/8 .183 2 x 2 x 1/8 .846
3/4 x 3/4 x 1/8 .294 2 x 2 x 1/4 1.634
1 x 1/2 x 1/8 .258 2-1/4 x 7/8 x 1/8 .552
1 x 1 x 1/8 .405 2-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 1/8 .771
1-1/4 x 1/2 x 1/8 .294 3 x 1/2 x 1/8 .552
1-1/4 x 1-1/4 x 1/8 .516 3 x 1 x 1/8 .699
1-1/2 x 1/2 x 1/8 .330 3 x 1-1/2 x 3/16 1.243
1-1/2 x 1 x 1/8 .477 5 x 2 x 3/16 1.906
Aluminum Beams (I-Beams)

6061-T6

Thickness Width in Weight
in Inches Inches per Foot
3 x .170 2.33 1.963
3 x .349 2.51 2.591
4 x .190 2.66 2.644

4 x .326 2.80 3.283
5 x .210 3.00 3.430

5 x .494 3.28 5.100
6 x .230 3.33 4.302

6 x .344 3.44 5.099
8 x .270 4.00 6.348

8 x .532 4.26 8.813
H-12
Aluminum Beams (W-Beams)
Extruded - Aluminum Association
6061-T6
Web Depth
and
Width in Thickness Weight
Thickness
Inches in Inches per Foot
in Inches
3 x .130 2.50 .20 1.637
3 x .150 2.50 .26 2.030
4 x .150 3.00 .23 2.311
4 x .170 3.00 .29 2.793
5 x .190 3.50 .32 3.700
6 x .190 4.00 .29 4.030
6 x .210 4.00 .35 4.692
7 x .230 4.50 .38 5.800
8 x .230 5.00 .35 6.181
8 x .250 5.00 .41 7.023
9 x .270 5.50 .44 8.361
10 x .250 6.00 .41 8.646
10 x .290 6.00 .50 10.290
12 x .310 7.00 .62 14.290
Aluminum Tees
6061-T6
Approx.
Size Weight
in Inches per Foot
1-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 1/4 .805
2 x 2 x 1/4 1.259
Aluminum Tees
Extruded -Sharp Corner
6063-T52
Approx. Approx.
in Inches per Foot in Inches per Foot
3/4 x 3/4 x 1/8 .202 1-1/2 x 1-1/2 x 1/4 .825
1 x 1 x 1/8 .274 2 x 3/4 x 1/8 .386
1-1/4 x 7/8 x 1/8 .294 2 x 2 x 1/4 1.103
H-13
Aluminum Rounds
6061-T6
Stock Lengths 12 Ft. Thru 4-1/2 Diameter
8/12 Ft. Over 4-1/2 Diameter
Approx. Approx.
Size in Wt. Size in Wt.
Inches per Ft. Inches per Ft.
1/8 .0145 3 8.304
3/16 .0324 3-1/8 9.011
1/4 .0577 3-1/4 9.746
5/16 .0901 3-3/8 10.520
3/8 .1297 3-1/2 11.300
7/16 .1766 3-5/8 12.140
1/2 .2306 3-3/4 12.980
9/16 .2919
5/8 .3604 4 14.780
11/16 .4361 4-1/8 15.720
3/4 .5190 4-1/4 16.670
13/16 .6091 4-1/2 18.680
7/8 .7064 4-5/8 19.740
15/16 .8110 4-3/4 20.820
1 .9227 5 23.070
1-1/16 1.0420 5-1/8 24.260
1-1/8 1.1680 5-1/4 25.430
1-3/16 1.3010 5-1/2 28.000
1-1/4 1.4420 5-3/4 30.510
1-5/16 1.5900
1-3/8 1.7450 6 33.220
1-7/16 1.9070 6-1/8 34.650
1-1/2 2.0760 6-1/4 36.040
1-9/16 2.2530 6-1/2 38.980
1-5/8 2.4360 6-3/4 42.040
1-3/4 2.8260
1-13/16 3.0310 7 45.210
1-7/8 3.2440 7-1/2 51.900
2 3.6910 8 59.050
2-1/8 4.1660 8-1/2 66.660
2-1/4 4.6710
2-3/8 5.2050 9 74.740
2-1/2 5.7670 10-1/8 94.680
2-9/16 6.0590 11 111.600
2-5/8 6.3580 12-1/8 144.200
2-3/4 6.9780
2-7/8 7.6340
Other Alloys Available - Please Inquire H-14

Aluminum Hexagons
6061-T651
Stock Lengths 12 Ft.
Approx. Approx.
1/4 .0631 1-1/8 1.2870
3/8 .1431 1-1/4 1.5880
1/2 .2543 1-3/8 1.9220
5/8 .3974 1-1/2 2.2860
11/16 .4809 1-3/4 3.1160
3/4 .5722 2 4.0700
7/8 .7789 2-1/4 5.1500
1 1.0160 2-1/2 6.3590
1-1/16 1.1480 2-3/4 7.6940
Other Alloys Available - Please Inquire
Aluminum Squares
6061 and 6063
Extruded
Stock Lengths 12 Ft. - 6061
16 Ft. - 6063
Approx. Approx.
1/4 .0735 1-1/2 2.6460
5/16 .1148 1-3/4 3.5980
3/8 .1656 2 4.7040
1/2 .2940 2-1/2 7.3430
5/8 .4586 2-3/4 8.8840
3/4 .6595 3 10.5700
7/8 .8994 3-1/2 14.3900
1 1.1760 4 18.8000
1-1/8 1.4890 5 29.3700
1-1/4 1.8380 6 42.3400
H-15
Aluminum Flats
6061 and 6063
Extruded
Stock Lengths 6061 - 12 Ft.
6063 - 16 Ft.
Approx. Approx.
1/8 x 1/2 .0745 5/16 x 1-1/2 .5504
3/4 .1098 2 .7134
1 .1470 2-3/4 1.0110
1-1/4 .1833 3 1.1010
1-1/2 .2215 5 1.7880
2 .2940
2-1/2 .3671 3/8 x 1/2 .2250
3 .4410 3/4 .3312
3-1/2 .5140 1 .4410
4 .5880 1-1/4 .5498
5 .7342 1-1/2 .6605
1-3/4 .7710
3/16 x 1/2 .1107 2 .8820
3/4 .1656 2-1/2 1.1010
1 .2215 2-3/4 1.2120
1-1/4 .2754 3 1.3230
1-1/2 .3303 3-1/2 1.5420
2 .4410 4 1.7640
2-1/2 .5507 5 2.2030
3 .6608 6 2.6430
4 .8820 8 3.5240
1/4 x 1/2 .1470 1/2 x 3/4 .4400

5/8 .1842 1 .5880
3/4 .2215 1-1/4 .7350
1 .2940 1-1/2 .8644
1-1/4 .3685 1-3/4 1.0280
1-1/2 .4410 2 1.1760
1-3/4 .5155 2-1/2 1.4850
2 .5704 3 1.7640
2-1/4 .6608 3-1/2 2.0560
2-1/2 .7350 4 2.3480
3 .8820 4-1/2 2.6430
3-1/2 1.0280 5 2.9370
4 1.1410 5-1/2 3.2310
4-1/2 1.3220 6 3.5280
5 1.4690 8 4.7040
6 1.7620
7 2.0560
8 2.3500
5/16 x 1 .3675
1-1/4 .4589
H-16
Aluminum Flats
6061 and 6063
Extruded
Stock Lengths 6061 - 12 Ft.
6063 - 16 Ft.
Approx. Wt. Approx. Wt.
Size in per Ft. Size in per Ft.
Inches in Lbs. Inches in Lbs.
5/8 x 1 .7340 1-1/4 x 5 7.343
1-1/4 .9173 6 8.820
1-1/2 1.1030
2 1.4700 1-1/2 x 2 3.528
3 2.2030 2-1/2 4.410
5 3.6710 3 5.292
4 7.049
3/4 x 1 .8810 6 10.570
1-1/4 1.1030
1-1/2 1.2940 2 x 2-1/2 5.874
1-3/4 1.5420 3 7.056
2 1.7640 4 9.398
2-1/2 2.2010 5 11.750
3 2.6460 6 14.100
3-1/2 3.0870
4 3.5220 2-1/2 x 3 8.811
4-1/2 3.9650 3-1/2 10.280
5 4.4060 4 11.750
6 5.2920 4-1/2 13.220
5 14.690
1 x 1-1/4 1.4690
1-1/2 1.7820 3 x 3-1/2 12.340
1-3/4 2.0560 4 14.100
2 2.3520 4-1/2 15.860
2-1/2 2.9370 5 17.610
3 3.5280 6 21.150
3-1/2 4.1120
4 4.7040 3-1/2 x 5 20.550
5 5.8740
6 7.0560 4 x 5 23.500
8 9.3980 6 28.200
1-1/4 x 1-1/2 2.2030 4-1/2 x 6 31.750

2 2.9400
2-1/2 3.6710
3 4.4060
4 5.8740
4-1/2 6.6080

H-17
Aluminum Plate
6061
Mill Finish - Heat Treatable
Decimal Approx. Wt. Approx. Wt.

Thickness Width in Length in per Ft. per Plate
in Inches Inches Inches in Lbs. in Lbs.
.250 36-1/2 x 96-1/2 3.528 86.30
48-1/2 x 96-1/2 3.528 114.67
48-1/2 x 120-1/2 3.528 143.18
48-1/2 x 144-1/2 3.528 171.70
60-1/2 x 120-1/2 3.528 178.61
60-1/2 x 144-1/2 3.528 214.19
72 x 144 3.528 254.02
72 x 240 3.528 423.36
.313 36-1/2 x 96-1/2 4.417 108.04

48-1/2 x 144-1/2 4.417 214.97
72 x 240 4.417 530.04
.375 36-1/2 x 96-1/2 5.292 129.44

48-1/2 x 144-1/2 5.292 257.55
60-1/2 x 144-1/2 5.292 321.28
72 x 144 5.292 381.02
72 x 240 5.292 635.04
.500 36-1/2 x 96-1/2 7.056 172.59

48-1/2 x 96-1/2 7.056 229.33
48-1/2 x 144-1/2 7.056 343.40
60-1/2 x 144-1/2 7.056 428.37
60-1/2 x 240-1/2 7.056 712.96
72 x 144 7.056 508.03
72 x 240 7.056 846.72
.563 48-1/2 x 144-1/2 7.948 386.82
.625 36-1/2 x 96-1/2 8.820 215.74

48-1/2 x 144-1/2 8.820 429.26
60-1/2 x 120-1/2 8.820 446.53
.750 36-1/2 x 96-1/2 10.580 258.79

48-1/2 x 144-1/2 10.580 514.91
60-1/2 x 144-1/2 10.580 642.31
.875 48-1/2 x 144-1/2 12.350 601.06
1.000 36-1/2 x 96-1/2 14.110 345.13

48-1/2 x 144-1/2 14.110 686.71
60-1/2 x 144-1/2 14.110 856.62
1.250 48-1/2 x 144-1/2 17.640 858.51

Other Alloys Available - Please Inquire H-18
Aluminum Plate
6061
Decimal Width Length Approx. Wt. Approx. Wt.

Thickness in in per Ft. per Plate
in Inches Inches Inches in Lbs. in Lbs.
1.500 36-1/2 x 96-1/2 21.17 517.82
48-1/2 x 144-1/2 21.17 1030.31
60-1/2 x 144-1/2 21.17 1285.23
1.750 36-1/2 x 96-1/2 24.70 604.16

48-1/2 x 144-1/2 24.70 1202.11
2.000 48-1/2 x 144-1/2 28.22 1373.42

60-1/2 x 144-1/2 28.22 1713.24
72-1/2 x 144-1/2 28.22 2053.05
2.250 48-1/2 x 144-1/2 31.75 1545.22
2.500 36-1/2 x 96-1/2 35.28 862.95

48-1/2 x 144-1/2 35.28 1717.02
2.750 48-1/2 x 144-1/2 38.81 1888.84
3.000 48-1/2 x 144-1/2 42.34 2060.62
3.500 48-1/2 x 144-1/2 49.39 2403.73
4.000 48-1/2 x 144-1/2 56.45 2747.33
4.500 48-1/2 x 144-1/2 63.50 3090.44
5.000 48-1/2 x 144-1/2 70.56 3434.04
5.500 48-1/2 x 144-1/2 77.62 3777.64
6.000 48-1/2 x 144-1/2 84.67 4120.75
7.000 48-1/2 x 144-1/2 98.78 4807.46
8.000 60 x 144 112.90 6774.00
10.000 60 x 144 141.10 8466.00
12.000 60 x 144 169.30 10158.00

H-19
Diamond Tread Aluminum Floor Plate
3003/6061-T6
Available in bright reflective finish and mill finish.
Raised lugs are on approximately 1 centers.
Opposite side is smooth.
Dec. Dec.
Thickness Wt. Wt. per Thickness Wt. Wt. per
and Size in per Ft. Plate and Size per Ft. Plate
Inches in Lbs. in Lbs. in Inches in Lbs. in Lbs.
3003 - Bright Finish
.100 48 x 192 1.57 100.48 .125 60 x 192 1.92 153.60
60 x 192 1.57 125.60
.188 48 x 192 2.82 180.50
.125 48 x 192 1.92 122.88 60 x 192 2.82 225.60
6061-T6 - Mill Finish

.100 48 x 192 1.57 100.48 .375 48 x 192 5.49 351.36
60 x 192 5.49 439.20
.125 48 x 192 1.90 121.60 72 x 192 5.49 527.04
60 x 192 1.90 152.00
.500 48 x 192 7.27 465.28
.188 48 x 192 2.79 178.56 60 x 192 7.27 581.60
60 x 192 2.79 223.20 72 x 192 7.27 697.92
.250 48 x 192 3.67 234.88 .625 60 x 192 9.05 724.00

60 x 192 3.67 293.60 72 x 192 9.05 868.80
.313 60 x 192 4.60 368.00 .750 60 x 192 10.72 857.60

72 x 192 10.72 1029.12
H-20
Aluminum Sheet
3003
Mill Finish - Non-Heat Treatable
Dec. Approx. Approx. Dec. Approx. Approx.

Thickness Wt. Wt. Thickness Wt. Wt.
and Size per Ft. per Sheet and Size per Ft. per Plate
in Inches in Lbs. in Lbs. in Inches in Lbs. in Lbs.
.020 36 x 96 .285 6.84 .080 60 x 120 1.139 56.95
60 x 144 1.139 68.34
.025 36 x 96 .356 8.54
48 x 96 .356 11.39 .090 36 x 96 1.287 30.89
48 x 120 .356 14.24 36 x 144 1.287 46.33
48 x 144 .356 17.09 48 x 96 1.287 41.18
48 x 120 1.287 51.48
.032 36 x 96 .456 10.94 48 x 144 1.287 61.78
36 x 120 .456 13.68 60 x 144 1.287 77.22
36 x 144 .456 16.42
48 x 96 .456 14.59 .100 36 x 96 1.426 34.22
48 x 120 .456 18.24 48 x 144 1.426 68.45
48 x 144 .456 21.89 60 x 144 1.426 85.56
72 x 120 1.426 85.56
.040 36 x 96 .570 13.68
36 x 120 .570 17.10 .125 36 x 96 1.782 42.77
48 x 96 .570 18.24 36 x 120 1.782 53.46
48 x 120 .570 22.80 36 x 144 1.782 64.15
48 x 144 .570 27.36 48 x 96 1.782 57.02
60 x 144 .570 34.20 48 x 120 1.782 71.28
48 x 144 1.782 85.54
.050 36 x 96 .713 17.11 60 x 120 1.782 89.10
36 x 120 .713 21.39 60 x 144 1.782 106.90
36 x 144 .713 25.66 72 x 120 1.782 106.90
48 x 96 .713 22.82 72 x 144 1.782 128.30
48 x 120 .713 28.52
48 x 144 .713 34.22 .190 36 x 96 2.713 65.11
60 x 144 .713 42.78 48 x 120 2.713 108.52
48 x 144 2.713 130.22
.063 36 x 96 .898 21.55 60 x 96 2.713 108.36
36 x 120 .898 26.94 60 x 120 2.713 135.65
36 x 144 .898 32.33 60 x 144 2.713 162.78
48 x 96 .898 28.74 72 x 144 2.713 195.34
48 x 120 .898 35.92
48 x 144 .898 43.10
60 x 144 .898 53.88
.080 36 x 96 1.139 27.34

36 x 120 1.139 34.17
36 x 144 1.139 41.00
48 x 96 1.139 36.45
48 x 120 1.139 45.56
48 x 144 1.139 54.67
H-21 Other Sizes Available Slit and Cut-to-Length from Coil.

Aluminum Sheet
5052
Mill Finish - Non-Heat Treatable

.020 36 x 96 .279 6.70 .080 48 x 96 1.116 35.71
48 x 120 1.116 44.64
.025 36 x 96 .349 8.38 48 x 144 1.116 53.57
60 x 144 1.116 66.96
.032 36 x 96 .447 10.73
36 x 120 .447 13.41 .090 36 x 96 1.261 30.26
48 x 96 .447 14.30 36 x 120 1.261 37.83
48 x 120 .447 17.88 36 x 144 1.261 45.40
48 x 144 .447 21.46 48 x 96 1.261 40.35
48 x 120 1.261 50.44
.040 36 x 96 .559 13.42 48 x 144 1.261 60.53
36 x 120 .559 16.77 60 x 120 1.261 63.05
36 x 144 .559 20.12 60 x 144 1.261 75.66
48 x 96 .559 17.89
48 x 120 .559 22.36 .100 48 x 144 1.397 67.06
48 x 144 .559 26.83 60 x 144 1.397 83.82
.050 36 x 96 .698 16.75 .125 36 x 96 1.746 41.90

36 x 120 .698 20.94 36 x 120 1.746 52.38
36 x 144 .698 25.13 . 36 x 144 1.746 62.86
48 x 96 .698 22.34 48 x 96 1.746 55.87
48 x 120 .698 27.92 48 x 120 1.746 69.84
48 x 144 .698 33.50 48 x 144 1.746 83.81
60 x 120 .698 34.90 60 x 120 1.746 87.30
60 x 144 .698 41.88 60 x 144 1.746 104.76
.063 36 x 96 .880 21.12 .160 48 x 144 2.231 107.09

36 x 120 .880 26.40
36 x 144 .880 31.68 .190 36 x 96 2.658 63.79
48 x 96 .880 28.16 48 x 96 2.658 85.06
48 x 120 .880 35.20 48 x 120 2.658 106.32
48 x 144 .880 42.24 48 x 144 2.658 127.58
60 x 144 .880 52.80 60 x 120 2.658 132.90
72 x 144 .880 63.36 60 x 144 2.658 159.48
72 x 144 2.658 191.38
.080 36 x 96 1.116 26.78
36 x 144 1.116 40.18
Other Sizes Available Slit and Cut-to-Length from Coil. H-22

Aluminum Sheet
6061

.032 48 x 144 .452 21.70 .100 48 x 120 1.411 56.44
48 x 144 1.411 67.73
.040 48 x 144 .565 27.12
.125 36 x 96 1.764 42.34
.050 48 x 120 .706 28.24 48 x 96 1.764 56.45
48 x 144 .706 33.89 48 x 120 1.764 70.56
60 x 144 .706 42.36 48 x 144 1.764 84.67
60 x 144 1.764 105.84
.063 48 x 96 .889 28.45
48 x 120 .889 35.56 .160 48 x 144 2.254 108.19
48 x 144 .889 42.67
60 x 144 .889 53.34 .190 36 x 96 2.685 64.44
48 x 120 2.685 107.40
.080 48 x 120 1.127 45.08 48 x 144 2.685 128.88
48 x 144 1.127 54.10 60 x 120 2.685 134.25
60 x 144 1.127 67.62 60 x 144 2.685 161.10
72 x 144 2.685 193.32
.090 48 x 144 1.274 61.15
60 x 144 1.274 76.44
Other Sizes Available Slit and Cut-to-Length from Coil.
H-23
Aluminum Round Tubing
Drawn 6061
Size Approx. Size Approx.

O.D. Avg. Wall Wt. per O.D. Avg. Wall Wt. per
in Thickness Ft. in Thickness Ft.
Inches in Inches in Lbs. Inches in Inches in Lbs.
3/16 x .035 .020 1-1/8 x .058 .229
1/4 x .035 .028 1-1/4 x .035 .157

.049 .036 .049 .217
.065 .285
5/16 x .049 .048 .083 .358
.058 .055
1-3/8 x .049 .240
3/8 x .035 .044 .058 .282
.049 .059
.058 .068 1-1/2 x .065 .345
.065 .075 .083 .435
.125 .635
1/2 x .035 .060
.049 .082 1-5/8 x .058 .336
.058 .095
.065 .104 1-7/8 x .058 .389
.083 .128
2 x .035 .254
5/8 x .035 .076 .049 .353
.049 .104 .058 .416
.058 .122 .065 .465
.065 .134 .083 .588
3/4 x .035 .093 2-1/4 x .125 .981

.049 .127
.058 .148 2-1/2 x .065 .585
.065 .165 .083 .741
.083 .205
3 x .065 .705
7/8 x .035 .109 .083 .895
.049 .150
.065 .195 3-1/4 x .125 1.440
1 x .049 .172 3-1/2 x .065 .825

.058 .202
.065 .225
.083 .281
.125 .404
H-24
Aluminum Round Tubing
6061-T6511
Extruded Seamless - Holobar

1-1/2 x .125 .635 4 x .500 6.470
.250 1.160
4-1/2 x .500 7.390
2 x .125 .866 .750 10.390
.250 1.620 1.000 12.900
2-1/4 x .250 1.850 4-3/4 x .500 7.850
2-1/2 x .125 1.100 5 x .250 4.930

.250 2.080 .500 8.310
.500 3.700 .750 11.760
1.000 14.800
2-3/4 x .250 2.310
.500 4.160 5-1/2 x .500 9.240
.750 13.100
3 x .125 1.330 1.000 16.660
.250 2.540
.500 4.620 6 x .250 5.310
.750 6.240 .500 10.100
1.000 18.420
3-1/4 x .375 3.980
.500 5.076 6-1/2 x .500 11.000
6-3/4 x .750 16.600

3-3/8 x .750 7.270
7 x .500 12.000
3-1/2 x .250 3.000 1.000 22.150
.500 5.540
.750 7.624 7-1/2 x .500 12.900
3-3/4 x .500 6.000 8 x .375 10.500

.500 13.800
4 x .125 1.790
.250 3.460
H-25
Aluminum Square Tubing
6063-T52
Extruded
Stock Lengths: 21 Ft.-1 in.
3/4 x .125 .368 2 x .125 1.103
1 x .125 .516 3 x .125 1.691
1-1/4 x .125 .676 .250 3.234
1-1/2 x .125 .810 4 x .125 2.279
1-3/4 x .125 .956 .250 4.410
Aluminum Rectangular Tubing

6063-T52
Extruded
Stock Lengths: 21 Ft.-1 In.
1 x 1-1/2 x .125 .662 2 x 3 x .125 1.397
1 x 2 x .125 .810 2 x 4 x .125 1.690
1-1/2 x 2 x .125 .957 2 x 5 x .125 1.985
1-1/2 x 2-1/2 x .125 1.103 2 x 6 x .125 2.279
1-1/2 x 3 x .125 1.264 2 x 8 x .125 2.925
H-26
Aluminum Round Pipe
6061 and 6063
Extruded - Seamless
Schedule 40 & 80 - Standard IPS
Nom. Approx. Avg.
Pipe Wt. per O.D. I.D. Wall
Size in Ft. in in Thickness
Inches in Lbs. Inches Inches in Inches
SCHEDULE 40
1/8 .085 .450 .269 .068
1/4 .147 .540 .364 .088
3/8 .196 .675 .493 .091
1/2 .293 .840 .622 .109
3/4 .391 1.050 .824 .113
1 .581 1.315 1.049 .133
1-1/4 .786 1.660 1.380 .140
1-1/2 .940 1.900 1.610 .145
2 1.264 2.375 2.067 .154
2-1/2 2.004 2.875 2.469 .203
3 2.621 3.500 3.068 .216
3-1/2 3.151 4.000 3.548 .226
4 3.733 4.500 4.026 .237
5 5.057 5.563 5.047 .258
6 6.564 6.625 6.065 .280
8 9.878 8.625 7.981 .322
10 14.000 10.750 10.020 .365
12 18.520 12.750 11.938 .406
SCHEDULE 80
1-1/4 1.037 1.660 1.278 .191
1-1/2 1.256 1.900 1.500 .200
2 1.737 2.375 1.939 .218
2-1/2 2.650 2.875 2.323 .276
3 3.547 3.500 2.900 .300
4 5.183 4.500 3.826 .337
H-27
SPECIALTY PRODUCTS
SECTION I
SECTION I
Specialty Products Page
Reinforcing Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1
Reinforcing Wire Mesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1
Expanded Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-2
Expanded Metal Grating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-6
Bar Grating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-7
Perforated Metal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-8
Safety Grating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-11
Molded Grating Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-12

Concrete Reinforcing Bar
ASTM A615
No Grade, Grade 40 & Grade 60
Available Lengths 20 Ft. & 40 Ft.
Bar Size Nominal Dimensions Weight
Bar Metric Diameter Area Perimeter Lbs.
Inches Per Ft.
No.* Bar Size Inches Sq.In. Inches
3/8 3 10 .375 .11 1.178 .376
1/2 4 13 .500 .20 1.571 .668
5/8 5 16 .625 .31 1.963 1.043
3/4 6 19 .750 .44 2.356 1.502
7/8 7 22 .875 .60 2.749 2.044
1 8 25 1.000 .79 3.142 2.670
1-1/8 9 29 1.128 1.00 3.544 3.400
1-1/4 10 32 1.270 1.27 3.990 4.303
*Bar Numbers are the eighths of an inch in the nominal diameter.
Reinforcing Wire Mesh

ASTM A185
Available in Rolls or Flat Sheets
Spacing Wire Gauge Section Areas Weight

in Inches in Inches Per Foot of Width Lbs.
Sq. In. Sq. In. Per 100
Long. Trans. Long. Trans Long. Trans Sq.Ft.
6x6 10 x 10 .029 .029 21
6x6 8x8 .041 .041 30
6x6 6x6 .058 .058 42
6x6 4x4 .080 .080 58
I-1
Regular Expanded MetalCarbon Steel
Center to Size of Percent Overall
Weight in lbs. Available Standard Size of Openings Center Bond Strands Open Thickness in
Style per c.s.f. Sizes in Feet in Inches In Inches In Inches Area Inches
Plain Galv. Width - Length Width - Length Width - Length Width - Thickness
3/16-#24 50 N/A 4 8 .166 .437 .200 .50 .050 .024 63 .086
3/16-#22 62 N/A 4 8 .166 .437 .200 .50 .050 .030 60 .088
3/16-#20 75 N/A 4 8 .166 .437 .200 .50 .050 .036 57 .090
1/4-#20 86 129 4 8 .172 .719 .255 1.00 .073 .036 45 .125
1/4-#18 114 171 4 8 .172 .719 .255 1.00 .073 .048 43 .125
1/2-#20 43 59 4 8 .438 .938 .500 1.20 .072 .036 80 .124
1/2-#18 70 85 4-6 8-10 .438 .938 .500 1.20 .088 .048 77 .155
1/2-#16 86 97 4-6 8-10 .375 .938 .500 1.20 .086 .060 71 .157
1/2-#13 147 173 4-6 8-10 .313 .938 .500 1.20 .096 .092 58 .182
3/4-#16 54 65 4-6 8-10 .813 1.750 .923 2.00 .099 .060 85 .186
3/4-#13 80 92 4-6 8-10 .750 1.688 .923 2.00 .096 .092 78 .195
3/4-#10 120 136 4-6 8-10 .750 1.625 .923 2.00 .144 .092 77 .282
3/4-# 9 180 195 4-6 8-10-12 .688 1.563 .923 2.00 .148 .134 66 .300
1 #16 44 51 4 8 1.000 2.063 1.090 2.40 .096 .060 86 .182
1-1/2-#18 20 25 4 8 1.313 2.625 1.330 3.00 .067 .048 93 .140
1-1/2-#16 40 48 4 8-10-12 1.250 2.625 1.330 3.00 .107 .060 89 .211
1-1/2-#13 60 68 4-6 8-10-12 1.188 2.500 1.330 3.00 .104 .092 86 .215
1-1/2-#10 79 89 4-6 8-10 1.188 2.500 1.330 3.00 .137 .092 85 .289
1-1/2-# 9 120 131 4-6 8-10-12 1.125 2.375 1.330 3.00 .142 .134 75 .295
1-1/2-# 6 250 273 4-6 8-10-12 1.000 2.313 1.330 3.00 .201 .198 63 .425
2 #10 68 75 B B 1.625 3.438 1.850 4.00 .164 .092 86 .312
2 # 9 90 102 B B 1.563 3.375 1.850 4.00 .149 .134 86 .325
I-2
I-3
Regular Expanded MetalStainless Steel
Weight in lbs. Available Standard Size of Openings Center Bond
Style in Inches Strands Open Thickness in
per c.s.f. Sizes in Feet In Inches In Inches Area Inches
Width - Length Width - Length Width - Length Width - Thickness
1/2- #18 73 4 8 .438 .938 .500 1.20 .087 .050 77 .164
1/2- #16 91 4 8 .438 .938 .500 1.20 .087 .062 70 .164
1/2 - #13 187 4 8 .313 .875 .500 1.20 .120 .093 58 .225
3/4 - #18 48 4 8 .813 1.750 .923 2.00 .106 .050 89 .200
3/4 - #16 60 4 8 .813 1.750 .923 2.00 .106 .062 85 .200
3/4 - #13 91 4 8 .750 1.688 .923 2.00 .108 .093 78 .200
3/4 - #9 205 4 8 .688 1.563 .923 2.00 .161 .140 67 .300
1-1/2 -#16 45 4 8 1.250 2.750 1.333 3.00 .115 .062 89 .220
1-1/2 - #13 68 4 8 1.250 2.625 1.333 3.00 .116 .093 86 .220
1-1/2 - #9 137 4 8 1.125 2.500 1.333 3.00 .155 .140 75 .280
Regular Expanded MetalAluminum

3/16 -.032 23 4 8 .166 .437 .200 .50 .050 .032 52 .068
1/2 -.051 27 4 8 .375 .938 .500 1.20 .094 .051 70 .158
1/2 -.081 44 4 8 .375 .938 .500 1.20 .096 .081 60 .186
3/4 -.051 17 4 8 .813 1.750 .923 2.00 .109 .051 90 .200
3/4 -.081 41 4 8 .750 1.688 .923 2.00 .166 .081 74 .300
3/4 -.125 65 4 8 .688 1.688 .923 2.00 .170 .125 66 .305
1-1/2 -.081 22 4 8 1.188 2.500 1.333 3.00 .128 .081 87 .240
1-1/2 -.125 43 4 8 1.188 2.500 1.333 3.00 .163 .125 78 .300
Flattened Expanded MetalCarbon Steel
Style in Inches Strands Open Thickness in
3/16-#24 48 N/A 4 8 .085 .459 .200 .52 .057 .019 41 .019
3/16-#22 60 N/A 4 8 .085 .459 .200 .52 .057 .024 40 .024
3/16-#20 72 N/A 4 8 .085 .459 .200 .52 .057 .029 39 .029
1/4-#20 83 124 4 8 .094 .688 .255 1.03 .086 .030 47 .030
1/4-#18 111 165 4 8 .094 .688 .255 1.03 .086 .040 40 .040
1/2-#20 40 51 4 8 .375 1.000 .500 1.26 .070 .029 72 .029
1/2-#18 66 88 3-4-6 8-10 .281 1.000 .500 1.26 .109 .039 69 .039
1/2-#16 82 100 3-4-6 8-10 .250 1.000 .500 1.26 .103 .050 60 .050
1/2-#13 140 162 3-4-6 8-10 .250 1.000 .500 1.26 .122 .070 57 .070
3/4-#16 51 61 3-4-6 8-10 .750 1.750 .923 2.10 .115 .048 75 .048
3/4-#14 63 75 3-4-6 8-10 .688 1.813 .923 2.12 .119 .061 70 .061
3/4-#13 75 86 3-4-6 8-10 .688 1.782 .923 2.10 .119 .070 73 .070
3/4-# 9 171 186 3-4-6 8-10-12 .563 1.688 .923 2.12 .164 .120 63 .120
1 -#16 41 50 4 8 .875 2.250 1.090 2.56 .115 .048 77 .048
1-1/2-#16 38 44 4 8 1.063 2.750 1.330 3.20 .123 .048 82 .048
1-1/2-#14 46 56 3-4-6 8 1.063 2.750 1.330 3.20 .138 .060 82 .060
1-1/2-#13 57 68 3-4-6 8 1.063 2.750 1.330 3.20 .138 .070 80 .070
1-1/2-#9 111 128 3-4-6 8-10-12 1.000 2.563 1.330 3.20 .175 .110 77 .110
I-4
I-5
Flattened Expanded MetalStainless Steel
in Inches Strands Open Thickness in
Style per c.s.f. Sizes in Feet In Inches In Inches Area Inches
Width - Length Width - Length Width - Length Width - Thickness
1/2-#18 69 4 8 .313 1.000 .500 1.26 .093 .040 68 .040
1/2-#16 86 4 8 .313 1.000 .500 1.26 .093 .050 60 .050
1/2-#13 178 4 8 .250 1.000 .500 1.26 .132 .080 56 .080
3/4-#18 46 4 8 .750 1.813 .923 2.10 .118 .040 77 .040
3/4-#16 57 4 8 .750 1.813 .923 2.10 .118 .050 75 .050
3/4-#13 87 4 8 .625 1.750 .923 2.10 .120 .070 74 .070
3/4-# 9 195 4 8 .563 1.688 .923 2.10 .160 .119 64 .119
1-1/2-#16 43 4 8 1.063 2.750 1.333 3.15 .124 .050 83 .050
1-1/2-#13 65 4 8 1.000 2.625 1.333 3.15 .124 .079 79 .079
1-1/2-# 9 131 4 8 .938 2.625 1.333 3.15 .165 .119 76 .119
Flattened Expanded MetalAluminum

1/2 -.051 25 4 8 .313 1.000 .500 1.27 .091 .040 57 .040
1/2 -.081 41 4 8 .313 1.000 .500 1.27 .103 .060 57 .060
3/4 -.051 16 4 8 .750 1.813 .923 2.12 .114 .040 73 .040
3/4 -.081 38 4 8 .688 1.750 .923 2.12 .172 .070 63 .070
3/4 -.125 61 4 8 .625 1.750 .923 2.12 .180 .095 55 .095
1-1/2 -.081 20 4 8 1.063 2.750 1.333 3.15 .144 .055 75 .055
1-1/2 -.125 40 4 8 1.000 2.750 1.333 3.15 .190 .080 65 .080
Expanded Metal GratingCarbon Steel
Weight in lbs. Available Standard Size of Openings Center Bond Thickness in
Style in Inches Strands Open
3 lb. 300 320 4-6 8-12 .938 3.438 1.333 5.33 .261 .183 73 .500
3.14 lb. 314 334 4-6 8-10 1.625 4.875 2.000 6.00 .308 .250 74 .562
4 lb. 400 430 4-5-6 8-10 .938 3.438 1.333 5.33 .297 .215 65 .625
4.27 lb. 427 457 4-6 8-10 1.000 2.875 1.412 4.00 .297 .250 58 .625
5 lb. 500 550 4-5-6 8-10 .813 3.375 1.333 5.33 .327 .250 52 .625
6.25 lb. 652 625 4-6 8 .813 3.375 1.412 5.33 .347 .312 55 .750
7 lb. 700 700 4-6 8 .813 3.375 1.412 5.33 .388 .312 60 .750
I-6
Steel Bar Grating
Bearing bars and cross bars are joined by automatic forge-welding
machines which control heat, pressure and electric current. Result:
sturdy, one-piece grating with flush top surface. Bar grating is widely
used for walkways, fire escapes, floors, decks, etc. Available plain,
painted, galvanized or vinyl coated, regular or with serrated edges,
spiral-drawn or smooth round cross bars. Also available in stainless
and aluminum.
Standard Widths: 24 and 36
Standard Lengths: 240 and 288
Standard Mesh Close Mesh

19-W-4 19-W-2 15-W-4 15-W-2
TOP
VIEW
BEARING BARS 1-3/16 1-3/16 15/16 15/16

Center to Center
CROSS BARS 4 2 4 2
Center to Center
Heavier Heaviest
General
Smaller Loads, Loads,
SPECIFY FOR: Duty
Openings Smaller Smallest
Applications
Openings Openings
WEIGHT IN LBS. PER SQ. FT.
Bearing Cross Type Type Type Type
Bars Bars 19-W-4 19-W-2 15-W-4 15-W-2
3/4 x 1/8 1/4 3.99 4.63 4.95 5.59
3/4 x 3/16 1/4 5.67 6.31 7.11 7.75
1 x 1/8 1/4 5.15 5.79 6.44 7.08
1 x 3/16 1/4 7.35 7.99 9.27 9.91
1-1/4 x 1/8 1/4 6.20 6.84 7.79 8.43
1-1/4 x 3/16 1/4 9.03 9.67 11.43 12.07
1-1/2 x 1/8 1/4 7.35 7.99 9.27 9.91
1-1/2 x 3/16 5/16 10.94 11.80 13.82 14.68
1-3/4 x 3/16 5/16 12.62 13.48 15.98 16.84
2 x 3/16 5/16 14.30 15.16 18.14 19.00
2-1/4 x 3/16 5/16 15.87 16.74 20.16 21.03
I-7
Perforated Metal
Carbon Steel
Standard Sizes: 3 & 4 x 8 & 10
Round
Hole Gauges Open
Perforation
Centers Available Area
Sizes
.027 .050 Straight 26 23.0%
.045 .066 Straight 24 36.0%
.045 .088 Staggered 24 24.0%
.046 .088 Staggered 22 24.0%
1/16 3/32 22, 20 41.0%
1/16 7/64 16 30.0%
1/16 1/8 22, 20, 18, 16 23.0%
5/64 7/64 20 46.0%
5/64 1/8 18, 16 36.0%
3/32 5/32 22,18,16,14 33.0%
3/32 1/4 14 13.0%
.117 5/32 22 51.0%
1/8 3/16 24,22,20,18,16,14,12,11 40.0%
1/8 1/4 16 23.0%
5/32 3/16 22, 20, 18, 16 63.0%
3/16 1/4 24, 22, 20, 18, 16 50.0%
3/16 5/16 16, 11, 3/16 32.0%
1/4 5/16 20, 18, 16, 14 58.0%
1/4 3/8 20,18,16,14,11,10,3/16,1/4 40.0%
5/16 7/16 11 46.0%
3/8 1/2 11, 1/4 52.0%
3/8 9/16 20, 16, 11, 3/16, 1/4 40.0%
1/2 11/16 20, 16, 14, 11, 3/16, 1/4, 3/8 48.0%
3/4 1 16, 11, 3/16, 1/4 51.0%
1 1-1/4 11, 1/4 58.0%
I-8
Perforated Metal
Aluminum 3003-H14
Standard Sizes: 3 & 4 x 8 x 10
Round
Hole Gauges Open
Perforation
Sizes
.033 .050 Straight .032 28.0%
1/16 3/32 Staggered .032, .063 41.0%
1/16 7/64 .063 30.0%
1/16 1/8 .032, .040 23.0%
3/32 5/32 .050, .080 33.0%
.117 5/32 .032 51.0%
1/8 .177 .063 50.0%
1/8 3/16 .032, .050, .063, .125 40.0%
5/32 3/16 .063 63.0%
3/16 1/4 .032, .040, .050, .063 50.0%
3/16 5/16 .063 32.0%
1/4 5/16 Staggered .063 58.0%
I-9
Perforated Metal
Stainless SteelType 304

Round
Hole Gauges Open
Perforation
Sizes
.033 .055 Straight 26 34.0%
.045 .066 Straight 26 37.0%
1/16 3/32 Staggered 22, 20 41.0%
1/16 1/8 22, 20 23.0%
3/32 5/32 22, 18, 16 33.0%
1/8 3/16 22, 20, 18, 16, 14, 11 40.0%
1/8 3/8 Rev. Stg. 18 10.0%
5/32 3/16 Staggered 20, 18, 16 63.0%
3/16 1/4 22, 20, 18, 16 50.0%
3/16 5/16 16, 11 32.0%
1/4 5/16 22, 20, 18, 16 58.0%
1/4 3/8 18, 16, 14, 11, 3/16 40.0%
3/8 9/16 16, 11 40.0%
1/2 11/16 16, 11, 3/16 48.0%
1 1-1/4 11 58.0%
Perforated Metal
Stainless SteelType 316
Round
Hole Gauges Open
Perforation
Sizes
1/8 3/16 Staggered 16, 14 40.0%
1/4 1/4 14 40.0%
I-10
Safety Grating
Safety Grating is a pre-galvanized, one piece, plank type
grating. Its slip-resistant open diamond pattern, serrated
surface and load supporting characteristics offer an excellent
choice where light weight and strength are required. Virtually
maintenance free. Slip resistance conforms to Federal Spec.
RRG-1602. Also available in aluminum and stainless steel.
Weight per
Gauge Width Depth Lineal Ft.
in Lbs.
14GA x 4-3/4 x 1-1/2 2.300
7 x 1-1/2 3.000
9-1/2 x 1-1/2 3.600
11-3/4 x 1-1/2 4.200
18-3/4 x 1-1/2 6.100
12GA x 4-3/4 x 1-1/2 3.200

7 x 1-1/2 4.100
9-1/2 x 1-1/2 5.000
11-3/4 x 1-1/2 5.900
18-3/4 x 1-1/2 8.500
14GA x 4-3/4 x 2 2.600

7 x 2 3.200
9-1/2 x 2 3.800
11-3/4 x 2 4.400
18-3/4 x 2 6.300
12GA x 4-3/4 x 2 3.600

7 x 2 4.500
9-1/2 x 2 5.400
11-3/4 x 2 6.200
18-3/4 x 2 8.900
24 x 2 10.830
I-11
Molded Grating Products
Std.
Height Mesh Panel Open Weight
(in.) Size (in.) Size (Ft) Area (lbs./ft.)
0.5 2x2 12x4 74% 1.02
0.5 1.5x1.5 12x4 72% 1.33
0.5 .75x.75 12.5x4 42% 2.15

1.5x1.5
.75 1.5x1.5 12x4 69% 1.88
1 1.5x1.5 10x4 69% 2.52

12x4
I-12
Std.
10x3
1 1.5x1.5 13x3 67% 1.02
13x4
1 1x4 10x3 67% 1.33
1 1x4 12x4 67% 2.15
1 .75x.75 13x4 38% 1.88

1.5x1.5 8x4
12x4
10x3
1.25 1.5x1.5 13x5 69% 2.52
13x4
I-13
Std.
10x3
1.25 1.5x1.5 13x3 67% 2.91
13x4
1.25 .75x.75 13x3 42% 3.71

1.5x1.5 13x4
1.25 .5x.5 13x4 30% 4.81

1.5x1.5
10x4
1.5 1.5x1.5 12x4 68% 3.93
13x4
13x5
1.5 6x1 12x4 56% 4.38
I-14
Std.
.75x.75 13x3
1.5 1.5x1.5 13x4 42% 4.51
1.5 4x1.5 12x4 74% 2.97
10x3
1.5 1.5x1.5 13x3 67% 4.1
13x4
1.5 .75x.75 13x4 42% 4.85

1.5x1.5
2 2x2 12x4 69% 4.4
I-15
Std.
2 6x1.5 12x4 72% 4.3
2.5 1.5x1.5 12x4 47% 10.65
1.25 1.5x1.5 12x4 69% 2.77
1.5 1.5x1.5 12x4 68% 3.48
2 2x2 12x4 69% 4.1
I-16
Height Width Length Open Weight

(in.) (ft.) (Ft) Area (lbs./ft.)
1 3, 4 8,10, 40% 2.46

12, 20
1 3, 4 8,10, 50% 2.15

12, 20
1 3, 4 8,10, 1.74
12, 20
1 3, 4 8,10, 40% 3.28

12, 20
I-17

8,10,
1 3, 4 12, 20 50% 2.74
8,10,
1 3, 4 12, 20 60% 2.21
8,10,
1.25 3, 4 12, 20 40% 4.12
8,10,
1.25 3, 4 12, 20 50% 3.48
I-18

1.25 3, 4 8,10, 60% 2.89

12, 20
1.5 3, 4 8,10, 40% 5.33

12, 20
1.5 3, 4 8,10, 50% 4.57

12, 20
1.5 3, 4 8,10, 60% 3.71

12, 20
I-19

8,10,
2 3, 4 12, 20 33% 4.63
8,10,
2 3, 4 12, 20 50% 3.56
8,10,
3 3, 4 12, 20 33% 5.21
8,10,
3 3, 4 12, 20 50% 6.8
I-20
BRASS, BRONZE & COPPER
SECTION J
SECTION J
Brass, Bronze, Copper Page
Introduction to Red Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-1
Brass Rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-3
Brass Hexagons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-5
Brass Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-6
Brass Flats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-6
Bronze Rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-7
Bronze Tube - Hollow Rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-8
Copper Rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-10
Copper Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-11
Copper Bus Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . J-11

Product Introduction - Copper, Brass & Bronze
Copper
C110 Electrolytic Tough Pitch Copper - C110 has the highest

degree of electrical conductivity of any metal except silver.
High ductility makes it a good choice for drawing, forming and
spinning operations. It can be cold-worked or hot-formed and
has highly suitable characteristics for welding and soldering.
The corrosion resistance is excellent and C110 conforms to
ASTM specification B133 (H04) and B187.
Brass
C353 Leaded Brass - This alloy is suited where extensive

machining is performed in conjunction with or followed by
severe knurling, deep thread rolling, deep roll stenciling,
spinning, stabbing, flattening, bending or flaring and
expanding. It conforms to ASTM B453.
C360 Free Cutting Brass - C360 is ideally suited for high

speed machining operations with its superior machinability,
thread rolling, and knurling characteristics. Its machinability
rating of 100 is the standard against which all other copper
alloys are rated. It is easily soldered or brazed and has good
resistance to corrosion. Typical applications include gears,
pinions, plumbing fittings, adapters, valves, valve stems, and
various screw machine products. C360 conforms to ASTM B16
specifications.
C464 Naval Brass - With the addition of tin to copper and zinc,
C464 provides a high degree of corrosion resistance to sea
water at even higher than normal temperatures while also
assuring good strength and rigidity. C464 possesses excellent
capacity for hot working and adapts well for hot forging and
pressing. It also lends itself to drawing,forming and bending,
and is readily soldered, brazed, and welded. Conforming to
ASTM B21 specifications, C464 has typical applications of
valve stems, pump shafts, marine hardware, nuts, bolts, and
rivets.
C485 Leaded Naval Brass - Very similar to C464, except with

the addition of lead for superior machining characteristics.
This is the free-cutting naval brass, and it conforms to ASTM
B21 specifications.
J-1
C694 Silicon Brass - C694 offers excellent wear resistance
with a low coefficient of friction and therefore is used where
corrosion resistance and high strength are critical. It has
excellent capacity for being hot formed but is not
recommended for cold working, and has an excellent rating
for soldering and brazing. Conforming to ASTM B371 and
B249 specifications, C694 is often used for forgings and screw
machine products.
Bearing Bronze
C674 Manganese Bronze - this is a high strength, non-heat

treatable material intended for use in applications requiring a
combination of outstanding wear characteristics and high bear-
ing strength. It has excellent hot forming capacities and is
typically used for bushings, gears, connecting rods, wear
plates and shafts. C674 conforms to SAE J461 and J463
specifications.
C932 Bearing Bronze - C932 (SAE 660) bearing bronze has

excellent load capacity and anti-friction qualities that make it
preferred for a wide variety of applications such as machine
tools, power transmission equipment, electric motors, automo-
tive equipment, tractors, cranes, hoists, elevators and many
types of accessory and special equipment. It has good ma-
chining characteristics, resists many chemicals and is general-
ly recommended for medium speed, medium load applications.
C932 conforms to ASTM B505 specifications.
C954 Aluminum Bronze - This is the most popular, all purpose

aluminum bronze. It provides high yield and tensile strength,
good ductility and weldability, unusual toughness and
exceptional resistance to wear, fatigue and deformation. C954
conforms to ASTM 505 specifications.
J-2
Free-Cutting Brass Rounds
C360
Half Hard (H02) Temper

Stock lengths: 12 Ft. thru 4 dia. - 7 to 12 Ft. over 4 dia.
Size Size
Weight Weight
in in
Per Foot Per Foot
Inches Inches
1/16 .0113 1 2.892
3/32 .0254 1-1/32 3.076
7/64 .0346 1-1/16 3.265
1/8 .0452 1-1/32 3.076
9/64 .0572 1-1/8 3.660
5/32 .0706 1-3/16 4.078
11/64 .0854 1-1/4 4.519
3/16 .1017 1-5/16 4.982
13/64 .1193 1-3/8 5.468
7/32 .1384 1-7/16 5.976
15/64 .1589 1-1/2 6.507
1/4 .1807 1-9/16 7.060
17/64 .2040 1-5/8 7.637
9/32 .2288 1-11/16 8.235
19/64 .2549 1-3/4 8.857
5/16 .2824 1-13/16 9.501
21/64 .3114 1-7/8 10.170
11/32 .3417 1-15/16 10.860
23/64 .3735 2 11.570
3/8 .4067 2-1/16 12.300
25/64 .4413 2-1/8 13.060
13/32 .4773 2-3/16 13.840
27/64 .5147 2-1/4 14.640
7/16 .5535 2-3/8 16.310
29/64 .5938 2-1/2 18.070
15/32 .6354 2-5/8 19.930
1/2 .7230 2-3/4 21.870
33/64 .7689 2-7/8 23.900
17/32 .8162 3 26.030
9/16 .9150 3-1/8 28.240
19/32 1.0200 3-1/4 30.550
5/8 1.1300 3-1/2 35.430
21/32 1.2460 3-3/4 40.670
11/16 1.3670 4 46.270
23/32 1.4940 4-1/2 58.560
3/4 1.6270 5 72.300
25/32 1.7650 6 104.100
13/16 1.9090 7 141.700
27/32 2.0590 8 185.100
7/8 2.2140 9 234.200
29/32 2.3750 10 289.200
15/16 2.5420
31/32 2.7140
J-3
Naval Brass Rounds
C464, C485
Stock lengths: 12 Ft.
Size Size
Weight Weight
in in
Per Foot Per Foot
Inches Inches
1/4 .1790 1-1/4 4.475
3/8 .4027 1-1/2 6.443
1/2 .7159 1-3/4 8.770
5/8 1.1190 2 11.460
3/4 1.6110 2-1/2 17.900
7/8 2.1930 3 25.770
1 2.8640
Silicon Brass Rounds

C694
Size Size
Weight Weight
in in
Per Foot Per Foot
Inches Inches
1-1/4 4.361 2-1/4 14.130
1-1/2 6.280 2-3/4 21.110
1-3/4 8.550
J-4
Free-Cutting Brass Hexagons
C360

Size Size
Weight Weight
in in
Per Foot Per Foot
Inches Inches
1/8 .0498 1 3.190
5/32 .0779 1-1/16 3.602
3/16 .1122 1-1/8 4.038
7/32 .1527 1-3/16 4.499
1/4 .1994 1-1/4 4.985
9/32 .2524 1-5/16 5.496
5/16 .3116 1-3/8 6.032
11/32 .3770 1-7/16 6.593
3/8 .4486 1-1/2 7.178
13/32 .5265 1-9/16 7.789
7/16 .6107 1-5/8 8.425
1/2 .7976 1-11/16 9.085
9/16 1.0090 1-3/4 9.770
5/8 1.2460 1-13/16 10.480
11/16 1.5080 1-7/8 11.210
3/4 1.7950 2 12.760
13/16 2.1060 2-1/8 14.410
7/8 2.4430 2-1/4 16.150
15/16 2.8040 2-1/2 19.940
3 28.710
Silicon Brass Hexagons

C694

Size Size
Weight Weight
in in
Per Foot Per Foot
Inches Inches
1-1/2 6.891 2-1/8 13.830
1-5/8 8.088 2-1/4 15.500
1-3/4 9.380 2-1/2 19.140
2 12.250
J-5
Free-Cutting Brass Squares
C360
Size Size
Weight Weight
in in
Per Foot Per Foot
Inches Inches
3/32 .0324 13/16 2.432
1/8 .0576 7/8 2.821
5/32 .0899 1 3.684
3/16 .1295 1-1/8 4.663
7/32 .1763 1-1/4 5.756
1/4 .2303 1-3/8 6.965
3/32 .2914 1-1/2 8.289
5/16 .3598 1-5/8 9.728
3/8 .5181 1-3/4 11.280
7/16 .7051 2 14.740
1/2 .9210 2-1/4 18.650
9/16 1.1660 2-1/2 23.030
5/8 1.4390 3 33.160
11/16 1.7410 4 58.940
3/4 2.0720
Free-Cutting Brass Flats
C360
in in
Inches Per Foot Inches Per Foot
1/8 x 1/2 .2303 3/8 x 1-1/2 2.072
3/4 .3454 2 2.763
1 .4605 3 4.145
1-1/4 .5756 4 5.526
1-1/2 .6908
2 .9210 1/2 x 5/8 1.151
3 1.3820 3/4 1.382
1 1.842
3/16 x 3/4 .5181 1-1/4 2.303
1 .6908 1-1/2 2.763
1-1/2 1.0360 2 3.684
2 1.3820 2-1/2 4.605
3 5.526
1/4 x 1/2 .4605 4 7.368
3/4 .6908
1 .9210 5/8 x 1 2.303
1-1/4 1.1510 2 4.605
1-1/2 1.3820
2 1.8420 3/4 x 1 2.763
2-1/2 2.3030 1-1/4 3.454
3 2.7630 1-1/2 4.115
4 3.6840 2 5.526
3/8 x 3/4 1.0360 1 x 1-1/2 5.526
1 1.3820 2 7.368
1-1/4 1.7270 3 11.050
J-6
Manganese Bronze Rounds
C674
SAE J461 and J463

Size Size
Weight Weight
in in
Per Foot Per Foot
Inches Inches
7/8 2.214 2-1/16 11.740
1-3/16 3.992 2-3/4 20.700
1-3/4 8.506
Bearing Bronze Rounds

C932 (SAE 660)
Continuous Cast
Stock Lengths: 13 and 105
Size Weight Weight Weight
in Per Per Per
Inches 1 13 105
1/2 .077 1.001 8.085
5/8 .116 1.508 12.180
3/4 .154 2.002 16.170
1 .277 3.601 29.090
1-1/4 .423 5.499 44.420
1-1/2 .608 7.904 63.840
1-3/4 .823 10.700 86.420
2 1.070 13.910 112.400
2-1/4 1.339 17.410 140.600
2-1/2 1.654 21.500 173.700
2-3/4 1.970 25.610 206.900
3 2.370 30.810 248.900
3-1/4 2.762 35.910 290.000
3-1/2 3.200 41.600 336.000
3-3/4 3.639 47.310 382.100
4 4.231 55.000 444.300
4-1/4 4.777 62.100 501.600
4-1/2 5.277 68.600 554.100
4-3/4 5.947 77.310 624.400
5 6.585 85.610 691.400
5-1/2 8.085 105.100 848.900
6 9.562 124.300 1004.000
6-1/2 11.170 145.200 1172.000
7 12.960 168.500 1361.000
7-1/2 14.860 193.200 1560.000
8 17.090 222.200 1794.000
J-7
Bearing Bronze Tube Hollows
C932 (SAE) 660)
Continuous Cast
in Per Per Per
Inches 1 13 105
1/2 x 1 .223 2.899 23.42
1-1/4 .393 5.109 41.27
1-1/2 .539 7.007 56.60
2 1.008 13.100 105.80
3/4 x 1 .147 1.911 15.44
1-1/4 .308 4.004 32.34
1-1/2 .477 6.201 50.09
1-3/4 .708 9.204 74.34
2 .947 12.310 99.44
2-1/4 1.231 16.000 129.30
2-1/2 1.531 19.900 160.80
2-3/4 1.862 24.210 195.50
1 x 1-1/4 .185 2.405 19.43
1-1/2 .377 4.901 39.59
1-3/4 .593 7.709 62.27
2 .847 11.010 88.94
2-1/4 1.100 14.300 115.50
2-1/2 1.416 18.410 148.70
3 2.154 28.000 226.20
3-1/2 2.985 38.810 313.40
4 3.977 51.700 417.60
1-1/4 x 1-1/2 .308 4.004 32.34
1-3/4 .447 5.811 46.94
2 .693 9.009 72.77
2-1/4 .962 12.510 101.00
2-1/2 1.270 16.510 133.40
3 2.000 26.000 210.00
4 3.877 50.400 407.10
1-1/2 x 2 .523 6.799 54.92
2-1/4 .800 10.400 84.00
2-1/2 1.100 14.300 115.50
2-3/4 1.454 18.900 152.70
3 1.831 23.800 192.30
4 3.731 48.500 391.80
1-3/4 x 2 .308 4.004 32.34
2-1/2 .916 11.910 96.18
2-3/4 1.239 16.110 130.10
3 1.631 21.200 171.30
3-1/2 2.470 32.110 259.40
4 3.539 46.010 371.60
2 x 2-1/2 .693 9.009 72.77
2-3/4 1.023 13.300 107.40
3 1.400 18.200 147.00
3-1/2 2.277 29.600 239.10
4 3.347 43.510 351.40
J-8
C932 (SAE) 660)
Continuous Cast
in Per Per Per
Inches 1 13 105
2 x 5 5.662 73.61 594.50
6 8.708 113.20 914.30
2-1/4 x 2-3/4 .747 9.71 78.44
3 1.131 14.70 118.80
3-1/2 1.985 25.81 208.40
4 3.031 39.40 318.30
2-1/2 x 3 .847 11.01 88.94
3-1/4 1.208 15.70 126.80
3-1/2 1.700 22.10 178.50
3-3/4 2.139 27.81 224.60
4 2.770 36.01 290.90
4-1/2 3.862 50.21 405.50
5 5.085 66.11 533.90
5-1/2 6.685 86.91 701.90
6 8.085 105.10 848.90
2-3/4 x 3-1/2 1.354 17.60 142.17
3-3/4 1.800 23.40 189.00
4 2.416 31.41 253.70
4-1/2 2.977 38.70 312.60
3 x 3-1/2 1.000 13.00 105.00
4 2.077 27.00 218.10
4-1/2 3.162 41.11 332.00
5 4.493 58.41 471.80
5-1/2 5.993 77.91 629.30
6 7.531 97.90 790.80
6-1/2 9.123 118.60 957.90
7 10.240 133.10 1075.00
3-1/2 x 4 1.285 16.70 134.90
4-1/2 2.377 30.90 249.60
5 3.616 47.01 379.70
5-1/2 5.170 67.21 542.90
6 6.647 86.41 697.90
6-1/2 8.339 108.40 875.60
4 x 4-3/4 2.008 26.10 210.80
5 2.700 35.10 283.50
5-1/2 4.254 55.30 446.70
6 5.577 72.50 585.60
6-1/2 7.408 96.30 777.80
7 9.239 120.10 970.10
8 13.100 170.40 1375.00
4-1/4 x 5 2.216 28.81 232.70
5-1/4 3.070 39.91 322.40
6 5.223 67.90 548.40
4-1/2 x 5-1/2 3.200 41.60 336.00
6 4.716 61.31 495.20
J-9
C932 (SAE) 660)
Continuous Cast
in Per Per Per
Inches 1 13 105
4-1/2 x 6-1/2 6.323 82.20 663.90

7 8.039 104.50 844.10
5 x 5-3/4 2.770 36.01 290.90
6 3.462 45.01 363.50
6-1/2 5.108 66.40 536.30
7 6.916 89.91 726.10
7-1/2 8.754 113.80 919.17
5-1/2 x 6-1/2 3.770 49.01 395.90
7 5.585 72.61 586.40
7-1/2 7.370 95.81 773.90
8 9.516 123.71 999.20
6 x 7 4.139 53.81 434.60
7-1/2 6.000 78.00 630.00
8 7.977 103.70 837.60
9 12.480 162.20 1310.00
6-1/2 x 7-1/2 4.454 57.90 467.70
7 x 8 4.747 61.71 498.40
9 9.139 118.80 959.60
8 x 9 5.431 70.60 570.30
Copper Rounds
C110 - Electrolytic Tough Pitch
Hard (H04) Temper

in per Ft. in per Ft.
3/16 .1066 1-1/2 6.825
1/4 .1896 1-3/4 9.289
3/8 .4265 2 12.130
1/2 .7583 2-1/2 18.980
5/8 1.1850 3 27.300
3/4 1.7060 3-1/2 37.160
7/8 2.3220 4 48.530
1 3.0330 4-1/2 61.420
1-1/8 3.8390 5 75.830
1-1/4 4.7390
J-10
Copper Squares
Hard (H04) Temper

1/2 .7583 2 12.130
3/4 1.7060 2-1/2 18.960
1 3.0330 3 27.300
1-1/2 6.8250
Copper Bus Bar

Hard (H04) Temper

Full Rounded Edge and Square Edge
1/8 x 1 .483 3/8 x 4 5.796
2 .966 5 7.245
3/16 x 1 .725 6 8.694
2 1.449 1/2 x 1 1.932
1/4 x 1 .966 2 3.864
2 1.932 2-1/2 4.830
2-1/2 2.415 3 5.796
3 2.898 4 7.728
4 3.864 5 9.660
5 4.830 6 11.590
6 5.796 3/4 x 2 5.796
3/8 x 1 1.449 4 11.592
1-1/2 2.174 1 x 2 7.728
2 2.898 3 11.590
3 4.347 4 15.460
J-11
DATA
SECTION K
SECTION K
Data & Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Page
Nominal Chemical Compositions

Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-5
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-13
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-1
Copper & Copper Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-15
Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-10
Mechanical Properties
Alloy Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-21
Aluminum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-47
Carbon Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-21
Copper & Copper Alloy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-15
Stainless Steel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-39
Corrosion Resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-40
Standard Manufacturing Tolerances

Aluminum
Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-97
Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-98
Sheet & Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-96 & K-99
Tread Plate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-98
Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-98
Carbon Steel
Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-27
Hot Rolled Shapes and Bars . . . . . . . . . . . K-50
Cold Finished Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-55
Hot Rolled Alloy Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-57
Cold Finished Alloy Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-59
Gauge Thickness Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . K-61
Hot Rolled Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-62
Cold Rolled Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-66
Carbon Steel Continued
Galvanized Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-70
Aluminized Sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-75
Hot Rolled Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-77
Tubing & Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-79
Copper & Copper Alloy
Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-101
Sheet & Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-103
Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-104
Stainless Steel
Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-89
Hot Rolled Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-90
Cold Rolled Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-91
Pipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-92
Tubing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-93
Cold Rolled Strip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-94
Sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-95
Hardness Conversion Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-105
Gauge to Decimal Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-106
Inches to Decimal Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-107
U.S. & Metric Equivalents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-108
Geometric Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-111
Summary of Common ASTM Standards

Sorted by ASTM Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-113
Sorted by Product, then ASTM Standard . . K-127
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-142
AISI & SAE Standard
Chemical Compositions of
Carbon Steels
Standard SteelsNonresulphurized
AISI P S SAE
C Mn.
No.* Max. Max. No.
1008 0.10 max 0.30-0.50 .040 .050 1008
M1008 0.10 max 0.25-0.60 .040 .050
1010 0.08-0.13 0.30-0.60 .040 .050 1010
M1010 0.07-0.14 0.25-0.60 .040 .050
1012 0.10-0.15 0.30-0.60 .040 .050 1012
M1012 0.09-0.16 0.25-0.60 .040 .050
1513 0.10-0.16 1.10-1.40 .040 .050 1513
1015 0.13-0.18 0.30-0.60 .040 .050 1015
M1015 0.12-0.19 0.25-0.60 .040 .050
1016 0.13-0.18 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1016
1017 0.15-0.20 0.30-0.60 .040 .050 1017
M1017 0.14-0.21 0.25-0.60 .040 .050
1018 0.15-0.20 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1018
1518 0.15-0.21 1.10-1.40 .040 .050 1518
1019 0.15-0.20 0.70-1.00 .040 .050 1019
1020 0.18-0.23 0.30-0.60 .040 .050 1020
M1020 0.17-0.24 0.25-0.60 .040 .050
1021 0.18-0.23 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1021
1022 0.18-0.23 0.70-1.00 .040 .050 1022
1522 0.18-0.24 1.10-1.40 .040 .050 1522
1023 0.20-0.25 0.30-0.60 .040 .050 1023
M1023 0.19-0.27 0.25-0.60 .040 .050
1524 0.19-0.25 1.35-1.65 .040 .050 1524
1025 0.22-0.28 0.30-0.60 .040 .050 1025
M1025 0.20-0.30 0.25-0.60 .040 .050
1525 0.23-0.29 0.80-1.10 .040 .050 1525
1026 0.22-0.28 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1026
* Prefix M denotes merchant quality grades with wider carbon and

manganese ranges that fit standard steels.
K-1
AISI & SAE Standard
Carbon Steels
AISI P S SAE
C Mn.
No.* Max. Max. No.
1526 0.22-0.29 1.10-1.40 .040 .050 1526
1527 0.22-0.29 1.20-1.50 .040 .050 1527
1029 0.25-0.31 0.60-0.90 .040 .050
1030 0.28-0.34 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1030
M1031 0.26-0.36 0.25-1.60 .040 .050
1035 0.32-0.38 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1035
1536 0.30-0.37 1.20-1.50 .040 .050 1536
1037 0.32-0.38 0.70-1.00 .040 .050 1037
1038 0.35-0.42 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1038
1039 0.37-0.44 0.70-1.00 .040 .050 1039
1040 0.37-0.44 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1040
1541 0.36-0.44 1.35-1.65 .040 .050 1541
1042 0.40-0.47 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1042
1043 0.40-0.47 0.70-1.00 .040 .050 1043
1044 0.43-0.50 0.30-0.60 .040 .050 1044
M1044 0.40-0.50 0.25-0.60 .040 .050
1045 0.43-0.50 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1045
1046 0.43-0.50 0.70-1.00 .040 .050 1046
1547 0.43-0.51 1.35-1.65 .040 .050 1547
1548 0.44-0.52 1.10-1.40 .040 .050 1548
1049 0.46-0.53 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1049
1050 0.48-0.55 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1551
1551 0.45-0.56 0.85-1.15 .040 .050 1551
1552 0.47-0.55 1.20-1.50 .040 .050 1552
1053 0.48-0.55 0.70-1.00 .040 .050
1055 0.50-0.60 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1055
1060 0.55-0.65 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1060
1561 0.55-0.65 0.75-1.05 .040 .050 1561
1566 0.60-0.71 0.85-1.15 .040 .050 1566
* Prefix M denotes merchant quality grades with wider carbon and
manganese ranges that fit standard steels.
K-2
AISI & SAE Standard
Carbon Steels
AISI P S SAE
C Mn.
No.* Max. Max. No.
1070 0.65-0.75 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1070
1572 0.65-0.76 1.00-1.30 .040 .050 1572
1078 0.72-0.85 0.30-0.60 .040 .050 1078
1080 0.75-0.88 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1080
1084 0.80-0.93 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1084
1090 0.85-0.98 0.60-0.90 .040 .050 1090
1095 0.90-1.03 0.30-0.50 .040 .050 1095
Standard SteelsResulphurized
1109 .08-.13 0.60-0.90 .040 .08-.13 1109

1110 .08-.13 0.30-0.60 .040 .08-.13 1110
B1112 .13 max. 0.70-1.00 .07-.12 .16-.23 1112
B1113 .13 max. 0.70-1.00 .07-.12 .24-.33 1113
1116 .14-.20 1.10-1.40 .040 .16-.23
1117 .14-.20 1.00-1.30 .040 .08-.13 1117
1118 .14-.20 1.30-1.60 .040 .08-.13 1118
1119 .14-.20 1.00-1.30 .040 .24-.33 1119
1132 .27-.34 1.35-1.65 .040 .08-.13 1132
1137 .32-.39 1.35-1.65 .040 .08-.13 1137
1139 .35-.43 1.35-1.65 .040 .13-.20 1139
1140 .37-.44 0.70-1.00 .040 .08-.13 1140
1141 .37-.45 1.35-1.65 .040 .08-.13 1141
1144 .40-.48 1.35-1.65 .040 .24-.33 1144
1145 .42-.49 0.70-1.00 .040 .04-.07 1145
1146 .42-.49 0.70-1.00 .040 .08-.13 1146
1151 .48-.55 0.70-1.00 .040 .08-.13 1151
Standard SteelsRephosphorized and Resulphurized
1211 .13 max. 0.60-0.70 .07-.12 .10-.15 1211

1212 .13 max. 0.70-1.00 .07-.12 .16-.23 1212
1213 .13 max. 0.70-1.00 .07-.12 .24-.33 1213
12L14 .15 max. 0.85-1.15 .04-.09 .26-.35
1215 .09 max. 0.75-1.05 .04-.09 .26-.35
Prefix B denotes acid Bessemer steels.
When lead or copper are required, they are added elements to a

standard steel. Lead is generally added in amounts ranging from 0.15
to 0.35%; identified by inserting the letter L between the second and
third numbers (example, 12L14). Copper added in minimum of 0.20%.
K-3
AISI & SAE Standard
Carbon Steels
When silicon is required, the following ranges and limits are commonly
used for basic open hearth steel grades:
Standard Steel Designation Silicon Ranges or Limits
Nonresulphurized
Up to 1015 Excl. ..................................................................0.10 max.
1015-1025 incl. ............................0.10 max., 0.10-0.20, or 0.15-0.30
Over 1025......................................................0.10-0.20 or 0.15-0.30
Resulphurized
Up to 1110 incl. ..................................................................0.10 max.
1116 and Over ............................0.10 max., 0.10/0.20, or 0.15/0.30
K-4
AISI & SAE Standard
Standard Alloy Steels
Open Hearth and Electric Furnace
AISI Other SAE
C Mn NI Cr Mo
No.* Elements No.
Manganese Steels
1330 .28-0.33 1.60-1.90 a,b 1330
1335 .33-0.38 1.60-1.90 a,b 1335
1340 .38-0.43 1.60-1.90 a,b 1340
1345 .43-0.48 1.60-1.90 a,b 1345
Molybdenum Steels
4012 .09--0.14 0.75-1.00 .15-.25 a,b 4012

4023 .20-0.25 0.70-0.90 .20-.30 a,b 4023
4024 .20-0.25 0.70-0.90 .20-.30 b,c 4024
4027 .25-0.30 0.70-0.90 .20-.30 a,b 4027
4028 .25-0.30 0.70-0.90 .20-.30 b,c 4028
4037 .35-0.40 0.70-0.90 .20-.30 a,b 4037
4047 .45-0.50 0.70-0.90 .20-.30 a,b 4047
ChromiumMolybdenum Steels
4118 .18--0.23 0.70-0.90 0.40-0.60 .08-.15 a,b 4118

4130 .28-0.33 0.40-0.60 0.80-1.10 .15-.25 a,b 4130
4137 .35-0.40 0.70-0.90 0.80-1.10 .15-.25 a,b 4137
4140 .38-0.43 0.75-1.00 0.80-1.10 .15-.25 a,b 4140
4142 .40-0.45 0.75-1.00 0.80-1.10 .15-.25 a,b 4142
4145 .43-0.48 0.75-1.00 0.80-1.10 .15-.25 a,b 4145
4147 .45-0.50 0.75-1.00 0.80-1.10 .15-.25 a,b 4147
4150 .48-0.53 0.75-1.00 0.80-1.10 .15-.25 a,b 4150
4161 .56-0.64 0.75-1.00 0.70-0.90 .25-.35 a,b 4161
K-5
AISI & SAE Standard
AISI Other SAE
C Mn NI Cr Mo
No.* Elements No.
NickelChromiumMolybdenum Steels
4320 .17-0.22 0.45-0.65 1.65-2.00 0.40-0.60 .20-.30 a,b 4320
4340 .38-0.43 0.60-0.80 1.65-2.00 0.70-0.90 .20-.30 a,b 4340
E4340 .38-0.43 0.65-0.85 1.65-2.00 0.70-0.90 .20-.30 a,b E4340
Manganese 0.80%Molybdenum 0.40% Steels
4419 .18-0.23 0.45-0.65 .45-.60 a,b 4419
Nickel 1.75%Molybdenum 0.25% Steels
4615 .13-0.18 0.45-0.65 1.65-2.00 .20-.30 a,b 4615
4620 .17-0.22 0.45-0.65 1.65-2.00 .20-.30 a,b 4620
4621 .18-0.23 0.70-0.90 1.65-2.00 .20-.30 b,c 4621
4626 .24-0.29 0.45-0.65 0.70-1.00 .15-.25 a,b 4626
Nickel 1.05%Chromium 0.45%Molybdenum 0.20% Steels
4718 .16-0.21 0.70-0.90 0.90-1.20 0.35-0.55 .30-.40 a,b 4718
4720 .17-0.22 0.50-0.70 0.90-1.20 0.35-0.55 .15-.25 a,b 4720
*Prefix E denotes electric furnace steel; all other analyses are open
hearth or oxygen process steels.
(a) Phosphorus content for basic open hearth or oxygen process steels
is 0.35%.
(b) Silicon content is .20 to .35%.
(c)Sulphur content is .035 to 0.50%.
Nickel 3.50%Molybdenum 0.25% Steels
4815 .13-0.18 0.40-0.60 3.25-3.75 .20-.30 a,b 4815
4817 .15-0.20 0.40-0.60 3.25-3.75 .20-.30 a,b 4817
4820 .18-0.23 0.50-0.70 3.25-3.75 .20-.30 a,b 4820
Chromium Steels
5015 .12-0.17 0.30-0.50 0.30-0.50 a,b 5015
5120 .17-0.22 0.70-0.90 0.70-0.90 a,b 5120
5130 .28-0.33 0.70-0.90 0.80-1.10 a,b 5130
5132 .30-0.35 0.60-0.80 0.75-1.00 a,b 5132
5135 .33-0.38 0.60-0.80 0.80-1.05 a,b 5135
5140 .38-0.43 0.70-0.90 0.70-0.90 a,b 5140
5145 .43-0.48 0.70-0.90 0.70-0.90 a,b 5145
5147 .46-0.51 0.70-0.95 0.85-1.15 a,b 5147
5150 .48-0.53 0.70-0.90 0.70-0.90 a,b 5150
5155 .51-0.59 0.70-0.90 0.70-0.90 a,b 5155
5160 .56-0.64 0.75-1.00 0.70-0.90 a,b 5160
E51100 .98-1.10 0.25-0.45 0.90-1.15 a,b 51100
E52100 .98-1.10 0.25-0.45 1.30-1.65 a,b 52100
K-6
AISI & SAE Standard
AISI Other SAE
No.* C Mn NI Cr Mo Elements No.
ChromiumVanadium Steels
6118 .16-0.21 0.50-0.70 0.50-0.70 .10-.15 V a,b 6118
6150 .48-0.53 0.70-0.90 0.80-1.10 .15 min. a,b 6150
Nickel 0.55%Chromium 0.50%Molybdenum 0.20%0.30% Steels

8615 .13-0.18 0.70-0.90 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 V a,b 8615
8617 .15-0.20 0.70-0.90 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 .15-.25 a,b 8617
8620 .18-0.23 0.70-0.90 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 .15-.25 a,b 8620
8622 .20-0.25 0.70-0.90 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 .15-.25 a,b 8622
8625 .23-0.28 0.70-0.90 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 .15-.25 a,b 8625
8627 .25-0.30 0.70-0.90 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 .15-.25 a,b 8627
8630 .28-0.33 0.70-0.90 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 .15-.25 a,b 8630
8637 .35-0.40 0.75-1.00 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 .15-.25 a,b 8637
8640 .38-0.43 0.75-1.00 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 .15-.25 a,b 8640
8642 .40-0.45 0.75-1.00 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 .15-.25 a,b 8642
8645 .43-0.48 0.75-1.00 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 .15-.25 a,b 8645
8655 .51-0.59 0.75-1.00 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 .15-.25 a,b 8655
8720 .18-0.23 0.70-0.90 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 .15-.25 a,b 8720
8740 .38-0.43 0.75-1.00 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 .20-.30 a,b 8740
8822 .20-0.25 .075-1.00 0.40-0.70 0.40-0.60 .20-.30 a,b 8822
SiliconManganese Steels (Silicon Content is 1.8 to 2.2%)
9254 .51-0.59 0.60-0.80 0.60-0.80 .30-.40 9254
9255 .51-0.59 0.70-0.95 a 9255
9260 .56--0.64 0.70-1.00 a 9260
*Prefix E denotes electric furnace steel; all other analyses are open
hearth or oxygen process steels.
(a) Phosphorus content for basic open hearth or oxygen process
steels is .035%; for basic electric furnace steel, .025%; Sul
phur content for basic open hearth or oxygen process steels is
040%; for basic electric furnace steel, .025%.
(b) Silicon content is .20 to .35%.
K-7
AISI & SAE Standard
Standard Boron Steels
Minimum Boron content of 0.0005% can be expected.
AISI SAE
C Mn SI NI Cr Mo
No.* No.
50B44 .43-0.48 0.75-1.00 .20-.35 .40-.60 50B44
50B46 .44-0.49 0.75-1.00 .20-.35 .20-.35 50B46
50B50 .48-0.53 0.75-1.00 .20-.35 .40-.60 50B50
50B60 .48-0.53 0.75-1.00 .20-.35 .40-.60 50B60
51B60 .56-0.64 0.75-1.00 .20-.35 .70-.90 51B60
81B45 .43-0.48 0.75-1.00 .20-.35 .20-.40 .35-.55 .08-.15 81B45
94B17 .15-0.20 0.75-1.00 .20-.35 .30-.60 .30-.50 .08-.15 94B17
NOTE: Phosphorus is 0.035% max., sulphur, 0.040% max.
Notes On Alloy Steels

Note 1: Grades shown with prefix letter E are normally made only by the
basic electric furnace process. All others are normally manufactured by the
basic open hearth or basic oxygen processes but may be manufactured
by the basic electric furnace process with adjustments in phosphorus and
sulphur.
Note 2: Phosphorus and sulphur limits for each process are:
Maximum Per Cent

Steel Making Process P S
Basic electric furnace 0.025 0.025
Basic open hearth or basic oxygen 0.035 0.040
Acid electric furnace 0.050 0.050
Acid open hearth 0.050 0.050
Note 3: Minimum silicon for acid open hearth or acid electric furnace alloy
steel is 0.15%.
Note 4: Small quantities of certain elements are present in alloy steels which
are not specified or required. Elements considered incidental may be present
to the following maximum amounts: copper, 0.35%; nickel, 0.25%; chromium,
0.20%; and molybdenum, 0.06%.
Note 5: Where minimum and maximum sulphur content is shown it is

indicative of resulphurized steel.
Note 6: The chemical ranges and limits shown are subject to the check
analysis tolerances.
Note 7: Standard alloy steels can be produced with a lead range of 0.015
to 0.35%. Such steels are identified by inserting the letter L between the
second and third numerals of the AISI number (example: 41L40). Ladle
analysis for lead is not determinable since lead is added to the ladle stream
while ingot is poured.
K-8
Chemical Composition of
Alloy Steel Plate
Open Hearth and Basic Oxygen
(For electric furnace Steel see note D)
AISI Other
C Mn NI Cr Mo Elements
No.*
4130 .27-0.34 0.35-0.60 0.80-1.15 .15-0.25 a,b
4140 .36-0.44 0.70-1.00 0.80-1.15 .15-0.25 a,b
4340 .36-0.44 0.55-0.80 1.65-2.00 0.60-0.90 .20-0.30 a,b
6150 .46-0.54 0.60-0.90 0.80-1.15 a,b,c
8615 .12-0.18 0.60-0.90 .40-0.70 0.35-0.60 .15-0.25 a,b
8620 .17-0.23 0.60-0.90 .40-0.70 0.35-0.60 .15-0.25 a,b
(a) Phosphorus content is 0.035% maximum, sulphur, 0.40%.

(b) Silicon content is .15 to 0.30%. Ranges of 0.10%-0.20%, 0.20-
0.35%, and 0.35% maximum (when carbon deoxidized) when
specified by the purchaser.
(c) Vanadium content is 0.15% minimum.
(d) When electric furnace steel is ordered, the carbon range is
restricted to 0.01%, manganese 0.05%, chromium 0.05% up to
1.25%, incl., and 0.10% over 1.25%. The maximum phosphorus
and sulphur is 0.025% each.
K-9
Chemical Composition of Stainless Steel
Other
AISI Carbon Chromium Nickel
Elements
201 .15 Max. 16.00-18.00 3.50- 5.50 Mn 5.50-7.50,
P .060 Max.,
N .25 Max.
202 .15 Max. 17.00-19.00 4.00- 6.00 Mn 7.50-10.00,
P .060 Max.,
N .25 Max.
301 .15 Max. 16.00-18.00 6.00- 8.00
302 .15 Max. 17.00-19.00 8.00-10.00
302B .15 Max. 17.00-19.00 8.00-10.00 Si 2.00-3.00
303 .15 Max. 17.00-19.00 8.00-10.00 P .20 Max.,
S .15 Min.,
Mo .60 Max.
303Se .15 Max. 17.00-19.00 8.00-10.00 P .20 Max.,
S .06 Max.,
Se .15 Min.
304 .08 Max. 18.00-20.00 8.00-10.00
304L .03 Max. 18.00-20.00 8.00-10.00
305 .12 Max. 17.00-19.00 10.00-13.00
307 .15 Max. 19.00-22.00 9.00-10.50 Mn 3.75-4.75
308 .08 Max. 19.00-21.00 10.00-12.00
309 .20 Max. 22.00-24.00 12.00-15.00
309S .08 Max. 22.00-24.00 12.00-15.00
310 .25 Max. 24.00-26.00 19.00-22.00 Si 1.50 Max.
314 .25 Max. 23.00-26.00 19.00-22.00 Si 1.50-3.00
316 .08 Max. 16.00-18.00 10.00-14.00 Mo 2.00-3.00
316L .03 Max. 16.00-18.00 10.00-14.00 Mo 2.00-3.00
316F .10 Max. 16.00-18.00 10.00-14.00 P or S .07 Min.
Mo 1.75-2.50
317 .08 Max. 18.00-20.00 11.00-15.00 Mo 3.00-4.00
D319 .07 Max. 17.50-19.50 11.00-15.00 Mo 2.25-3.00
321 .08 Max. 17.00-19.00 9.00-12.00 Ti 5 x C Min.
325 .25 Max. 7.00-10.00 19.00-23.00
329 .20 Max. 25.00-30.00 3.00- 5.00 Mo 1.50-2.50
347 .08 Max. 17.00-19.00 9.00-13.00 Cb + Ta 10 x
C Min.
347F Se .08 Max. 17.00-19.00 9.00-12.00 Cb + Ta 10 x
C Min. + Se
348 .08 Max. 17.00-19.00 9.00-13.00 Cb + Ta 10 x
C Min.,
Ta .10 Max.,
Co .20 Max.
403 .15 Max. 11.50-13.00 Si .50 Max.
405 .08 Max. 11.50-14.50 Al .10-.30
410 .15 Max. 11.50-13.50
414 .15 Max. 11.50-13.50 1.25- 2.50
Mn. 1.25 Max.,
P .06 Max.,
S .15 Min.,
Mo .60 Max.
K-10
Other
Elements
416F .08 Max. 13.50-15.00 Mn 1.00 Max.,
P. .05 Max.,
S .35 Min.,
Mo .60 Max.
416 Se .15 Max. 12.00-14.00 Mn 1.25 Max.,
P .06 Max.,
S .06 Max.,
Se .15 Min.
420 Over .15 12.00-14.00
420F Over .15 12.00-14.00 P or S .07
Min., Zr or Mo
.60 Max.
420F Se Over .15 12.00-14.00 P or Se .07
Min., Zr or Mo
.60 Max.
430 .12 Max. 14.00-18.00
430 Ti .12 Max. 14.00-18.00 Ti 6 x C Min.
430F .12 Max. 14.00-18.00 Mn 1.25 Max.,
P .06 Max.,
S .15 Min.,
Mo .60 Max.
431 .20 Max. 15.00-17.00 1.25- 2.50
440A .60-.75 16.00-18.00 Mo .75 Max.
440B .75-.95 16.00-18.00 Mo .75 Max.
440C .95-1.20 16.00-18.00 Mo .40-.60
440F .95-1.20 16.00-18.00 P or S .05
Min., Zr or Mo
.60 Max.
440F Se .95-1.20 16.00-18.00 P or Se .07 Min.
442 .25 Max. 18.00-23.00
446 .20 Max. 23.00-27.00 Mn 1.50 Max.
N .25 Max.
12-2W .20 Max. 12.00-14.00 1.75-2.25 W 2.50-3.50
16-18 .08 Max. 15.00-17.00 17.00-20.00 Mn 2.00 Max.,
P .040 Max.
17-10 P .15 Max. 16.00-18.00 9.50-12.00 P .20-.40
17-14 Cu Mo .15 Max. 15.00-17.00 12.50-15.50 Mo 2.00-3.00,
Cu 2.25-4.25,
Cb + Ta 1.00
Max., Ti .60 Max
21-6-9 .08 Max. 19.00-21.50 5.50- 7.50 Mn 8.00-10.00,
P .06 Max.,
N .15-.40
22-4-9 .45-.60 20.00-23.00 3.00-5.00 Mn 7.00-10.00,
S .12 Max.,
N .30-.50,
P .045 Max.
PH 14-4 Mo .07 Max. 13.00-15.00 3.00-5.00 Cu 3.00-4.00,
P .040 Max.,
Mn 1.00 Max.,
Mo 1.75-2.75,
Cb + Ta .10-.40
K-11
Other
Elements
Ph 15-7 Mo .09 Max. 14.00-16.00 6.50-7.75 Mo 2.00-3.00,
Mn 1.00 Max.,
Al .75-1.50
W PH 15-7 Mo .09 Max. 14.00-15.25 6.50-7.75 Mo 2.00-2.75,
Al .75-1.25,
P .025 Max.,
S .025 Max.
17-4 PH .07 Max. 15.50-17.50 3.00-5.00 Cu 3.00-5.00,
Mn 1.00 Max.,
Cb + Ta .15-.45
W17-4 PH .06 Max. 16.25-17.50 4.25-5.25 Cu 3.00-4.00,
Si .75 Max., Cb
+ Ta .10-.35
17-7 PH .09 Max. 16.00-18.00 6.50-7.75 Mn 1.00 Max.,
Al .75-1.50
W 17-7 PH .09 Max. 16.00-17.25 6.50-7.75 Al .75-1.25,
P .025 Max.,
Si .50 Max.,
S .025 Max.
Unless otherwise show

Manganese Silicon Phosphorus
2.00 Maximum, all 300 types 1.00 Maximum, all types .45 Maximum, all 300 types
1.00 Maximum, all 400 types Sulphur .040 Maximum, all 400 types
0.30 Maximum, all types
K-12
Chemical Composition of Aluminum
Maximum Chemical Composition (in Percent)
Others
Alloy Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al
EC.........................................................................................................................................................................................99.45
1100 1.0 Si+Fe .05-2.0 0.05 - - 0.10 - 0.05 0.15 99.00
2011 0.40 0.7 5.0-6.0 - - - 0.30 - 0.05a 0.15 Remainder
2014 .50-1.2 0.7 3.9-5.0 .40-1.2 .20-0.8 0.10 0.25 0.15 0.05 0.15 Remainder
2017 0.8 0.7 3.5-4.5 .40-1.0 .40-0.8 0.10 0.25 0.05 0.15 Remainder
2024 0.50 0.50 3.8-4.9 .30-0.9 1.2-1.8 0.10 0.25 - 0.05 0.15 Remainder
2024 Alclad Same as 2024 alloy, except clad both sides with 1230 alloy.
2219 0.20 0.30 5.8-6.8 .20-.40 0.02 - 0.10 .02-.10 0.05 0.15 Remainder
3003 0.6 0.7 0.05-0.20 1.0-1.5 - - 0.10 - 0.05 0.15 Remainder
3004 0.30 0.7 0.25 1.0-1.5 0.8-1.3 - 0.25 - 0.05 0.15 Remainder
4043 4.5-6.0 0.8 0.30 0.05 0.05 - 0.10 0.2 0.05 0.15 Remainder
(a) Also contains 0.20-0.6% each of lead and bismuth.
K-13
K-14
Chemical Composition of Aluminum
Maximum Chemical Composition (in Percent)
Others
Alloy Si Fe Cu Mn Mg Cr Zn Ti Each Total Al
4343 6.8-8.2 0.8 0.25 0.10 - - 0.20 - 0.05 0.15 Remainder
5050 0.40 0.7 0.20 0.10 1.0-1.8 .10 0.25 - 0.05 0.15 Remainder
5052 0.45 Si+Fe 0.10 0.10 2.2-2.8 .15-.35 0.10 - 0.05 0.15 Remainder
5083 0.40 0.40 0.10 0.30-1.0 4.0-4.9 .05-.25 0.25 0.15 0.05 0.15 Remainder
5086 0.40 0.50 0.10 0.20-0.7 3.5-4.5 .05-.25 0.25 0.15 0.05 0.15 Remainder
5154 0.45 Si+Fe 0.10 0.10 3.1-3.9 .15-.35 0.20 0.20 0.05 0.15 Remainder
5252 0.08 0.10 0.10 0.10 2.2-2.8 - - - 0.03 0.10 Remainder
5454 0.40 Si+Fe 0.10 .50-1.0 2.4-3.0 0.5-.20 0.25 0.20 0.05 0.15 Remainder
5456 0.40 Si+Fe 0.10 .50-1.0 4.7-5.5 .05-.20 0.25 0.20 0.05 0.15 Remainder
6061 0.40-0.8 0.7 .15-.40 0.15 0.8-1.2 .04-.35 0.25 0.15 0.05 0.15 Remainder
6063 .20-0.6 0.35 0.10 0.10 .45-0.9 .10 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.15 Remainder
6262 .40-0.8 0.7 .15-.40 0.15 0.8-1.2 .04-.14 0.25 0.15 0.05b 0.15 Remainder
7072 0.7 Si+Fe 0.10 0.10 0.10 - 0.8-1.3 - 0.05 0.15 Remainder
7075 0.40 0.5 1.2-2.0 0.30 2.1-2.9 .18-.35 5.1-6.1 0.20 0.05 0.15 Remainder
7178 0.40 0.50 1.6-2.4 0.30 2.4-3.1 .18-.35 6.3-7.3 0.20 0.05 0.15 Remainder
(b) Also contains 0.40-.07% each of lead and bismuth.

Copper and Copper Alloy Products
Nominal Chemical and Typical Mechanical Properties
COMPOSITION % MECHANICAL PHYSICAL

Copper UNS Tensile Yield Elongation Rockwell Melting Electrical Machinability
Strength Strength in 2 Hardness Point Conductivity Rating
Alloy Number Description Temper Copper Zinc Lead Tin Nickel Others ksi ksi % F (Annealed)% %*
ROD (1.00 Dia.)
100 C11000 Copper 1/8H 99.9+ - - - - - 32.0 10.0 55 F40 1981 101 20
Hard - - - - - 48.0 44.0 16 B47
145 C14500 Tellurium Copper 1/2H 99.5 - - - - Te .55 42.0 40.0 25 B42 1967 93 85
Hard - - - - 48.0 44.0 20 B48
147 C14700 Sulfur Cooper (OFCH) 1/2H 99.6 - - - - S .40 43.0 40.0 20 B43 1969 95 85
182 C18200 Chromium Copper - 98.5 - - - - Cr 1.0 72.0 65.0 18 B80 1967 80 20
314 C31400 Commercial Bronze Bending 89.0 9.1 1.9 - - - 45.0 28.0 22 - 1900 42 80
316 C31600 Commercial Bronze 1/2H 89.0 8.1 1.9 - 1.0 - 65.0 57.0 15 B70 1900 32 80
Bending - - 45.0 27.5 20 -
353 C35300 Flanging Brass 1/4H 62.0 35.5 2.5 - - - 54.0 40.0 20 B70 1660 26 90
360 C36000 Free Cutting Brass 1/2H 61.5 35.5 3.0 - - - 58.0 45.0 25 B78 1650 26 100
464 C46400 Naval Brass 60.0 39.2 - 0.8 - - 88.0 66.0 18 B95 1650 26 30
(Nonleaded) Hard
485 C48500 Naval Brass (Leaded) 1/2H 60.0 37.5 1.8 0.7 - - 75.0 53.0 15 B82 1650 26 70
544 C54400 Phosphorus Bronze (FC) Hard 88.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 - - 68.0 57.0 20 B80 1830 19 80
624 C62400 Aluminum Bronze - 85.5 - - - - Fe 3.5 105.0 52.0 14 B92 1900 12 50
Al 10.5
* FC Brass = 100%
1 ksi = 1000 psi
K-15
K-16

ROD (1.00 Dia.)
630 C63000 Nickel-Aluminum HR50 81.0 - - - 5.0 Fe 2.5 118.0 75.0 15 B98 1930 9 30
Bronze Al10.0
642 C64200 Aluminum Silicon HR50 91.2 - - - - Si 1.8 102.0 68.0 12 B94 1840 8 60
Bronze Al 7.0
Nickel Silver (Leaded)
792 C79200 Bronze Bushing Hard 61.5 25.5 1.0 - 12.0 - 82.0 70.0 16 B84 1810 8 60
932 C93200 - 83.0 3.0 7.0 7.0 - - 44.0 24.0 18 F76 1790 12 70
SHEET (.040 Thick)
110 C11000 Copper Soft 99.9+ - - - - - 32.0 10.0 45 F40 1981 101 22
1/8-1/4H - - - - - 37.0 29.0 27 F69
1/2H - - - - - 42.0 36.0 14 B40
122 C12200 (DHP) Copper 1/8-1/4H 99.9+ - - - - P .02 38.0 30.0 25 F70 1981 85 20
Roofing Cooper Soft 99.9+ - - - - - 34.0 11.0 45 F45 1981 98 20
1/8H - - - - - 36.0 28.0 30 F60
220 C22000 Commercial Bronze Soft 90.0 10.0 - - - - 37.0 10.0 45 F53 1910 44 20
1/4H - - - - 47.0 37.0 25 B47
1/2H - - - - - 52.0 45.0 11 B58
230 C23000 Red Brass Soft 85.0 15.0 - - - - 40.0 12.0 47 F59 1880 37 30

SHEET (.040 Thick)
260 C26000 Brass Soft 70.0 30.0 - - - - 47.0 15.0 62 F64 1750 28 30
1/4H - - - - 54.0 40.0 43 B55
1/2H - - - - 62.0 52.0 25 B70
3/4H - - - - 69.0 57.0 15 B70
Hard - - - - 76.0 63.0 8 B82
Spring - - - - 94.0 65.0 3 B91
208 C28000 Muntz Metal CR 60.0 40.0 - - - - 60.0 35.0 30 B55 1660 28 40
353 C35300 Leaded Brass 1/2H 61.5 36.7 1.8 - - - 61.0 50.0 20 B70 1670 26 90
464 C46400 Naval Brass 1/2H 60.0 39.25 - 0.75 - - 62.0 41.0 42 B60 1650 26 30
510 C51000 Phosphor Bronze Extra/H 94.8 - - 5.0 - P .20 92.0 80.0 6 B93 1920 15 20
Spring - - - 100.0 80.0 4 B95

614 C61400 Aluminum Bronze** Soft 91.0 - - - - Fe 2.0 78.0 35.0 42 B80 1915 14 20
Al 7.0
752 C75200 Nickel Silver Soft 65.0 17.0 - - 18.0 - 58.0 25.0 45 B40 2030 6 20
* FC Brass = 100%
**Based on 1/8
1 ksi = 1000 psi
K-17
K-18

PLATE (1.00 Thick)
110 C11000 Copper Soft 99.9+ - - - - - 32.0 10.0 50 F40 1981 101 20
1/8-1/4H - - - - - 38.0 30.0 25 F70
122 C12200 (DHP) Copper 1/8-1/4H 99.9+ - - - - P .02 32.0 10.0 50 F40 1981 85 20
280 C28000 Muntz Metal CR 60 40.0 - - - - 60.0 35.0 30 B55 1660 28 40
353 C35300 Leaded Brass 1/2H 61.5 36.7 1.8 - - - 61.0 50.0 20 B70 1670 26 90
464 C46400 Naval Brass HR 60.0 39.25 - 0.75 - - 55.0 25.0 50 B55 1650 26 30
614 C61400 Aluminum Bronze** Soft 91.0 - - - - Fe 2.0 78.0 35.0 42 B80 1915 14 20
Al 7.0
TUBE (1.00 OD X .065 Wall)

122 C12200 (DHP) Copper Soft 99.9+ - - - - P .02 32.0 10.0 40 F40 1981 85 20
Hard - - - - 60.0 50.0 10 B63
DGP - - - - 40.0 32.0 25 F77
272 C27200 Brass DGP 63.0 37.0 - - - - 54.0min. - - 53.0min.30T 1690 26 40
330 C33000 Brass DGP 66.0 33.5 0.5 - - - 54.0min. - - 53.0min.30T 1720 26 60
932 C93200 Bronze Bushing - 83.0 3.0 7.0 7.0 - - 44.0 24.0 18 F76 1790 12 70
954 C95400 Aluminum Bronze - 85.5 - - - - Fe 3.5 105.0 40.0 18 B90 1900 14 60
Al 10.5
* FC Brass = 100%** Based on 1/8 1 ksi = 1000 psi Based on 7/8 ID x 1-3/8 OD DGP = Drawn General Purpose

PIPE (3/4 SPS)

122 C12200 (DHP) Copper Hard 99.9+ - - - - P .20 55.0 50.0 12 B55 1981 85 20
230 C23000 Red Brass DGP 85.0 15.0 - - - - 50.0 40.0 30 B55 1880 37 30
* FC Brass = 100%
**Elongation in 10
Based on 3.125 OD
K-19
K-20
COMPOSITION % PHYSICAL
Ampco Copper UNS Tensile Yield Elongation Rockwell Melting Electrical Machinability
Alloy Alloy Number Description Temper Copper Zinc Iron Alum Nickel Chromium ksi ksi % F (Annealed)% %*
AMPCO (1.00 Dia.)

18 624 C62400 Ext. Rod HR50 85.5 - 3.5 10.5 - - 105.0 52.0 14 B92 1900 12 50
18 954 C95400 Cast Rod - 85.5 - 3.5 10.5 - - 90.0 36.0 14 B89 1900 14 60
18 954 C95400 Cast Sq - 85.5 - 3.5 10.5 - - 90.0 36.0 14 B89 1900 14 60
18 954 C95400 Cast Rect - 85.5 - 3.5 10.5 - - 90.0 36.0 14 B89 1900 14 60
18 954 C95400 Cast Tube - 85.5 - 3.5 10.5 - - 90.0 36.0 14 B89 1900 14 60
45 630 C63000 3 & under HR50 80.0 - 3.5 10.0 5.0 - 118.0 75.0 15 B98 1930 9 30
Over 3 TQ50 108.0 57.0 15 B97
WIRE (0.80 Dia.)
- 110 C11000 Copper Soft 99.9+ - - - - 35.0 - 35** - 1981 101 20
- 260 C26000 Brass Soft 70.0 30.0 - - - 52.0 - 58 - 1760 28 30
1/2H - - - 70.0 - 20 -
Spring - - - 130.0 - 3 -
* FC Brass = 100%
**Elongation in 10
Based on 3.125 OD
Mechanical Properties Of Steel
The mechanical properties shown below are for general information purposes and are for
steels in the as-rolled condition except where noted.
Estimated minimum values for hot rolled and cold drawn carbon steel bars can normally
be expected in sizes ranging from 3/4 to 1-1/4, and are based on standard tensile test
specimens with 2 inch gauge lengths per ASTM-E8. Yield strength values shown for the
quenched and tempered condition are determined by the .2% offset method per ASTM-E8.
Case Hardening or Low Carbon Bars
Yield Machin-
AISI No. Condition Tensile % % Hardness abiity
Strength
Or Trade of Strength Elong. Red. of Rating
KSI Br. R
Name Steel KSI in 2 Area (C1212=100)
M1020 Hot Rd. 55 30 25 50 111 B72 50
1018 Hot Rd. 58 32 25 50 116 B79 52
Cold Dr. 64 54 15 40 126 B85 70
10L18 Cold Dr. 64 54 15 40 126 B85 80
1020 Hot Rd. 55 30 25 50 111 B79 52

1025 TG&P 58 32 25 50 116 B79 50
12L14 Cold Dr. 78 60 10 35 163 B86 180
12L14+Te Cold Dr. 78 60 10 35 163 B85 250
1215 Cold Dr. 78 60 10 35 163 B83 136
1117 Hot Rd. 62 34 23 47 121 B78 90

Cold Dr. 69 58 15 40 137 B87 90
11L17 Hot Rd. 62 34 23 47 121 B78 100
Cold Dr. 69 58 15 40 137 B89 125
86L20 Hot Rd. 91 66 25 64 187 B90 88

Cold Dr. 103 86 23 58 212 C16 92
E4320 Hot Rd. 84 61 29 58 163 B85 55

Cold Dr. 98 81 18 54 207 B94 60
4615-17 Hot Rd. 82 62 28 65 183 B90 58

Cold Dr. 99 84.6 19 61 207 B95 64
4620 Hot Rd. 85 63 28 64 183 B90 58

E4620 Cold Dr. 101 85 22 60 207 C15 64
C8615/8617 Hot Rd. 82 60 31 62 149 B81 70
8620 Hot Rd. 89 65 25 63 192 B90 60

Cold Dr. 102 85 22 58 212 C16 63
Medium Carbon/Direct Hardening Bars
1035 Hot Rd. 39.5 18 40 143 B90 65
K-21
Medium Carbon/Direct Hardening Bars
AISI No. Condition Tensile Yield Machin-
% % Hardness abiity
Or Trade of Strength Strength
Elong. Red. of Rating
Name Steel KSI KSI Br. R
in 2 Area (C1212=100)
M1044 Hot Rd. 80 44 16 40 - - 65
1045 Hot Rd. 82 45 16 40 163 C16 56

Cold Dr. 91 77 12 35 179 C15 65
1045 TG&P 82 45 16 40 163 C16 56
1137 Cold Dr. 88 48 15 35 179 C15 70
1141 Hot Rd. 94 51.5 15 35 187 B95 65

Cold Dr. 105 88 10 30 212 C19 70
1141 TG&P 94 51.5 15 35 187 B95 65
1141 Drawn, 105 88 10 30 212 C19 70

G&P
11L41 Hot Rd. 94 51.5 15 35 187 B95 95

Cold Dr. 105 88 10 30 212 C19 100
1144 Hot Rd. 97 53 15 35 197 B95 64

Cold Dr. 108 90 10 30 217 C22 80
E4130 *Hot Rd. 86 56 29 57 183 B90 65

*Cold Dr. 98 87 21 52 201 B94 70
4140 *Hot Rd. 89 62 26 58 187 B91 57

*Cold Dr. 102 90 18 50 223 C19 66
4147-50 *Hot Rd. 100 66 21 51 197 B93 54
41L40-42 *Hot Rd. 91 63 27 58 187 B91 87

*Cold Dr. 103 93 19 51 223 C19 90
41L47/50 *Hot Rd. 103 69 23 51 212 C16 80

Rounds *Cold Dr. 112 95 16 43 223 C19 85
4150 Mod. RS *Hot Rd. 103 69 23 51 212 C16 73

Sqs.Flats
4340 *Hot Rd. 101 69 21 45 207 C15 45

C4340 *Cold Dr. 111 99 16 42 223 C19 55
E6150 *Hot Rd. 91 58 22 53 183 B90 50
E8740 *Cold Dr. 107 96 17 48 223 C19 66
*Annealed
K-22
High Carbon/Direct Hardening Bars
AISI No. Condition Tensile Yield Machin-
% % Hardness abiity
Or Trade of Strength Strength
Name Steel KSI KSI Br. R
in 2 Area (C1212=100)
1095 Hot Rd. 120 66 10 25 248 C28 -
Heat Treated Bars/Minimum Properties

Properties are at center of bars up to 1-1/2, and at half radius of bars over 1-1/2.
Yield strength-0.2% offset per ASTM-E8.
Trade Condition Tensile Yield Machin-
% % Hardness abiity
Name or of Strength Strength
Type Steel KSI KSI Br. R (C1212=100)
in 2 Area
ASTM A182 Hot Rolled 70 40 20 30 182/192 - -
Gr. F11
ASTM A193 Hot Rolled & Cold Finished

Gr. B7 2-1/2 & under 125 105 16 50 269/321 27/34 55
2-9/16-4 115 95 16 50 269/321 27/34 55
Hot Rolled
Over 4-7 100 75 18 50 269/321 27/34 55
ASTM A193 Hot Rolled & Cold Finished
Gr. B16 2-1/2 & under 125 105 18 50 255/302 25/30 50
2-9/16-3 120 105 18 50 302 Max. 30 Max. 50
Over 3-5 110 95 17 45 293 Max. 29 Max. 50
Over 5-7 100 85 16 45 293 Max. 29 Max. 50
Mil-S-1222 Hot Rolled 125 105 16 50 269/321 - -
Gr. B7 2-1/2 & under 115 95 16 50 269/321 - -
2-9/16-4 100 75 18 50 269/321 - -
Over 5-7
Stress- Cold Dr. 125 100 10 30 269 23/27 83

Proof
Fatigue- Dr. at ele- 140 125 10 23 - 30 80

Proof vated temp.
e.t.d 150 Dr. at ele- 150 130 15 35 302 C32 -
vated temp.
41L40/50 Hot Rolled & Cold Finished
H.T. 4 & under 125 100 15 45 269/321 27/34 70
Hot Rolled
Over 4-8 125 100 15 45 269/321 27/34 70
Over 8-10 125 100 15 45 269/321 27/35 70
10-1/8 - - - 269/321 27/35 70
13-1/4 - -
4150 H.R. Square
Mod. RS 2-1/2 & under 140 120 15 50 341 Max. 32/37 62
H.T. 2-9/16-4 135 110 15 45 341 Max. 29/37 62
H.R. Flats 135 105 17.5 51.9 241-302 22/32 62
4150 H.R. Rounds
Mod RS Thru 1-1/2 130 110 16 50 262/311 62
H.T. 1-5/8-3 125 105 16 50 262/311 62
3-1/8-6 120 95 16 45 262/311 62
6-1/8-8 115 85 16 45 262/311 62
8-1/8-12 110 80 15 45 262/321 62
*Annealed
Indicates minimum aim properties.
K-23
Heat Treated Bars, Continued
Trade Condition Tensile Yield Machin-
% % Hardness abiity
Name or of Strength Strength
Type Steel KSI KSI Br. R
in 2 Area (C1212=100)
4120/42 Hot Rolled & Cold Finished
2-1/2 & under 125 105 50 50 269/321 27/34 55
2-9/16-4 115 95 50 50 269/321 27/34 55
Over 4-7 110 85 45 45 269/321 27/34 55
4150 Hot Rolled 140 120 45 45 285/341 29/36 55
1-1/2 & under
Over 1-1/2-
2-15/16 135 115 45 45 285/341 29/36 55
3-5-15/16 130 105 45 45 285/341 29/36 55
6-8 125 95 40 40 285/341 29/36 55
8-1/4-9-1/2 120 90 40 40 285/341 29/36 55
4340 Hot Rolled 140 120 42 42 302/363 32/39 52
8 & under
Nitralloy Hot Rolled 120 85 50 50 311 Max. - 50

135 Mod. 3 & less 120 85 40 40 311 Max. - 50
Plates Typical Properties

Properties shown for annealed and as rolled alloy plate are based on single test
results. They will vary considerably dependent on thickness.
Trade Tensile Yield % % Approximate
Condition
Name or Strength Strength Elong. Elong. Brinell
of Steel
Type KSI KSI in 2 in 8 Hardness
General Purpose
1015 As Rolled 50 29 - - 133
1020 As Rolled 58 32 - - 143
1025 As Rolled 70 34 - - 156
Structural Quality Carbon

ASTM A283, ASME SA283
Grade C As Rolled 55 to 60 30 Min. 25 22 133
ASTM A36, ASME SA36 As Rolled 58 to 80 36 Min. 23 20 137
INX 50, EX-TEN 50

ASTM A572 (50) As Rolled 65 Min. 50 Min. 21 18 143
Cor-Ten A
ASTM A242 As Rolled 70 Min. 50 Min. - 16 156
Cor-Ten B
ASTM A588 (A) As Rolled 70 Min. 50 Min. 19 16 156
ASTM A656 Gr. 50 As Rolled 60 Min. 50 Min. - 20 123/159
ASTM A656 Gr. 80 As Rolled 95 Min. 80 Min. 18 12 212/255
Structural Quality Alloy

T-1 Type A
ASTM A514 Gr. B Q&T 110 to 130 100 Min. 16 - 235/293
T-1 Type B
ASTM A514 Gr. H Q&T 110 to 130 100 Min. 16 - 235/293
K-24
Condition
of Steel
T-1
ASTM A514 Gr. F Q&T 100 to 130 100 Min. 16 - 235/293
T-1 Type C
ASTM A514 Gr. Q Q&T 100 to 130 90 Min. 14 - 253/293
PRESSURE VESSEL QUALITY
CARBON
ASTM A285 ASME SA285
Grade C As Rolled 55 to 75 30 Min. 27 23 137
Grade 55 55 to 75 30 Min. 27 23 137
ASTM A515, ASME SA 515
Grade 70 70 to 90 38 Min. 21 17 163
Grade 70 70 to 90 38 Min. 21 17 163
PRESSURE VESSEL QUALITY
ALLOY
T-1 PVQ
ASTM A517, ASME SA517 Q&T 115 to 135 100 Min. 16 - 235/293
Grade F
Grade II Ann. 60 to 85 35 Min. 22 19 135/174
Grade 22 N&T 75 to 100 45 Min. 18 - 149/207
INTERMEDIATE CARBON
AISI 1045 As Rolled 90 50 - - 187
AISI 1060 FH 62 Ann. 91 52 22 - 179
FH 62 Fineline Spher. Ann 90 50 - - 187
IMPROVED MACHING
CARBON
E-Z Cut 20 As Rolled 67 38 31 - 133
Clean Cut 20 As Rolled 70 45 30 - 163
E-Z Cut 45 As Rolled 92 45 20 - 187
Clean Cut 45 As Rolled 90 45 - - 187
IMPROVED MACHINING
ALLOY
Clean Cut 4142 Norm &Temp - - - - 262/321
Clean Cut 4150 Norm & Temp - - - - 262/321
Clean Cut 8620 As Rolled 78 52 25 - -
ABRASION RESISTING
AR Carbon As Rolled - - - - 212/255
T-1 Type A Q&T - - - - 321 Min,
AR 400 Q&T - - - - 400 Min,
AR 500 Q&T - - - - 477 Min.
CASE HARDENING
8617 MTS 78 52 25 - 179
8620 78 52 25 - 179
K-25
Condition
of Steel
THROUGH HARDENING
4130 As Rolled 90 52 28 - 179
4140 MTS Annealed 95 54 25 - 197
4340 MTS Annealed 100 58 21 - 229
4340 Fineline Norm & Temp - - - - 262/321
E6150 Annealed 97 55 23 - 197
E4150 MTS Norm & Temp 145 115 14 - 262/321
AIRCRAFT QUALITY
E4130 AQ Annealed 85 Max. - - - -
E4130 AQ Normalized 90 to 89 Min. 70 to 75 Min - - 197
E4340 AQ
AMS 63590 Annealed - - - - 235
PRE-HARDENED ALLOYS
4142 Norm & Temp - - - - 262/321
E4150 Norm & Temp - - - - 262/321
K-26
Carbon Steel Plates
Rectangular Sheared Plates and Universal Mill Plates
Tolerances for Thickness and Weight When Ordered to Thickness
Excess in Average Weight of Lots* for Widths Give in Inches, Expressed in Percentages of Nominal Weights**
Over 60 72 84 96 108 120 132 144
Specified 48 48 to to to to to to to to to 168
Thicknesses and 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 168, and
In Inches under excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. over
Up to 1/4, excl 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 10.5 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.5 - -
1/4 to 5/16, excl. 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 10.5 12.0 14.0 16.5 19.5 -
5/16 to 3/8, excl. 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 10.5 12.0 15.0 17.0 -
3/8 to 7/16, excl. 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 10.5 13.0 15.0 17.0
7/16 to 1/2, excl. 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 11.0 13.0 15.0
1/2 to 5/8, excl. 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.5 11.0 13.0
5/8 to 3/4, excl. 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 11.0
3/4 to 1, excl. 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.5
1 to 2, excl. 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
2 to 3, excl. 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.5 7.0
3 to 4, excl. 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0
4 to 6, excl. 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.0
6 to 8, excl. 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5
8 to 10, excl. 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5
10 to 12, excl. 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
12 to 15, excl. 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
*The term lot means all the plates of each tabular width and thickness group represented in each shipment.
**Norman weight in pounds equals specified length in inches multiplied by specified width in inches multiplied by specified thickness in inches multiplied by 0.2833. The
adopted standard density for rolled steel is 0.2833 pound per cubic inch.
Tolerance under specified thickness, 0.01. Tolerances for overweight for single plates are 1-1/3 times the amounts in the above table.
Tolerances for overweight for lots of circular and sketch plates are 1-1/4 times the amounts in the above table. Sketch plates are plates having forms other than those of
circles and rectangles.
Tolerances for overweight for a single circular plate and a single plate are 1-2/3 times the amounts in the above table.
K-27
K-28
Carbon Steel Plates
Excess in Average Weight of Lots* for Widths Give in Inches, Expressed in Percentages of the
Specified Weights Per Square Foot
Specified 48 and Over 48 to 60 to 72, 72 to 84, 84 to 96, 96 to 108, 108 to 120, 120 to 132, 132 to 144, 144 to 168, 168 and
Thicknesses under 60, excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. over
In Lbs. Per
Square Foot Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under
Up to 10 excl 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 6.0 3.0 7.5 3.0 9.0 3.0 11.0 3.0 13.0 3.0 - - - -
10 to 12.5 excl. 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 4.5 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 6.5 3.0 7.0 3.0 8.0 3.0 9.0 3.0 12.0 3.0 - -
12.5 to 15.0 excl. 4.0 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 4.5 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 6.0 3.0 7.5 3.0 8.0 3.0 11.0 3.0 - -
15 to 17.5 excl. 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 4.5 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 6.0 3.0 7.0 3.0 9.0 3.0 1.0 3.0
17.5 to 20 excl. 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 4.0 2.5 4.5 2.5 4.5 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 6.0 3.0 8.0 3.0 9.0 3.0
20 to 25 excl. 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 4.0 2.5 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 5.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 7.0 3.0 8.0 3.0
25 to 30 excl. 3.0 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 5.0 3.0 6.5 3.0 7.0 3.0
30 to 40 excl. 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0 6.0 3.0 6.5 3.0
40 to 81.6 excl. 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.5 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.0 5.5 3.0 6.0 3.0
81.6 to 122.4 excl. 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.0 3.5 2.5 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.0 4.0 3.0 4.5 3.0
122.4 to 163.2 excl. 2.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.5 1.5 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 3.0 2.0 3.5 2.0
163.2 to 244.8 excl. 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 3.0 1.0 3.5 1.0
244.8 to 326.4 excl. 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 3.0 1.0
326.4 to 408.0 excl. 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 3.0 1.0
408.0 to 489.6 excl. 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0
489.6 to 612.0 excl. 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 2.5 1.0
Tolerance under specified thickness, 0.01. Tolerances for overweight for single plates are 1-1/3 times the amounts in the above table.
Tolerances for overweight for lots of circular and sketch plates are 1-1/4 times the amounts in the above table. Sketch plates are plates having forms other than those of circles and rectangles.
Tolerances for overweight for a single circular plate and a single plate are 1-2/3 times the amounts in the above table.
Carbon Steel Plates
Rectangular Sheared Plates, Universal Mill Plates and Circular and Sketch Plates
Flatness Tolerances
Flatness Tolerances for Specified Width in Inches
Specified Specified To 36 to 48 to 60 to 72 to 84 to 96 to 108 to 120 to 144 to 168

Thickness in Weight in Lbs. 36, 48 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 144, 168, and
Inches per Sq. Ft. Excl. Excl. Excl. Excl. Excl. Excl. Excl. Excl. Excl. excl. Over
To 1/4 excl. Up to 10.2, excl. 9/16 3/4 15/16 1-1/4 1-3/8 1-1/2 1-5/8 1-3/4 1-7/8 - -
1/4 to 3/8, excl. 10.2 to 15.3, excl. 1/2 5/8 3/4 15/16 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-3/8 1-1/2 1-5/8 - -
3/8 to 1/2 excl. 15.3 to 20.4 excl. 1/2 9/16 5/8 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-7/8 2-1/8
1/2 to 3/4, excl. 20.4 to 30.6 excl. 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 5/8 3/4 1 1 1-1/8 1-1/2 2
3/4 to 1, excl. 30.6 to 40.8 excl. 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 5/8 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1-3/8 1-3/4
1 to 2, excl. 40.8 to 81.6 excl. 3/8 1/2 1/2 9/16 9/16 5/8 5/8 5/8 11/16 1-1/8 1-1/2
2 to 4, excl. 81.6 to 163.2 excl. 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 9/16 5/8 7/8 1-1/8
4 to 6, excl, 163.2 to 244.8 excl. 3/8 7/16 1/2 1/2 9/16 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 7/8 1
6 to 8, excl. 244.8 to 326.4 excl. 7/16 1/2 1/2 5/8 11/16 3/4 7/8 7/8 1 1 1
8 to 10, excl. 326.4 to 408.0 excl. 1/2 1/2 5/8 11/16 3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16 1 1 1
10 to 12, excl. 408.0 to 489.6 excl. 1/2 5/8 3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16 1 1 1 1 1
12 to 15, excl. 489.6 to 612.0 excl. 5/8 3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16 1 1 1 1 1 -
Note 1: Flatness Tolerances for Length - The longer dimension specified is considered the length, and variation in flatness along the length should not exceed the tabular amount for the
specified width in plates up to 12 feet in length, or in any 12 feet or longer plates.
Note 2: Flatness Tolerances for Width - The flatness variation across the width should not exceed the tabular amount for the specified width.
Note 3: When the longer dimension is under 36, the variation in flatness along the length and across the width should not exceed 1/4 in each direction. When the longer dimension is from
36 to 72 incl., the flatness variation should not exceed 75% of the tabular amount for the specified width, but in no case less than 1/4.
Note 4: The tolerances given in the above table apply to plates which have a minimum specified tensile strength not over 60,000 psi or compatible chemistry or hardness. For plates
specified to a higher minimum tensile strength or compatible chemistry or harness, the limits given in the table are increased to 1 1/2 times the amount in the above table.
Note 5: The above table and notes cover the flatness tolerances of circular and sketch plates, based on the maximum dimensions of those plates.
K-29
Carbon Steel Plates
Mill Edge Plates in Coils and
Cut Lengths of Plates Produced on Strip Mills
Width Tolerances
Tolerances are over specified width. No tolerances are under.
Specified Width Specified Width
Width, Tolerance Width, Tolerance
Inches in Inches Inches in Inches
Up to 14 excl. ............................7/16 26 to 28 excl. .............................15/16
14 to 17 excl. 1/2 28 to 35 excl. .............................1-1/8
17 to 19 excl. 9/16 35 to 50 excl. .............................1-1/4
19 to 21 excl. .............................5/8 50 to 60 excl. .............................1-1/2
21 to 24 excl. 11/16 60 to 65 excl. .............................1-5/8
24 to 26 excl. 13/16 65 to 70 excl. .............................1-3/4
70 to 80 excl. .............................1-7/8
80 and over.................................2
The above tolerances are applicable to all portions of the coil except the uncropped
ends. Variation will occur along the length of a hot rolled coil because of differences in
characteristics and performance of producing equipment.
Sheared Plates, Universal Mill Plates

and Mill Edge Plates
Width and length tolerances for sheared plates 1-1/2 and under in
thickness. Length tolerances for universal mill plates and mill edge
tolerances for universal mill plates and mill edge plates 2-1/2 and
under in thickness.
Variations over Specified Width and
Length for Thicknesses, Inches and
Equivalent Weights Given
Under 3/8 to 5/8, 5/8 to 1, 1 to 2,*
3/8 excl. excl. incl.
15.3 to 25.5 to 40.8 to
Under 25.5, excl. 40.8, excl. 81.6, incl.
Specified 15.3, lb. lb. per lb. per lb. per
Dimensions, Per sq. ft sq. ft. sq. ft. sq. ft.
Inches
Length
Width
Length
Length
Width
Width
Length
Width
Widths Lengths
Under 60 Under 3/8 1/2 7/16 5/8 1/2 3/4 5/8 1
60 to 84, excl. 120 7/16 5/8 1/2 11/16 5/8 7/8 3/4 1
84 to 108, excl. 1/2 3/4 5/8 7/8 3/4 1 1 1-1/8
108 and over 5/8 7/8 3/4 1 7/8 1-1/8 1-1/8 1-1/4
Under 60 120 3/8 3/4 1/2 7/8 5/8 1 3/4 1-1/8
60 to 84, excl. to 1/2 3/4 5/8 7/8 3/4 1 7/8 1-1/4
84 to 108, excl. 240 excl. 9/16 7/8 11/16 15/16 13/16 1-1/8 1 1-3/8
108 and over 5/8 1 3/4 1-1/8 7/8 1-1/4 1-1/8 1-3/8
Under 60 240 3/8 1 1/2 1-1/8 5/8 1-1/4 3/4 1-1/2

60 to 84, excl. to 1/2 1 5/8 1-1/8 3/4 1-1/4 7/8 1-1/2
84 to 108, excl. 360, 9/16 1 11/16 1-1/8 7/8 1-3/8 1 1-1/2
108 and over excl. 11/16 1-1/8 7/8 1-1/4 1 1-3/8 1-1/4 1-3/4
Permissible variation under specified width and length, 1/4 inch.
*Length tolerances apply also to U.M. plates up to 12 inches in width for thicknesses over 2 to 2 1/2 inches incl.
K-30
Carbon Steel Plates
Sheared Plates, Universal Mill Plates
and Mill Edge Plates
Width and length tolerances for sheared plates 1-1/2 and under in thickness.
Length tolerances for universal mill plates and mill edge tolerances for univer-
sal mill plates and mill edge plates 2-1/2 and under in thickness.
Variations over Specified Width and
Length for Thicknesses, Inches and
Equivalent Weights Given
Under 3/8 to 5/8, 5/8 to 1, 1 to 2,*
3/8 excl. excl. incl.
15.3 to 25.5 to 40.8 to
Under 25.5, excl. 40.8, excl. 81.6, incl.
15.3, lb. lb. per lb. per lb. per
Specified sq. ft. sq. ft. sq. ft.
Dimensions, Per sq. ft.
Inches
Length
Length
Length
Length
Width
Width
Width
Width
Widths Lengths
Under 60 360 7/16 1-1/8 1/2 1-1/4 5/8 1-3/8 3/4 1-5/8
60 to 84, excl. to 1/2 1-1/4 5/8 1-3/8 3/4 1-1/2 7/8 1-5/8
84 to 108, excl. 480, 9/16 1-1/4 3/4 1-3/8 7/8 1-1/2 1 1-7/8
108 and over excl. 3/4 1-3/8 7/8 1-1/2 1 1-5/8 1-1/4 1-7/8
Under 60 480 7/16 1-1/4 1/2 1-1/2 5/8 1-5/8 3/4 1-7/8
60 to 84, excl. to 1/2 1-3/8 5/8 1-1/2 3/4 1-5/8 7/8 1-7/8
84 to 108, excl. 600, 5/8 1-3/8 3/4 1-1/2 7/8 1-5/8 1 1-7/8
108 and over excl 3/4 1-1/2 7/8 1-5/8 1 1-3/4 1-1/4 1-7/8
Under 60 600 1/2 1-3/4 5/8 1-7/8 3/4 1-7/8 7/8 2-1/4
60 to 84, excl. to 5/8 1-3/4 3/4 1-7/8 7/8 1-7/8 1 2-1/4
84 to 108, excl. 720, 5/8 1-3/4 3/4 1-7/8 7/8 1-7/8 1-1/8 2-1/4
108 and over excl. 7/8 1-3/4 1 2 1-1/8 2-1/4 1-1/4 2-1/2
Under 60 9/16 2 3/4 2-1/8 7/8 2-1/4 1 2-1/4

60 to 84, excl. 720, 3/4 2 7/8 2-1/8 1 2-1/4 1-1/8 2-3/4
84 to 108, excl. and 3/4 2 7/8 2-1/8 1 2-1/4 1-1/4 2-3/4
108 and over over 1 2 1-1/8 2-3/8 1-1/4 2-1/2 1-3/8 3
Permissible variation under specified width and length, 1/4 inch.

*Length tolerances apply also to U.M. plates up to 12 inches in width for thicknesses over 2 to 2 1/2 inches incl.
K-31
Carbon Steel Plates
Sheared Plates and Gas Cut
Rectangular Plates
Universal Mill Plates
Camber Tolerances
Thickness in Wt. In Lbs. Per Width Camber
inches Sq. Ft. in Inches Tolerance
To 2, incl. To 81.6, incl. All 1/8 x No. of feet of length
5
Over 2 to
15, incl. 81.6 to 612.0, incl. To 30, incl. 3/16 x No. of feet of length
5
Over 2 to
15, 81.6 to 612.0, incl. Over 30 1/4 x No. of feet of length
incl. to 60, incl. 5
Note: Camber as it relates to plates is the horizontal edge curvature in the length,
measured over the entire length of the plate in the flat position.
Rolled Width Tolerances

Thickness in inches and Equivalent Weights
To 3/8, 3/8 to 5/8, 5/8 to 1, 1 to 2, Over 2 to Over 10 to
Excl. Excl. Excl. Incl. 10, Incl. 15, Incl.
Width
To 15.3 lb. 15.3 to 25.5 25.5 to 40.8 to 81.6 Over 81.6 to Over 408.0 to
in
per Sq. Ft., lbs. per Sq. 40.8 lbs. per per Sq. Ft., 408.0 lbs. per 612.0 lb. Per
Inches
Excl. Ft., Excl. Sq. Ft., Excl. Excl. Sq. Ft. , Incl. Sq. Ft., Incl.
Tolerances over Specified Width

To 20, excl. 1/8 1/8 3/16 1/4 3/8 1/2
20 to 36, excl. 3/16 1/4 5/16 3/8 7/16 9/16
36 and over 5/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8
Tolerances under Specified Width: 1/8
Gas Cut Rectangular Plates

Width and Length Tolerances
Tolerances are over for all widths and lengths*.
Specified Specified
Thickness Wt. in Lbs., Tolerances,
in Inches Per Sq. Ft. Inches
To 2, excl. Up to 81.6, excl. 1/2

2 to 4, excl. 81.6 to 163.2, excl. 5/8
4 to 6, excl. 163.2 to 244.8, excl. 3/4
6 to 8, excl. 244.8 to 326.4, excl. 7/8
8 to 15, incl. 326.4 to 612.0, incl. 1
*These tolerances may be taken all under or divided over and under, if so
specified. Plates with universal rolled edges are commonly cut to length only.
K-32
Carbon Steel Plates
Rolled Floor Plates
Tolerances for Thickness and Weight

When Ordered To Thickness
Specified Excess in Avg. Wt.
Thickness of Lots* Expressed
in Inches in % of nom. Wts.
1/8 to 3/16, excl. 14

3/16 to 1/4, excl. 10
1/4 to 5/16, excl. 9
5/16 to 3/8, excl. 8
3/8 to 7/16, excl. 7
7/16 to 1/2, excl. 6
1/2 to 5/8, excl. 5.5
5/8 to 1, incl. 5
Tolerance under specified thickness, 0.01.

Note: Tolerances for overweight for lots of circular and sketch plates are 1-1/4
times the amounts in the above table. Tolerances for overweight for single plates
are 1-1/3 times the amounts in the above table. Tolerances for overweight for
single circular and sketch plates are 1-2/3 times the amounts in the above table.
Tolerances for Weight

When Ordered To Weight
Specified Tolerances for Avg. Wt of
Wt. in Lbs. Lots* Expressed in %
per Sq. Ft. of the specified wts. per Sq. Ft.
Over Under
Up to 3.00 excl. 10 5
3.00 to 6.15 excl. 8 5
6.15 to 8.70 excl. 6 5
8.70 to 11.25 excl. 5.5 3
11.25 to 13.80 excl. 5 3
13.80 to 16.35 excl. 4.5 3
16.35 to 18.90 excl. 4 3
18.90 to 21.45 excl. 3.5 2.5
21.45 to 26.55 excl 3 2.5
26.55 to 41.85 incl. 2.5 2.5
*The term lot means all the plates of each tabular weight or thickness group
represented in each shipment.
Note: Tolerances for overweight for lots of circular and sketch plates are 1-1/4
times the amounts in the above table. Tolerances for overweight for single plates
are 1-1/3 times the amounts in the above table. Tolerances for overweight for
single circular and sketch plates are 1-2/3 times the amounts in the above table.
K-33
Carbon Steel Plates
Rolled Floor Plates
Tolerances for Thickness and Length
Thickness in Inches and Equivalent Weights
Under 3/8 3/8 to 5/8 incl. 5/8 to 1 incl.
16.35 to 26.55 to
Specified Specified Under 16.35 26.55, excl. 41.85, incl.
Width, Length, lb. per sq. lb. per sq. lb. per sq.
ft. ft. ft.
Inches Inches Width Length Width Length Width Length
Tolerances Over Specified Width and Length
Up to Under 120 3/8 1/2 7/16 5/8 1/2 1

90, 120 to 240, excl. 3/8 3/4 1/2 7/8 5/8 1-1/8
incl. 240 to 360, excl. 3/8 1 1/2 1-1/8 5/8 1-1/2
360 to 480, excl. 7/16 1-1/4 1/2 1-3/8 5/8 1-5/8
Tolerances Under Specified Width and Length
Thickness 3/16 (8 70 lbs. per sq. ft.) and over 1/4

Thickness under 3/16 1/8
Camber Tolerances For Raised Figures

Camber as it relates to raised figures is the curvature of the raised figures in the
length direction, measured over the entire length of the plate.
3/8 x Number of feet of length

5
K-34
Alloy Steel Plates
Excess in Average Weight of Lots* for Widths Give in Inches, Expressed in Percentages of Nominal Weights**
Specified
Thicknesses 48 and Over 48 to 60 to 72, 72 to 84, 84 to 96, 96 to 108, 108 to 120, 120 to 132, 132 to 144, 144 to 168, 168 and
In Inches under 60, excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. over
Up to 1/4, excl. 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 10.5 12.0 14.0 16.0 18.5 - -
1/4 to 5/16, excl. 6.0 6.0 7.0 5.0 8.5 10.5 12.0 14.0 16.5 19.5 -
5/16 to 3/8, excl. 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 10.5 12.0 15.0 17.0 -
3/8 to 7/16, excl. 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 10.5 13.0 15.0 17.0
7/16 to 1/2, excl. 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 8.5 11.0 13.0 15.0
1/2 to 5/8, excl. 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.5 11.0 13.0
5/8 to 3/4, excl. 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 11.0
3/4 to 1, excl. 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.5
1 to 2, excl. 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
2 to 3, excl. 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.5 7.0
3 to 4, excl. 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 5.0
4 to 6, excl. 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.0
6 to 8, excl. 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5
8 to 10, excl. 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.5
10 to 12, excl. 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
12 to 15, excl. 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0
Tolerance under specified thickness, 0.01. Tolerances for overweight for single plates are 1-1/3 times the amounts in the above table. Tolerances for overweight for lots of circular and sketch
plates*** are 1-1/4 times the amounts in the above table. Tolerances for overweight for a single circular plate and a single plate are 1-2/3 times the amounts in the above table.
**Nominal weight in pounds equals specified length in inches multiplied by specified width in inches multiplied by specified thickness in inches multiplied by 0.2833.
***Sketch plates are plates having forms other than those of circles and rectangles.
K-35
Alloy Steel Plates
K-36
Hot Rolled or Thermally Treated
Thickness Tolerances - Rectangular Sheared Plates and Universal Mill Plates
Tolerances Over Specified Thickness for Widths Given, Inches

Specified
Thicknesses To 36, 36 to 60, 60 to 84, 84 to 120, 120 to 132, 132 and
In Inches excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. Over
Over 2 to 3, excl. 1/16 3/32 7/64 1/8 1/8 9/64
3 to 4, excl. 5/64 3/32 7/64 1/8 1/8 9/64
4 to 6, excl. 3/32 1/8 9/64 9/64 5/32 11/64
6 to 8, excl. 7/64 1/8 5/32 5/32 11/64 7/32
8 to 10, excl. 5/32 11/32 3/16 3/16 7/32 7/32
10 to 12, excl. 11/64 3/16 15/64 15/64 15/64 9/32
12 to 15, excl. 13/64 7/32 1/4 9/32 9/32 9/32
Notes: 1. Tolerance under specified thickness 0.01 inch. 2. The above tolerances only apply when the thickness is measured 3/8 inch from the longitudinal edges of plates. 3. For overweight
tolerances which limit the overall thickness of the plate, see Table 6.
Camber Tolerances - Sheared Plate, Universal Mill Plates and Special Cut or Gas Cut Rectangular Plates
Camber is the greatest deviation of a side edge from a straight line, the measurement being taken on the concave side with a straight edge.
Dimensions, in.
Thickness Widths Camber Tolerances for Thicknesses and Widths Given

To 2, incl. All 1/8 in. x number of feet of length
5
Over 2 to 15, incl. To 30, incl. 3/16 in. x number of feet of length
5
Over 2 to 15, incl. Over 30 1/4 in. x number of feet of length
5
Alloy Steel Plates
Hot Rolled or Thermally Treated
Flatness Tolerances - Rectangular Plates, Universal Mill Plates, and Circular and Sketch Plates
Flatness denotes the deviation of the top or bottom surface from a horizontal plane when the plate is resting on a flat surface. This table show flatness tolerances
when flatness is measured in the length direction and also when the flatness is measured in the width direction, as explained in Notes 1 to 4 incl.
Flatness tolerances for specified widths, inches
Specified Specified To 36 to 48 to 60 to 72 to 84 to 96 to 108 to 120 to 144 to 168

Thicknesses weight, lbs. 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 144, 168, and
In Inches per sq. ft. excl. exlc. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. over
To 1/4, excl. To 10.2, excl. 13/16 1-1/8 1-3/8 1-7/8 2 2-1/4 2-3/8 2-5/8 2-3/4 - -
1/4 to 3/8, excl. 10.2 to 15.3, excl. 3/4 15/16 1-1/8 1-3/8 1-3/4 1-7/8 2 2-1/4 2-3/8 - -
3/8 to 1/2, excl. 15.3 to 20.4, excl. 3/4 7/8 15/16 15/16 1-1/8 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-5/8 1-7/8 2-3/4 3-1/8
1/2 to 3/4, excl. 20.4 to 30.6, excl. 5/8 3/4 13/16 7/8 1 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-3/8 1-5/8 2-1/4 3
3/4 to 1, excl. 30.6 to 40.8, excl. 5/8 3/4 7/8 7/8 15/16 1 1-1/8 1-5/16 1-1/2 2 2-5/8
1 to 2, excl. 40.8 to 81.6, excl. 9/16 5/8 3/4 13/16 7/8 15/16 1 1 1 1-5/8 2-1/4
2 to 4, excl. 81.6 to 326.4, excl. 1/2 9/16 11/16 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 7/8 1 1-1/4 1-5/8
4 to 6, excl. 326.4 to 244.8, excl. 9/16 11/16 3/4 3/4 7/8 7/8 15/16 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-1/4 1-1/2
6 to 8, excl. 244.6 to 326.4, 5/8 3/4 3/4 15/16 1 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-5/16 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2
8 to 10, excl. 326.4 to 418, excl. 3/4 13/16 15/16 1 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-5/16 1-3/8 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2
10 to 12, excl. 418 to 489.6, excl. 3/4 15/16 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-5/16 1-3/8 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2
12 to 15, excl. 489.6 to 612, excl. 7/8 1 1-3/16 1-5/16 1-3/8/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/2
Notes:
1. Flatness Tolerances for Length. The longer dimension specified is considered the length, and variations from a flat surface along the length should not exceed the tabular amount for the
specified width in plates up to 12 feet in length, or in any 12 feet of longer plates.
2. Flatness Tolerances for Width. The flatness variation across the width should not exceed the tabular amount for the specified width.
3. When the longer dimension is under 36 inches, the variation should not exceed 3/8 in. When the larger dimension is from 36 to 72 inches inclusive, the variation should not exceed 75
percent of the tabular amount for the specified width.
4. The above table and notes cover the tolerances for flatness of circular and sketch plates, based on the maximum dimensions of these plates.
K-37
K-38
Alloy Steel Plates
Rectangular Plates, Universal Mill Plates and Circular and Sketch Plates
Waviness Tolerances
Waviness denotes the deviation of the top or bottom surface from a horizontal line, when the plate is resting on a flat surface, as measured in an
increment of less than 12 feet of length. The waviness tolerance is a function of the flatness tolerance as obtained from previous tables.
Flatness When Number of Waves is 12 ft. is:
Tolerance from
Previous Tables 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1/2 1/2 3/8 5/16 3/16 3/16 1/8 1/16
9/16 9/16 7/16 5/16 1/4 3/16 1/8 1/8
5/8 5/8 1/2 3/8 1/4 3/16 1/8 1/8
11/16 11/16 1/2 3/8 5/16 3/16 3/16 1/8
3/4 3/4 9/16 7/16 5/16 1/4 3/16 1/8
13/16 13/16 5/8 7/16 5/16 1/4 3/16 1/8
7/8 7/8 11/16 1/2 3/8 1/4 3/16 1/8
15/16 15/16 11/16 1/2 3/8 5/16 1/4 3/16
1 1 3/4 9/16 7/16 5/16 1/4 3/16
1-1/8 1-1/8 7/8 5/8 1/2 3/8 1/4 3/16
1-1/4 1-1/4 15/16 11/16 1/2 3/8 5/16 1/4
1-1/3 1-1/3 1-1/16 3/4 9/16 7/16 5/16 1/4
1-1/2 1-1/2 1-1/8 7/8 5/8 1/2 3/8 1/4
1-5/8 1-5/8 1-1/4 15/16 11/16 1/2 3/8 5/16
1-3/4 1-3/4 1-5/16 1 3/4 9/16 7/16 5/16
1-7/8 1-7/8 1-7/16 1-1/16 13/16 9/16 7/16 5/16
2 2 1-1/2 1-1/8 7/8 5/8 1/2 3/8
2-1/8 2-1/8 1-5/8 1-3/16 7/8 11/16 1/2 3/8
2-1/4 2-1/4 1-11/16 1-1/4 1-5/16 11/16 9/16 3/8
2-3/8 2-3/8 1-13/16 1-5/16 1 3/4 9/16 7/16
2-1/2 2-1/2 1-7/8 1-7/16 1-1/16 13/16 9/16 7/16
2-5/8 2-5/8 2 1-1/2 1-1/8 13/16 5/8 7/16
2-3/4 2-3/4 2-1/16 1-9/16 1-1/8 7/8 5/8 1/2
2-7/8 2-7/8 2-3/16 1-5/8 1-3/16 15/16 11/16 1/2
3 3 2-1/4 1-11/16 1-1/4 15/16 11/16 9/16
3-1/8 3-1/8 2-3/8 1-3/4 1-5/16 1 3/4 9/16
Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steel
Mechanical Properties Typical Hardness
Machinability
AISI SAE Tensile Yield Elongation in Reducation of % of
Number Number Material Strength ksi Strength ksi 2 % Area % BHN Rockwell CD 1212
303 30303 *Annealed Bar
85/95 30/40 45/55 50/60 160/180 B83/95 73
80/90 30/40 55/65 65/75 150/180 B80/90 45
*Sheet/Plate75 min 30 min 40 min - 202 max B92 max -
304L 30304L *Sheet/Plate70 min 25 min 40 min - 183 max B88 Max -
309 30309 *Sheet 75 min 30 min 40 min - 217 max B95 max -
75/90 30/40 40/50 60/70 150/180 B80/90 40
*Sheet/Plate75 min 30 min 40 min - 217 max B95 max -
316L 30316L *Sheet/Plate70 min 25 min 40 min - 217 max B95 max
321 30321 *Sheet 75 min 30 min 40 min - 217 max B95 max -
100 max -
416 51416 Annealed Bar 80/100 55/65 15/25 40/50 190/220 B90/95 90
420 51420 Annealed Bar 95 50 25 55 195 B92 55
430 51430 Sheet 65 min 30 min 20 min - 183 max B88 max -
440F Se 51440F Se Annealed Bar 100/120 60/70 10/15 20/30 200/260 B94/C25 48
630 (17-4) - Cond-A-Bar 150 110 6/15 30/60 321 C35 45
Cond-H900 Bar 200 185 14 50 415 C44
Cond-H1025 Bar 170 165 15 56 352 C38
*May be slightly magnetic when cold worked.
K-39
Relative Corrosion Resistance
K-40
Type 430, 304, and 316 Stainless Steel
The following data are based on observations from laboratory tests and service experience. Because of the effect of service exposure variables
on corrosion resistance, the date must be used with caution, only as general guides to corrosion resistance.
Explanation of Ratings:
A - Satisfactory for use in media stipulated.
B - Slight to moderate attack; deserving of consideration for some uses.
C - Corrosive attack generally too high to warrant consideration. (Even here there may be occasions when it is more economical to use stainless .
Concentration Temp. Stainless Steel Concentration Temp. Stainless Steel
Corrosive Media % F 430 304 316 Corrosive Media % F 430 304 316
Acetic Acid 5-10 180 A A A Aluminum Molten C C C

20 180 B A A Aluminum Sulfate 10 and Saturated 70-212 C A A
80 70 B A A Ammonia Any Conc. 70-212 A A A
80 Boiling C B A Anhydrous Anhydrous 70 A A A
Acetic Anhydride 90 70 B A A Gas to 600 A A A
90 Boiling C C A Ammonium Bicarbonate 70 and Hot - A A
60 180 - A A Ammonium Carbonate 1 and 5
30 180 - C A Still 70 A A A
Acetone Boiling A A A Aerated or Agitated 70 A A A
Acetyelen 70 A A A Ammonium Chloride 10 70 B* - A*
Alcohol-Ethyl (Ethanol) 70-Boiling A A A 20 70 - A* A*
Alcohol-Methyl (Methanol) 70 A A A Ammonium Nitrate All Conc.-Agitated 70 A A A
150 A A A Ammonium Oxalate 5 70 A A A
Ammonium Persulfate 5 70 A A A
Alum (Potassium Ammonium Sulfate 1 and 5
Aluminum Sulfate) 2 and 10 70 B* A* A Agiated and
2 and 10 Boiling C A* A Aerated 70 A A A
Sat. 70-212 B* A* A 10 68 B* B* A
Aluminum Acetate Saturated 70 - A A Saturated Boiling - C A*
Aluminum Chloride 10 and 25 70 C C B Ammonium Sulfite Cold and Boiling - B A
Alum (Chrome) 5 70 - A A
Aluminum Hydroxide A A A
* Subject to pitting.

Aniline 3, Conc. Crude 70 A A A Calcium Carbonate 70 A A A

Aniline Hydrochloride 60 C C C Calcium Chlorate Dil. Sol. 70 and Hot A A A
Amyl Acetate Anhydrous 70 A A A Calcium Hydroxide 10, 20 Boiling - A A
Amyl Chloride Anhydrous 70 B A A Calcium Hypochlorite 10 70 B* B* A*
Arsenic Acid 150 - A A Calcium Sulfate Saturated 70 A A A
225 - B - Carbonated Beverages A A A
Arsenious Acid B A A Carbon Bisulfide 70 A A A
Barium Carbonate 70 A A A Carbon Monoxide Gas 760 and
Barium Chloride 5 or Sat. 70 A* A* A 870 A A A
Aqueous Carbon Tetrachloride CP 70+Boil A A A
Sol. Hot - A A* Commercial 70 A* A* A
Barium Nitrate Aquesous Moist at
Sol. Hot - A A High Temp. - C C C
Barium Sulfate 70 A A A Carbonic Acid Saturated 70 A A A
Barium Sulfide 70 A A A Chloracetic Acid 70 C C B
Beer 70 - A A Chlorbenzene Conc. Pure 70 A A A
Benzene 70 A A A Chloric Acid 70 C C C
Benzoic Acid 70 A A A Chlorine Dry Gas 70 B B B
Blood (Meat Juices) Cold A* A A Moist Gas 70 C C C
Borax 5 Hot A A A Gas (Dry) 212 C B B
Bordeaux Mixture - A A Chloroform 70 A A A
Boric Acid 5 Hot A A A Chromic Acid 5 and 10 70 B* A* A
Saturated Boiling B A A 50 CP 70 C A* A
Bromine and Bromine Water C C C 50 CP Boiling C C A
Butyric Acid 5 70 A A A Citric Acid 5, Still 70 and 150 A A A
Butyl Acetate 70+150 A A A 15 70 and Boiling A A A
K-41
K-42

Citric Acid Saturated Boiling C C B Ethylene Glycol Conc. 70 A A

5 (as 45 psi) 284 - C A Fatty Acids 70 A A
Coca-Cola Syrup 70 A A A Ferric Chloride All Conc. 70 and
Copper Acetate Sat. Sol. 70 A A A Boiling C C
Copper Carbonate Sat. Sol. in Ferric Hydroxide 70 - A
50% NH4OH A A A Ferric Nitrate All Conc. 70 A A
Copper Chloride 1, Agitated or Ferric Sulfate All Conc. 70 A A
Aerated 70 A* A* A* Ferrous Sulfate 10 70+ Boil - A
5, Aerated 70 C C C Saturated 70 - A
Copper Cyanide Sat. Sol. Boiling C A A Fluorine Dry 70 A A
Copper Nitrate 1-5 Formaldehyde 40 70 A A
Agitated or Formic Acid 5 150 B A
Aerated 70 A A A 5 70 A A
50 Aqueous Hot A A A 10-50 70 B A
Copper Sulfate All Conc. 70-150 B** A A 10-50 Boiling C C
Creosote Hot - A A 100 70 - A
Creosote + 3% Salt - C - 100 Boiling - -
Cresylic Acid - A A Fruit Juices 70 A A
Cyanogen Gas 70 - A A Furfural 70 - A
Dinitrochlorobenzene Melted and Gallic Acid 70+150 A A
Solidified 70 A A A Gelatine A A
Epsom Salts Hot and Glue Dry or Neut.
Cold A A A Sol. 70 A A
Ether (Ethyl) 70 A A A Acid Sol. 70+150 - B*
Ethyl Acetate 70 A A A Glycerine 70 A A
Ethyl Chloride Dry 70 A A A Hydrobromic Acid C C
Ethylene Chloride Dry 70 - A A Hydrochloric Acid All Conc. 70 C C
**Subject to attack when H2SO, is present

Hydrocyanic Acid 70 B A A Mercuric Cyanide - A A
Hydrofluoric Acid 70 C C C Mercurous Nitrate A A A
Hydrogen Peroxide 70 A A A Mercury A A A
Hydrogen Sulfide Acid-Free C A* A* Methyl Chloride Dry Hot or Cold - A A
Wet A A A Milk-Fresh or Sour A A A
Ink Dry - A* A Mixed Acids 15 H2SO4+ 230 - A A
Iodine Solutions 70 C C C 5 HNO3
Idoform - A A 30 H2SO4+ 230 - A A
Lactic Acid 70+Boil. A A A 5 HNO3
1 70 A A A 58 H2SO4+ 203 - A A
5 Boiling B A A 40 HNO3
5 70 C A A 58 H2SO4+ 230 - C C
10 150 - B B 40 HNO3
10 Boiling C C B 70 H2SO4+ 203 - A A
Linseed Oil 10 70 A A A 10 HNO3
Magnesium Carbonate A A A 10 H2SO4+ Boiling - A A
Magnesium Chloride 70 A* A* A* 90 HNO3 70 A A A
1, 5 Still 68 - A* - Naphtha Crude or Pure 70 C C A*
10-30 70 C A* A* Nickel Chloride Sol. A A A
Magnesium Sulfate Saturated Hot and Nickel Nitrate
Cold A A A Nickel Sulfate - A A
Magnesium Hydroxide A A A Electroplating Solution 70 A A A
Magnesium Nitrate A A A Nitric Acid 5-50 Boiling C A A
Malic Acid Hot and 70 A A A
Cold - A A 70 Boiling C B -
Mayonnaise 70 - A* A*
Mercuric Chloride Dil. Sol. C C C
K-43
K-44

Nitric Acid Fuming 70 Phosphorous Trichloride - A A
Conc. A A A Photographic Developers - A A
Fuming Boiling Hypo Solutions - A* A*
Conc. 70 C C C Picric Acid 70 A A A
Nitrous Acid 5 Hot and A A A Potassium Bichromate 70 A A A
Cold A** A** A** Potassium Bromide - A* A*
Oils, Crude Potassium Carbonate 70 and
Oils, Vegetables and A** A** A** Boiling A A A
Mineral 70 A A A Potassium Chloride 1 and 5
Oleic Acid 400 - C A Agitated or
300 B* - - Aerated 70 A* A* A*
Hot and Potassium Cyanide A A A
Oxalic Acid 5 Cold A A A Potassium Ferricyanide 5 70 and
70 B A A Boiling A* A* A
10 Boiling C C C Potassium Ferrocyanide 5 70 - A* A
10 and 50 Hot and A A A Potassium Hydroxide 5 Agitated or
Paraffin Cold Aerated 70 A A A
27 and 50 Boiling - A A
Potassium Iodide C A A
Phenol Potassium Nitrate 70 and
CP + 10 Boiling A A A Boiling A A A
Water 212 A A A Potassium Oxalate A A A
Crude Boiling - A A Potassium Permanganate 5 70 A A A
Crude 70 A* A* A Potassium Sulfate 70 and
Phosphoric Acid Commercial 70 and Boiling A A A
1 and 5 Boiling A A A Potassium Thiocyanate 70 B* A A
70 C A A Pyrogallic Acid A A A
10 Air-Free 70 A A A Pyroligneous Acid Conc. - A A
10 Aerated

Rosin Molten A A A Sodium Hypochlorite 5, Still 70 B* A* A

Sea Water B* A* A* Saturated 70 - B* B**
Sewage - A** A** Sodium Hyposulfite 670 B** A** A*
Silver Bromide C B A* Sodium Lactate - A A
Silver Chloride C C C Sodium Nitrate Fused B A A
Silver Cyanide Saturated 70 A A A
Electroplating Solution - A A Sodium Nitrite - A A
Silver Nitrate A A A Sodium Peroxide 212 - A A
Soaps 70 A A A Sodium Phosphate
Sodium Acetate Moist A* A* A (Tribasic) 70 A A A
Sodium Bicarbonate All Concs. 70 A A A Sodium Sulphate 5, Sat. 70 A A A
Sodium Bichromate A A A Saturated Boiling C A A
Sodium Bisulfate 10 68 and 212 - A A Conc. 70 B A A
Saturated - C - Sodium Sulfide 5 and Sat. 70 A* A* A
Sodium Borate A A A 50 194 C A* A
Sodium Bromide - A A Sodium Sulfite 5 70 B A A
Sodium Carbonate 5-50 70 and 10 150 - A A
Boiling A A A 25, 50 Boiling C A A
Sodium Chlorate 10 and 25 A A A Saturated 70 A A A
Sodium Chloride All Conc. 70 A* A* A* Sodium Salicylate 200 A A A
Sodium Citrate A A A Stannic Chloride Solution 70 or
Sodium Fluoride B* A* A* Boiling C C C
Sodium Hydroxide 50 70 A A A Steam, CO2 and Air - A A
40 Boiling B A A Stearic Acid Conc. 176 and 200 A A A
Molten 600 C B A
K-45
K-46

Succinic Acid Molten - Tannic Acid 50 68 and Boiling - A A
Sugar Juice A Tartaric Acid 10 70 and 150 A A A
Sulfur 500, Tin Molten C C C
Molten A Tomato Juice - A A
Sulfur Chloride C Trichlorethylene Dry 68 A A A
Sulfur Dioxide Gas Moist 70 C Trichloracetic Acid 70 C C C
Gas Dry 575 A Tung Oil - A A
Sulfuric Acid 5, Aerated 70 C Uric Acid Conc. A A A
Boiling - Varnish 70-Hot A A A
10 Aerated 70 C Vegetable Juices A A A
Boiling C Vinegar Still,
50 Aerated 70 C Agitated or
Boiling C Aerated 70 A A A
90 Aerated 70 C Zinc Molten C C C
Fuming 70 - Zinc Chloride 5 Still 70 and
Sulfurous Acid Saturated 70 C Boiling C A* A*
Syrup - - Zinc Sulfate 5 or Sat. 70 A A A
Tannic Acid 10 68 - 25 Boiling - A A
10 Boiling -
The data presented herein is not intended for specification purposes, and should be considered as typical or average values only. Applications suggested for the
materials described are made solely to allow the reader to make his own evaluation, and are not to be construed as warranties, either limited or express, of fitness for
these or other applications.
Mechanical Properties of Aluminum
Typical Properties for Comparison Only
Tension
Strength % Elong.
Alloy KSI in 2 Ultimate Mod.2
Brinell Shear Endurance1 of
and Ultimate Yield 1/16 1/2
Harndess* Strength Limit, KSI Elast.
Temper Thick Thick
KSI KSLx103
1060-0 10 4 43 - 19 7 3 10.0
1060-H12 12 11 16 - 23 8 4 10.0
1060-H14 14 13 12 - 26 9 5 10.0
1060-H16 16 15 8 - 30 10 6.5 10.0
1060-H18 19 18 6 - 35 11 6.5 10.0
1100-0 13 5 35 45 23 9 5 10.0
1100-H12 16 15 12 25 28 10 6 10.0
1100-H14 18 17 9 20 32 11 7 10.0
1100-H16 21 20 6 17 38 12 9 10.0
1100-H18 24 22 5 15 44 13 9 10.0
1350-0 12 4 - -3
- 8 - 10.0
1350-H12 14 12 - - - 9 -
1350-H14 16 14 - - - 10 - 10.0
1350-H16 18 16 - - - 11 -
1350-H19 27 24 - -4
- 15 7 10.0
2011-T3 55 43 - 15 95 32 18 10.2
2011-T8 59 45 - 12 100 35 18 10.2
2014-0 27 14 - 18 45 18 13 10.6
2014-T4, T451 62 42 - 20 105 38 20 10.6
2014-T6, T651 70 60 - 13 135 42 18 10.6
2017-0 26 20 - 22 45 18 13 10.5
2017-T4, 451 62 40 - 22 105 38 18 10.5
2018-T61 61 46 - 12 120 39 17 10.8
2024-0 27 11 20 22 47 18 13 10.6
224-T3 70 50 18 - 120 41 20 10.6
2024-T4, T351 68 47 20 19 120 41 20 10.6
2024-T3615 72 57 13 - 130 42 18 10.6
2025-T6 58 37 - 19 110 35 18 10.4
2036-T4 49 28 24 - - - 18 6
10.3
2117-T4 43 24 - 27 70 28 14
10.3
2124-T851 70 64 - 8 - - -
10.6
2218-T72 48 37 - 1 95 30 -
10.8
2219-0 25 11 18 - - - -
10.6
2219-T42 52 27 20 - - - -
10.6
2219-T31
T351 52 36 17 - - - -
10.6
2219-T37 57 46 11 - - - -
10.6
2219-T62 60 42 10 - - - 15
10.6
2219-T81
T851 66 51 10 - - - 15
10.6
2219-T87 69 57 10 - - - 15
10.6
2618-T61 64 54 - 10 115 38 18
10.8
3003-0 16 6 30 40 28 11 7
10.0
3003-H12 19 18 10 20 35 12 8
10.0
3003-H14 22 21 8 16 40 14 9
10.0
3003-H16 26 25 5 14 47 15 10
10.0
3003-H18 29 27 4 10 55 16 10
10.0
K-47
Mechanical Properties of Aluminum, Continued
Tension
Strength % Elong.
KSI in 2 Ultimate Mod.2
Alloy Shear of
and 1/16 1/2 Brinell Strength Endurance1 Elast.
Ultimate Yield
Temper Thick Thick Harndess* KSI Limit, KSI KSLx103
3004-0 26 10 20 25 45 16 14 10.0
3004-H32 31 25 10 17 52 17 15 10.0
3004-H34 35 29 9 12 63 18 15 10.0
3004-H36 38 33 5 9 70 20 16 10.0
3004-H38 41 36 5 6 77 21 16 10.0
3105-0 17 8 24 - - 12 - 10.0
3105-H12 22 19 7 - - 14 - 10.0
3105-H14 25 22 5 - - 15 - 10.0
3105-H16 28 25 4 - - 16 - 10.0
3105-H18 31 28 3 - - 17 - 10.0
3105-H25 26 23 8 - - 15 - 10.0
4032-T6 55 46 - 9 120 38 16 11.4
5005-0 18 6 25 - 28 11 - 10.0
5005-H12 20 19 10 - - 14 - 10.0
5005-H14 23 22 6 - - 14 - 10.0
5005-H16 26 25 5 - - 15 - 10.0
5005-H18 29 28 4 - - 16 - 10.0
5005-H32 20 17 11 - 36 14 - 10.0
5005-H34 23 20 8 - 41 14 - 10.0
5005-H36 26 24 6 - 46 15 - 10.0
5005-H38 29 27 5 - 51 16 - 10.0
5050-0 21 8 24 - 36 15 12 10.0
5050-H32 25 21 9 - 46 17 13 10.0
5050-H34 28 24 8 - 53 18 13 10.0
5050-H36 30 26 7 - 58 19 14 10.0
5050-H38 32 29 6 - 63 20 14 10.0
5052-0 28 13 25 30 47 18 16 10.2
5052-H32 33 28 12 18 60 20 17 10.2
5052-H34 38 31 10 14 68 21 18 10.2
5052-H36 40 35 8 10 73 23 19 10.2
5052-H38 42 37 7 8 77 24 20 10.2
5056-0 42 22 - 35 65 26 20 10.3
5056-H18 63 59 - 10 105 34 22 10.3
5056-H38 60 50 - 15 100 32 22 10.3
5083-0 42 21 - 12 - 25 - 10.3
5083-H321, H116 46 33 - 16 - - 23 10.3
5086-0 38 17 22 - - 23 - 10.3
5086-H32, H116 42 30 12 - - - - 10.3
5086-H34 47 37 10 - - 27 - 10.3
5086-H112 39 19 14 - - - - 10.3
5154-0 35 17 27 - 58 22 17 10.2
5154-H32 39 30 15 - 67 22 18 10.2
5154-H34 42 33 13 - 73 24 19 10.2
5154-H36 45 36 12 - 78 26 20 10.2
5154-H38 48 39 10 - 80 28 21 10.2
5154-H112 35 17 25 - 83 - 17 10.2
5252-H25 34 25 11 - 68 21 - 10.0
5252-H38, H28 41 35 5 - 75 23 - 10.0
5254-0 35 17 27 - 58 22 17 10.2
5254-H32 39 30 15 - 67 22 18 10.2
5254-H34 42 33 13 - 73 24 19 10.2
5254-H36 45 36 12 - 78 26 20 10.2
5254-H38 48 39 10 - 80 28 21 10.2
5254-H112 35 17 25 - 63 - 17 10.2
5454-0 36 17 22 - 62 23 - 10.2
5454-H32 40 30 10 - 73 24 - 10.2
K-48
Mechanical Properties of Aluminum, Continued
Tension
Strength % Elong.
Ultimate Mod.2
Alloy KSI in 2
Shear of
and 1/16 1/2 Brinell Strength Endurance1 Elast.
Ultimate Yield
Temper Thick Thick Harndess* KSI Limit, KSI KSLx103
5454-H34 44 35 10 - 81 26 - 10..2
5454-H111 38 26 14 - 70 23 - 10.2
5454-H112 36 18 18 - 62 23 - 10.2
5456-0 45 23 - 24 - - - 10.3
5456-H112 45 24 - 22 - - - 10.3
5456-H321, H116 51 37 - 16 90 30 - 10.3
5457-0 19 7 22 - 32 12 - 10.0
5457-H25 26 23 12 - 48 16 - 10.0
5457-H321, H28 30 27 6 - 55 18 - 10.0
5652-0 28 13 25 30 47 18 16 10.2
5653-H32 33 28 12 18 60 20 17 10.2
5653-H34 38 31 10 14 68 21 18 10.2
5653-H36 40 35 8 10 73 23 19 10.2
5652-H38 42 37 7 8 77 24 20 10.2
5657-H25 23 20 12 - 40 14 - 10.0
5657-H38, H28 28 24 7 - 50 15 - 10.0
6061-0 18 8 25 30 30 12 9 10.0
6061-T4, T451 35 21 22 25 65 24 14 10.0
6061-T6, T651 45 40 12 17 95 30 14 10.0
6063-0 13 7 - - 25 10 8 10.0
6063-T1 22 13 20 - 42 14 9 10.0
6063-T4 25 13 22 - - - - 10.0
6063-T5 27 21 12 - 60 17 10 10.0
6063-T6 35 31 12 - 73 22 10 10.0
6063-T83 37 35 9 - 82 22 - 10.0
6063-T831 30 27 10 - 70 18 - 10.0
6063-T832 42 39 12 - 95 27 - 10.0
6066-0 22 12 - 18 43 14 - 10.0
6066-T4, T451 52 30 - 18 90 29 - 10.0
6066-T6, T651 57 52 - 12 120 34 16 10.0
6070-T6 55 51 10 - - 34 14 10.0
6101-H111 14 11 - - - - - 10.0
6101-T6 32 28 15 - 71 20 - 10.0
6262-T9 58 55 - 10 120 35 13 10.0
6463-T1 22 13 20 - 42 14 10 10.0
6463-T5 27 21 12 - 60 17 10 10.0
6463-T6 35 31 12 - 74 22 10 10.0
7075-0 33 15 17 16 60 22 - 10.4
7075-T6, T651 83 73 11 11 150 48 23 10.4
7178-0 33 15 15 16 - - - 10.4
7178-T6, T651 88 78 10 11 - - - 10.4
7178-T76, T7651 83 73 - 11 - - - 10.3
*500 kg load; 100mm ball.
1. Basedon 500,000,000 cycles of completely reversed stress using the R.R.
Moore type
of machine and specimen.
2. Average of tension and compression moduli. Compression modulus is about
2% greater
than tension modulus.
3. 135-0 wire will have an elongation of approximately 23% in 10 inches.
4. 1350-H19 wire will have an elongation of approx. 1-1/2% in 10 inches.
5. Tempers T361 and T861 were formerly designated T36 and T86.
6. Based on a 107 cycles using flexural type testing of sheet specimens.
K-49
Wide Flange Shapes

Flanges Out
Depth Flange Width
of Square
Beam Over Under Over Under Maximum
Size Theoretical Theoretical Theoretical Theoretical ASTM
12 .125 .125 .250 .188 .250

> 12 to 18 .125 .125 .250 .188 .313
> 18 .125 .125 .250 .188 .313
Maximum Depth at any Cross

Webb Off Center Max Section Over Theoretical
ASTM ASTM
All .188 .250
(ASTM max allowable on isolated conditions)
(i.e. start ups and end condition)
Web Thickness* Flange Thickness* Flange Width* Difference

Over Under Over Under
Theoretical Theoretical Theoretical Theoretical Run Max.
ALL .30 .30 .30 .30 1/2 tol. .20/in of
flange width
Web Bow
Bucked Web, Wavey Web Wavey Flange
14 .062 No more Flange width
> 14 to < 18 .080 than one 8 .062 one per 10
> 21 .100 every 4 ft. <8 .031 one per 10
Flange Bow
1% of flange width
Example:
Flange width = 8.00
8.00 x 1% = .080
Camber Weight Per Foot

ALL 1/8 in. X (number of feet of total +/- 2.5%
length / 10)
Length
Sweep Over Under
Flange Width 2 0
< 6 1/8 in x (number of feet
of total length / 5)
1/8 in x (number of feet

of total length / 10)
K-50
Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Bars
Rounds, Squares and Round Cornered Squares
Size, Out-of-Round or Out-of-Square Tolerances
Out of Rd.
Size Tolerances, Inches or Sq.,
Specified Size
In Inches Over Under Inches
To 5/16 incl. 0.005 0.005 0.008

Over 5/16 to 7/16 incl. 0.006 0.006 0.009
Over 7/16to 5/8 incl. 0.007 0.007 0.010
Over 5/8 to 7/8 incl. 0.008 0.008 0.012
Over 7/8 to 1 incl. 0.009 0.009 0.013
Over 1 to 1-1/8 incl. 0.010 0.010 0.015
Over 1-1/8 to 1-1/4incl. 0.011 0.011 0.016
Over 1-1/4 to 1-3/8 incl. 0.012 0.012 0.018
Over 1-3/8 to 1-1/2 incl. 0.014 0.014 0.021
Over 1-1/2 to 2 incl. 1/64 1/64 0.023
Over 2 to 2-1/2 incl. 1/32 0 0.023
Over 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 incl, 3/64 0 0.035
Over 3-1/2 to 4-1/2 incl. 1/16 0 0.046
Over 4-1/2 to 5-1/2 incl. 5/64 0 0.058
Over 5-1/2 to 6-1/2 incl. 1/8 0 0.070
Over 6-1/2 to 8-1/4 incl. . 5/32 0 0.085
Over 8-1/4 to 9-1/2 incl. 3/16 0 0.100
Over 9-1/2 to 10 incl 1/4 0 0.120
Note: Out-of-round is the difference between the maximum and minimum
diameters to the bar, measured at the same cross section. Out-of-square
section is the difference in the two dimensions at the same cross section of a
square bar between opposite faces.
Hexagons
Size and Out-of-Hexagon Tolerances
Specified Sizes Size Tolerances, Inches Out of
between Opposite Hexagon,
Sides in Inches Over Under Inches
To 1/2 incl. 0.007 0.007 0.011

Over 1/2 to 1 incl. 0.010 0.010 0.015
Over 1 to 1-1/2 incl. 0.021 0.013 0.025
Over 1-1.2 to 2 incl. 1/32 1/64 1/32
Over 2 to 2-1/2 incl. 3/64 1/64 3/64
Over 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 incl. 1/16 1/64 1/16
Note: Out of hexagon section is the greatest difference between any two
dimensions at the same cross section between opposite faces.
K-51
Square Edge and Round Edge Flats
Thickness and Width Tolerances
Specified Thickness In Inches
.203 to .230 to 1/4 to Over Over Over

Specified Size Over
.230 1/4 1/2 1/2 to 1, 1 to 2, 2 to 3,
In Inches 3
excl. excl. incl. incl. incl. incl.
To 1 incl. 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.010 - - -

Over 1 to 2 incl. 0.007 0.007 0.012 0.015 1/32 - -
Over 2 to 4 incl. 0.008 0.008 0.015 0.020 1/32 3/64 3/64
Over 4 to 6 incl. 0.009 0.009 0.015 0.020 1/32 3/64 3/64
Over 6 to 8 incl. - 0.015 0.015 0.025 1/32 3/64 -
Tolerance, Inches
Specified Width
in Inches Over Under
To 1 incl. 1/64 1/64

Over 1 to 2 incl. 1/32 1/32
Over 2 to 4 incl. 1/16 1/32
Over 4 to 6 incl. 3/32 1/16
Over 6 to 8 incl. 1/8* 3/32*
*For flats over 6 to 8 in width, and to 3 incl, in thickness
All Hot Rolled Carbon Steel Bars

Straightness Tolerances
1/8 in any 5 ft. or 1/4 number of ft. of length divided by 5. Because of warpage,
straightness tolerances do not apply to bars if any subsequent heating operation
or controlled cooling has been performed.
K-52
Bar Size Angles
Thickness, Length, and Out-of-Square Tolerances
Specified Thickness Tolerances for Thicknesses Tolerances for
Length Given, Over and Under, In. length of leg,
of Leg in To 3/16, Over 3/16 to Over over and under
Inches incl. 3/8, incl. 3/8 in inches
To 1, incl. 0.008 0.010 - 1/32

Over 1 to 2 incl. 0.010 0.010 0.012 3/64
Over 2 to 3, incl. 0.012 0.015 0.015 1/16
The longer leg of an unequal angle determines the size tolerance.

The out-of-square tolerance in either direction , 1-1/2o.
Bar Size Tees

Dimensional tolerances
Specified Width or Thicness Of Thickness Stem
Size of Tee Depth, In. Flanges, In. of Stem, In. Out-of-Square
In Inches Over Under Over Under Over Under Inches
To 1-1/4, incl. 3/64 3/64 0.010 0.010 0.005 0.020 1/32
Over 1-1/4 to 1/16 1/16 0.012 0.012 0.010 0.020 1/16

2, incl.
Over 2 to 3, 3/32 3/32 0.015 0.015 0.015 0.020 3/32

incl.
The longer member of an unequal tee determines the size for tolerances.
Measurements for both width and depth are overall. Stem out-of-square is the
variation from its true position of the center line of stem, measured at the point.
Bar Size Channels

Depth of Section, Width of Flange,
Thickness of Web and Out-of-Square Tolerances
Size Tolerance, Over or Under, Inches Out-of-
Square** of
Specified either Flange
Depth Width Thickness of Web
Size of Inches, per
Channel in of of To 3/16, Over
inch of Flange
Inches Section Flanges Incl. 3/16
width
To 1-1/2, incl. 1/32 1/32 0.010 0.015 1/32
Over 1-1/2 1/16 1/16 0.015 0.020 1/32

to 3, excl.
**For channels 5/8 or under in depth, the permissible out of square is 3/64
per inch of depth. Measurements for depth of section and width of flanges are
overall.
K-53
All Bars and Bar Size Sections**
Length Tolerances
Size of Tolerances Over Specified Length,
Rounds, Specified Size of Flats Inches. No Tolerances Under
Squares,
Width Thickness 5 to 10 to 20 to 30 to 40 to
Hexagons,
Inches Inches 10 excl. 20 excl. 30 excl. 40 excl. 60 excl.
Inches
Mill Cutting:
To 1, incl. To 3, incl. To 1, incl. 1/2 3/4 1-1/4 1-3/4 2-1/4
Over 1 to To 3, incl. Over 1 5/8 1 1-1/2 2 2-1/2

2, incl. Over 3 to 6, To 1, incl. 5/8 1 1-1/2 2 2-1/2
incl.
Over 2 to Over 3 to 6, Over 1 1 1-1/2 1-3/4 2-1/4 2-3/4

5, incl. incl.
Over 5 to - - 2 2-1/2 2-3/4 3 3-1/4

10, incl. Over 6 to 8 .230 to 1,
incl. incl. 3/4 1-1/4 1-3/4 3-1/2 4
Over 6 to 8, Over 1 to 3 1-1/4 1-3/4 2 3-1/2 4
incl.
Hot Sawing:
2 to 5* incl. 3 & over 1 & over * 1-1/2 1-3/4 2-1/4 2-3/4
Over 5 to
10, incl.
Bar Size * 2-1/2 2-3/4 3 3-1/4
Sections 5/8 1 1-1/2 2 2-1/2
*Smaller sizes and shorter lengths are not hot sawed.
1/4 in any 5 ft. or 1/4 x number of ft. of length divided by 5.
Because of warpage, straightness tolerances do not apply to bars if any

subsequent heating operation or controlled cooling has been performed.
Straightness Tolerances for

Machine Straightened Bars
1/8 in any 5 ft. or 1/8 x number of ft. of length divided by 5.
Because of warpage, straightness tolerances do not apply to bars if any
subsequent heating operation or controlled cooling has been performed after
straightening.
**Exception-Tolerances for half rounds and ovals, ovals and other special bar size
sections are commonly negotiated between purchaser and producer.
K-54
Cold Finished Carbon Steel Bars
Undersize Variations in Inches
Max. Carbon
Range Over
.55% or all
Max. Carbon Grades
Range to Quenched &
0.55% incl., Tempered
Max Stress Or
Size Carbon Max Carbon Relieved or Normalized &
Range Range Range Over Annealed Tempered
in .28% .28% to After Cold Before
Inches or less .55% Incl. Finishing Cold Finishing
Cold Drawn or Turned & Polished Rounds

1-1/2 or under .002 .003 .004 .005
Over 1-1/2 to 2-1/2, incl. .003 .004 .005 .006
Over 2-1/2 to 4, incl. .004 .005 .006 .007
Over 4 to 6, incl. .005 .006 .007 .008
Over 6 to 8, incl. .006 .007 .008 .009
Over 8 to 9, incl. .007 .008 .009 .010
Over 9 .008 .009 .010 .011
Cold Drawn Hexagons

3/4 or under .002 .003 .004 .006
Over 3/4 to 1-1/2, incl. .003 .004 .005 .007
Over 1-1/2 to 2-1/2, incl. .004 .005 .006 .008
Over 2-1/2 to 3-1/8, incl .005 .006 .007 .009
Cold Drawn Squares

3/4 or under .002 .003 .002 .007
Over 3/4 to 1-1/2, incl. .003 .004 .003 .008
Over 1-1/2 to 2-1/2, incl. .004 .005 .004 .009
Over 2-1/2 to 4, incl .006 .006 .005 .011
Cold Drawn Flats

Tolerances for flats apply to thickness as well as width.
To 3/4, incl. .003 .004 .006 .008
Over 3/4 to 1-1/2, incl. .004 .005 .008 .010
Over 1-1/2 to 3, incl. .005 .006 .010 .012
Over 3 to 4, incl. .006 .008 .011 .016
Over 4 to 6, incl. .008 .010 .012 .020
Over 6 .013 .015 - -
K-55
Cold Finished Carbon Steel Bars
Turned, Ground and Polished Rounds
Cold Drawn, Ground and Polished Rounds
Size Undersized Variations in Inches
Range Turned, Ground Cold Drawn,
in and Polished Ground and
Inches Rounds Polished Rounds
1-1/2 and under .001 .001
Over 1-1/2 to less than 2-1/2 .0015 .0015
2-1/2 to 3, incl. .002 .002
Over 3 to 4, incl. .003 .003
Over 4 to 6, incl. .004* -
Over 6 .005* -
*For nonresulphurized steels (steels specified to maximum sulphur limits under

0.08%) or for steels thermally treated, the tolerance is increased by .001.
K-56
Hot Rolled Alloy Steel Bars
Rounds & Squares
Specified
Variation from Size in Inches
Size in Out of Round* or
Inches Over Under Square in Inches
Up to 5/16, incl. .005 .005 .008

Over 5/16 to 7/16, incl. .006 .006 .009
Over 7/16 to 5/8, incl. .007 .007 .010
Over 5/8 to 7/8, incl. .008 .008 .012
Over 7/8 to 1, incl. .009 .009 .013
Over 1 to 1-1/8, incl. .010 .010 .015
Over 1-1/8 to 1-1/4, incl. .011 .011 .016
Over 1-1/4, to 1-3/8, incl. .012 .012 .018
Over 1-3/8 to 1-1/2, incl. .014 .014 .021
Over 1-1/2 to 2, incl. 1/64 1/64 .023
Over 2 to 2-1/2, incl. 1/32 - .023
Over 2-1/2 to 3-1/2, incl. 3/64 - .035
Over 3-1/2 to 4-1/2, incl. 1/16 - .046
Over 4-1/2 to 5-1/2, incl. 5/64 - .058
Over 5-1/2 to 6-1/2, incl. 1/8 - .070
Over 6-1/2 to 8-1/4, incl. 5/32 - .085
Over 8-1/4 to 9-1/2, incl. 3/16 - .100
*Out-of-round is the difference between the maximum and minimum diameters of

a round bar measured at the same cross section. Out-of-square is the difference
in the two dimensions at the same cross section of square bar - each dimension
being the distance between opposite faces.
Hexagons & Octagons

Specified Sizes Variation from Size in Inches Max. Difference in Inches
Measured between (Three Measurements
opposite sides in Inches Over Under Hexagons Only)
Up to 1/2, incl. .007 .007 .007

Over 1/2 to 1, incl. .010 .010 .010
Over 1 to 1-1/2, incl. .021 .013 .021
Over 1-1/2 to 2, incl. 1/32 1/64 1/32
Over 2 to 2-1/2, incl. 3/64 1/64 3/64
Over 2-1/2 to 3-1/2, incl 1/16 1/64 1/16
Square Edge and Round Edge Flats

Tolerances Apply to Thickness in Inches
Variations from Thickness in Inches
(Tolerances are over or under) Variations
From Width
Specified Under 1/4 to Over Over Over in Inches
Width in 1/4 1/2 1/2 to 1 to 2 2 to 4
Inches thick thick 1 thick thick Over Under
thick
Up to 1, incl. .007 .008 .010 - - 1/64 1/64
Over 1 to 2, incl. .007 .012 .015 1/32 - 1/32 1/32
Over 2 to 4, incl. .008 .015 .020 1/32 3/64 1/16 1/32
Over 4 to 6, incl. .009 .015 .020 1/32 1/16 3/32 1/16
Over 6 to 8, incl. .015 .016 .025 1/32 1/16 1/8 3/32
K-57
Hot Rolled Alloy Steel Bars
Standard Straightness - 1/4 in any 5 feet, or 1/4 x number of feet

of length divided by 5.
Special Straightness - 1/8 in any 5 feet, or 1/8 x number of feet of

length divided by 5.
Note: Straightness tolerances do not apply to H.R. alloy steel bars if any subse-
quent heating operation was performed.
K-58
Cold Finished Alloy Steel Bars*
Undersize Variations from Size in Inches
Max. Carbon
Range Over
.55% with or
without Stress
Relieving or
Annld. Annealing after
Max or Stress Cold Finishing.
Carbon Max Carbon Relieved Also all Carbons
Specified Range Range Over after C.F. Heat Tr. or Norm.
Size in .28% .28% to Max. Carb. & Temp. Before
Inches or less .55% Incl. to .55% Cold Finishing
Cold Drawn or Turned & Polished Rounds

To 1 incl.
(In coils) .002 .003 .004 .005
To 1-1/2 incl. .003 .004 .005 .006
Over 1-1/2
to 2-1/2 .004 .005 .006 .007
Over 2-1/2 to 4 .005 .006 .007 .008
Over 4 to 6 .006 .007 .008 .009
Over 6 to 8 .007 .008 .009 .010
Over 8 to 9 .008 .009 .010 .011
Over 9 .009 .010 .011 .012
Cold Drawn Hexagons

To 3/4, incl. .003 .004 .005 .007
Over 3/4 to
1-1/2 .004 .005 .006 .008
Over 1-1/2 to
2-1/2 .005 .006 .007 .009
Over 2-1/2 to 4 .006 .007 .008 .010
Cold Drawn Squares

To 3/4, incl. .003 .005 .006 .008
Over 3/4 to 1-1/2 .004 .006 .007 .009
Over 1-1/2 to
2-1/2 .005 .007 .008 .010
Over 2-1/2 to 4 .007 .009 .010 .012
Over 4 to 5 .011 - - -
Cold Drawn Flats

Tolerances for flats apply to thickness as well as width.
Width in Inches
To 3/4, incl. .004 .005 .007 .009
Over 3/4 to 1-1/2 .005 .006 .009 .011
Over 1-1/2 to 3 .006 .007 .011 .013
Over 3 to 4 .007 .009 .012 .017
Over 4 to 6 .009 .011 .013 .021
Over 6 .014 - - -
*Tolerances for sizes over 4 are standards of major producers.

K-59
Cold Finished Alloy Steel Bars*
Cold Drawn, Ground, and Polished Rounds
Turned, Ground, and Polished Rounds
Cold Drawn, Ground
& Polished Turned, Ground & Polished
All Carbons with

or without
Diameter Thermal Not Heat Heat
in Treatment before Treated Treated**
Inches Cold Drawing All Carb. All Carb.
To 1-1/2, incl. .001 .001 .001

Over 1-1/2 to
2-1/2, incl. .0015 .0015 .0015
2-1/2 to 3, incl. .002 .002 .002
Over 3 to 4, incl. .003 .003 .003
Over 4 to 6, incl. - .004 .005
Over 6 - .005 .006
*Tolerances for sizes over 4 are standards of major producers.

**Applies for quenched and tempered, normalized and tempered, or any similar
double treatment prior to turning.
K-60
AISI Thickness Tolerance Ranges
Galvanized Steel Sheets
Thickness lbs. per Thickness lbs. per
Inches sq. ft. Inches sq. ft.
Gage Dec. Toler. Weight Gage Dec. Toler. Weight
No. Equiv. Range Equiv.* No. Equiv. Range Equiv.*
10 .1382 .1472 5.78125 21 .0366 .0406 1.53125
.1292 .0326
11 .1233 .1323 5.15625 22 .0336 .0376 1.40625
.1143 .0296
.1174 .0346
12 .1084 .0994 4.53125 23 .0306 .0266 1.28125
13 .0934 .1014 3.90625 24 .0276 .0316 1.15625
.0854 .0236
14 .0785 .0865 3.28125 25 .0247 .0287 1.03125
.0705 .0207
15 .0710 .0770 2.96875 26 .0217 .0247 .90625
.0650 .0187
.0695 .0232
16 .0635 .0575 2.65625 27 .0202 .0172 .84375
.0625 .0217
17 .0575 .0525 2.40625 28 .0187 .0157 .78125
18 .0516 .0566 2.15625 29 .0172 .0202 .71875
.0466 .0142
19 .0456 .0506 1.90625 30 .0157 .0187 .65625
.0406 .0127
20 .0396 .0436 1.65625
.0356
Carbon Steel Sheets Hot Rolled H R P & O Cold Rolled
Thickness lbs. Thickness lbs.
Inches per sq. Inches per sq.
Dec. Toler. Range ft. Dec. Toler. ft.
Gage Gage Range
No. Equiv. HRP&O CR Wt. Equiv.* No. Equiv. Weight
CR
4 .2242 .2332 9.375 18 .0478 .0518 2.000
.2152 .0438
.2182 .0458
5 .2092 .2002 8.750 19 .0418 .0378 1.750
.2033 .0389
6 .1943 .1853 8.125 20 .0359 .0329 1.500
.1873 .1883 .0359
7 .1793 .1713 .1703 7.500 21 .0329 .0299 1.375
.1724 .1734 .0329
8 .1644 .1564 .1554 6.875 22 .0299 .0269 1.250
.1575 .1585 .0299
9 .1495 .1415 .1405 6.250 23 .0269 .0239 1.125
.1425 .1405 .0269
10 .1345 .1265 .1285 5.625 24 .0239 .0209 1.000
.1276 .1256 .0239
11 .1196 .1116 .1136 5.000 25 .0209 .0179 .875
.1126 .1106 .0199
12 .1046 .0966 .0986 4.375 26 .0179 .0159 .750
.0967 .0947 .0184
13 .0897 .0827 .0847 3.750 27 .0164 .0144 .688
.0817 .0797 .0169
14 .0747 .0677 .0697 2.812 28 .0149 .0129 .625
.0733 .0723 .0155
15 .0673 .0613 .0623
2.500 29 .0135 .0115 .562
16 .0598 .0658 .0648 2.250 30 .0120 .0130 .500
.0538 .0548 .0110
17 .0538 .0598 .0578
.0478 .0498
*Based on density of .2904 lb per cubic inch.
K-61
Carbon Steel Sheets
Hot Rolled Sheets - Dimension Tolerances

Thickness Tolerances for Coils & Cut Lengths,
Including Pickled Sheets
Thickness Tolerances are Over and Under in Inches*
Specified Thickness in Inches
Specified Width 0.2299 to .1799 to .0971 to .0709 to .0567 to .0508 to

in Inches .1800 .0972 .0710 .0568 .0509 .0449
Over 12 to 20 incl. .007 .007 .006 .006 .005 .005

Over 20 to 40 incl. .008 .007 .007 .006 .005 .005
Over 40 to 48 incl. .009 .008 .007 .006 .006 .005
Over 48 to 60 incl. - .008 .007 .007 .006 -
Over 60 to 72 incl. - .008 .008 .007 .007 -
Over 72 - .008 .008 - - -
Thickness Tolerances for Coils Over .180 Thick

Specified Width .5000 to .3750 to .3124 to .2299 to

in Inches .3751 .3125 .2300 .1800
Over 12 to 15 incl. .014 .012 .010 -

Over 15 to 20 incl. .015 .014 .011 -
Over 20 to 32 incl. .016 .015 .012 -
Over 32 to 40 incl. .017 .016 .013 -
Over 40 to 48 incl. .018 .017 .014 -
Over 48 to 60 incl. .019 .019 .015 .011
Over 60 to 72 incl. .021 .021 .016 .012
Thickness is measured at any point across the width not less than 3/8 in. from
a cut edge and not less than 3/4 in. from a mill edge. The above table does not
apply to the uncropped ends of mill edge coils.
*Regardless of whether total thickness tolerance is specified equally or unequally,

over and under, the total tolerance should be equal to twice the tabular toleranc-
es.
K-62
Carbon Steel Sheets
Width Tolerances for Coils and Cut Lengths,
Width Tolerances are Over, No Tolerance Under
Specified Width Tolerances Specified Width Tolerances
in Inches in Inches in Inches in Inches
Hot Rolled Cut Edge Sheets - Not Resquared
Up to 30 incl. 1/8 Over 60 to 80 incl. 5/16
Over 30 to 48 incl. 3/16 Over 80 3/8
Over 48 to 60 incl. 1/4
The above applies to thickness of 0.2299 or thinner.
Hot Rolled Mill Edge Sheets
Over 12 to 14 incl. 7/16 Over 24 to 26 incl. 13/16
Over 17 to 19 incl. 9/16 Over 30 to 50 incl. 1-1/8
Over 21 to 24 incl. 11/16 Over 78 1-7/8
The above tolerances do not apply to the uncropped ends of mill edge coils.
Length Tolerances for Sheets Not Resquared,

Length Tolerances are Over, No Tolerance Under
Up to 15 incl. 1/8 Over 120 to 156 incl. 1
Over 60 to 120 incl. 3/4 Over 240 1-3/4
Camber Tolerances (Includes Pickled Sheets)

Camber is the greatest deviation of a side edge from a straight line, the measure-
ment being taken on the concave side with a straight edge. Camber tolerances
for sheets in cut lengths, not resquared, are shown below:
Cut Length Camber Tolerances Cut Length Camber Tolerances

in Ft. in Inches in Ft. in Inches
For sheets in coils, camber should not exceed 1 in any 20 feet of length.
K-63
Carbon Steel Sheets
Out-of-Square Tolerances for Cut Edge Sheets Not

Resquared, Including Pickled Sheets
Out-of-square is the greatest deviation of an end edge from a straight line at right
angle to a side and touching one corner. It is also obtained by measuring the
difference between the diagonals of the sheet. The out-of-square deviation is
one-half of that difference. The tolerance for sheets of all gauges and all size is
1/16 per 6 of width or fraction thereof.
Resquared Tolerances
(Includes Pickled Sheets)
When sheets are specified resquared, the width and length are not less than the
dimensions specified. The individual tolerance for over-width, over-length, cam-
ber or out-of-square should not exceed 1/16 for sheets up to and including 48 in
width and up to and including 120 in length; or 1/8 for wider or longer sheets.
Flatness Tolerances for Sheets Not Specified to

Stretcher Leveled Standard of Flatness
Specified Specified Flatness*
Thickness Width Tolerance
in Inches in Inches in Inches
0.449 to 0.0567 To 36 incl. 1/2
Over 60 1
0.0568 to 0.1799
To 60 incl. 1/2
To 48 incl. 1
0.1800 to 0.2299 To 48 incl. 1/2
*Maximum deviation from a horizontal flat surface. The above table also applies
to sheets cut-to-length from coils by the consumer when adequate flattening
operations are performed.
Flatness Tolerances for Sheets Specified to Stretcher

Leveled Standard of Flatness,
Specified Specified Specified Flatness*
Thickness Width Length Tolerance
.0499 & thicker To 48 incl. To 96 incl. 1/8
Over 48 Over 96 1/4
*Maximum deviation from a horizontal flat surface.
K-64
Carbon Steel Sheets
Allowance in Width and Length for Sheets Specified
to Stretcher Leveled Standard of Flatness, Not Resquared
Allowances are over Specified Dimensions.
Length in Inches
Specified Width Specified: Grip or Specified: Grip or
Length in in entry marks outside entry marks inside
Inches Inches specified length specified length
To 120 incl. 3/4 4 3
Over 120 to 156 incl. 1 4 3
Over 156 1-1/4 5 4
K-65
Cold Rolled Sheets - Dimension Tolerances
Thickness Tolerances for Coils & Cut Lengths-
Over 12 Wide
Specified
Width in 0.1419 to .0971 to .0709 to .0567 to .0388 to .0194 to
Inches .0972 .0710 .0568 .0389 .0195 .0142
Over 12 to .005 .005 .005 .004 .003 .002
15 incl.
Over 15 to .006 .005 .005 .004 .003 .002
72 incl.
Over 72 .007 .006 .005 .004 .003 -
Thickness is measured at any point across the width not less than 3/8 inch from a
side edge.

over and under, the total tolerance should be equal to twice the tabular tolerances.
Thickness Tolerances for Coils & Cut Lengths-

2 to 12 Wide
Specified Width
in Inches .0821 to .0568 .0567 to .0389 .0388 to .0195 .00194 to .0142
2 to 12 incl. .005 .004 .003 .002
side edge.

This table applies to widths produced by slitting from wider sheet.
K-66
Carbon Steel Sheets
Width Tolerances for Coils & Cut Lengths-

Over 12 Wide

Over 30 to 48 incl. 3/16 Over 80 3/8
Width Tolerances for Coils & Cut Lengths-

2 to 12 Wide
Width Tolerances are Over and Under in Inches*

Specified Width in Inches
Specified Thickness 2 to 6 Over 6 to 9 Over 9 to 12
in Inches inclusive inclusive inclusive
.0821 to .0681 .012 .016 .032
.0680 to .0142 .008 .016 .032
Length Tolerances for Cut Lengths-

Over 12 Wide Not Resquared

Specified Length Length Tolerances Specified Length Length Tolerances
Over 12 to 30 incl. 1/8 Over 120 to 156 incl. 1
Over 96 to 120 incl. 3/4 Over 240 1-3/4
Length Tolerances for Cut Lengths-

2 to 12 Wide Not Resquared

Specified Width 24 to 60 Over 60 to 120 Over 120 to 240
2 to 12 inclusive 1/2 3/4 1
K-67
Carbon Steel Sheets
Camber Tolerances for Sheets
Over 12 Wide
Camber is the greatest deviation of a side edge from a straight line, the
measurement being taken on the concave side with a straight edge. Camber
tolerances for sheets in cut lengths, not resquared, are shown below:
For sheets in coils, camber should not exceed 1 in any 20 feet of length. Cam-
ber tolerances for coils 2 to 12 wide are 1/4 in any 8 feet.
Out-of-Square Tolerances for Sheets
Over 12 Wide Not Resquared
one-half of that difference. The tolerance for sheets of all gauges and all sizes is
General Tolerances for Resquared Sheets

Over 12 Wide
When sheets are specified resquared, the width and length are not less than the
dimensions specified. The individual tolerance for over-width, over-length, camber
or out-of-square should not exceed 1/16 for sheets up to and including 48 in
width and up to and including 120 in length; or 1/8 for wider or longer sheets.
Flatness Tolerances for Sheets Over 12 Wide Not Specified

to Stretcher Leveled Standard of Flatness
Specified Thickness Specified Width Flatness* Tolerance
in Inches in Inches in Inches
0.449 & thicker Up to 36, incl. 1/4
Over 36 to 60, incl. 3/8
Over 72 7/8
.0448 & thinner Up to 36, incl. 3/8

Over 60 7/8
Note 1: The above table does not apply to full hard sheets produced to
hardness ranges.
Note 2: The above table also applies to sheets cut to length from coils by the
consumer when adequate flattening measures are performed.
K-68
Carbon Steel Sheets
Flatness Tolerances for Sheets

Specified to Stretcher Leveled Standard of Flatness
Specified Thickness Specified Width Specified Length Flatness* Tolerance
.0284 & thicker To 48, incl. To 120, incl. 1/8
over 48 over 120 1/4
.0283 to .0157 incl. To 36, incl. To 120, incl. 1/4

over 36 over 120 3/8
Allowances in Width and Length for Sheets Specified to

Stretcher Leveled Standard of Flatness Not Resquared
Allowances are over specified dimensions
Length in Inches
To 120 incl. 3/4 4 3
Over 120 to 156 incl. 1 4 3
Over 156 1-1/4 5 4
K-69
Carbon Steel Sheets
Galvanized Sheets-Hot Dipped
Coating Designation and Minimum Coating Test Limits

Minimum Check Limit
Previous
Coating Coating Class Triple Spot Test Single Spot Test
Type Designation oz. per sq. ft. oz. per sq. ft. oz. per sq. ft.
Regular G235 2.75 2.35 2.00

Regular G210 2.50 2.10 1.80
Regular G185 2.25 1.85 1.60
Regular G165 2.00 1.65 1.40
Regular G140 1.75 1.40 1.20
Regular G115 1.50 1.15 1.00
Regular G90 1.25 Commercial .090 0.80
Regular G60 Light Commercial 0.60 0.50
Regular G01 - No Minimum No Minimum
Alloyed A60 - 0.60 0.65
Alloyed A40 - 0.40 0.43
Alloyed A01 - No Minimum No Minimum
The weight of coating in oz. per sq. ft. refers to the total coating on both surfaces.
the coating designation number is the term by which this product is specified.
K-70
Carbon Steel Sheets
Thickness Tolerances for Coils and Cut Lengths
Thickness Tolerances are Over or Under in Inches

Specified
Width in .1868 to .1008 to .0747 to .0605 to .0425 to .0231 &
Inches .1009 .0748 .0606 .0426 .0232 thinner
To 32, incl. .008 .007 .006 .005 .004 .003
Over 32 .008 .008 .006 .005 .004 .003
to 40
Over 40 .009 .008 .006 .005 .004 .003
to 60
Over 60 .009 .009 .006 .005 .004 -
to 72
side edge.

over and under, the total tolerance should be equal to twice the tabular tolerances
Width Tolerances for Coils and Cut Lengths Over 12 Wide

Not Resquared
Specified Width Width Tolerance Specified Width Width Tolerance


Width Tolerances for Coils and Cut Lengths 2 to 12 Wide

Not Resquared
Thickness Tolerances are Over and Under in Inches
Specified Width in Inches
Specified Thickness 2 to 6 Over 6 to 9 Over 9 to 12

.0821 to .0681 .012 .016 .032
.0680 to .0142 .008 .016 .032
K-71
Carbon Steel Sheets
Length Tolerances for Sheets Not Resquared

Specified Length Tolerance in Specified Length Tolerance in
in Inches Inches in Inches Inches
Over 12 to 30 incl. 1/8 Over 120 to 156 incl. 1

Over 96 to 120 incl. 3/4 Over 240 1-3/4
Length Tolerances for Sheets 2 to 12 Wide Not Resquared

Specified Width 24 to 60 Over 60 to 120 Over 120 to 240
2 to 12 inclusive 1/2 3/4 1
Camber Tolerances
Camber is the greatest deviation of a side edge from a straight line, the mea-
surement being taken on the concave side with a straight edge. The camber
tolerances for sheets in cut lengths, not resquared, are shown below:
Out-of-Square Tolerances For Sheets Not Resquared

one-half of that difference. The tolerance for sheets of all gauges and all sizes is
Resquared Tolerances
When sheets are specified resquared, the width and length are not less than
the dimensions specified. The individual tolerance for over-width, over-length,
camber or out-of-square should not exceed 1/16 for sheets up to and including
48 in width and up to and including 120 in length; or 1/8 for wider or
longer sheets.
K-72
Carbon Steel Sheets
Specified Wt. in Specified Thickness Specified Width Flatness* Tolerance
Lbs. per Sq. Ft. in Inches in Inches in Inches
2.031 (18 G.S.G.) .0486 and Up 50 36, incl. 1/4
and heavier thicker Over 36 to 60, incl. 3/8
2.030 (19 G.S.G.) .0485 and Up to 36, incl. 3/8

and lighter thinner Over 36 to 60, incl. 5/8

Note 1: The above table does not apply to full hard sheet or sheets produced to
hardness ranges.
Note 2: The above table also applies to sheets cut to length from coils by the
consumer when adequate flattening measures are performed.
Flatness Tolerances for Sheet Specified to Stretcher

Leveled Standard of Flatness
Specified Wt. in Specified Thick., Specified Width, Specified Flatness*
Lbs. per Sq. Ft. Inches Inches Length, Inches Tol., In.
1.344 (22 G.S.G.) 0486 and To 48, incl. To 120, incl. 1/8
and heavier thicker Over 48 Over 120 1/4
1.343 (23 G.S.G.) 0485 and To 36, incl. To 120, incl. 1/4
and lighter thinner Over 36 Over 120 3/8
Allowances in Width and Length for Sheets Specified to

Stretcher Leveled Standard of Flatness Not Resquared
Allowances are over specified dimensions
Length in Inches
To 120 incl. 3/4 4 3
Over 120 to 156 incl. 1 4 3
Over 156 1-1/4 5 4
Galvanized Sheets-Electrolytic Zinc Coated

Except for thickness tolerances shown following, dimensional tolerances for
electrolytic zinc coated sheets are the same as those for cold rolled sheets.
K-73
Carbon Steel Sheets
Specified .0971 .0567 .0388 .0194 .0141
Width to to to to to
in Inches .0568 .0389 .0195 .0142 thinner
Up to 40 .005 .004 .003 .002 .0015
Over to 60 .005 .004 .003 .002 -
side edge.

K-74
Aluminum Coated Sheets - Type 1
(Aluminized)
Gauge and Thickness Equivalents
Alum. Coat- Lbs. per Thick. Alum. Coat- Lbs. per Thick.
ed Ga. No. Square Equivalent, ed Ga. No. Square Equivalent,
Foot in. Foot in.
12 4.452 .1084 21 1.452 .0366
13 3.827 .0934 22 1.327 .0336
14 3.202 .0785 23 1.202 .0306
15 2.889 .0710 24 1.077 .0276
16 2.577 .0635 25 0.952 .0247
17 2.327 .0575 26 0.827 .0217
18 2.077 .0516 27 0.764 .0202
19 1.827 .0456 28 0.702 .0187
20 1.577 .0396

(Aluminized)
Specified Wt. in Specified Thickness Specified Width Flatness* Tolerance
Lbs. per Sq. Ft. in Inches in Inches in Inches
1.952 (18 A.C.G.) .0486 and Up to 36, incl. 1/4

and heavier thicker Over 36 to 60 incl. 3/8
1.951 (19 A.C.G.) .0485 and Up to 36, incl. 3/8

and lighter thinner Over 36 to 60 incl. 5/8
*Maximum deviation from horizontal flat surface.
Note 1: The above table does not apply to full hard sheets or sheets produced to
hardness ranges.
Note 2: The above table also applies to sheets cut to length from coils by the con-
sumer when adequate flattening measures are performed.
K-75
Carbon Steel Sheets
(Aluminized)
Flatness Tolerances for Sheets Specified to Stretcher
Leveled Standard of Flatness
Specified Specified Specified Specified Flatness*
Wt. in Lbs. Thick., Width, Length, Tol.,
per Sq. Ft. Inches Inches Inches Inches
1.265 (22 A.C.G.) .0322 To 48, incl. To 120, incl. 1/8
and heavier and thicker Over 48 Over 120 1/4
1.264 (23 A.C.G.) .0321 to To 36, incl. To 120, incl. 1/4

to .734 (27 .0195 incl. Over 36 Over 120 3/8
A.C.G) incl.
*Maximum deviation from horizontal flat surface.
Dimensional tolerances for aluminum coated sheets are the same as for hot
dipped galvanized sheets. See previous tables.
K-76
Carbon Steel Strip - Hot Rolled
Specified 0.2299 0.2030 0.1874 0.1179 0.0567 0.0448 0.0343
Width to to to to to to to
in Inches 0.2031 0.1875 0.1180 0.0568 0.0449 0.0344 0.0255
Up to
3-1/2 incl. - 0.006 0.005 0.004 0.003 0.003 0.003
Over 3-1/2
to 6 incl. - 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.003 0.003 -
Over 6 to
12 incl. 0.006 0.006 0.005 0.005 0.004 - -
Thickness measurements are taken 3/8 from edge of strip on 1 or wider and
at any place on the strip when narrower than 1. The given tolerances do not
include crown.
Crown Tolerances
Strip may be thicker at the center than at a point 3/8 from the edge by the
following amounts:
Specified 0.2299 0.2030 0.1874 0.1179 0.0567 0.0448 0.0343
Width to to to to to to to
in Inches 0.2031 0.1875 0.1180 0.0568 0.0449 0.0344 0.0255
Over 1 to
3-1/2 incl. - 0.001 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.002
Over 3-1/2
to 6 incl. - 0.002 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.003 -
Over 6 to
12 incl. 0.002 0.003 0.003 0.004 0.004 - -
K-77
Carbon Steel Strip - Hot Rolled
Width Tolerances
Width Tolerances are Over and Under in Inches
Specified Mill Edge & Slit or Cut

Width Square Edge All Edge Up to Over
in Inches Thicknesses 0.109 incl. 0.109
Up to 2 incl. 1/32 0.008 0.016
Over 2 to 5 incl. 3/64 0.008 0.016
Over 5 to 10 incl. 1/16 0.010 0.016
Over 10 to 12 incl. 3/32 0.016 0.016
Length Tolerances
Tolerances are Specified Length. No Tolerances are Under.
Specified Length in Feet

Specified Up Over 5 Over 10 Over 20 Over 30
Width to 5 to 10 to 20 to 30 to 40 Over
in Inches incl. incl. incl. incl. incl. 40
To 3 incl. 1/4 3/8 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/2
Over 3 to 6 incl. 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 1 1-1/2
Over 6 to 12 incl. 1/2 3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2 1-3/4
Camber Tolerances for Mill Edge, Square Edge

& Slit or Cut Edge Strip
Camber is the deviation of a side edge from a straight line. Such deviation is
obtained by placing an 8-foot straight edge on the concave side and measuring
the greatest distance between the strip edge and the straight edge.
For strip wider than 1-1/2 ......................................................... 1/4 in any 8 feet
For strip 1-1/2 and narrower ..................................................... 1/2 in any 8 feet
When the camber tolerances shown above are not suitable for a particular pur-
pose, hot rolled strip is sometimes machine straightened.
K-78
Structural Steel Tube
Dimensional Tolerances
Outside Diameter: Corner Radii:
Largest outside dimension.............Outside The radius of any outside corner
tolerance shall not exceed three times the
including specified wall thickness.
convexity and
Twist:
concavity Maximum
Longest
Up to 2-1/2......................................... .020 twist per
outside
Over 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 inclusive ............ .025 3 feet of length
dimension
Over 3-1/2 to 5-1/2 inclusive ............ .030
2 to 2-1/2 inclusive .............. .062
Over 5-1/2 ........................................... 1%
over 2-1/2 to 4 inclusive ....... .075
Tolerances include allowance for convexity or over 4 to 6 inclusive ............ .087
concavity. For rectangular sections, the toler- over 6 to 8 inclusive ............ .100
ance calculated for the larger flat dimension over 8 ................................... .112
shall also apply to the smaller flat dimension. Straightness:
This tolerance may be increased 50 percent Permissible variation shall be 1/8
when applies to the smaller dimension, if the times the number of feet of total
ratio of cross sectional dimensions is between length divided by 5:
1.5 and 3, and 100 percent when the ratio .125 x (total length) 5
exceeds 3.
Squareness of Sides:
Wall Thickness: Adjacent sides may deviate from 90
Maximum allowable variation 10% (wall degrees by a tolerance of plus or
thickness is to be measured at the center of minus 2 degrees maximum.
the flat, exclusive of the weld area, and not Flash:
at corners). Structural tubing usually is supplied
flashin. The height of the flash will
vary with the wall thickness of the tube.
Seamless Mechanical Steel Tube Tolerances

Hot Rolled Round Carbon & Alloy Steel
Diameter Tolerances
OUTSIDE DIAMETER TOLERANCES (INCHES) OUTSIDE DIAMETER TOLERANCES (INCHES)
Specified As Rolled or Oil Quenched Specified As Rolled or Oil Quenched

Size O.D. Annealed & Tempered Size O.D. Annealed & Tempered
(Inches) Plus & Minus Plus & Minus (Inches) Plus & Minus Plus & Minus
2.000 to 2.499 .017 .027 8.000 to 8.499 .043 .064

2.500 to 2.999 .019 .029 8.500 to 8.999 .045 .068
3.000 to 3.499 .021 .032 9.000 to 9.499 .048 .072
3.500 to 3.999 .023 .035 9.500 to 9.999 .050 .076
4.000 to 4.499 .025 .038 10.000 to 10.499 .053 .080
4.500 to 4.999 .027 .041 10.500 to 11.000 .055 .080
5.000 to 5.499 .029 .044 11.001 to 11.499 1% O.D. Consult
5.500 to 5.999 .031 .047 11.500 to 11.999 1% O.D. Mill
6.000 to 6.499 .033 .050 12.000 to 13.999 1% O.D. Consult
6.500 to 6.999 .035 .053 14.000 to 15.999 1% O.D. Mill
7.000 to 7.499 .037 .056 16.000 to 17.999 1% O.D. Consult
7.500 to 7.999 .040 .060 18.000 to 24.000 1% O.D. Mill
Note 1: Normalized and tempered tolerances.

Note 2: If water quench and temper is required for specified-Refer to Mill for applicable tolerance.
Note 3: Tolerances are ASTM-A-519.
Note 4: Hot Rolled tubing usually specified OD x Wall only.
K-79
Hot Rolled Round Carbon & Alloy Steel
Wall Tolerances
Maximum Over & Under Normal Wall

2 to 11 O.D. Over 11 O.D.
Wall Thickness Plus Minus Plus Minus
Walls under 10% of nominal Outside 10.0% 10.0% 12.5% 12.5%

Diameter
Walls 10% of nominal O.D. to 25% of

nominal O.D. inclusive. 7.5% 7.5% 12.5% 12.5%
Walls over 25% of nominal Outside 7.5% 7.5% 12.5% 12.5%

Diameter
Note: Wall thickness range & tolerance are ASTM-A-519.
Maximum Deviation from Straight

Outside Wall % Total Total in Entire Length: Inches
Diameter of Inches Per Foot of Length
Size Range Outside in Any 3 Length 3 to Length Under 3
Inches Diameter Feet 22 Feet and Over 22 Feet
Up to 5.000 3% OD & over .030 .007 .010

5.001/8.000 4% OD & over .045 .010 .015
8.001/10.750 4% OD & over .060 .015 .020
Note: Out-of-straightness is ordinarily checked at points of maximum devi-

ation (as determined by line-of-sight observation) by means of a three-front
straight-edge and feeler gages. When overall straightness in entire length
is of concern, the tube is rolled on a surface-plate and maximum devia-
tion-from-straight is determined by means of feel gages inserted between the
tube and plate at a point of maximum departure. If rotational methods such
as chucking the tube at its ends or supporting the ends on roller and rotating
under a dial indicator are used, extreme care in interpreting results must be
employed because reading are influenced by OD dimensional variation in
addition to deviation-from-straight. Not applicable to quenched and tempered
tubes over 302 BHN.
K-80
Cold Drawn Round Carbon & Alloy Steel
Diameter Tolerances
Oil
Unannealed or Soft Annealed or Quenched
Stress Relief Annealed Normalized & Tempered
OD Wall:
Size Range, Percent of OD Inches ID Inches OD Inches ID Inches OD / ID
Inches OD
Plus Minus Plus Minus Plus Minus Plus Minus Plus / Minus
Up to 0.499 All .004 .000 .005 .002 .005
0.500-1.699 All .005 .000 .000 .005 .007 .002 .002 .007 .007
1.700-2.099 All .006 .000 .000 .006 .006 .005 .005 .006 .008
2.100-2.499 All .007 .000 .000 .007 .008 .005 .005 .008 .009
2.500-2.899 All .008 .000 .000 .008 .009 .005 .005 .009 .010
2.900-3.299 All .009 .000 .000 .009 .011 .005 .005 .011 .012
3.300-3.699 All .010 .000 .000 .010 .013 .005 .005 .013 .013
3.700-4.099 All .011 .000 .000 .011 .013 .007 .010 .010 .014
4.100-4.499 All .012 .000 .000 .012 .014 .007 .011 .011 .015
4.500-4.899 All .013 .000 .000 .013 .016 .007 .012 .012 .017
4.900-5.299 All .014 .000 .000 .014 .018 .007 .013 .013 .018
5.300-5.549 All .015 .000 .000 .015 .020 .007 .014 .014 .019
5.550-5.999 Under 6 .010 .010 .010 .010 .018 .018 .018 .018 .025
6 to 7-1/2 .009 .009 .009 .009 .016 .016 .016 .016 .023
Over 7-1/2 .018 .000 .009 .009 .017 .015 .016 .016 .023
6.000-6.499 Under 6 .013 .013 .013 .013 .023 .023 .023 .023 .033
6 to 7-1/2 .010 .010 .010 .010 .018 .018 .018 .018 .025
Over 7-1/2 .020 .000 .010 .010 .020 .015 .018 .018 .025
6.500-6.499 Under 6 .015 .015 .015 .015 .027 .027 .027 .027 .038
6 to 7-1/2 .012 .012 .012 .012 .021 .021 .021 .021 .029
Over 7-1/2 .012 .012 .012 .012 .021 .021 .021 .021 .029
7.000-7.499 Under 6 .018 .018 .018 .018 .032 .032 .032 .032 .045
6 to 7-1/2 .013 .013 .013 .013 .023 .023 .023 .023 .033
Over 7-1/2 .026 .000 .013 .013 .031 .015 .023 .023 .033
7.500-7.999 Under 6 .020 .020 .020 .020 .035 .035 .035 .035 .050
6 to 7-1/2 .015 .015 .015 .015 .026 .026 .026 .026 .037
Over 7-1/2 .029 .000 .015 .015 .036 .015 .026 .026 .037
8.000-8.499 Under 6 .023 .023 .023 .023 .041 .041 .041 .041 .058
6 to 7-1/2 .016 .016 .016 .016 .028 .028 .028 .028 .040
Over 7-1/2 .031 .000 .015 .016 .033 .022 .028 .028 .040
8.500-8.999 Under 6 .025 .025 .025 .025 .044 .044 .044 .044 .063
6 to 7-1/2 .017 .017 .017 .017 .030 .030 .030 .030 .043
Over 7-1/2 .034 .000 .015 .019 .038 .022 .030 .030 .043
9.000-9.499 Under 6 .028 .028 .028 .028 .045 .045 .049 .049 .070
6 to 7-1/2 .019 .019 .019 .019 .033 .033 .033 .033 .047
Over 7-1/2 .037 .000 .015 .022 .043 .022 .033 .033 .047
9.500-9.999 Under 6 .030 .030 .030 .030 .045 .045 .053 .053 .075
6 to 7-1/2 .020 .020 .020 .020 .035 .035 .035 .035 .050
Over 7-1/2 .040 .000 .000 .025 .048 .022 .035 .035 .050
10.000- Under 6 .034 .034 .034 .034 .045 .045 .069 .069 .080
10.999 6 to 7-1/2 .022 .022 .022 .022 .039 .039 .039 .039 .055
Over 7-1/2 .044 .000 .015 .029 .055 .022 .039 .039 .055
.035 .035 .035 .035 .050 .050 .065 .065
11.000- Under 6 .025 .025 .025 .025 .045 .045 .045 .045
12.000 6 to 7-1/2 .045 .000 .015 .035 .060 .022 .045 .045
Over 7-1/2
Tabulated tolerances can be applied simultaneously to only two of three cross-sectional dimension,
i.e., OD x Wall, OD x ID or ID x Wall.
ID Tolerances apply only to tube specified OD x ID x Wall...and to dimensional 0.625 and over
when ID is at lleast half the OD.
Wall thickness less than 3% of OD, require added ovality tolerances of plus and minus 1/2% of
mean OD.
If water quench and temper is required or specified-refer to Mill for applicable tolerance.
K-81
Cold Drawn Round Carbon & Alloy Steel
Wall Tolerances
Wall Tolerances Max % Over
and Under Normal Wall
Wall Thickness
% of OD ID Under .500 ID .500 & Over
Under 10% 10.0% 7.5%

10 to 25% 10.0% 6.0%
Over 25% 12.5% 7.5%
Outside Diame- Wall Percent Total Camber

ter Size Range of Outside in Any 3 Feet
Inches Diameter
Up to 5.000 3% OD & Over .030
5.001/8.000 4% OD & Over .045
8.001/10,750 4% OD & Over .060
Not applicable to quenched and tempered tubes over 302

BHN
K-82
DOM Mechanical Steel Tube Tolerances
Cold Drawn Round Welded & Drawn Over Mandrel
Diameter Tolerances
Wall % OD, Inches ID, Inches
OD Size Range of OD Plus Minus Plus Minus
Up - .500 All .004 .000 .000 .004

0.500 - 1.699 All .005 .000 .000 .005
1.700 - 2.099 All .006 .000 .000 .006
2.100 - 2.499 All .007 .000 .000 .007
2.500 - 2.899 All .008 .000 .000 .008
2.900 - 3.299 All .009 .000 .000 .009
3.300 - 3.699 All .010 .000 .000 .010
3.700 - 4.099 All .011 .000 .000 .011
4.100 - 4.499 All .012 .000 .000 .012
4.500 - 4.899 All .013 .000 .000 .013
4.900 - 5.299 All .014 .000 .000 .014
5.300 - 5.549 All .015 .000 .000 .015
Under 6 .010 .010 .010 .010
5.550 - 5.999 6 to 7-1/2 .009 .009 .009 .009
Under 6 .013 .013 .013 .013
6.000 - 6.499 .010 .010 .010
6 to 7-1/2 .010
Under 6 .015 .015 .015 .015
6.500 - 6.999 .012 .012 .012
6 to 7-1/2 .012
Under 6 .018 .018 .018 .018
7.000 - 7.499 .013 .013 .013
6 to 7-1/2 .013
Under 6 .020 .020 .020 .020
7.500 - 7.999 .015 .015 .015
6 to 7-1/2 .015
Under 6 .023 .023 .023 .023
8.000 - 8.499 6 to 7-1/2 .016 .016 .016
.016
Under 6 .025 .025 .025 .025
8.500 - 8.999 6 to 7-1/2 .017 .017 .017
.017
Under 6 .028 .028 .028 .028
9.000 - 9.499 .019 .019 .019
6 to 7-1/2 .019
Under 6 .030 .030 .030 .030
9.500 - 9.999 6 to 7-1/2 .020 .020 .020
.020
Under 6 .034 .034 .034 .034
10.000 - 10.999 6 to 7-1/2 .022 .022 .022
.022
Under 6 .035 .035 .035 .035
11.000 - 11.999 6 to 7-1/2 .025 .025 .025
.025
Under 6 .036 .036 .036 .036
12.000 - 12.999 6 to 7-1/2 .027 .027 .027
.027
Under 6 .037 .037 .037 .037
13.000 - 13.999 6 to 7-1/2 .029 .029 .029
.029
Under 6 .038 .038 .038 .038
14.000 -15.000 .030 .030 .030
6 to 7-1/2 .030
.030 in any 3 ft. of length up to 7.500 OD
.060 in any 3 ft. of length over 7.500 OD
K-83
Wall Tolerances
Incl. Over Over Over
Wall
.375 .875 to 1.875 to 3.7500
Thickness,
to .875 1.875 3.750 to 15.000
Inch
OD OD OD OD
.028 +.002 +.002 +.002
&
.035 -.002 -.002 -.002
+.002 +.002 +.002
.049 -.002 -.003 -.003
.065 +.002 +.002 +.002 +.004
-.002 -.003 -.003 -.004
+.002 +.002 +.003 +.004
.083 -.002 -.003 -.003 -.005
.095 +.002 +.002 +.003 +.004
-.002 -.003 -.003 -.005
+.002 +.002 +.003 +.005
.109 -.003 -.004 -.003 -.005
+.003 +.002 +.003 +.005
.120 -.003 -.004 -.003 -.005
.134 +.002 +.003 +.005
-.004 -.003 -.005
.148 +.002 +.003 +.005
-.004 -.003 -.005
+.003 +.003 +.005
.165 -.004 -.004 -.006
+.003 +.003 +.006
.180 -.004 -.005 -.006
+.004 +.004 +.006
.203 -.005 -.005 -.007
+.004 +.004 +.007
.220 -.006 -.006 -.007
+.005 +.005 +.007
.238 -.006 -.006 -.007
+.005 +.005 +.007
.259 -.006 -.006 -.007
+.005 +.005 +.007
.284 -.006 -.006 -.007
+.006 +.006 +.008
.300 -.006 -.006 -.008
+.007 +.007 +.008
.320 -.007 -.007 -.008
+.008 +.008 +.009
.344 -.008 -.008 -.009
+.009 +.009
.375 -.009 -.009
+.010 +.010
.400 -.010 -.010
+.011 +.011
.438 -.011 -.011
+.012 +.012
.480 -.012 -.012
+.013 +.013
.531 -.013 -.013
+.013 +.013
.563 -.013 -.013
+.014 +.014
.580 -.014 -.014
+.015 +.015
.600 -.015 -.015
.625 +.016 +.016
-.016 -.016
.650 +.017
-.017
K-84
Ovality Tolerances
O.D., Inches Ovality O.D., Inches Ovality
Up to 2 .010 Over 6 to 7 incl. .035

Over 2 to 3 incl. .015 Over 7 to 8 incl. .040
O.D., Inches Ovality O.D., Inches Ovality

Ovality shall be within regular diameter tolerances except when the

wall thickness is less than 3% of the OD. In such cases, add the
additional ovality tolerance shown here; however, the mean OD or ID
must be within the minimum and maximum permitted by the diameter
tolerance table.
Cold Drawn Buttweld Steel Tube Date

Round Mandrel Drawn OD x ID Tube (CDBW)
Dimensional Tolerances
Wall Diameter Tolerances Wall

O.D. Size Thickness O.D., Inches I.D. Inches Tolerances
Range Range
Inches Inches Plus Minus Plus Minus Plus Minus
Under .500 Under .156 .004 .000 .000 .010 12.5% 12.5%
.500 to 1.500 Under .156 .005 .000 .000 .005 10.0% 10.0%
.500 to 1.500 0.156 & over .005 .000 .000 .005 7.0% 7.0%
1.500 & over Under .156 .010 .000 .000 .010 10.0% 10.0%
1.500 & over 0.156 & over .010 .000 .000 .010 7.0% 7.0%
Tolerances can be supplied to only two of three cross-sectional dimension.

Sunk drawn CDBW tube usually is specified OD x Wall.
Straightness tolerance is 0.030 in any 3 feet of length.
K-85
Welded Mechanical Steel Tube Tolerance
As-Welded Round Hot Rolled Electric Weld (HREW)
Diameter Tolerances
Outside Wall Thickness Outside Diameter, Tolerance, Inches
Diameter Size
Range Inches BWG Inches Plus Minus
3/4 to 1-1/8 incl. 16 to 10 .065 to .134 .0035 .0035

Over 1-1/8 to 2, incl. 16 to 7 .065 to .180 .005 .005
Over 1-1/8 to 2, incl. 6 to 3 .203 to .259 .005 .005
Over 2 to 2-1/2, incl. 16 to 3 .065 to .259 .006 .006
Over 2-1/2 to 3, incl. 16 to 3 .065 to .259 .008 .008
Over 2-1/2 to 3, incl. 2 to .320 .284 to .320 .010 .010
Over 3 to 3-1/2, incl. 16 to 3 .065 to .259 .009 .009
Over 3 to 3-1/2, incl. 2 to .360 .284 to .360 .012 .012
Over 3-1/2 to 3, incl. 6 to 3 .065 to .259 .010 .010
Over 3-1/2 to 4, incl. 2 to .500 .284 to .500 .015 .015
Over 4 to 5, incl. 16 to 3 .065 to .259 .020 .020
Over 4 to 5, incl. 2 to .500 .284 to .500 .020 .020
Over 5 to 6, incl. 16 to 3 .065 to .259 .020 .020
Over 5 to 6, incl. 2 to .500 .284 to .500 .020 .020
Over 6 to 8, incl. 11 to 3 .120 to .259 .025 .025
Over 6 to 8, incl. 2 to .500 .284 to .500 .025 .025
Note 1: Measurements for diameter are to be taken at least 2 inches from the end of
the tubes.
Note 2: Ovality shall be within the above tolerance except when the wall thickness is
less than 3% of the outside diameter. In such cases the ovality may be 50% greater
than the outside tolerances but the mean outside diameter shall be within the
specified tolerance.
Wall Tolerances
Wall Thickness Outside Diameter, Inches
3/4 to 1, Over 1 to Over 1-15/16 Over 3-3/4 to Over 4-1/2
Incl. 1-15/16, Incl. to 3-3/4, Incl. 4-1/2, Incl. to 8, Incl.
Inches BWG Wall Thickness Tolerance, Inches
Plus Minus Plus Minus Plus Minus Plus Minus Plus Minus
.065 16 .005 .009 .004 .010 .003 .011 .002 .012 .002 .012
.072 15 .005 .009 .004 .010 .003 .011 .002 .012 .002 .012
.083 14 .006 .010 .005 .011 .004 .012 .003 .013 .003 .013
.095 13 .006 .010 .005 .011 .004 .012 .003 .013 .003 .013
.109 12 .006 .010 .005 .011 .004 .012 .003 .013 .003 .013
.120 11 .006 .010 .005 .011 .004 .012 .003 .013 .003 .013
.134 10 .006 .010 .005 .011 .004 .012 .003 .013 .003 .013
.148 9 - - .006 .012 .005 .013 .004 .014 .004 .014
.165 8 - - .006 .012 .005 .013 .004 .014 .004 .014
.180 7 - - .006 .012 .005 .013 .004 .014 .004 .014
.203 6 - - - - .007 .015 .006 .016 .005 .017
.220 5 - - - - .007 .015 .006 .016 .005 .017
.238 4 - - - - .012 .020 .011 .021 .010 .022
.259 3 - - - - .013 .021 .012 .022 .011 .023
.284 2 - - - - .014 .022 .013 .023 .012 .024
.300 1 - - - - .015 .023 .014 .024 .013 .025
.320 - - - - - .016 .024 .015 .025 .014 .026
.344 - - - - - .017 .025 .016 .026 .015 .027
.360 - - - - - .017 .025 .016 .026 .015 .027
.375 - - - - - - - .016 .026 .015 .027
.406 - - - - - - - .017 .027 .016 .028
.438 - - - - - - - .017 .027 .016 .028
.469 - - - - - - - - - .016 .028
.500 - - - - - - - - - .016 .028
K-86
As-Welded Round Hot Rolled Electric Weld (HREW), contd
Inside Weld Flash
HREW tubing is usually produced to OD x Wall dimension only and in three
categories determined by height of inside diameter welding flash:
Flash-in-Tubing - ID Flash does not exceed wall thickness or 3/32
whichever is less.
Flash Controlled .010 - ID flash is 0.10 maximum height.
Flash Controlled .005 - ID flash is .005 maximum height.
As-Welded Round Cold Rolled Electric Weld (CREW), contd
Outside Wall Thickness Outside Diameter, Tolerance, Inches
Diameter Size
Range Inches BWG Inches Plus Minus
1/4 to 3/8 incl. 22 to 14 .028 to .083 .0025 .0025

Over 3/8 to 5/8 incl. 22 to 16 .028 to .065 .003 .003
Over 3/8 to 5/8 incl. 14 to 12 .083 to .109 .003 .003
Over 5/8 to 1-1/8 incl. 22 to 14 .028 to .083 .0035 .0035
Over 5/8 to 1-1/8 incl. 13 to 11 .096 to .120 .0035 .0035
Over 1-1/8 to 2 incl. 22 to 14 .029 to .083 .005 .005
Over 1-1/8 to 2 incl. 13 to 19 .095 to .148 .005 .005
Over 2 to 2-1/2 incl. 20 to 14 .035 to .083 .006 .006
Over 2 to 2-1/2 incl. 13 to 9 .095 to .148 .006 .006
Over 2-1/2 to 3 incl. 20 to 18 .035 to .049 .008 .008
Over 2-1/2 to 3 incl. 16 to 9 .065 to .148 .008 .008
Over 3 to 3-1/2 incl. 20 to 9 .035 to .148 .009 .009
Over 3-1/2 to 4 incl. 20 to 8 .035 to .165 .010 .010
Over 4 to 5 incl. 16 to 14 .065 to .083 .020 .020
Over 4 to 5 incl. 13 to 8 .095 to .165 .015 .015
Over 5 to 6 incl. 16 to 8 .065 to .165 .020 .020
Note 1: Measurements for diameter are to be taken at least 2 inches from the end of the
tubes.
Note 2: Ovality shall be within the above tolerance except when the wall thickness is less
than 3% of the outside diameter. In such cases the ovality may be 50% greater than the
outside tolerances but the mean outside diameter shall be within the specified tolerance.
Wall Tolerances
Wall Thickness Outside Diameter, Inches
3/8 to Over 7/8 to Over 1-7/8 to Over 3-3/4 Over 5 to 6
7/8, Incl. 1-1/8 Incl. 3-3/4 Incl. to 5 Incl. Incl.
Inches BWG Wall Thickness Tolerance, Inches
Plus Minus Plus Minus Plus Minus Plus Minus Plus Minus
.028 22 .001 .005 .001 - - .005 - - - -
.035 20 .002 .002 .001 .005 .001 .006 - - - -
.049 18 .003 .003 .002 .006 .002 .006 - - - -
.065 16 .005 .005 .004 .007 .004 .007 .004 .007 .004 .007
.083 14 .006 .006 .005 .007 .004 .007 .004 .007 .004 .008
.095 13 .006 .006 .005 .007 .004 .007 .004 .007 .004 .008
.109 12 - - .006 .008 .005 .008 .005 .008 .005 .009
.120 11 - - .007 .008 .006 .008 .005 .008 .005 .009
.134 10 - - .007 .008 .006 .008 .005 .008 .005 .009
Inside Weld Flash

CREW tubing is usually produced to OD x Wall dimension only and in three
categories determined by height of inside diameter welding flash:
Flash-in-Tubing - ID Flash does not exceed wall thickness or 3/32 whichever is less.
Flash Controlled .010 - ID flash is 0.10 maximum height.
Flash Controlled .005 - ID flash is .005 maximum height.
K-87
Low Carbon Steel Pressure Tube Data
Heat Exchanger Tube Tolerances
Tolerances
Size O.D. Range O.D. Wall
Specification Inches
Plus Minus Plus Minus
ASTM-A-179 Under 1.000 .004 .004 20% 0%

ASME-SA-179 1.000 to 1.500 .006 .006 20% 0%
Cold Drawn Seamless 1.501 to 1.999 .008 .008 22% 0%
Heat Exchanger Tube 2.000 to 2.499 .010 .010 22% 0%
Minimum Wall 2.500 to 2.999 .012 .012 22% 0%
(See Note 1) 3.000 to 4.000 .015 .015 22% 0%
ASTM-A-214 Under 1.000 .004 .004 18% 0%

ASME-SA-214 1.000 to 1.500 .006 .006 18% 0%
ERW Welded 1.501 to 1.999 .008 .008 18% 0%
Heat Exchanger Tube 2.000 to 2.499 .010 .010 18% 0%
Minimum Wall 2.500 to 2.999 .012 .012 18% 0%
(See Notes 1, 2 & 3) 3.000 to 4.000 .015 .015 18% 0%
4.001 to 7.500 .015 .025 18% 0%
7.501 to 9.000 .015 .045 18% 0%
Note 1 - Also available in average wall with 10% tolerance.

Note 2 - Tubes over 2 OD x .135 wall, ID weld flash controlled .10 max. height.
Note 3 - Tubes 2 OD x .135 wall & under, ID weld flash controlled .006 max. height
Hydraulic Tube Tolerances

Tolerances
Size O.D. Range O.D. Wall
Specification Inches
Plus Minus Plus Minus
Up to 0.375 .003 .003 15% 15%

ANSI-B93, 11-1969 0.376 to 0.500 .003 .003 10% 10%
SAE-J524 .0501 to 1.500 .005 .005 10% 10%
AMS-5050 1.501 to 2.500 .010 .010 10% 10%
Cold Drawn Seamless 2.501 to 3.000 .010 .010 10% 10%
JIC Hydraulic Line 3.001 to 3.500 .010 .010 10% 10%
ANSI-B93, 4-1969 Up to 0.375 .002 .002 15% 15%

SAE-J525 0.376 to 0.625 .0025 .0025 10% 10%
Welded & Drawn 0.626 to 2.000 .003 .003 10% 10%
JIC Hydraulic Line 2.001 to 2.500 .004 .004 10% 10%
2.501 to 3.000 .005 .005 10% 10%
3.001 to 4.000 .006 .006 10% 10%
K-88
Stainless Steel Plates
Flatness Tolerances - Annealed Plates
Variations from a Flat Surface for Thickness and Widths Shown, Inches
48 Over 60 to 72 to 84 to 96 to 108 to 120 to 144
Thickness, and 48 to 72 84 96 108 120 144 and
Inches under 60 excl. exlc. excl. excl. excl. excl. excl. over
3/6 to 1/4 3/4 1-1/16 1-1/4 1-3/8 1-5/8 1-5/8 1-7/8 2 -

1/4 to 3/8 excl. 11/16 3/4 15/16 1-1/8 1-3/8 1-7/16 1-9/16 1-7/8 -
3/8 to 1/2 excl. 1/2 9/16 11/16 3/4 15/16 1-1/8 1-1/4 1-7/16 1-3/4
1/2 to 3/4 excl. 1/2 9/16 5/8 5/8 13/16 1-1/8 1-1/8 1-1/8 1-3/8
3/4 to 1 excl. 1/2 9/16 5/8 5/8 3/4 13/16 15/16 1 1-1/8
1 to 1-1/2 excl. 1/2 9/16 9/16 9/16 11/16 11/16 11/16 3/4 1
1-1/2 to 4 excl. 3/16 9/16 3/8 7/16 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8
4 to 6 excl. 1/4 3/8 1/2 9/16 5/8 3/4 7/8 1 1-1/8
Permissible variations in above table apply to plates up to 15 feet long or to any

15 feet of longer plates.
If the longer dimension is under 36 inches the permissible variation shall not be
greater than 1/4 inch.
The shorter dimension specified shall be considered the width and the
permissible variation in flatness across the width shall not exceed the tabular
amount for that dimension.
In no case shall the maximum deviation from a flat surface exceed the tabular
tolerance for the longer dimension specified.
The above flatness tolerances are not applicable to plates in the hot rolled
condition or to plates with physical other than fully annealed.
Closer tolerances can be furnished by special flattening at mill - inquire.
Camber Tolerances - Sheared Mill Plate
1/8 X Number of feet of length

5
Tolerances May Vary After Cutting Plate to Size

Thickness Tolerances For Rectangular Stainless Steel Plates
All plates must be ordered to thickness and not to weight per square foot. For
purposes of production and shipment of plates within production size ranges, the
Thickness Tolerances for Rectangular Stainless Steel Plates show below apply.
Thickness Tolerance - Over Variation* (Inches)
Specified Thickness
(Inch) Widths to 84, Incl. Widths Over 84 to 120, Incl.
3/16 to 3/8 excl. .046 .050
3/8 to 3/4 excl. .054 .058
3/4 to 1 excl. .060 .066
1 to 2 excl. .070 .074
Over 2 Inquire Inquire
*No plate shall vary more than 0.01 under thickness ordered. Spot grinding not
to exceed 0.01 under the specified thickness is permitted to remove
surface imperfections.
K-89
Stainless Steel Bars
Size Tolerances - Hot Finished
Rounds and Squares
Size Tolerance, Inches

Out-of-Round or Out-of-
Size Inches Over Under Square Section, Inches
Over 1/4 to 5/16 incl. .005 .005 .008

Over 5/16 to 7/16 incl. .006 .006 .009
Over 7/16 to 5/8 incl. .007 .007 .010
Over 5/8 to 7/8 incl. .008 .008 .012
Over 7/8 to 1 incl. .009 .009 .013
Over 1 to 1-1/8 incl. .010 .010 .015
Over 1-1/8 to 1-1/4 incl. .011 .011 .016
Over 1-1/4 to 1-3/8 incl. .012 .012 .018
Over 1-3/8 to 1-1/2 incl. .014 .014 .021
Over 1-1/2 to 2 incl. 1/64 1/64 .023
Over 2 to 2-1/2 incl. 1/32 0 .023
Over 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 incl. 3/64 0 .035
Over 3-1/2 to 4-1/2 incl. 1/16 0 .046
Over 4-1/2 to 5-1/2 incl. 5/64 0 .058
Over 5-1/2 to 6-1/2 incl. 1/8 0 .070
Over 6-1/2 to 8 incl. 5/32 0 .085
Rough Turned Rounds
Size Tolerance, Inches
Specified Size Inches Over Under
Over 1-1/2 to 2 incl. 1/64 1/64

Over 2 to 2-1/2 incl. 1/32 0
Over 2-1/2 to 3-1/2 incl. 3/64 0
Over 3-1/2 to 4-1/2 incl. 1/16 0
Over 4-1/2 to 5-1/2 incl. 5/64 0
Over 5-1/2 to 6-1/2 incl. 1/8 0
Over 6-1/2 to 8 incl. 5/32 0
Over 8 to 10 incl. 1/4 0
Over 10 3/8 0
K-90
Stainless Steel Bars
Size Tolerances - Cold Finished Round
1/2 and Under
Tolerance, Inches
Size Inches Over Under
1/2 only .002 .002

Under 1/2 to .3125 incl. .0015 .0015
Under .3125 to .105 exlc. .001 .001
Rounds - Over 1/2

Tolerance, Inches
Over 1/2 to 1 excl. .002 .002

1 to 1-1/2 excl. .0025 .0025
1-1/2 to 4 incl. .003 .003
Over 4 to 4-1/2 incl. .005 .005
Over 4-1/2 .008 .008
NOTE: When it is necessary to heat treat or heat treat and pickle after
cold finishing, because of special hardness or mechanical property
requirements, tolerances are commonly double those shown above.
Squares and Hexagons

Tolerance, Inches
Over 1/2 to 1 incl. 0 .004

Over 1 to 2 incl. 0 .006
Over 2 to 3 incl. 0 .008
Over 3 0 .010
See footnote under Cold Finished Rounds above.
K-91
Standard Tolerances for Stainless Steel Pipe
ASTM-A-312
(Welded, Schedule 40)
O.D. Tolerances Wall Tolerances
Pipe Size, In. Plus Minus Plus Minus
1/8 .015 .031 0 12-1/2%

1/4 .015 .031 0 12-1/2%
3/8 .015 .031 0 12-1/2%
1/2 .015 .031 0 12-1/2%
3/4 .015 .031 0 12-1/2%
1 .015 .031 0 12-1/2%
1-1/4 .015 .031 0 12-1/2%
1-1/2 .015 .031 0 12-1/2%
2 .031 .031 0 12-1/2%
2-1/2 .031 .031 0 12-1/2%
3 .031 .031 0 12-1/2%
3-1/2 .031 .031 0 12-1/2%
4 .031 .031 0 12-1/2%
5 .062 .031 0 12-1/2%
6 .062 .031 0 12-1/2%
8 .062 .031 0 12-1/2%
10 .093 .031 0 12-1/2%
12 .093 .031 0 12-1/2%
Standard Tolerances for Stainless Steel Pipe

ASTM-A-312 - Tolerances to A530
(Seamless Hot Finished and Cold Drawn)
O.D. Wall
Pipe Size, In. Over Under Over Under
1/8 to 1-1/2 1/64 1/32 0 12-1/2%

1-1/2 to 4 1/32 1/32 0 12-1/2%
4 to 8 1/16 1/32 0 12-1/2%
K-92
Commercial Tolerances - Seamless Stainless Steel Tubing
ASTM-A-213 - Tolerances to A450 (Except Average Wall)
Size, In. Plus Minus Plus Minus Ovality
Under 1 .004 .004 10% 10% .008

1 - 1-1/2 incl. .006 .006 10% 10% .012
Over 1-1/2 - 2 excl. .008 .008 10% 10% .016
2 - 2-1/2 excl. .010 .010 10% 10% .020
2-1/2 - 3 excl. .012 .012 10% 10% .024
3 -4 incl. .015 .015 10% 10% .030
Over 4 - 7-1/2 incl. .015 .025 10% 10% .040
Over 7-1/2 - 9 incl. .015 .045 10% 10% .060
Notes:
1. Please inquire for wall tolerances on sizes 2 O.D. and over with wall of .220
and heavier, as well as any O.D. with wall 3/4 and heavier, and any tube with
I.D. 60% or less of the O.D.
2. Please inquire for ovality tolerance on sizes 2 O.D. and less with wal 2%
or less of specified O.D. and for greater than 2 O.D with wall 3% or less of
specified O.D.
Round Welded Stainless Tubing

ASTM-A-249 - Tolerances to A450 (Except Average Wall)
Size, In. Plus Minus Plus Minus Ovality
Under 1 .004 .004 10% 10% .008

1 - 1-1/2 incl. .006 .006 10% 10% .012
Over 1-1/2 - 2 excl. .008 .008 10% 10% .016
2 - 2-1/2 excl. .010 .010 10% 10% .020
2-1/2 - 3 excl. .012 .012 10% 10% .024
3 -4 incl. .015 .015 10% 10% .030
Over 4 - 7-1/2 incl. .015 .025 10% 10% .040
Over 7-1/2 - 9 incl. .015 .045 10% 10% .060
K-93
K-94
Thickness Tolerances
Stainless Cold Rolled Strip
Measured 3/8 inch in edge on 1 inch or wider; and on narrower than 1 inch at any place on the strip. Note: Most strip supplied from stock is slit from sheet coils.
Tolerances for 24 - 48 sheet as shown above will apply.
Tolerances For Mill Produced Strip
Ordered
Under Under Under Over Under 3 Over Over Over Over
Thickness, Inch
1/2 to 3/16, 1 to 1/2, 1-1/2 to 1, 9 to 12, 3 to 1-1/2, to 6, 6 to 9, 12 to 16, 16 to 20, 20 to 23-15/16,
From To and Incl. +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- +/- Incl. + & -
.249 .161 .002 002 003 .003 .004 .004 .004 005 .006 .006
.160 .100 .002 .002 .002 .002 .003 .004 .004 .004 .005 .005
.099 .069 .002 .002 .002 .002 .003 .003 .003 .004 .004 .004
.068 .050 .002 .002 .002 .002 .003 .003 .003 .003 .004 .004
.049 .040 .002 .002 .002 .002 .0025 .003 .003 .003 .004 .004
.039 .035 .002 .002 .002 .002 .0025 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003
.034 .032 .0015 .0015 .0015 .0015 .002 .0025 .0025 .0025 .003 .003
.031 .029 .0015 .0015 .0015 .0015 .002 .0025 .0025 .0025 .003 .003
.028 .026 .001 .001 .0015 .0015 .0015 .002 .002 .002 .0025 .003
.025 .023 .001 .001 .001 .001 .0015 .002 .002 .002 .0025 .0025
.022 .020 .001 .001 .001 .001 .0015 .002 .002 .002 .0025 .0025
.019 .017 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .0015 .0015 .002 .002 .002
.016 .015 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .0015 .0015 .0015 .002 .002
.014 .013 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .0015 .0015 .0015 .002 .002
.012 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .0015 .0015 .0015 .0015
.011 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .0015 .0015 .0015
.010 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .001 .0015 .0015
Camber Tolerances on Stainless Cold Rolled Strip

Up to and including 1-1/2 wide 1/2 in any 8 ft. length
Over 1-1/2 to 24, exclusive 1/4 in any 8 ft. length
Camber to be determined by placing an 8 foot straight edge against the concave side of the strip.
Stainless Steel
Sheet Gauge and Thickness Tolerances - All Finished
Tolerance - Plus and Minus
Continuous Mill Product
Ordered
USS Gage Thickness Hand Mill 24 to 48 Over 48 to
in Inches Product incl. 60 incl.
8 and 9 .1874 to .1451 .014 .007 .0105
10 .1450 to .1301 .012 .006 .009
11 .1300 to .1141 .010 .005 .0075
12 .1140 to .0981 .009 .005 .007
13 .0980 to .0831 .008 .004 .006
14 .0830 to .0721 .007 .004 .0055
15 and 16 .0720 to .0581 .006 .003 .0045
17 to 19 .0580 to .0401 .005 .003 .004
20 to 22 .0400 to .0291 .004 .002 .003
23 to 27 .0290 to .0161 .003 .0015
.0160 to .0080 .002 .0015
.0079 to .0060 .0015
.0059 to .0050 .001
The decimal thickness ordered or required will be furnished to the standard plus and minus
thickness tolerances.
Note: Original width of sheet governs tolerance.
Stainless Steel Camber Tolerance

Widths through 36: 1/8 every 8 ft.
Widths over 36: 3/32 every 8 ft.
Stainless Steel Sheet/Flatness Tolerance

Sheets not specified to stretcher leveled standard of flatness (exclusive of 1/4,
1/2, 3/4, and full hard tempers of 200 and 300 series grades dead soft and deep
drawing sheet.
Flatness Tolerance
(maximum deviation
Thickness Width from a horizontal
in Inches in Inches surface), inches
.062 & over To 60 incl. 1/2
Over 72 1
Under .062 To 36 incl. 1/2
Over 60 1
Stretcher Leveled Flatness Tolerance

Sheets specified to stretcher leveled standard of flatness (exclusive of hard tem-
pers of 200 and 300 series grades).
Flatness Tolerance
(maximum deviation
Thickness Width Length from a horizontal
in Inches in Inches in Inches surface), inches
Under 3/16 To 48 incl. To 96 incl. 1/8

Under 3/16 To 48 incl. Over 96 1/4
Under 3/16 Over 48 To 96 incl. 1/4
Under 3/16 Over 48 Over 96 1/4
K-95
Standard Tolerances for Thickness of Flat and Coiled Sheet
Alloys 1100, 3003, 3105, 5005 and 5050
Up to Over 18 Over 36 Over 54
Thickness Inches 18 Incl. thru 36 thru 54 thru 72
0.006 to 0.007 0.0010 0.0010 0.0020
0.008 to 0.010 0.0010 0.0015 0.0020
0.011 to 0.017 0.0015 0.0015 0.0020
0.018 to 0.028 0.0015 0.0020 0.0025 0.0030
0.029 to 0.036 0.0020 0.0020 0.0025 0.0035
0.037 to 0.045 0.0020 0.0025 0.0030 0.0040
0.046 to 0.068 0.0025 0.0030 0.0040 0.0050
0.069 to 0.076 0.0025 0.0030 0.0040 0.0060
0.077 to 0.096 0.0030 0.0030 0.0040 0.0060
0.097 to 0.108 0.0035 0.0040 0.0050 0.0070
0.109 to 0.140 0.0045 0.0045 0.0050 0.0070
0.141 to 0.172 0.0060 0.0060 0.0080 0.0090
0.173 to 0.203 0.0070 0.0070 0.0090 0.0110
0.204 to 0.249 0.0090 0.0090 0.0110 0.0130
0.250 to 0.320 0.0130 0.0130 0.0130 0.0150
0.321 to 0.438 0.0190 0.0190 0.0190 0.0190
0.439 to 0.625 0.0250 0.0250 0.0250 0.0250
0.626 to 0.875 0.0300 0.0300 0.0300 0.0300
0.876 to 1.125 0.0350 0.0350 0.0350 0.0350
Alloys 2024, 5052, 5083, 5454, 6061 and 7075

Thickness Up to Over 18 Over 36 Over 48 Over 54 thru
Inches 18 Incl. thru 36 thru 48 thru 54 60
0.006 to 0.010 0.0010 0.0015 0.0025 0.0025
0.011 to 0.017 0.0015 0.0015 0.0025 0.0035
0.018 to 0.028 0.0015 0.0020 0.0025 0.0035 0.0040
0.029 to 0.036 0.0020 0.0020 0.0025 0.0040 0.0050
0.037 to 0.045 0.0020 0.0025 0.0030 0.0040 0.0050
0.046 to 0.068 0.0025 0.0030 0.0040 0.0050 0.0060
0.069 to 0.076 0.0030 0.0030 0.0040 0.0050 0.0060
0.077 to 0.096 0.0035 0.0035 0.0040 0.0050 0.0060
0.097 to 0.108 0.0040 0.0040 0.0050 0.0050 0.0070
0.109 to 0.140 0.0045 0.0045 0.0050 0.0050 0.0070
0.141 to 0.172 0.0060 0.0060 0.0080 0.0080 0.0090
0.173 to 0.203 0.0070 0.0070 0.0100 0.0100 0.0110
0.204 to 0.249 0.0090 0.0090 0.0110 0.0110 0.0130
0.250 to 0.320 0.0130 0.0130 0.0130 0.0130 0.0150
0.321 to 0.438 0.0190 0.0190 0.0190 0.0190 0.0200
0.439 to 0.625 0.0250 0.0250 0.0250 0.0250 0.0250
0.626 to 0.875 0.0300 0.0300 0.0300 0.0300 0.0300
0.876 to 1.125 0.0350 0.0350 0.0350 0.0350 0.0350
Note: Original width of sheet governs tolerance.

Standard Tolerances for Aluminum Sheet and Plate
Flatness j - Flat Sheet
Longitudinal or Transverse Distance, ft.,
Alloy Specified Center to Center of Buckles or Edge Waves k
(includes Thickness
Up Over 2 Over 3 Over 4 Over
Alclads) In.
thru 2 thru 3 thru 4 thru 6 6
Tolerance, in. lmn
1060, 1100, 1350, 3003, 0.020 thru 0.064 1/8 3/16 3/16 5/16 3/8
3005, 3105, 5005, 5050, 0.065 thru 0.249 1/8 3/16 5/16 3/8 1/2
5x57
3004, 5052, 5083, 5086, 0.020 thru 0.064 3/16 3/16 5/16 3/8 1/2
5252, 5x54, 5456, 5652, 0.065 thru 0.249 3/16 5/16 3/8 1/2 9/16
brazing sheet and all
heat treatable alloys
K-96
Standard Tolerances for Aluminum Rod & Bar
Diameter Inches Tolerance Inches Thickness, Width, In. Tolerance Inches
COLD FINISHED ROD COLD FINISHED FLAT
0.125 - 0.500 0.0015 .065 - .500 .002
0.501 - 1.000 0.0020 .501 - 1.00 .0025
1.001 - 1.500 0.0025 1.001 - 1.500 .030
1.501 - 2.000 0.0040 1.501 - 2.000 .005
2.001 - 2.000 0.0060 2.001 - 3.000 .008
3.001 - 3.499 0.0080 3.001 - 4.000 .010
3.500 - 5.000 0.0120
EXTRUDED ROD/6061 EXTRUDED SQUARES/FLATS
Under .125 .006 Under .125 .006
.125 - .249 .007 .125 - .249 .007
.250 - .499 .008 .250 - .499 .008
.500 - .749 .009 .500 - .749 .009
.750 - .999 .010 .750 - .999 .010
1.000 - 1.499 .012 1.0 - 1.49 .012
1.500 - 1.999 .014 1.5 - 1.99 .014
2.000 - 3.999 .024 2.0 - 3.99 .024
4.000 - 5.999 .034 4.0 - 7.99 .034
6.000 - 7.999 .044 8.0 - 9.99 .054
8.000 - 9.999 .054
10.000 - 11.999 .074
12.000 - 13.999 .084
Standard Tolerances for Aluminum Drawn Tube - Round

Diameter Tolerance/Plus & Minus, Inches
Allowable Allowable Deviation of Mean Diam.
Deviation from Size at any Point
of Mean
Diam. Not Treated Heat Treated Annld.
Up thru 0.500 .003 .003 .006 .018

0.501 - 1.000 .004 .004 .008 .018
1.001 - 2.000 .005 .005 .010 .030
2.001 - 3.000 .006 .006 .012 .036
3.001 - 5.000 .008 .008 .016 .048
5.001 - 6.000 .010 .010 .020 .060
6.001 - 8.000 .015 .015 .030 .090
8.001 - 10.000 .020 .020 .040 .012
10.001 - 12.000 .025 .025 .050 .150
Wall Tolerances/Plus & Minus, Inches

Allowable Allowable Deviation of Mean Diam.
Deviation from Size at any Point
of Mean
Diam. Non-Heat-Treatable Heat Treatable
0.010 - 0.035 .002 .020 .030

0.036 - 0.049 .003 .002
0.050 - 0.083 .004 .003 10% of
0.084 - 0.120 .005 .004 specified
0.121 - 0.203 .006 .006 wall
0.204 - 0.300 .008 .008 .003
0.301 - 0.375 .015 .012 minimum
0.376 - 0.500 .020
K-97
Standard Tolerances for Aluminum Extruded Tube - Round
Diameter Tolerance/Plus & Minus, Inches
Deviation from Size of Deviation from Size at
Diam. Mean Diam. Any Point
Inches 5083, 5086 Other 5083, 5086 Other
(Size) 5454 Alloys 5454 Alloys
.500 - 0.999 .015 .010 .030 .020
1.000 - 1.999 .018 .012 .038 .025
2.000 - 3.999 .023 .015 .045 .030
4.000 - 5.999 .038 .025 .075 .050
6.000 - 7,999 .053 .035 .113 .075
8.000 - 9.999 .068 .045 .150 .100
10.000 - 11.999 .083 .055 .188 .125
12.000 - 13.999 .098 .065 .225 .150
14.000 - 15.999 .113 .075 .263 .175
16.000 - 17.999 .128 .085 .300 .200
Wall Tolerances/Plus & Minus, Inches
Allowable Deviation of Mean Wall from Specified Wall
Under 1.250 OD 1.250 - 2.999 OD 3.000 - 4.999 OD 5.000 and over
Spec. 5083 5083 5083 5083
Wall 5086 Other 5086 Other 5086 Other 5086 Other
Inches 5454 Alloys 5454 Alloys 5454 Alloys 5454 Alloys
Under 0.047 .009 .006 - - - - - -
0.047- 0.061 .011 .007 .012 .008 .012 .008 .015 .010
0.062 -0.077 .012 .008 .012 .008 .014 .009 .018 .012
0.078 -0.124 .014 .009 .014 .009 .015 .010 .023 .015
0.125 -0.249 .014 .009 .014 .009 .020 .013 .030 .020
0.250 -0.374 .017 .011 .017 .011 .032 .016 .038 .025
0.375 -0.499 - - .023 .015 .041 .021 .053 .035
0.500 -0.749 - - .030 .020 .053 .028 .068 .045
0.750 -0.999 - - - - .068 .035 .083 .055
1.000 -1.499 - - - - - .045 .098 .065
1.500 -2.000 - - - - - - .113 .075
2.001 -2.499 - - - - - - .128 .085
2.500 -2.999 - - - - - - .143 .095
3.000 -3.499 - - - - - - .158 .105
3.500 -4.000 - - - - - - .173 .115
Allowable Wall Deviation at any point (Eccentricity)

2 Wall & Under: Plus & minus 10% of mean wall .060
maximum, .010 minimum
Over 2 .120
Standard Tolerances for Aluminum Pipe/Sch 40 & 80

Outside Diameter Wall
Pipe Size Tolerance Size Tolerance
Inches Inches Inches %
Under 2 + .015 -.031 All - 12-1/2
2 and Up 1%
Standard Tolerances for Aluminum Tread Plate/Sheet
Thick Tolerance, In. Thick Tolerance, In.
In. Plus Minus In. Plus Minus
.100 .008 .012 .250 .018 .030
.125 .010 .015 .375 .025 .045
.156 .011 .019 .500 .035 .060
.188 .013 .023 .625 .044 .075
Specified thickness does not include height of pattern (Minimum height of raised
pattern = 0.040 inch.)
K-98
Standard Tolerances for Aluminum Sheet and Plate
Flatness - Sawed or Sheared Plate
Longitudinal Flatness
Specified Tolerance l In. - Allowable Deviation from Flat
Thickness, In. Tx51 temperso Other than Tx51 tempers o m
0.250 - 3.000 3/16 in any 6 ft. p 1/4 in any 6 ft. or less
3.001 - 6.000 1/8 in any 6 ft. or less 1/4 in any 6 ft. or less
Transverse Flatness
Tolerance l In. - Allowable Deviation from Flat
Widths over 4 ft. thru 6 ft. q Widths over 2 ft. thru 4 ft. Widths 2 ft. and less
Specified
Thickness, Tx51 Other than Tx51 Tx51 Other than Tx51 All tempersm
In. temperso tempers o m temperso tempers o m
0.250 - 0.624 3/8 1/2 5/16 3/8 Only short-span

0.625 - 1.500 5/16 3/8 3/16 1/4 flatness tolerance
1.501 - 3.000 3/16 1/4 3/16 3/16 applies
3.001 - 6.000 1/8 1/4 1/8 3/16
Short-Span Flatness r
Tolerances In. - Allowable Deviation from Flat
Specified Thickness,
In. Tx51 temperso Other than Tx51 tempers o m
0.250 - 0.624 0.100 0.125

.0625 - 6.000 0.075 0.090
j Not applicable to cut-length sheet, panel flat sheet, coiled sheet, or sheet
over 60 in. wide.
k Also applicable to overall length or width of sheet if only one longitudinal
and/or transverse buckle or edge wave is present.
l Allowable deviation from flat with the sheet positioned on flat horizontal
surface to minimize deviation.
m Not applicable to the O.F. and Hx8 and harder tempers.
n Not applicable to end or corner turnup.
o Tx51 is a general designation for the following stress-relieved tempers:
T351, T451, T651, T851, T7351 AND T7651.
p For pieces ordered to less than 6 ft. length the tolerance is 1/8 in. for the
total length.
q For widths over 6 ft., these tolerances apply for any 6 ft. of total width.
r Short-span flatness is the deviation from flat over full span for spans 2 ft.
and less.
s As measured with the plate resting on a flat surface.
K-99
Copper and Copper Alloy
Rod Tolerances - Rounds and Hexagons
All Tolerances are Plus and Minus in Inches
Non-Refractory Alloys
110, 145, 147, 220, 260, 316, 353, 360, 464 & 485
Refractory Alloys
544, 642 & 792
Tolerance in Inches
Diameter or Distance Non-Refractory Alloys Refractory Alloys
between Parallel Surfaces
in Inches Round Hexagon Round Hexagon
Up to .150 incl.* .0013 .0025 .002 -

Over .150 to .500 incl.* .0015 .003 .002 .004
Over .500 to 1.00 incl. .002 .004 .003 .005
Over 1.00 to 2.00 incl. .0025 .005 .004 .006
Over 2.00 to 2.125 incl. .003 .006 .004 .008
Over 2.125 to 2.250 incl. .003 .007 .005 .009
Over 2.250 to 2.375 incl. .004 .007 .005 .009
Over 2.375 to 2.625 incl. .004 .008 .005 .010
2.750 .004 .008 .006 .011
2.875 .004 .009 .006 .012
3.00 .005 .009 .006 .012
Over 3.125 to 3.25 incl. .005 .010 - -
Over 3.5 to 3.625 incl. .005 .011 - -
3.750 to 4.00 incl. .006 .011 - -
Over 4.00 to 4.250 incl. .006 .012 - -
Over 4.250 to 4.750 incl. .007 - - -
5.00 .008 - - -
6.00 .009 - - -
7.00 .011 - - -
8.00 .012 - - -
10.00 .015 - - -
*All Round FC Brass Rod 3/32 to 1/4 incl. are carried to Swiss Tolerances ( .0005)
Width Tolerances
Rectangles
Non-Refractory Alloys
110, 145, 220, 260, 316 & 360
Refractory Alloy - 510
(For squares use thickness tolerances next page)
Width Tolerance in Inches
Width in Inches Non-Refractory Alloys Refractory Alloys
Up to .050 incl. .0013 .0015
Over .050 to .090 incl. .0015 .002
Over .090 to .130 incl. .002 .003
Over .130 to .188 incl. .003 .004
Over .188 to .500 incl. .0035 .005
Over .500 to 1.25 incl. .005 .007
Over 1.25 to 2.00 incl. .008 .010
Over 2.00 to 4.00 incl. .012 .015
Over 4.00 to 12.00 incl. 0.30%* 0.50%*
*Expressed to the nearest .001
K-100
Thickness Tolerances - Square and Rectangular Rod and Bar
Copper Bus Bar
Width in Inches
Up Over 1/2 Over 1-1/4 Over 2.00 Over 4.00 Over 8.00
Thickness to 1/2 to 1-1/4 to 2.00 to 4.00 to 8.00 to 12.00
in Inches incl. incl. incl. incl. incl. incl.
Over .050 to .090 incl. .0015 .0015 .0020 .0025 - -

Over .090 to .130 incl. .0020 .0020 .0025 .0030 .0035 -
Over .130 to .188 incl. .0025 .0025 .0030 .0035 .0040 .0050
Over .188 to .500 incl. .0030 .0030 .0035 .0040 .0045 .0055
Over .500 to 1.00 incl. - .0040 .0040 .0045 .0050 .0060
Over 1.00 to 2.00 incl. - .0045 .0045 .0050 .0060 -
Over 2.00 to 4.00 incl. - - - 0.30%* - -
Brass and Commercial Bronze
Width in Inches
Up Over 1/2 Over 1-1/4 Over 2.00 Over 4.00 Over 8.00
Thickness to 1/2 to 1-1/4 to 2.00 to 4.00 to 8.00 to 12.00
Over .050 to .090 incl. .0015 .002 .003 .0035 - -

Over .090 to .130 incl. .002 .0025 .0035 .004 - -
Over .130 to .188 incl. .003 .0035 .004 .0045 .006 .008
Over .188 to .500 incl. .0035 .004 .0045 .0045 .006 .008
Over .500 to 1.00 incl. - .0045 .005 .005 .007 .009
Over 1.00 to 2.00 incl. - .005 .005 .006 .008 -
Over 2.00 to 4.00 incl. - - - 0.30%* - -
*Expressed to the nearest .001
K-101
Thickness Tolerances - Sheet and Strip
Non-Refractory Alloys*
Width in Inches
Up Over 8 Over 12 Over 14 Over 20 Over 28 Over 36
Thickness to 8 to 12 to 14 to 20 to 28 to 36 to 48
in Inches incl. incl. incl. incl. incl. incl. incl.
Up to .004 incl. .0003 .0006 .0006 - - - -
Over .004 to .006 incl. .0004 .0008 .0008 .0013 - - -
Over .006 to .009 incl. .0006 .0010 .0010 .0015 - - -
Over .009 to .013 incl. .0008 .0013 .0013 .0018 .0025 .003 .0035
Over .013 to .017 incl. .0010 .0015 .0015 .002 .0025 .003 .0035
Over .017 to .021 incl. .0013 .0018 .0018 .002 ..03 .0035 .004
Over .021 to .026 incl. .0015 .002 .002 .0025 .003 .0035 .004
Over .026 to .037 incl. .002 .002 .002 .0025 .0035 .004 .005
Over .037 to .050 incl. .002 .0025 .0025 .003 .004 .005 .006
Over .050 to .073 incl. .0025 .003 .003 .0035 .005 .006 .007
Over .073 to .130 incl. .003 .0035 .0035 .004 .006 .007 .008
Over .130 to .188 incl. .0035 .004 .004 .0045 .007 .008 .010
Over .188 to .205 incl. .0035 .004 .004 .0045 .007 .009 .010
Over .205 to .300 incl. .004 .0045 .0045 .005 .009 .010 .012
Over .300 to .500 incl. .0045 .005 .005 .006 .012 .013 .015
Over .500 to .750 incl. .0055 .007 .007 .009 .015 .017 .019
Over .750 to 1.00 incl. .007 .009 .009 .011 .018 .021 .024
Over 1.00 to 1.50 incl. .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .025 .029
Over 1.50 to 2.00 incl. .026 .026 .026 .026 .026 .030 .036
Refractory Alloys**
Width in Inches
Up Over 8 Over 12 Over 14 Over 20 Over 28
Thickness to 8 to 12 to 14 to 20 to 28 to 36
Up to .004 incl. .0004 .0008 .0008 - - -

Over .004 to .006 incl. .0006 .0010 .0010 .0015 - -
Over .006 to .009 incl. .0008 .0013 .0013 .002 - -
Over .009 to .013 incl. .0010 .0015 .0015 .0025 - -
Over .013 to .017 incl. .0013 .002 .002 .0025 - -
Over .017 to .021 incl. .0015 .0025 .0025 .003 - -
Over .021 to .026 incl. .002 .0025 .0025 .003 .004 .005
Over .026 to .037 incl. .0025 .003 .003 .0035 .005 .006
Over .037 to .050 incl. .003 .0035 .0035 .004 .006 .007
Over .050 to .073 incl. .0035 .004 .004 .0045 .007 .008
Over .073 to .130 incl. .004 .0045 .0045 .005 .008 .010
Over .130 to .188 incl. .0045 .005 .005 .006 .010 .012
Over .188 to .205 incl. .0045 .005 .005 .006 .010 .012
Over .205 to .300 incl. .005 .006 .006 .007 .012 .014
Over .300 to .500 incl. .006 .007 .007 .008 .015 .017
Over .500 to .750 incl. .008 .010 .010 .012 .019 .021
Over .750 to 1.00 incl. .010 .012 .012 .015 .023 .026
Over 1.00 to 1.50 incl. .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .032
Over 1.50 to 2.00 incl. .033 .033 .033 .033 .033 .038
*Non-Refractory Alloys 110, 122, 220, 230, 260 and 353

**Refractory Alloys 280, 510 and 752
K-102
Brass and Copper
Round Seamless Tubing Tolerances
Alloy 122, 260, 272 & 330
Wall Thickness Tolerances
(Except Condenser Tubes, Pipe, Copper Water Tube, and Tubes
Furnished as Extruded)
Maximum deviation at any point - The following tolerances are plus and minus
in inches.
Outside Diameter in Inches
1/32 to Over Over Over Over Over Over
Wall Thickness 1-1/8 1/8 to 5/8 5/8 to 1 1 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 7 7 to 10
in Inches incl. incl. incl. incl. incl. incl. incl.
Up to .018 .002 .001 .0015 .002 - - -

Incl. .018 to .025 .003 .002 .002 .0025 - - -
Incl. .025 to .035 .003 .0025 .0025 .003 .004 - -
Incl. .035 to .058 .003 .003 .0035 .0035 .005 .007 -
Incl. .058 to .083 - .0035 .004 .004 .006 .008 .010
Incl. .083 to .120 - .004 .005 .005 .007 .009 .011
Incl. .120 to .165 - .005 .006 .006 .008 .010 .012
Incl. .165 to .220 - .007 .0075 .008 .010 .012 .014
Incl. .220 to .284 - - .009 .010 .012 .014 .016
Tolerances on a given tube may be specified with respect to any two, but not
all three of the following: (a) Outside dimension, (b) Inside dimension, (c) Wall
thickness. Standard inventory is ordered to O.D. and Wall tolerances.
Mean Diameter* Tolerances

All tolerances plus and minus in inches
Refer to office for out-of-round tolerance. Tube sold to O.D. and Wall
Tolerances. Consult office on sizes 10 O.D. and over.
Specified Tolerances Tolerance
Diameter Applies to in Inches
Up to 1/8 incl. Inside or Outside .002
Over 1/8 to 5/8 incl. Inside or Outside .002
Over 5/8 to 1 incl. Inside or Outside .0025
Over 1 to 2 incl. Inside or Outside .003
*The mean diameter of a tube is the average of the maximum and minimum
outside diameters, or of the maximum and minimum inside diameters, as
determined at any one cross section of the tube.
K-103
Commercial Round Wire Tolerances
Bare, Drawn to Final Size
Tolerances in Inches Plus and Minus
Copper Alloy Brass Alloy Phosphor Bronze
Diameter 110 Round 260 Round Alloy 510 Round
Over .020 to .030 incl. .0003 .0003 .0005
Over .030 to .040 incl. .0004 .0004 .0007
Over .040 to .050 incl. .0005 .0005 .0008
Over .050 to .060 incl. .0006 .0006 .0010
Over .060 to .080 incl. .0008 .0008 .0015
Over .080 to .150 incl. .0015 .0010 .0020
Over .150 to .2576 incl. .0026 .0015 .0020
Commercial Width Tolerances - Slit Metal

Flat or Coils
All tolerances below plus and minus in inches.
If wanted all plus or all minus, double the values given.
Thickness in Inches
Width in Inches .004 to .032 incl. .033 to .128 incl.
Up to 2 incl. .005 .010
Over 2 to 8 incl. .008 .013
Over 8 to 24 incl. 1/64 1/64
Commercial Width Tolerances - Sheared Metal

Thickness in Inches
Width or Length in Inches
Up to 1/6 incl. Over 1/16 incl. Over 1/8
Up to 20 incl. 1/32 3/64 1/16
Over 20 to 36 incl. 3/64 3/64 1/16
Over 36 to 120 incl. 1/16 1/16 1/16
Commercial Width Tolerances -

SAWED Metal Lengths Up to 10 Ft. Incl.
Thickness in Inches
Width in Inches
Up to 1-1/2 incl. Over 1-1/2
Up to 12 incl. 1/32 1/16

Over 12 1/16 1/16
Straightness Tolerances - Slit Metal

(Maximum Edgewise Curvature in any 6 foot portion of total length in inches)
As Slit Only Specially Straightened
Width in Inches Flat or Edge

Shipped in Rolls Shipped Flat
Rolled or in Rolls
Over 1/4 to 3/8 incl. 2 1-1/2 1/2
Over 3/8 to 1/2 incl. 1-1/2 1 1/2
Over 1/2 to 1 incl. 1 3/4 1/2
Over 1 to 2 incl. 5/8 5/8 3/8
Over 2 to 4 incl. 1/2 1/2 3/8
Over 4 3/8 3/8 3/8
K-104
Hardness Conversion Table for
Carbon and Alloy Steel
All Values Are Approximate
Brinell Rockwell Hardness Numbers Tensile Strength
Hardness
Number
(Carbide C A 15N Scale B 30T Scale
ksi MPa
Ball) Scale Scale Superficial Scale Superficial
- 66 84.5 92.5 - - - -
722 64 83.4 91.8 - - - -
688 62 82.3 91.1 - - - -
654 60 81.2 90.2 - - - -
615 58 80.1 89.3 - - - -
577 56 79.0 88.3 - - 313 2160
543 54 78.0 87.4 - - 292 2010
512 52 76.8 86.4 - - 273 1880
481 50 75.9 85.5 - - 255 1760
455 48 74.7 84.5 - - 238 1640
443 47 74.1 83.9 - - 229 1580
432 46 73.6 83.5 - - 221 1520
421 45 73.1 83.0 - - 215 1480
409 44 72.5 82.5 - - 208 1430
400 43 72.0 82.0 - - 201 1390
390 42 71.5 81.5 - - 194 1340
381 41 70.9 80.9 - - 188 1300
371 40 70.4 80.4 - - 182 1250
362 39 69.9 79.9 - - 177 1220
353 38 69.4 79.4 - - 171 1180
344 37 68.9 78.8 - - 166 1140
336 36 68.4 78.3 - - 161 1110
3327 35 67.9 77.7 - - 156 1080
319 34 67.4 77.2 - - 152 1050
311 33 66.8 76.6 - - 149 1030
301 32 66.3 76.1 - - 146 1010
294 31 65.8 75.6 - - 141 970
286 30 65.3 75.0 - - 138 950
279 29 64.6 74.5 - - 135 930
271 28 64.3 73.9 - - 131 900
264 27 63.8 73.3 - - 128 880
258 26 63.3 72.8 - - 125 860
253 25 62.8 72.2 - - 123 850
247 24 62.4 71.6 - - 119 820
243 23 62.0 71.0 - - 117 810
240 - - - 100 83.1 116 800
234 - - - 99 82.5 114 785
222 - - - 97 81.1 104 715
210 - - - 95 79.8 100 680
200 - - - 93 78.4 94 650
195 - - - 92 77.8 92 635
185 - - - 90 76.4 89 615
176 - - - 88 75.1 86 590
169 - - - 86 73.8 83 570
162 - - - 84 72.4 81 560
156 - - - 82 71.1 77 530
150 - - - 80 69.7 72 495
144 - - - 78 68.4 69 475
139 - - - 76 67.1 67 460
135 - - - 74 65.7 65 450
130 - - - 72 64.4 63 435
125 - - - 70 63.1 61 420
121 - - - 68 61.7 59 405
117 - - - 66 60.4 57 395
114 - - - 64 59.0 - -
K-105
Gauge to Decimal
For Accuracy, Specify by Decimal - Not By Gauge
Steel Sheets Strip & Tubing
Non-Ferrous Basic Steel
(Uncoated) Birmingham
Brown & Sharp Wire
Manufacturers Std. or Stubs
WEIGHT WEIGHT
Lbs.Per Lbs. Per WEIGHT Lbs.
Sq. Ft. Sq. Ft. Per Sq. Ft. WEIGHT Lbs. WEIGHT Lbs.
1100 6061 Gage Alloy 260 Gage Sheet Gage Gage Per Sq. Ft. Gage Per 100. Ft.
ALUMINUM Decimal BRASS Decimal STEEL No. Decimal Steel STRIP Decimal STEEL WIRE
- .5800 - - - 000000 - - .4615 56.87

- .5165 - - - 00000 .500 20.400 .4305 49.48
- .4600 - - - 0000 .454 18.520 .3938 41.41
- .4096 - - - 000 .425 17.340 .3625 35.09
- .3648 - - - 00 .380 15.500 .3310 29.25
- .3249 - - - 0 .340 13.870 .3065 25.08
- .2893 - - - 1 .300 12.240 .2830 21.38
- .2576 - - - 2 .284 11.590 .2625 18.40
- .2294 - .2391 10.000 3 .259 10.570 .2437 15.86
- .2043 - .2242 9.375 4 .238 9.710 .2253 13.55
- .1819 - .2092 8.750 5 .220 8.975 .2070 11.44
2.286 .1620 7.185 .1943 8.125 6 .203 8.281 .1920 9.84
2.036 .1443 6.400 .1793 7.500 7 .180 7.343 .1170 8.36
1.813 .1285 5.699 .1644 6.875 8 .165 6.731 .1620 7.01
1.614 .1144 5.074 .1495 6.250 9 .148 6.038 .1483 5.87
1.438 .1019 4.520 .1345 5.625 10 .134 5.467 .1350 4.87
1.280 .0907 4.023 .1196 5.000 11 .120 4.895 .1205 3.88
1.140 .0808 3.584 .1046 4.375 12 .109 4.447 .1055 2.97
1.016 .0720 3.193 .0897 3.750 13 .095 3.876 .0915 2.24
.905 .0641 2.843 .0747 3.125 14 .083 3.386 .0800 1.71
.806 .0571 2.532 .0673 2.813 15 .072 2.937 .0720 1.38
.717 .0508 2.253 .0598 2.500 16 .065 2.652 .0625 1.04
.639 .0453 2.009 .0538 2.250 17 .058 2.366 .0540 .78
.569 .0403 1.787 .0478 2.000 18 .049 1.999 .0475 .60
.507 .0359 1.592 .0418 1.750 19 .042 1.713 .0410 .45
.452 .0320 1.419 .0359 1.500 20 .035 1.428 .0348 .32
.402 .0285 1.264 .0329 1.375 21 .032 1.305 .0317 .27
.357 .0253 1.122 .0299 1.250 22 .028 1.142 .0286 .22
.319 .0226 1.002 .0269 1.125 23 .025 1.020 .0258 .18
.284 .0201 .892 .0239 1.000 24 .022 .898 .0230 .14
.235 .0179 .794 .0209 .875 25 .020 .816 .0204 .11
.224 .0159 .705 .0179 .750 26 .018 .734 .0181 .09
.200 .0142 .630 .0164 .688 27 .016 .653 .0173 .08
.178 .0126 .559 .0149 .625 28 .014 .571 .0162 .07
.160 .0113 .501 .0135 .563 29 .013 .530 .0150 .06
.141 .0100 .444 .0120 .500 30 .012 .490 .0140 .052
.126 .0089 .395 .0105 .438 31 .010 .408 .0132 .047
.113 .0080 .355 .0097 .406 32 .009 .367 .0128 .044
.100 .0071 .315 .0090 .375 33 .008 .326 .0118 .037
.089 .0063 .279 .0082 .344 34 .007 .286 .0104 .029
- .0056 .248 .0075 .313 35 .005 .204 .0095 .024
- .0050 .222 .0067 .281 36 .004 .163 .0090 .022
- .0045 .200 .0064 .266 37 - - .0085 .019
- .0040 .117 .0060 .250 38 - - .0080 .017
ALUMINUM-Sheet STEEL TUBING- BASIC STEEL

BRASS- Sheet, Strip SHEETS- Aluminum, WIRE- All
Wire, Tube Flat or Coil, Steel, Stainless Finishes
BRONZE-Sheet, Strip, Hot Rolled or Steel
Wire Cold Rolled BANDS
COPPER-Strip, Tube, FLAT WIRE
Wire STRIP-Steel,
NICKEL SILVER- Stainless Steel
Sheet, Wire SPRING Steel
Sheet
K-106
Inches Converted to Decimal Equivalent
Parts of a Foot
Inches Decimal Inches Decimal Inches Decimal Inches Decimal
0 .0000 3 .2500 6 .5000 9 .7500

1/16 .0052 1/16 .2552 1/16 .5052 1/16 .7552
1/8 .0104 1/8 .2604 1/8 .5104 1/8 .7604
3/16 .0156 3/16 .2656 3/16 .5156 3/16 .7656
1/4 .0208 1/4 .2708 1/4 .5208 1/4 .7708
5/16 .0260 5/16 .2760 5/16 .5260 5/16 .7760
3/8 .0313 3/8 .2813 3/8 .5313 3/8 .7813
7/16 .0365 7/16 .2865 7/16 .5365 7/16 .7865
1/2 .0417 1/2 .2917 1/2 .5417 1/2 .7917
9/16 .0469 9/16 .2969 9/16 .5469 9/16 .7969
5/8 .0521 5/8 .3021 5/8 .5521 5/8 .8021
11/16 .0573 11/16 .3073 11/16 .5573 11/16 .8073
3/4 .0625 3/4 .3125 3/4 .5625 3/4 .8125
13/16 .0677 13/16 .3177 13/16 .5677 13/16 .8177
7/8 .0729 7/8 .3229 7/8 .5729 7/8 .8229
15/16 .0781 15/16 .3281 15/16 .5781 15/16 .8281
1 .0833 4 .3333 7 .5833 10 .8333

1/16 .0885 1/16 .3385 1/16 .5885 1/16 .8385
1/8 .0937 1/8 .3437 1/8 .5937 1/8 .8437
3/16 .0990 3/16 .3490 3/16 .5990 3/16 .8490
1/4 .1042 1/4 .3542 1/4 .6042 1/4 .8542
5/16 .1094 5/16 .3594 5/16 .6094 5/16 .8594
3/8 .1146 3/8 .3646 3/8 .6146 3/8 .8646
7/16 .1198 7/16 .3698 7/16 .6198 7/16 .8698
1/2 .1250 1/2 .3750 1/2 .6250 1/2 .8750
9/16 .1302 9/16 .3802 9/16 .6302 9/16 .8802
5/8 .1354 5/8 .3854 5/8 .6354 5/8 .8854
11/16 .1406 11/16 .3906 11/16 .6406 11/16 .8906
3/4 .1458 3/4 .3958 3/4 .6458 3/4 .8958
13/16 .1510 13/16 .4010 13/16 .6510 13/16 .9010
7/8 .1562 7/8 .4062 7/8 .6562 7/8 .9062
15/16 .1615 15/16 .4115 15/16 .6615 15/16 .9115
2 .1667 5 .4167 8 .6667 11 .9167

1/16 .1719 1/16 .4219 1/16 .6719 1/16 .9219
1/8 .1771 1/8 .4271 1/8 .6771 1/8 .9271
3/16 .1823 3/16 .4323 3/16 .6823 3/16 .9323
1/4 .1875 1/4 .4375 1/4 .6875 1/4 .9375
5/16 .1927 5/16 .4427 5/16 .6927 5/16 .9427
3/8 .1979 3/8 .4479 3/8 .6979 3/8 .9479
7/16 .2031 7/16 .4531 7/16 .7031 7/16 .9531
1/2 .2083 1/2 .4583 1/2 .7083 1/2 .9583
9/16 .2135 9/16 .4635 9/16 .7135 9/16 .9635
5/8 .2188 5/8 .4688 5/8 .7188 5/8 .9688
11/16 .2240 11/16 .4740 11/16 .7240 11/16 .9740
3/4 .2292 3/4 .4792 3/4 .7292 3/4 .9792
13/16 .2344 13/16 .4844 13/16 .7344 13/16 .9844
7/8 .2396 7/8 .4896 7/8 .7396 7/8 .9896
15/16 .2448 15/16 .4948 15/16 .7448 15/16 .9948
12 1.0000
K-107
U.S. and Metric System Equivalents
Length
Unit Millimeters Centimeters Inches Feet Yards Meters
1 Millimeter 1.0 .10 .03937 .003281 .001094 .001

1 Centimeter 10.0 1.0 .3937 .032808 .010936 .01
1 Inch 25.4001 2.54001 1.0 .083333 .027778 .025400
1 Foot 304.801 30.4801 12 1.0 .333333 .304801
1 Yard 914.402 91.4402 36 3.0 1.0 .914402
1 Meter 1000 100 39.37 3.28083 1.09361 1.0
Unit Miles
Feet Yards Meters Rods Furlongs
(Statute)
1 Rod 16.5 5.5 5.02921 1.0 .025 (1/40) .003125
(1/320)
1 Furlong 660 220 201.168 4.0 1.0 .125 (1/8)
1 Kilometer 3280.8 1093.6 1000 199 4.971 .62137
1 Mile 5280 1760 1609.35 320 8.0 1.0
(statute)
1 Nautical Mile = 1.15155 status miles = 1/3 league.

1 Light Year = 5.879 trillion miles = 9.46 trillion kilometers.
Weight
Unit Ounces Ounces Pounds Pounds Kilo

Grains Grams
(Troy) (Avoir.) (Troy) (Avoir.) -grams
1 Grain 1.0 .064799 .002083 .002286 .000174 .000143 .000065
1 Gram 15.4324 1.0 .032151 .035274 .002679 .002205 .001
1 Ounce (Troy) 480 31.1035 1.0 1.09714 .083333 .068571 .031104
1 Ounce (Avoir.) 437.5 28.3495 .911458 1.0 .075955 .0625 .028350
1 Pound (Troy) 5760 373.242 12 13.1657 1.0 .822857 .373242
1 Pound (Avoir.) 7000 453.592 14.5833 16 1.21528 1.0 .453592
1 Kilogram 15432.4 1000 32.1507 35.2740 2.67923 2.20462 1.0
Kilo- Pounds Pounds Metric Net (Short) Gross (Long)

Unit
grams (Troy) (Avoir.) Tons Tons Tons
1 Metric Ton 1000 2679.23 2204.62 1.0 1.10231 .984206

1 Net (Short) 907.185 2430.56 2000 .907185 1.0 .892857
Ton
1 Gross (Long) 1016.05 2722.22 2240 1.01605 1.12 1.0
Ton
K-108
Volume and Capacity
Cubic
Cubic Quarts Quarts Gals. Gal. Cubic
Unit Centi- Liters
Inches (Liquids) (Dry) (Liquid) (Dry) Feet
meters
1 Cu. Centimeter 1.0 .06102 .001 .00106 .00091 .00026 .00023 .00004
1 Cu. Inch 16.387 1.0 .01639 .01723 .01488 .00433 .00372 .00058
1 Gill 118.29 7.2188 .11829 .125 .10742 .03125 .01686 .00418
1 Pint (liquid) 473.18 28.875 .47318 .50 .42968 .125 .10742 .01671
1 Pint (Dry) 550.62 33.600 .55062 .58182 .50 .14546 .125 .01845
1 Liter 1000 61.023 1.0 1.0564 .90808 .26417 .22702 .03531
1 Quart (liquid) 946.36 57.75 .94636 1.0 .85937 .25 .21484 .03342
1 Quart (dry) 1101.2 67.201 1.1012 1.1637 1.0 .29091 .25 .03889
1 Gallon (liquid) 3785.4 231 3.7854 4.0 3.4375 1.0 .85937 .13368
1 Gallon (dry) 4404.9 268.80 4.4049 4.6546 4.0 1.1636 1.0 .15556
1 Peck 8809.8 537.61 8.8098 9.3092 8.0 2.3273 2.0 .31111
1 Cu. Foot 28317.0 1728 28.317 29.922 25.714 7.4805 6.4285 1.0
1 Bushel 35293.3 2150.4 35.239 37.237 32 9.3092 8.0 1.2445
1 Barrel 119241.2 7276.5 119.24 126 108.28 31.5 27.070 4.2109
1 Cu. Yard 764559.4 46656 764.56 807.90 694.28 201.97 173.57 27
1 Cu. Meter 1000000 61023.4 1000 1056.7 908.08 264.17 227.02 35.314
Area
Square Square Square Square
Unit Inches Feet Yards Meters
1 Square Foot 144 1.0 .1111 .09290

1 Square Yard 1296 9.0 1.0 .83613
1 Square Meter 1550 10.7639 1.19599 1.0
1 Square Rod 39204 272.25 30.25 25.293
1 Acre 155000 1076.39 119.599 100
1 Square Mile (640 Acres) - 27878400 3097600 2589999
1 Square Kilometer - 10763867 1195985 1000000
K-109
Conversion Table
Fractions to Decimals
to Metric
Fraction of Decimal of Fraction of Decimal of

Inch Inch Millimeters Inch Inch Millimeters
1/64 .0156 .397 33/64 .5156 13.097
1/32 .0313 .794 17/32 .5313 13.494
3/64 .0469 1.191 35/64 .5469 13.891
1/16 .0625 1.588 9/16 .5625 14.288
5/64 .0781 1.984 37/64 .5781 14.684

3/32 .0938 2.381 19/32 .5938 15.081
7/64 .1094 2.778 39/64 .6094 15.478
1/8 .1250 3.175 5/8 .6250 15.875
9/64 .1406 3.572 41/64 .6406 16.272

5/32 .1562 3.969 21/32 .6563 16.669
11/64 .1719 4.366 43/64 .6719 17.066
3/16 .1875 4.763 11/16 .6875 17.463
13/64 .2031 5.159 45/64 .7031 17.859

7/32 .2188 5.556 23/32 .7188 18.256
15/64 .2344 5.953 47/64 .7344 18.653
1/4 .2500 6.350 3/4 .7500 19.050
17/64 .2656 6.747 49/64 .7656 19.447

9/32 .2813 7.144 25/32 .7813 19.844
19/64 .2969 7.541 51/64 .7969 20.241
5/16 .3125 7.938 13/16 .8125 20.638
21/64 .3281 8.334 53/64 .8281 21.034

11/32 .3438 8.731 27/32 .8438 21.431
23/64 .3594 9.128 55/64 .8594 21.828
3/8 .3750 9.525 7/8 .8750 22.225
25/64 .3906 9.922 57/64 .8906 22.622

13/32 .4063 10.319 29/32 .9063 23.019
27/64 .4219 10.716 59/64 .9219 23.416
7/16 .4375 11.113 15/16 .9375 23.813
29/64 .4531 11.509 61/64 .9531 24.209

15/32 .4688 11.906 31/32 .9688 24.606
31/64 .4844 12.303 63/64 .9844 25.003
1/2 .5000 12.700 1 1.0000 25.400
To convert a fraction to millimeters, determine its decimal equivalent, and then

multiply the decimal by 25.4. Thus 21/64 in. = .3281 in. = 8.333374 mm. or 8.334 mm.
K-110
Geometric Formulas
CIRCLE
Area = Square of Diamter x .7854
or Square of Radius x 3.1416
Circumference = Diamter x 3.1416
Diamter = circumference x .3183
Doubling diameter increases area four times; tripling diameter increases
are nine times, etc.
SQUARE
Area = Square of Side
Diagonal = Side x 1.4142
Side = Diagonal x .7071
SQUARE INSCRIBED IN CIRCLE

Side of Square = Diameter of Circle x .7071
or Circumference of Circle x .2251
Diameter of Circle = Side of Square x 1.4142
Circumference of Circle = Side of Square x 4.4429
SQUARE AND CIRCLE WITH EQUAL AREA
Side of Square = Diameter of Circle x .8862
Diameter of Circle = Side of Square x 1.128
Circumference of Circle = Side of Square x 3.545
RECTANGLE
Area = Length x Width
Diagonal = Square root of sum of squares of Width and Length
TRIANGLE
Area = Base x 1/2 of Perpendicular Height
HEXAGON (EQUAL SIDES AND ANGLES)

Area = Square of Distance across Flats x .866 or Square of Side x 2.598
Side = 1/2 of Diagonal or Distance across Flats x .577
Diagonal = Distance across Flats x 1.155 or Side x 2
OCTAGON (EQUAL SIDES AND ANGLES)
Area = Square of Distance across Flats x .828 or Square of Side x 4.828
Side = Diagonal x .383 or Distance across Flats x .414
Diagonal = Distance across Flats x 1.082 or Side x 2.613
SPHERE
Area of Surface = Square of Diameter x 3.1416
Volume = Cube of Diameter x .5236
CUBE
Area of Surface = Square of Side x 6
Volume = Cube of Side
Diagonal = Side x 1.732
K-111
Geometric Formulas
(continued)
CYLINDER
Area of Curved Surface = Diameter x Length x 3.1416
Volume = Square of Diameter x Length x .7854
CONE
Area of Curved Surface = Diameter of Base x Slant Height x 1.5708
Volume = Diameter of Base Squared x Perpendicular Height x .2618 or
Area of Base x 1/3 Perpendicular Height
PYRAMID
Lateral Surface Area (not incl. base) = Perimeter of Base x 1/2 Slant Height
Volume = Area of Base x 1/3 Perpendicular Height
K-112
Summary of common ASTM Standards
Sorted by ASTM Standard
ASTM Scope
Title Product
Standard (What It Covers)
A6/A6M Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Structurals, General requirements only, for W, M, S, HP, C, MC, L,
Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes and Sheet Piling Plates & Bars Plates and Bars
A27/A27M Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Miscellaneous Steel Castings
for General Application
A36/A36M Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel Structurals, M, S, HP, C, MC, L, Plates, Bars (also covers, but
Plates & Bars is no longer common for W-Shapes; see A992)
Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Tubing & Pipe Pipe (not HSS; see A500)
A53/A53M Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless
A105/A105M-10a Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Fittings & Forged carbon steel piping components - flanges, fittings, valves
Applications Flanges and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and
higher-temperature service conditions
A106/A106M Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Tubing & Pipe Pipes that are suitable for welding, bending, flanging
for High-Temperature Service and similar forming operations
A108 Standard Specification for Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Bars Bars for heat treatment, machining, shafting or in
Cold-Finished constructional applications
A123/A123M Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dipped Miscellaneous Hot-Dip Galvanizing for members
Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products
A135/A135M Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Tubing & Pipe Two grades - intended for conveying gas, vapor, water
Steel Pipe or other liquid
A148/A148M Standard Specification for Steel Castings, High Strength, Miscellaneous Steel Castings
for Structural Purposes
A153/A153M Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot- Dip) Miscellaneous Hot-Dip Galvanizing for Hardware
on Iron and Steel Hardware
A167-99 Standard Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Stainless Stainless and heat-resisting chromium-nickel Steel
Chromium-Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip Steel plate, sheet and strip not covered in ASTM A240/A240M
A176-99 Standard Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Stainless Stainless and heat-resisting chromium steel plate,
Chromium Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip Steel sheet and strip not covered in ASTM A240/A240M
K-113
K-114
ASTM Scope
Standard Title Product (What It Covers)
A182/A182M-11 Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Fittings & Forged low alloy and stainless steel piping components for
Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves Flanges use in pressure systems
and Parts for High-Temperature Service
A193/A193M Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Fasteners Bolts for high-temperature applications
Bolting Materials for High-Temperature or High Pressure
Service
A194/A194M Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Fasteners Nuts for high-temperature applications
Bolts for High Pressure or High-Temperature Service,
or Both
A213/A213M-11 Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Stainless Seamless ferritic and austenitic steel boiler, superheater and
Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater and Heat-Exchanger Tubes Steel heat-exchanger tubes. Tubes shall be either hot finished or
cold finished, as specified
A234/A234M-11 Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Fittings & Wrought carbon steel and alloy fittings of seamless and
Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Flanges welded construction for use in pressure piping and in pres-
Service sure vessel fabrication for service at moderate and elevated
temperatures
A240/240M Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Stainless plate, sheet and strip for pressure vessels
Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip Steel and general applications
A242/A242M Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structurals, Weathering steel for shapes, plates and bars
Structural Steel Plates & Bars
A249/A249M-10a Standard Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Stainless Various grades of nominal-wall-thickness welded tubes and
Superheater, Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes Steel heavily cold worked welded tubes intended for use in a
boiler, superheater, heat exchanger or condenser
A252 Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Tubing & Pipe Pipe that acts as a permanent load-carrying member or as a
Steel Pipe Piles shell to form cast-in-place concrete piles
Stainless A number of grades of nominal-wall-thickness, welded ferritic
A268/A268M-10 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic Steel and martensitic stainless steel tubing for general corrosion-
and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service resisting and high-temperature service
A269-10 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Various grades of nominal-wall-thickness, seamless and
Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service Steel welded austenitic steel tubing for general corrosion-resisting
and low- or high-temperature service
ASTM Scope
Title Product
A270/A270M-10 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Grades of seamless, welded, and heavily cold worked austenitic
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing Steel and ferritic/austenitic stainless steel sanitary tubing intended for
use in the dairy and food industry and having special surface
finishes. Pharmaceutical quality may be requested, as a supple-
mentary requirement
A276-10 Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes Stainless Various shapes of hot-finished or cold-finished bars, except bars
Steel for reforging
A283/A283M Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile Plates Plates
Strength Carbon Steel Plates
A285/A285M Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Plates Plates that are intended for fusion-welded pressure vessels
Steel, Low-and Intermediate Tensile Strength
A295/A295M-09 Standard Specification for High-Carbon Anti-Friction Bars Bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of
Bearing Steel anti-friction bearings
A307 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, Fasteners Bolts and anchor rods
60,000 PSI Tensile Strength
A308/A308M-10 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Terne (Lead-Tin Sheets & Coil Coils and cut lengths coated with lead-tin alloy by the
Alloy) Coated by the Hot-Dip Process hot-dip process
A311/A311M-04 Standard Specification for Cold-Drawn, Stress-Relieved Bars Various classes, grades and conditions
Carbon Steel Bars Subject to Mechanical Property
Requirements
A312/A312M Standard Specification for Seamless, Welded and Heavily Stainless Pipe that is intended for high-temperature and
Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes Steel general corrosive service
A322-07 Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Standard Bars Hot-wrought alloy steel bars
Grades
A325 Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Fasteners High-Strength Bolts (not anchor rods; see F1554)
Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
K-115
K-116
ASTM Scope
A325M Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Fasteners Metric High-Strength Bolts
Treated 830 MPa Minimum Tensile Strength (Metric)
A333/A333M Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Tubing & Pipe Carbon and alloy steel pipe intended for use at low
Pipe for Low-Temperature Service temperatures
A335/A335M Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Tubing & Pipe Ferritic alloy-steel pipe intended for use at high
Pipe for High-Temperature Service temperatures
A350/A350M-10 Standard Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Fittings & Several grades of carbon and low-alloy steel forged or ring-
Forgings, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Flanges rolled flanges, forged fittings and valves intended primarily for
Components low-temperature service and requiring notch toughness testing
A354 Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Fasteners Bolts and anchor rods
Steel Bolts, Studs and other Externally Threaded Fasteners
A370 Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing Mechanical testing of steel
Testing of Steel Products
A376/A376M-06 Standard Specification for Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe Stainless Various grades of pipe intended for high-temperature
for High-Temperature Central-Station Service Steel central-station service
A387/A387M-11 Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Plates Plates for welded boilers and pressure vessels designed for
Steel, Chromium-Molybdenum elevated temperature service
A403/A403M-10 Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Fittings & Wrought austenitic stainless steel fittings for pressure piping
Steel Piping Fittings Flanges applications
A420/A420M-10a Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Fittings & Wrought carbon steel and alloy steel pipe fittings of seamless
Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service Flanges and welded construction for use in pressure piping and pres-
sure vessel service at low temperatures
A424/A424M Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, for Porcelain Sheets & Sheet steel in coils and cut lengths for porcelain enameling
Enameling Coils
A434-06 Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Hot-Wrought Bars Hot-wrought and cold-finished quenched and tempered
or Cold-Finished, Quenched and Tempered alloy steel bars
A435/A435M Standard Specification for Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Testing Ultrasonic testing
Examination of Steel Plates
ASTM Scope
Title Product
A449 Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Fasteners Bolts and anchor rods
Steel Bolts and Studs
A463/A463M Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Aluminum-Coated, Sheets & Coils Coils and cut lengths with two types of aluminum coating
by the Hot-Dip Process and several coating weights
A479/A479M-10a Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Stainless Various hot-finished or cold-finished shapes for use in
Shapes for Use in Boilers and Other Pressure Vessels Steel boiler and pressure vessel construction
A480/A480M-11a Standard Specification for General Requirements for Flat- Stainless General requirements for flat-rolled stainless and heat-
Rolled Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate, Sheet Steel resisting steel plate, sheet and strip
and Strip
A490 Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel,Heat Fasteners High-Strength Bolts (not anchor rods; see F554)
Treated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
A490M Standard Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolts, Fasteners Metric High-Strength Bolts
Classes 10.9 and 10.9.3 for Structural Steel Joints (Metric)
A500/A500M Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Seam- Tubing & Pipe Round, Rectangular and Square HSS (not pipe; see A53)
less Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and Shapes
A501 Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Tubing & Pipe Rectangular, round and square HSS (not pipe; see A53)
Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing
A512-06 Standard Specification for Cold-Drawn Buttweld Carbon Tubing & Pipe Rectangular, round, square or special shape
Steel Mechanical Tubing mechanical tubing
A513 Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Tubing & Pipe Rectangular, round, square and special shape tubing
Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing made from hot or cold rolled steel
A514/A514M Standard Specification for High-Yield Strength, Quenched Plates Plates

and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding
A515/A515M Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Plates Plates primarily intended for use in welded boilers and
Steel, for Intermediate-and-Higher-Temperature Service other pressure vessels
K-117
K-118
ASTM Scope
A516/A516M Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Plates Plates primarily intended for use in welded pressure vessels
Steel, for Moderate-and-Lower-Temperature Service where improved notch toughness is important
A519 Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Tubing & Pipe Several grades of carbon and alloy mechanical tubing, either
Mechanical Tubing hot-finished or cold-finished
A529/A529M Standard Specification for High-Strength Structurals, Shapes, plates and bars
Carbon-Manganese Steel of Structural Quality Plates & Bars
A554-10 Standard Specification for Welded Stainless Steel Stainless Mechanical applications where appearance, mechanical
Mechanical Tubing Steel properties or corrosion resistance is needed
A563 Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts Fasteners Nuts
A564/A564-10 Standard Specification for Hot-Rolled and Cold-Finished Stainless Various hot-finished or cold-finished shapes of age-harden-
Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes Steel ing stainless steel
A568/A568M Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Structural Sheets & Coils General requirements for steel sheets in coils and
and High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled cut lengths
A572/A572M Standard Specification for High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Structurals, M, S, HP, C, MC, L, Plates, Bars (also covers, but is no
Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel Plates & Bars longer common for W-Shapes; see A992)
A575-96 Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Merchant Bars Hot-wrought merchant quality carbon steel bars produced
Quality, M-Grades to a chemical composition
A576-90b Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought, Bars Hot-wrought special quality carbon steel bars
Special Quality
Examination of Rolled Steel Plates for Special Applications
A582/A582M-05 Standard Specification for Free-Machining Stainless Stainless Various shapes of hot-finished or cold-finished bars, except
Steel Bars Steel bars for forging, suitable for machining processes.
A588/A588M Standard Specification for High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Structurals, Weathering Steel for W, M, SW, HP, C, MC, L, Plates & Bars
Structural Steel, up to 50 ksi [345MPa] Minimum Yield Plates & Bars
Point with Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
ASTM Scope
Title Product
A589/A589M Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon Tubing & Pipe Four specific types of pipe for use in water wells
Steel Water-Well Pipe
A606/A606M Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Sheets & Coil Coils and cut lengths of sheet and strip for structural and
High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, miscellaneous purposes
with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
A615/A615M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Car- Specialty Various grades in cut lengths and coils
bon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement Products
A618/A618M Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Tubing & Pipe Rectangular, round and square HSS (not pipe; see A53)
Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing
A635/A635M Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Sheets & Coil General requirements for heavy thickness sheet and
Heavy-Thickness Coils, Hot-Rolled, Alloy, Carbon, strip coils
Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy and High-Strength
Low-Alloy with Improved Formability
A653/A653M Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated Sheets & Coils Coated steel sheet in coils and cut lengths
(Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed)
by the Hot-Dip Process
A656/A656M Standard Specification for Hot-Rolled Structural Steel, Plates Three types and four strength grades of hot rolled
High-Strength Low-Alloy Plate with Improved Formability structural steel plate with improved formability
A666-10 Standard Specification for Annealed or Cold-Worked Stainless Different shapes in the annealed and normally required
Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheet, Strip, Plate and Flat Bar Steel cold-worked conditions
A668/A668M Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Miscellaneous Standard requirements for untreated and heat-treated car-
Alloy, for General Industrial Use bon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use
A673/A673M Standard Specification for Sampling Procedure for Testing CVN testing
Impact Testing of Structural Steel
A681-08 Standard Specification for Tool Steels Alloy Specialty Chemical, mechanical and physical requirements for
Products available wrought alloy tool steel products
K-119
K-120
ASTM Scope
Title Product
A693-06 Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Stainless Precipitation-hardening stainless steel plate, sheet and strip
and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip Steel
A694/A694M-08 Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings Fittings & Forged or rolled steel pipe flanges, forged fittings, valves and
for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves and Parts for High-Pres- Flanges parts suitable for use with high-strength transmission-service
sure Transmission Service pipe
A709/A709M Standard Specification for Carbon and High-Strength Structurals, Shapes, Plates and Bars for Bridges
Low-Alloy Structural Steel Shapes, Plates, and Bars and Plates & Bars
Quenched-and-Tempered Alloy Structural Steel Plates
for Bridges
A739-90a Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Hot-Wrought, for Bars Ferritic alloy steel bars for elevated temperature or pressure-
Elevated Temperature or Pressure-Containing Parts, or Both containing parts suitable for fusion welding or both
A759 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Crane Rails Structurals Crane rails
A770/A770M Standard Specification for Through-Thickness Tension Testing Through-thickness tension testing
Testing of Steel Plates for Special Applications
A774/A774M-09 Standard Specification for As-Welded Wrought Austenitic Fittings & Five grades of as-welded, wrought austenitic stainless steel
Stainless Steel Fittings for General Corrosive Service at Flanges fittings for low-pressure piping and for low and moderate
Low and Moderate Temperatures temperatures and general corrosive service
A778-01 Standard Specification for Welded, Unannealed Austenitic Stainless Intended for low and moderate temperatures and
Stainless Steel Tubular Products Steel corrosive service where treatment is not necessary for
corrosion resistance
A780/A780M Standard Practice for Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Miscellaneous Repair of damaged hot-dip galvanized coatings
Areas of Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings
A786/A786M Standard Specification for Hot Rolled Carbon, Low-Alloy, Plates Checkered floor plate
High-Strength Low-Alloy and Alloy Steel Floor Plates
A789/A789M-10a Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/ Stainless Grades of nominal wall thickness, stainless steel tubing for
Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service Steel services requiring general corrosion resistance, with particular
emphasis on resistance to stress corrosion cracking. These
steels are susceptible to embrittlement if used for prolonged
periods at elevated temperatures
ASTM Scope
Title Product
A792/A792M-10 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, 55% Alumi- Sheets & Coils Coils and cut lengths for applications requiring corrosion
num-Zinc Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process resistance or heat resistance or both
A793-96 Standard Specification for Rolled Floor Plate, Stainless Stainless Standard for stainless steel floor plates
Steel Steel
A815/A815M-10a Standard Specification for Wrought Ferritic, Ferritic/ Auste- Fittings & Two general classes, WP and CR, of wrought ferritic, ferritic/
nitic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings Flanges austenitic and martensitic stainless steel fittings of seamless
and welded construction
A829/A829M-06 Standard Specification for Alloy Structural Steel Plates Plates Alloy structural steel plates
A830/A830M Standard Specification for Plates, Carbon Steel, Structural Plates Carbon steel plates in standard and non-standard grades
Quality, Furnished to Chemical Composition Requirements
A847 Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Tubing & Pipe Weathering steel for Rectangular, Round and
Seamless High-Strength, Low-Alloy Structural Tubing with Square HSS (not pipe)
Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
A852/A852M Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Plates Plates
Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plate with 70 ksi [485MPa]
Minimum Yield Strength to 4 in. [100 mm] Thick
A858/A858M-10a Standard Specification for Heat-Treated Carbon Steel Fittings & Heat-treated wrought carbon steel piping fittings with low-
Fittings for Low-Temperature and Corrosive Service Flanges ered carbon content of seamless and electric fusion-welded
construction for low-temperature and corrosive service
applications
A860/A860M-10 Standard Specification for Wrought High-Strength Low-Al- Fittings & Wrought high-strength low-alloy butt-welding steel fittings of
loy Steel Butt-Welding Fittings Flanges seamless and electric fusion-welded construction for
applications in high-pressure gas and oil transmission and
distribution systems
A879/A879M Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc Coated by the Sheets & Coils Requirements for zinc coatings applied by the electrolytic
Electrolytic Process for Applications Requiring Designation process to any grade of hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel sheets
of the Coating Mass on Each Surface
K-121
K-122
ASTM Scope
Title Product
A913/A913M Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Structurals W, M, S, HP, C, MC, L, (not all shapes possible;
Shapes of Structural Quality, Produced by Quenching and contact manufacturer)
Self-Tempering Process (QST)
A924/A924M-10a Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Sheets & Coils Coils and cut lengths, metallic-coated on continuous lines
Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process by the hot-dip process
A992/A992M Standard Specification for Structural Steel Shapes Structurals W (also covers, but is not yet common in, M, , HP, C, MC, & L)
A960/A960M-10 Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Fittings & Common requirements that shall apply to wrought steel piping
Wrought Steel Piping Fittings Flanges fittings. The material shall consist of forgings, bars, plates and
seamless or welded tubular products
A999/A999-04a Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless General requirements - refer to individual product
Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe Steel specifications for special requirements
A1008/A1008M-11 Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Car- Sheets & Coils Coils and cut lengths in various designations
bon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low
Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened and
Bake Hardenable
A1011/A1011M Sheets & Coils
Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot- Sheet and strip in coils and cut lengths
Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-
Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability and Ultra-High
Strength
A1018/A1018M Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Heavy- Sheets & Coils Heavy-thickness steel sheet and strip coils
Thickness Coils, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Commercial, Drawing,
Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low Alloy
with Improved Formability and Ultra-High Strength
B3-01 Standard Specification for Soft or Annealed Copper Wire Brass, Bronze Drawn and annealed or soft round bare copper wire for
and Copper electrical purposes
ASTM Scope
Title Product
B16/B16M-10 Standard Specification for Free-Cutting Brass Rod, Bar Brass, Bronze Requirements for Copper Alloy UNS C36000 suitable for
and Shapes for Use in Screw Machines and Copper high-speed screw machining applications and moderate
thread rolling
B21/B21M-06 Standard Specification for Naval Brass Rod, Bar and Brass, Bronze Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C46200, C46400, C47940,
Shapes and Copper C48200 and C48500
B36/B36M-08a Standard Specification for Brass Plate, Sheet, Strip and Brass, Bronze Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C21000, C22000, C22600,
Rolled Bar and Copper C23000, C24000, C26000, C26800, C27200 and C28000
B42-10 Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Pipe, Brass, Bronze Nominal pipe sizes, both regular and extra-strong, suitable
Standard Sizes and Copper for use in plumbing, boiler feed lines and for similar purposes
B43-09 Standard Specification for Seamless Red Brass pipe, Brass, Bronze Nominal pipe sizes, both regular and extra-strong in various
Standard Sizes and Copper tempers
B68/B68M-11 Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube, Brass, Bronze Seamless tube suitable for use in refrigeration, oil lines,
Bright Annealed and Copper gasoline lines, and so forth, where tube with an interior
surface essentially free from scale and dirt is required
B75-02 Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube Brass, Bronze Seamless rectangular, round and square copper alloy tube
and Copper suitable for general engineering applications
B101-07 Standard Specification for Lead-Coated Copper Sheet Brass, Bronze Flat lengths or coils of ounce-weight thickness for roofing,
and Strip for Building Construction and Copper flashing, gutters, downspouts and general sheet metal
work in building construction
B103/B103M-10 Standard Specification for Phosphor Bronze Plate, Sheet, Brass, Bronze Alloys of copper-tin (phosphor bronze plate), copper-tin-lead
Strip and Rolled Bar and Copper (leaded phosphor bronze) and copper-tin-lead-zinc
(bearing bronze)
B121/B121M-01 Standard Specification for Leaded Brass Plate, Brass, Bronze Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C33500, C34000, C34500,
Sheet, Strip and Rolled Bar and Copper C35000, C35300 and C35600
K-123
K-124
ASTM Scope
Title Product
B134/B134M-08 Standard Specification for Brass Wire Brass, Bronze Requirements for hexagonal, octagonal, rectangular, round
and Copper and square brass wire of UNS Alloy C21000, C22000, C22600,
C23000, C24000, C26000, C27000 and C27400
B135-10 Standard Specification for Seamless Brass Tube Brass, Bronze Seamless rectangular, round and square copper alloy tube in
and Copper straight lengths in various tempers
B139/B139M-07 Standard Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar and Brass, Bronze Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C51000, C52100, C52400,
B140/B140M-07 Standard Specification for Copper-Zinc-Lead (Red Brass or Brass, Bronze Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C31400, C31600 and
Hardware Bronze) Rod, Bar and Shapes and Copper C32000 used for screw machine applications
B150/B150M-08 Standard Specification for Aluminum Bronze Rod, Bar and Brass, Bronze Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C61300, C61400,
Shapes and Copper C61900, C62300, C62400, C63000, C63020, C63200, C64200,
and C64210
B151/B151M-05 Standard Specification for Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloy Brass, Bronze Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C70600, C70620,
(Nickel Silver) and Copper-Nickel Rod and Bar and Copper C71500, C71520, C74500, C75200, C75700, C76400, C77000
and C79200
B152/B152M-09 Standard Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate and Brass, Bronze Various copper alloys used to produce sheet, strip, plate and
Rolled Bar and Copper rolled bar
B171/B171M-11e1 Standard Specification for Copper-Alloy Plate and Sheet for Brass, Bronze Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C36500, C44300, C44400,
Pressure Vessels, Condensers and Heat Exchangers and Copper C44500, C46400, C46500, C61300, C61400, C63000, C63200,
C70600, C70620, C71500, C71520 and C72200
B187/B187M-11 Standard Specification for Copper, Bus Bar, Rod, Shapes Brass, Bronze Requirements for copper conductor bars and shapes for both
and General Purpose Rod, Bar and Shapes and Copper electrical (bus) and general applications
B209 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Aluminum Coiled sheet, flat sheet and plate in various alloys,
tempers and finishes
ASTM Scope
Title Product
B210-04 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Aluminum Seamless tubes in straight lengths and coils for general
Drawn Seamless Tubes purpose and pressure applications
B211-03 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Aluminum Bar, rod and wire in various alloys, tempers and finishes
Bar, Rod and Wire
B221-08 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Aluminum Extruded shapes in various alloys, tempers and finishes
Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles and Tubes
B241-B241M-10 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Aluminum Various alloys of seamless pipe and seamless extruded tube
Seamless Pipe and Seamless Extruded Tube
B301/B301M-08 Standard Specification for Free-Cutting Copper Rod, Bar, Brass, Bronze Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C14500, C14510, C14520,
Wire and Shapes and Copper C14700 and C18700 suitable for high-speed screw machine
work or for general applications
B308/B308M-10 Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy 6061-T6 Aluminum Limited to I-beams, H-beams, channels, angles, tees and
Standard Structural Profiles zees, which shall be produced by hot extruding only
B317/B317M-07 Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bar, Aluminum 6101 aluminum-alloy in selected tempers for use as
Rod, Tube, Pipe, Structural Profiles and Profiles for Elec- electrical conductors
trical Purposes (Bus Conductor)
B370-09 Standard Specification for Copper Sheet and Strip for Brass, Bronze Flat lengths or coils of ounce-weight thickness for roofing,
Building Construction and Copper flashing, gutters, downspouts and general sheet metal
B429/B429M-10 Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Aluminum 6061 and 6063 extruded pipes and tubes intended for use
Structural Pipe and Tube in structural applications
B453/B453M-08 Standard Specification for Copper-Zinc-Lead Alloy Brass, Bronze Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C33500, C34000, C34500,
(Leaded Brass) Rod, Bar and Shapes and Copper C35000, C35300 and C35600
B505/B505M-10 Standard Specification for Copper Alloy Brass, Bronze Requirements for continuously cast rod, bar, tube and shapes
Continuous Castings and Copper produced from copper alloys with nominal compositions
K-125
K-126
ASTM Scope
B632/B632M-08 Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Aluminum Aluminum-alloy rolled tread plate in various alloys,
Rolled Tread Plate tempers and finishes
B695 Standard Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically Miscellaneous Mechanical Galvanizing
Deposited on Iron and Steel
E94 Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Testing Radiographic testing
E165 Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination Testing Dye-penetrant testing
for General Industry
E709 Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing Testing Magnetic particle testing
E1032 Standard test Method for Radiographic Examination Testing Magnetic particle testing
of Weldments
F436 Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers Fasteners Washers
F959 Standard Specification for Compressible-Washer-Type Fasteners DTI Washers

Direct Tension Indicators for Use with Structural Fasteners
F1267-07 Standard Specification for Metal, Expanded, Steel Specialty Expanded metal shall be made from commercial steel, carbon
Products steel sheets or from stainless steel sheets. - Type I-expanded or
Type II-expanded and flattened - Class 1-uncoated, Class 2-
hot-dip zinc uncoated or Class 3-corrosion resisting steel,
Grade A and Grade B
F1554 Standard Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55 and Fasteners Anchor Rods
105 ksi Yield Strength
F1852 Standard Specification for Twist-Off Type Tension Control Fasteners Twist-off type tension control bolts in A325 strength level
Structural Bolt/Washer Assemblies, Steel, Heat Treated,
120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
Sorted by Product, Then ASTM Standard
ASTM Scope
Title Product
A759 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Crane Rails Structurals Crane rails
A913/A913M Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Steel Structurals W, M, S, HP, C, MC, L, (not all shapes possible;
Shapes of Structural Quality, Produced by Quenching and contact manufacturer)
Self-Tempering Process (QST)
A992/A992M Standard Specification for Structural Steel Shapes Structurals W (also covers, but is not yet common in, M, , HP, C, MC, & L)
A6/A6M Standard Specification for General Requirements for Rolled Structurals, General requirements only, for W, M, S, HP, C, MC, L,
Structural Steel Bars, Plates, Shapes and Sheet Piling Plates & Bars Plates and Bars
A36/A36M Standard Specification for Carbon Structural Steel Structurals, M, S, HP, C, MC, L, Plates, Bars (also covers, but is no longer
Plates & Bars common for W-Shapes; see A992)
A242/A242M Standard Specification for High-Strength Low-Alloy Structurals, Weathering steel for shapes, plates and bars
Structural Steel Plates & Bars
A529/A529M Standard Specification for High-Strength Structurals, Shapes, plates and bars
Carbon-Manganese Steel of Structural Quality Plates & Bars
A572/A572M Standard Specification for High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Structurals, M, S, HP, C, MC, L, Plates, Bars (also covers, but is no longer
Columbium-Vanadium Structural Steel Plates & Bars common for W-Shapes; see A992)
A588/A588M Standard Specification for High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Structurals, Weathering Steel for W, M, SW, HP, C, MC, L, Plates & Bars
Structural Steel, up to 50 ksi [345MPa] Minimum Yield Plates & Bars
Point with Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance
A709/A709M Standard Specification for Carbon and High-Strength Structurals, Shapes, Plates and Bars for Bridges
Low-Alloy Structural Steel Shapes, Plates, and Bars and Plates & Bars
Quenched-and-Tempered Alloy Structural Steel Plates
for Bridges
A108 Standard Specification for Steel Bar, Carbon and Alloy, Bars Bars for heat treatment, machining, shafting or in
Cold-Finished constructional applications
K-127
K-128
ASTM Scope
Title Product
A295/A295M-09 Standard Specification for High-Carbon Anti-Friction Bars Bearing-quality steel to be used in the manufacture of
Bearing Steel anti-friction bearings
A311/A311M-04 Standard Specification for Cold-Drawn, Stress-Relieved Bars Various classes, grades and conditions
Carbon Steel Bars Subject to Mechanical Property
Requirements
A322-07 Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Standard Bars Hot-wrought alloy steel bars
Grades
A434-06 Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Hot-Wrought Bars Hot-wrought and cold-finished quenched and tempered
or Cold-Finished, Quenched and Tempered alloy steel bars
A575-96 Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Merchant Bars Hot-wrought merchant quality carbon steel bars produced
Quality, M-Grades to a chemical composition
A576-90b Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought, Bars Hot-wrought special quality carbon steel bars
Special Quality
A739-90a Standard Specification for Steel Bars, Alloy, Hot-Wrought, for Bars Ferritic alloy steel bars for elevated temperature or pressure-
Elevated Temperature or Pressure-Containing Parts, or Both containing parts suitable for fusion welding or both
A283/A283M Standard Specification for Low and Intermediate Tensile Plates Plates
Strength Carbon Steel Plates
A285/A285M Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Plates Plates that are intended for fusion-welded pressure vessels
Steel, Low-and Intermediate Tensile Strength
A387/A387M-11 Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Alloy Plates Plates for welded boilers and pressure vessels designed for
Steel, Chromium-Molybdenum elevated temperature service
A514/A514M Standard Specification for High-Yield Strength, Quenched Plates Plates

and Tempered Alloy Steel Plate, Suitable for Welding
ASTM Scope
Title Product
A515/A515M Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Plates Plates primarily intended for use in welded boilers and
Steel, for Intermediate-and-Higher-Temperature Service other pressure vessels
A516/A516M Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Plates Plates primarily intended for use in welded pressure vessels
Steel, for Moderate-and-Lower-Temperature Service where improved notch toughness is important
A656/A656M Standard Specification for Hot-Rolled Structural Steel, Plates Three types and four strength grades of hot rolled
High-Strength Low-Alloy Plate with Improved Formability structural steel plate with improved formability
A786/A786M Standard Specification for Hot Rolled Carbon, Low-Alloy, Plates Checkered floor plate
High-Strength Low-Alloy and Alloy Steel Floor Plates
A829/A829M-06 Standard Specification for Alloy Structural Steel Plates Plates Alloy structural steel plates
A830/A830M Standard Specification for Plates, Carbon Steel, Structural Plates Carbon steel plates in standard and non-standard grades
Quality, Furnished to Chemical Composition Requirements
A852/A852M Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Plates Plates

Low-Alloy Structural Steel Plate with 70 ksi [485MPa]
Minimum Yield Strength to 4 in. [100 mm] Thick
A308/A308M-10 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Terne (Lead-Tin Sheets & Coils Coils and cut lengths coated with lead-tin alloy by the
Alloy) Coated by the Hot-Dip Process hot-dip process
A424/A424M Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, for Porcelain Sheets & Coils Sheet steel in coils and cut lengths for porcelain enameling
Enameling
A463/463M Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Aluminum-Coated, Sheets & Coils Coils and cut lengths with two types of aluminum coating
by the Hot-Dip Process and several coating weights
A568/A568M Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Carbon, Structural Sheets & Coils General requirements for steel sheets in coils and
and High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled cut lengths
K-129
K-130
ASTM Scope
Title Product
A606/A606M Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Sheets & Coils Coils and cut lengths of sheet and strip for structural and
High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled and Cold-Rolled, miscellaneous purposes
A635/A635M Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Sheets & Coils General requirements for heavy thickness sheet and
Heavy-Thickness Coils, Hot-Rolled, Alloy, Carbon, Structur- strip coils
al, High-Strength Low-Alloy and High-Strength Low-Alloy
with Improved Formability
A653/A653M Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc-Coated Sheets & Coils Coated steel sheet in coils and cut lengths
(Galvanized) or Zinc-Iron Alloy-Coated (Galvannealed)
by the Hot-Dip Process
A792/A792M-10 Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, 55% Aluminum-Zinc Sheets & Coils Coils and cut lengths for applications requiring corrosion
Alloy-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process resistance or heat resistance or both
Standard Specification for Steel Sheet, Zinc Coated by the Sheets & Coils Requirements for zinc coatings applied by the electrolytic
A879/A879M Electrolytic Process for Applications Requiring Designation process to any grade of hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel sheets
of the Coating Mass on Each Surface
A924/A924M-10a Standard Specification for General Requirements for Steel Sheets & Coils Coils and cut lengths, metallic-coated on continuous lines
Sheet, Metallic-Coated by the Hot-Dip Process by the hot-dip process
A1008/A1008M-11 Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet, Cold-Rolled, Car- Sheets & Coils Coils and cut lengths in various designations
bon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low
Alloy with Improved Formability, Solution Hardened and
Bake Hardenable
A1011/A1011M Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Hot- Sheets & Coils Sheet and strip in coils and cut lengths
Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-
Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability and Ultra-High
Strength
ASTM Scope
Title Product
A1018/A1018M Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip, Heavy- Sheets & Coils Heavy-thickness steel sheet and strip coils
Thickness Coils, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Commercial, Drawing,
Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy, High-Strength Low Alloy
with Improved Formability and Ultra-High Strength
A53/A53M Standard Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Tubing & Pipe Pipe (not HSS; see A500)
Hot-Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless
A106/A106M Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe Tubing & Pipe Pipes that are suitable for welding, bending, flanging
for High-Temperature Service and similar forming operations
A135/A135M Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Tubing & Pipe Two grades - intended for conveying gas, vapor, water
Steel Pipe or other liquid
A252 Standard Specification for Welded and Seamless Tubing & Pipe Pipe that acts as a permanent load-carrying member or as a
Steel Pipe Piles shell to form cast-in-place concrete piles
A333/A333M Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Steel Tubing & Pipe Carbon and alloy steel pipe intended for use at low
Pipe for Low-Temperature Service temperatures
A335/A335M Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic Alloy-Steel Tubing & Pipe Ferritic alloy-steel pipe intended for use at high
Pipe for High-Temperature Service temperatures
A500/A500M Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Tubing & Pipe Round, Rectangular and Square HSS (not pipe; see A53)
Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing in Rounds and
Shapes
A501 Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Tubing & Pipe Rectangular, round and square HSS (not pipe; see A53)
Seamless Carbon Steel Structural Tubing
A512-06 Standard Specification for Cold-Drawn Buttweld Carbon Tubing & Pipe Rectangular, round, square or special shape
Steel Mechanical Tubing mechanical tubing
K-131
K-132
ASTM Scope
Title Product
A513 Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Tubing & Pipe Rectangular, round, square and special shape tubing
Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing made from hot or cold rolled steel
A519 Standard Specification for Seamless Carbon and Alloy Steel Tubing & Pipe Several grades of carbon and alloy mechanical tubing, either
Mechanical Tubing hot-finished or cold-finished
A589/A589M Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Carbon Tubing & Pipe Four specific types of pipe for use in water wells
Steel Water-Well Pipe
A618/A618M Standard Specification for Hot-Formed Welded and Tubing & Pipe Rectangular, round and square HSS (not pipe; see A53)
Seamless High-Strength Low-Alloy Structural Tubing
A847 Standard Specification for Cold-Formed Welded and Tubing & Pipe Weathering steel for Rectangular, Round and
Seamless High-Strength, Low-Alloy Structural Tubing Square HSS (not pipe)
A105/A105M-10a Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Fittings & Forged carbon steel piping components - flanges, fittings, valves
Applications Flanges and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and
higher-temperature service conditions
A182/A182M-11 Standard Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy and Fittings & Forged low alloy and stainless steel piping components for use
Stainless Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves Flanges in pressure systems
and Parts for High-Temperature Service
A234/A234M-11 Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Fittings & Wrought carbon steel and alloy fittings of seamless and welded
Steel and Alloy Steel for Moderate and High Temperature Flanges construction for use in pressure piping and in pressure vessel
Service fabrication for service at moderate and elevated temperatures
A350/A350M-10 Standard Specification for Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel Fittings & Several grades of carbon and low-alloy steel forged or ring-rolled
Forgings, Requiring Notch Toughness Testing for Piping Flanges flanges, forged fittings and valves intended primarily for
Components low-temperature service and requiring notch toughness testing
A403/A403M-10 Standard Specification for Wrought Austenitic Stainless Fittings & Wrought austenitic stainless steel fittings for pressure piping
Steel Piping Fittings Flanges applications
ASTM Scope
Title Product
A420/A420M-10a Standard Specification for Piping Fittings of Wrought Carbon Fittings & Wrought carbon steel and alloy steel pipe fittings of seamless
Steel and Alloy Steel for Low-Temperature Service Flanges and welded construction for use in pressure piping and pres-
sure vessel service at low temperatures
A694/A694M-08 Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings Fittings & Forged or rolled steel pipe flanges, forged fittings, valves and
for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves and Parts for High-Pres- Flanges parts suitable for use with high-strength transmission-service
sure Transmission Service pipe
A774/A774M-09 Standard Specification for As-Welded Wrought Austenitic Fittings & Five grades of as-welded, wrought austenitic stainless steel
Stainless Steel Fittings for General Corrosive Service at Flanges fittings for low-pressure piping and for low and moderate
Low and Moderate Temperatures temperatures and general corrosive service
A815/A815M-10a Standard Specification for Wrought Ferritic, Ferritic/ Fittings & Two general classes, WP and CR, of wrought ferritic, ferritic/
Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steel Piping Fittings Flanges austenitic and martensitic stainless steel fittings of seamless
and welded construction
A858/A858M-10a Standard Specification for Heat-Treated Carbon Steel Fittings & Heat-treated wrought carbon steel piping fittings with lowered
Fittings for Low-Temperature and Corrosive Service Flanges carbon content of seamless and electric fusion-welded construc-
tion for low-temperature and corrosive service applications
A860/A860M-10 Standard Specification for Wrought High-Strength Low-Alloy Fittings & Wrought high-strength low-alloy butt-welding steel fittings of
Steel Butt-Welding Fittings Flanges seamless and electric fusion-welded construction for applications
in high-pressure gas and oil transmission and distribution systems
Common requirements that shall apply to wrought steel piping
A960/A960M-10 Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Fittings & fittings. The material shall consist of forgings, bars, plates and
Wrought Steel Piping Fittings Flanges seamless or welded tubular products
A167-99 Standard Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Stainless and heat-resisting chromium-nickel Steel
Chromium-Nickel Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip plate, sheet and strip not covered in ASTM A240/A240M
A176-99 Standard Specification for Stainless and Heat-Resisting Stainless Steel Stainless and heat-resisting chromium steel plate,
Chromium Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip sheet and strip not covered in ASTM A240/A240M
A213/A213M-11 Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Stainless Steel Seamless ferritic and austenitic steel boiler, superheater and
Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater and Heat-Exchanger Tubes heat-exchanger tubes. Tubes shall be either hot finished or
cold finished, as specified
K-133
K-134
ASTM Scope
A240/240M Standard Specification for Chromium and Chromium-Nickel Stainless Stainless plate, sheet and strip for pressure vessels
Stainless Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip Steel and general applications
A249/A249M-10a Standard Specification for Welded Austenitic Steel Boiler, Stainless Various grades of nominal-wall-thickness welded tubes and
Superheater, Heat-Exchanger and Condenser Tubes Steel heavily cold worked welded tubes intended for use in a
boiler, superheater, heat exchanger or condenser
A268/A268M-10 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic Stainless A number of grades of nominal-wall-thickness, welded ferritic
and Martensitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service Steel and martensitic stainless steel tubing for general corrosion-
resisting and high-temperature service
A269-10 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Various grades of nominal-wall-thickness, seamless and
Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service Steel welded austenitic steel tubing for general corrosion-resisting
and low- or high-temperature service
A270/A270M-10 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Grades of seamless, welded, and heavily cold worked austenitic
Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing Steel and ferritic/austenitic stainless steel sanitary tubing intended
for use in the dairy and food industry and having special surface
finishes. Pharmaceutical quality may be requested, as a
supplementary requirement
A276-10 Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes Stainless Various shapes of hot-finished or cold-finished bars, except
Steel bars for reforging
A312/A312M Standard Specification for Seamless, Welded and Heavily Stainless Pipe that is intended for high-temperature and
Cold Worked Austenitic Stainless Steel Pipes Steel general corrosive service
A376/A376M-06 Standard Specification for Seamless Austenitic Steel Pipe Stainless Various grades of pipe intended for high-temperature
for High-Temperature Central-Station Service Steel central-station service
A479/A479M-10a Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes Stainless Various hot-finished or cold-finished shapes for use in
for Use in Boilers and Other Pressure Vessels Steel boiler and pressure vessel construction
ASTM Scope
Title Product
A480/A480M-11a Standard Specification for General Requirements for Flat- Stainless Steel General requirements for flat-rolled stainless and heat-
Rolled Stainless and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate, Sheet and resisting steel plate, sheet and strip
Strip
A554-10 Standard Specification for Welded Stainless Steel Stainless Steel Mechanical applications where appearance, mechanical
Mechanical Tubing properties or corrosion resistance is needed
A564/A564-10 Standard Specification for Hot-Rolled and Cold-Finished Stainless Steel Various hot-finished or cold-finished shapes of age-hardening
Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Bars and Shapes stainless steel
A582/A582M-05 Standard Specification for Free-Machining Stainless Stainless Steel Various shapes of hot-finished or cold-finished bars, except
Steel Bars bars for forging, suitable for machining processes.
A666-10 Standard Specification for Annealed or Cold-Worked Stainless Steel Different shapes in the annealed and normally required
Austenitic Stainless Steel Sheet, Strip, Plate and Flat Bar cold-worked conditions
A693-06 Standard Specification for Precipitation-Hardening Stainless Stainless Steel Precipitation-hardening stainless steel plate, sheet and strip
and Heat-Resisting Steel Plate, Sheet and Strip
A778-01 Standard Specification for Welded, Unannealed Austenitic Stainless Steel Intended for low and moderate temperatures and corrosive ser-
Stainless Steel Tubular Products vice where treatment is not necessary for corrosion resistance
A789/A789-10a Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Ferritic/ Stainless Steel Grades of nominal wall thickness, stainless steel tubing for
Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service services requiring general corrosion resistance, with particular
emphasis on resistance to stress corrosion cracking. These
steels are susceptible to embrittlement if used for prolonged
periods at elevated temperatures
A793-96 Standard Specification for Rolled Floor Plate, Stainless Steel Stainless Steel Standard for stainless steel floor plates
A999/A999-04a Standard Specification for General Requirements for Stainless Steel General requirements - refer to individual product
Alloy and Stainless Steel Pipe specifications for special requirements
B209 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Aluminum Coiled sheet, flat sheet and plate in various alloys,
Sheet and Plate tempers and finishes
K-135
K-136
ASTM Scope
Title Product
B210-04 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Aluminum Seamless tubes in straight lengths and coils for general
Drawn Seamless Tubes purpose and pressure applications
B211-03 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Aluminum Bar, rod and wire in various alloys, tempers and finishes
Bar, Rod and Wire
B221-08 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Aluminum Extruded shapes in various alloys, tempers and finishes
Extruded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles and Tubes
B241-B241M-10 Standard Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Aluminum Various alloys of seamless pipe and seamless extruded tube
Seamless Pipe and Seamless Extruded Tube
B308/B308M-10 Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy 6061-T6 Aluminum Limited to I-beams, H-beams, channels, angles, tees and
Standard Structural Profiles zees, which shall be produced by hot extruding only
B317/B317M-07 Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Bar, Aluminum 6101 aluminum-alloy in selected tempers for use as
Rod, Tube, Pipe, Structural Profiles and Profiles for electrical conductors
Electrical Purposes (Bus Conductor)
B429/B429M-10 Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Extruded Aluminum 6061 and 6063 extruded pipes and tubes intended for use
Structural Pipe and Tube in structural applications
B632/B632M-08 Standard Specification for Aluminum-Alloy Aluminum Aluminum-alloy rolled tread plate in various alloys,
Rolled Tread Plate tempers and finishes
A615/A615M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Specialty Various grades in cut lengths and coils
Bars for Concrete Reinforcement Products
A681-08 Standard Specification for Tool Steels Alloy Specialty Chemical, mechanical and physical requirements for
Products available wrought alloy tool steel products
F1267-07 Standard Specification for Metal, Expanded, Steel Specialty Expanded metal shall be made from commercial steel, carbon
Products steel sheets or from stainless steel sheets. - Type I-expanded or
Type II-expanded and flattened - Class 1-uncoated, Class 2-
hot-dip zinc uncoated or Class 3-corrosion resisting steel,
Grade A and Grade B
ASTM Scope
Title Product
B3-01 Standard Specification for Soft or Annealed Copper Wire Brass, Bronze, Drawn and annealed or soft round bare copper wire for
and Copper electrical purposes
B16/B16M-10 Standard Specification for Free-Cutting Brass Rod, Bar and Brass, Bronze, Requirements for Copper Alloy UNS C36000 suitable for high-
Shapes for Use in Screw Machines and Copper speed screw machining applications and moderate thread rolling
B21/B21M-06 Standard Specification for Naval Brass Rod, Bar and Shapes Brass, Bronze, Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C46200, C46400, C47940,
and Copper C48200 and C48500
B36/B36M-08a Standard Specification for Brass Plate, Sheet, Strip and Brass, Bronze, Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C21000, C22000, C22600,
Rolled Bar and Copper C23000, C24000, C26000, C26800, C27200 and C28000
B42-10 Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Pipe, Brass, Bronze, Nominal pipe sizes, both regular and extra-strong, suitable
Standard Sizes and Copper for use in plumbing, boiler feed lines and for similar purposes
B43-09 Standard Specification for Seamless Red Brass pipe, Brass, Bronze, Nominal pipe sizes, both regular and extra-strong in various
Standard Sizes and Copper tempers
B68/B68M-11 Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube, Brass, Bronze, Seamless tube suitable for use in refrigeration, oil lines,
Bright Annealed and Copper gasoline lines, and so forth, where tube with an interior
surface essentially free from scale and dirt is required
B75-02 Standard Specification for Seamless Copper Tube Brass, Bronze, Seamless rectangular, round and square copper alloy tube
and Copper suitable for general engineering applications
B101-07 Standard Specification for Lead-Coated Copper Sheet and Brass, Bronze, Flat lengths or coils of ounce-weight thickness for roofing,
Strip for Building Construction and Copper flashing, gutters, downspouts and general sheet metal
B103/B103M-10 Standard Specification for Phosphor Bronze Plate, Sheet, Brass, Bronze, Alloys of copper-tin (phosphor bronze plate), copper-tin-lead
Strip and Rolled Bar and Copper (leaded phosphor bronze) and copper-tin-lead-zinc
(bearing bronze)
B121/B121M-01 Standard Specification for Leaded Brass Plate, Sheet, Brass, Bronze, Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C33500, C34000, C34500,
Strip and Rolled Bar and Copper C35000, C35300 and C35600
K-137
K-138
ASTM Scope
Title Product
B134/B134M-08 Standard Specification for Brass Wire Brass, Bronze, Requirements for hexagonal, octagonal, rectangular, round
and Copper and square brass wire of UNS Alloy C21000, C22000, C22600,
C23000, C24000, C26000, C27000 and C27400
B135-10 Standard Specification for Seamless Brass Tube Brass, Bronze, Seamless rectangular, round and square copper alloy tube in
and Copper straight lengths in various tempers
B139/B139M-07 Standard Specification for Phosphor Bronze Rod, Bar and Brass, Bronze, Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C51000, C52100, C52400,
B140/B140M-07 Standard Specification for Copper-Zinc-Lead (Red Brass or Brass, Bronze, Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C31400, C31600 and
Hardware Bronze) Rod, Bar and Shapes and Copper C32000 used for screw machine applications
B150/B150M-08 Standard Specification for Aluminum Bronze Rod, Bar and Brass, Bronze, Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C61300, C61400, C61900,
Shapes and Copper C62300, C62400, C63000, C63020, C63200, C64200, and C64210
B151/B151M-05 Standard Specification for Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloy Brass, Bronze, Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C70600, C70620, C71500,
(Nickel Silver) and Copper-Nickel Rod and Bar and Copper C71520, C74500, C75200, C75700, C76400, C77000 and C79200
B152/B152M-09 Standard Specification for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate and Brass, Bronze, Various copper alloys used to produce sheet, strip, plate and
Rolled Bar and Copper rolled bar
B171/B171M-11e1 Standard Specification for Copper-Alloy Plate and Sheet for Brass, Bronze, Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C36500, C44300, C44400,
Pressure Vessels, Condensers and Heat Exchangers and Copper C44500, C46400, C46500, C61300, C61400, C63000, C63200,
C70600, C70620, C71500, C71520 and C72200
B187/B187M-11 Standard Specification for Copper, Bus Bar, Rod, Shapes Brass, Bronze, Requirements for copper conductor bars and shapes for both
and General Purpose Rod, Bar and Shapes and Copper electrical (bus) and general applications
B301/B301M-08 Standard Specification for Free-Cutting Copper Rod, Bar, Brass, Bronze, Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C14500, C14510, C14520,
Wire and Shapes and Copper C14700 and C18700 suitable for high-speed screw machine
work or for general applications
B370-09 Standard Specification for Copper Sheet and Strip for Brass, Bronze, Flat lengths or coils of ounce-weight thickness for roofing,
Building Construction and Copper flashing, gutters, downspouts and general sheet metal
ASTM Scope
Title Product
B453/B453M-08 Standard Specification for Copper-Zinc-Lead Alloy Brass, Bronze, Requirements for Copper Alloys UNS C33500, C34000, C34500,
(Leaded Brass) Rod, Bar and Shapes and Copper C35000, C35300 and C35600
B505/B505M-10 Standard Specification for Copper Alloy Continuous Castings Brass, Bronze, Requirements for continuously cast rod, bar, tube and shapes
and Copper produced from copper alloys with nominal compositions
A193/A193M Standard Specification for Alloy-Steel and Stainless Steel Fasteners Bolts for high-temperature applications
Bolting Materials for High-Temperature or High Pressure
Service
A194/A194M Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts for Fasteners Nuts for high-temperature applications
Bolts for High Pressure or High-Temperature Service, or Both
A307 Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Bolts and Studs, Fasteners Bolts and anchor rods
60,000 PSI Tensile Strength
A325 Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Fasteners High-Strength Bolts (not anchor rods; see F1554)
Heat Treated, 120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
A325M Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Steel, Heat Fasteners Metric High-Strength Bolts
Treated 830 MPa Minimum Tensile Strength (Metric)
A354 Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Alloy Fasteners Bolts and anchor rods
Steel Bolts, Studs and other Externally Threaded Fasteners
A449 Standard Specification for Quenched and Tempered Fasteners Bolts and anchor rods
Steel Bolts and Studs
A490 Standard Specification for Structural Bolts, Alloy Steel, Fasteners High-Strength Bolts (not anchor rods; see F554)
Heat Treated, 150 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
A490M Standard Specification for High-Strength Steel Bolts, Fasteners Metric High-Strength Bolts
Classes 10.9 and 10.9.3 for Structural Steel Joints (Metric)
A563 Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts Fasteners Nuts
K-139
K-140
ASTM Scope
Title Product
F436 Standard Specification for Hardened Steel Washers Fasteners Washers
F959 Standard Specification for Compressible-Washer-Type Fasteners DTI Washers
Direct Tension Indicators for Use with Structural Fasteners
F1554 Standard Specification for Anchor Bolts, Steel, 36, 55 and Fasteners Anchor Rods
105 ksi Yield Strength
F1852 Standard Specification for Twist-Off Type Tension Control Fasteners Twist-off type tension control bolts in A325 strength level
Structural Bolt/Washer Assemblies, Steel, Heat Treated,
120/105 ksi Minimum Tensile Strength
A370 Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing Mechanical testing of steel
Testing of Steel Products
Examination of Steel Plates
Examination of Rolled Steel Plates for Special Applications
A673/A673M Standard Specification for Sampling Procedure for Testing CVN testing
Impact Testing of Structural Steel
A770/A770M Standard Specification for Through-Thickness Tension Testing Through-thickness tension testing
Testing of Steel Plates for Special Applications
E94 Standard Guide for Radiographic Examination Testing Radiographic testing
E165 Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination Testing Dye-penetrant testing
for General Industry
E709 Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Testing Testing Magnetic particle testing
E1032 Standard test Method for Radiographic Examination Testing Magnetic particle testing
of Weldments
ASTM Scope
A27/A27M Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Miscellaneous Steel Castings
for General Application
A123/123M Standard Specification for Zinc (Hot-Dipped Miscellaneous Hot-Dip Galvanizing for members
Galvanized) Coatings on Iron and Steel Products
A148/A148M Standard Specification for Steel Castings, High Strength, Miscellaneous Steel Castings
for Structural Purposes
A153/A153M Standard Specification for Zinc Coating (Hot- Dip) Miscellaneous Hot-Dip Galvanizing for Hardware
on Iron and Steel Hardware
A668/A668M Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, Miscellaneous Standard requirements for untreated and heat-treated carbon
for General Industrial Use and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use
A780/A780M Standard Practice for Repair of Damaged and Uncoated Miscellaneous Repair of damaged hot-dip galvanized coatings
Areas of Hot-Dip Galvanized Coatings
B695 Standard Specification for Coatings of Zinc Mechanically Miscellaneous Mechanical Galvanizing
Deposited on Iron and Steel
K-141
Glossary of Terms
Abrasion The process of rubbing, grinding or wearing away by friction.

Abrasion Resistant Sheet and plate suitable for applications where the
gradual removal of a surface as a result of contact with another material
causes wear. Contact may be by sliding of one metal over another, the
grinding of hard particles between metal surfaces, the impact of heavy
materials such as rock, or the impact of high velocity dust particles on a
metal surface.
Acetylene Welding Welding by using the acetylene torch for fusing a
selected metal (welding rod) in such a position as to fill the space where a
junction is to be made. See Welding.
Acid Lining The inner bottom and lining of a melting furnace composed
of materials having an acid reaction if in contact with a molten slag (sand,
siliceous rock, or silica bricks).
Acid Steel Steel melted in a furnace having an acid bottom and lining and
under a slag with acid reaction. The term has no reference to the acidity of
the steel.
Activation The changing of the passive surface of a metal to a chemically
active state. Contrast with passivation.
Aging The spontaneous change in the properties of a metal usually
associated with the recovery of metal from an unstable condition produced
by quenching (quenchaging) or by cold working (strainaging). Age
hardening and aging are terms commonly used synonymously. See also
Precipitation Hardening.
Aircraft Quality Denotes material for important or highly stressed parts of
aircraft and for other similar purposes; such materials are of extremely high
quality requiring closely controlled, restrictive and special practices in their
manufacture.
Air Hardening (Air Quenching) A hardening process wherein the steel,
heated to the hardening temperature and cooled in air. Unless steel is high
in carbon or alloy, or both, it will not show much increase in hardness when
air hardened.
AISI Abbreviation for American Iron and Steel Institute.
Alclad Composite sheet produced by bonding either corrosion-resistant
aluminum alloy or aluminum of high purity to base metal or structurally
stronger aluminum alloy.
Alloy A material with metallic properties composed of two or more
elements of which at least one is a metal.
Alloy Steel Steel containing significant quantities of alloying elements
(other than carbon and the commonly accepted amounts of manganese,
silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus) added to effect changes in mechanical
properties by heat treatment.
Alloying Elements Chemical elements added for improving the properties
of the finished products. Some alloying elements are nickel, chromium,
manganese, molybdenum, vanadium, silicon, copper.
Aluminizing Forming an aluminum or aluminum alloy coating on a metal
by hot dipping, hot spraying or diffusion.
K-142
Glossary of Terms
Anisotropy The characteristic of exhibiting different values of a property in

different directions with respect to a fixed reference system in the material.
Annealing Annealing generally refers to the heating and controlled cooling
of solid material for the purpose of removing stresses, making it softer,
refining its structure or changing its ductility, toughness or other properties.
Specific heat treatments covered by the term annealing include black
annealing, blue annealing, box annealing, bright annealing, full annealing,
graphitizing, malleablizing and process annealing.
Arc Welding Welding by an electrical arc formed between an electrode
(carbon or metal) and the metal being welded, between two separate
electrodes as in atomic hydrogen welding, or between separate pieces
being welded as in flash welding.
ASM Abbreviation for American Society for Metals.
As Rolled When bars are hot rolled and allowed to cool in the air, they are
said to be in the as rolled or natural condition.
ASTM Abbreviation for American Society for Testing and Materials.
Atomic-hydrogen welding Arc welding with heat from an arc between
two tungsten or other suitable electrodes in a hydrogen atmosphere. The
use of pressure and filler metal is optional.
Attenuation The fractional decrease of the intensity of an energy flux,
including the reduction of intensity resulting from geometrical spreading,
absorption and scattering.
Austempering A patented heat treating process that consists of
quenching an iron-base alloy from a temperature above the transformation
range in a medium having a high rate of heat abstraction, and then
maintaining the metal, until transformation is complete, at a substantially
uniform temperature which is below that of pearlite formation and above that
of martensite formation.
Austenite A phase in steels which consists of the gamma form of iron
with carbon in solid solution. Austenite is tough, nonmagnetic and tends to
work-harden rapidly when cold worked in those steels which are austenitic
at ordinary temperatures.
Austenitic Steel Steel which has a stable austenitic structure at
normal (room) temperatures.
Austenitizing Forming austenite by heating ferrous alloy into the
transformation range (partial austenitizing) or above the transformation
range (complete austenitizing).
Autofrettage Prestressing a hollow metal cylinder by the use of
momentary internal pressure exceeding the yield strength.
Bainite A decomposition product of austenite consisting of an aggregate
of ferrite and carbide. In general, it forms at temperatures lower than those
where very fine pearlite forms and higher than that where martensite begins
to form on cooling. Its appearance is feathery if formed in the upper part of
the temperature range; acicular, resembling tempered martenisite, if formed
in the lower part.
K-143
Glossary of Terms
Banded Structure - A characteristic microstructure consisting of parallel

bands of ferrite and pearlite which run in the direction of working.
Bands - The initial coil product produced by rolling a slab on a hot strip mill,
generally to thickness 1/2 and lighter It is usually further processed
as follows:
1. Rerolled into cold rolled sheets.
2. Leveled and cut into plates (3/16 and over).
3. Leveled and cut into hot rolled flat sheets (lighter than 3/16).
Bar (Hot Rolled) - The term bar includes round, square, hexagonal and
other cross-sectional shapes, 1/4 inch (6.4mm) and greater, small standard
shapes (angles, channels, tees) under 3 inches (76.2mm), flats 6 inches
(152mm) and under in width and 1/4 inch (5.2mm) and over in thickness,
and flats over 6 inches (152mm) through 8 inches (200mm) in width, and
.2300 inch (5.84mm) and over in thickness.
Bark - Decarburized skin found just beneath the scale.
Base Box - A unit of measure used in the tin plate industry corresponding to
an area equal to 112 sheets of tin plate, each 14 x 20in., or 31,360 sq. in., or
217.78 sq. ft.
Basic Bottom or Lining - The inner lining and bottom of a melting furnace
composed of materials having a basic reaction; these may be crushed burnt
dolomite, magnesite, magnesite bricks, or basic slag.
Basic Oxygen Process - (BOP) Steelmaking method in which substantially
pure oxygen is introduced to facilitate the melting process.
Basic Steel - Steel melted in a furnace with a basic bottom and lining and
under a slag having a basic reaction. Most steel made in America is basic.
Bauxite - The principle ore of aluminum, present in nearly all earthly
materials and unavoidably present in most slags. Also used in the
manufacture of alumina refractories for withstanding extremely high
temperatures.
Bearing Load - A compressive load supported by a member, usually a tube
or collar, along a line where contact is made with a pin, rivet, axle or shaft.
Bearing Quality - Steels used for balls, rollers and races of anti-friction
bearings. Great hardness and resistance to crushing are the chief
requirements.
Bearing Strength - The maximum bearing load at failure divided by the
effective bearing area. In a pinned or riveted joint, the effective area is
calculated as the product of the diameter of the hole and the thickness of the
bearing member.
Bend Radius - The inside radius of a bent section.
Bend Tests - Various tests used to determine the ductility of sheet or plate
that is subjected to bending. These test may include determination of the
minimum radius or diameter required to make a satisfactory bend and the
number of repeated bends that the material can withstand without failure
when it is bent through a given angle and over a definite radius.
K-144
Glossary of Terms
Bessemer Process - A process for making steel by blowing air through

molten pig iron contained a refractory lined vessel so as to remove by
oxidation most of the carbon, silicon and manganese.
Billet - A semi-finished rolled ingot of rectangular cross section or nearly so.
In general the term billet is used when the cross section ranges from 4 up
to 36 sq. in., the width always being less than twice the thickness. Small
sizes are usually classed as bars or small billets. The term bloom is
properly used when the cross section is greater than about 36 sq. in., though
this distinction is not universally observed.
Black Annealing - A process of box annealing of sheets prior to tinning
whereby a black oxide color is imparted to the surface of the product.
Blackplate - Cold reduced sheet steel ranging in width from over 12 in. to
less than 32 in. and in gauge from 29 and lighter, in coils or cut lengths, and
within the uniform Classification of Flat Rolled Carbon Steel Products.
Blast Furnace - A shaft furnace supplied with air blast, usually hot, for
producing pig iron by smelting iron ore. The furnace is continuous in
operation, the raw materials (iron ore, coke, and limestone) are charged at
the top, and the molten pig iron and slag are collected at the bottom and are
tapped out at intervals.
Blister - A defect in metal produced by gas bubbles either on the surface
or formed beneath the surface while the metal is hot or plastic. Very fine
blisters are called pinhead or pepper blisters.
Bloom - See Billet.
Blooming Mill - Mill used to reduce ingots to blooms, slabs, etc.
Blowhole - A hole produced during the solidification of metal by evolved gas
which, in failing to escape, is held in the metal.
Blue Annealing - A process of annealing sheets after rolling. The sheets,
if fairly heavy, are allowed to cool slowly after the hot rolling; if of lighter
gauge, as is usually the case, they are passed singly through an open
furnace for heating to the proper annealing temperature. As the name
indicates, the sheets have a bluish-black appearance.
Blue Brittleness - Brittleness exhibited by some steels after being heated
to some temperature within the range of 300 to 650oF, and more especially
if the steel is worked at the elevated temperature. Killed steels are virtually
free of this kind of brittleness.
Blued Plate - Blackplate with the surface oxidized at a suitable temperature
by steam or air to product a blue color.
Blueing - A method of coating sheets with a thin, even film of bluish black
oxide. The blued surface is obtained by exposure to an atmosphere of dry
steam or air at a temperature of about 1000oF. Generally this is done during
box annealing.
Box Annealing - Softening steel by heating, usually at a subcritical
temperature, in a suitable closed metal box or pot to protect it from
oxidation, employing a slow heating and cooling cycle; also called closed
annealing or pot annealing.
K-145
Glossary of Terms
Brazing - Joining metals by fusion of nonferrous alloys that have melting

points above 800oF but lower than those of the metals being joined. This
may be accomplished by means of a torch (torch brazing), in a furnace
(furnace brazing) or by dipping in a molten flux bath (dip or flux brazing).
The filler metal is ordinarily in rod form in torch brazing; whereas in furnace
and dip brazing the work material is first assembled and the filler metal may
then be applied as wire, washers, clips, bands, or may be integrally bonded,
as in brazing sheet.
Bright Annealing - An annealing process usually carried out in a controlled
furnace atmosphere so that surface oxidation is reduced to a minimum and
the surface remains relatively bright.
Brinell Hardness Test - This test consists of forcing a ball of standard
diameter into the specimen being tested under standard pressure, and
judging the hardness of the material by the amount of metal displaced.
British Thermal Unit - A unit of heat representing the amount of heat
necessary to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree
Fahrenheit. Abbreviated B.T.U. or Btu.
Brittle Fracture - Fracture with little or no plastic deformation.
Burning - Heating steel to a temperature sufficiently close to the melting
point to cause permanent injury. Such injury may be caused by the melting
of the more fusible constituents, by the penetration of gases such as oxygen
into the metal with consequent reactions, or perhaps by the segregation of
elements already present in the metal.
Burnishing - Smoothing surfaces through frictional contact between the
work and some hard pieces of material such as hardened metal balls.
Butt Welding - Joining two edge or ends by placing one against the other
and welding them.
Calorizing - A process of converting the surface of steel articles into a
corrosion-resistant alloy layer of aluminum and iron by surface absorption
of aluminum from a mixture of aluminum and aluminum oxide powder at
elevated temperatures.
Camber - In sheet or strip: the greatest deviation of a side from a straight
line. In structurals: the curvature from the plane of a flange in length of the
section, either leg of an angle being taken as the flange. (Also see Sweep).
Canning - A dished distortion in a flat or nearly flat surface, sometimes
referred to as oil canning.
Capped Steel - Semikilled steel cast in a bottle-top mold and covered with
a cap fitting into the neck of the mold. The cap causes the top metal to
solidify. Pressure is built up in the sealed-in molten metal and results in a
surface condition much like that of rimmed steel.
Carbides - As found in steel, carbides are compounds of carbon and one or
more of the metallic elements, such as iron, chromium, tungsten, etc.
Carbon Free - Metals and alloys which are practically free from carbon.
K-146
Glossary of Terms
Carbo-Nitriding - A process of case hardening an iron-base alloy by

the simultaneous absorption of carbon and nitrogen through heating in a
gaseous atmosphere of suitable composition, following by cooling at a rate
than will produce desired properties.
Carbon Range - In steel specifications, the carbon range is the difference
between the minimum and maximum amount of carbon acceptable.
Carbon Steel - Steel whole major properties depend on its carbon content
and in which other alloying elements are negligible.
Carburzing - Adding carbon to iron-base alloys by absorption through
heating the metal at a temperature below its melting point in contact with
carbonaceous materials. Such treatment followed by appropriate quenching
hardens the surface of the metal. The oldest method of case hardening.
Carburizing Compound - Mixtures containing carbonaceous solids which
will give up carbon to steel in the presence of heat. Gas rich in carbon is
sometimes used in the carburizing process.
Case - The surface layer of an iron-base alloy which has been made
substantially harder than the interior by the process of case hardening.
Case Hardening - Carburizing, nitriding, or cyaniding and subsequent
hardening, by heat treatment, all or part of the surface portions of apiece of
iron base alloy.
Cast Steel - Any object made by pouring molten steel into molds.
Casting Strains - Strains produced by internal stresses resulting from the
cooling of a casting.
Cavitation - The formation and instantaneous collapse of innumerable tiny
voids or cavities within a liquid subjected to rapid and intense pressure
changes. Cavitation produced by ultrasonic radiation is sometimes used to
give violent localized agitation. That caused by severe turbulent flow often
leads to cavitation damage.
Cavitation Damage - Wearing away of metal through the formation and
collapse of cavities in a liquid.
Cementite - A compound of iron and carbon, known chemically as
iron carbide and having the approximate chemical formula Fe3C. It is
characterized by an orthorhombic crystal structure. When it occurs as a
phase in steel, the chemical composition will be altered by the presence of
manganese and other carbide-forming elements.
Centrifugal Casting - A casting made by pouring metal into a mold that is
rotated or revolved.
Ceramic Tools - Cutting tools made from fused, sintered or cemented
metallic oxides.
Chamfer - (1) A beveled surface to eliminate an otherwise sharp corner. (2)
A relieved angular cutting edge at a tooth corner.
K-147
Glossary of Terms
Charpy Test - A test made to determine the notched toughness, or impact

strength, of a material. The test gives the energy required to break a
standard notched specimen supported at the two ends.
Check Analysis - Analysis of metal after it has been rolled or forged into
semi-finished or finished forms.
Chemical Analysis - Qualitative analysis consists of separating a
substance into its component elements and identifying them. In quantitative
analysis the proportion of all component elements are determined.
Chemical Composition - Different elements, or combinations of elements,
helps determine the characteristics of steel and are generally referred to as
a steels chemical composition or chemistry.
Chemical Milling - Removing metal stock by controlled selective chemical
etching.
Chemical Requirements - When specifying to chemical composition, base
requirements should be based on the standard limits and ranges together
with the standard permissible variation for check analysis and standard
methods of sampling published by AISI for each product.
Chipping - One method of removing surface defects such as small fissures
or seams from partially worked metal. If not eliminated, the defects might
carry through to the finished material. If the defects are removed by means
of a gas torch the term deseaming or scarfing is used.
Chromadizing (Chromodizing, Chromatizing) - Forming an acid surface
to improve pain adhesion on aluminum or aluminum alloys, mainly aircraft
skins, by treatment with a solution of chromic acid.
Chromium - A hard, corrosion resistant metal widely used as an alloying
elements in steel and for plating steel products.
Chromizing - A surface treatment at elevated temperature, generally carried
out in pack, vapor or salt bath, in which an alloy is formed by the inward
diffusion of chromium into the base metal.
Clad Metal - A composite metal containing two or three layers that have
been bonded toegher. The bonding may have been accomplished
by corolling, welding, casting, heavy chemical deposition or heavy
electroplating.
Cleavage Plane - Crystals possess the property of breaking more readily in
one or more directions than in others. The planes of easy rupture are called
cleavage planes.
Close Tolerance - Hot rolled material is classed as close tolerance when
furnished to size tolerances more restrictive than standard - in no case
closer than 1/2 the standard variation.
Coil Breaks - Creased or ridges across a metal sheet transverse to the
direction of coiling, occasionally occurring when the metal has been coiled
hot and uncoiled cold.
K-148
Glossary of Terms
Coining - A method of cold forming or sizing metal by compression, often

used for imparting smooth finish and close tolerances.
Cold Drawing - The process of pulling a hot rolled bar through a die of
lesser size. Cold drawing gives the hot rolled bar a bright, clean, uniform
surface and increases tensile and yield strength. Cold drawing also
increases torsional strength, surface hardness, wear resistance and imparts
significant improvement in machinability. In some cases, cold drawn bars
subsequently may be subjected to grinding and polishing operations.
Cold Finishing - Changing the shape of, or reducing the cross section of
steel while cold - usually accomplished by rolling, drawing through a die or
turning.
Cold Heading - Forcing cold metal to flow into dies to form thicker sections
and intricate shapes.
Cold Rolled Products - Flat rolled products for which the approximate
required thickness has been obtained by rolling without heating at
approximately room temperature.
Cold Rolling - See Cold Finishing.
Cold Short - A condition of brittleness existing in some metals at
temperatures below the recrystalization temperature.
Cold Shut - An area in metal where two portions of the metal in either a
molten or plastic conditions have come together but have failed to unite into
an integral mass.
Cold Working - Permanent deformation of a metal below its recrystalization
temperature which hardens the metal.
Columnar Structure - A coarse structure of parallel columns of grains,
having the long axis perpendicular to the casting surface.
Combined Carbon - All of the carbon in iron or steel which is combined with
iron or other elements to form carbide.
Commercial Quality (CQ) - Sheet of this quality is for uses involving simple
bending or moderate drawing. Commercial Quality sheet can be bent flat
upon itself in any direction at room temperature.
Compressive Strength - Yield: Maximum stress that a compressed metal
can withstand without a predefined amount of deformation. Ultimate:
Maximum stress a brittle metal can withstand without fracturing when
subjected to compression.
Consumable Electrode Melting - An ingot of steel is remelted in a vacuum
by making the ingot serve as a consumable electrode. Purpose: to refine
the steel. The melted ingot collects in a water-cooled copper mold.
Continuous Casting - A casting technique in which an ingot, billet, tube
or other shape is continuously solidified while it is being poured, so that its
length is not determined by mold dimensions.
K-149
Glossary of Terms
Continuous Mill - A mill in which several stands of rolls are arranged in

tandem, usually so close together that the steel passes through several
stands simultaneously - for example: bar mills, strip mills, and some newer
plate mills.
Controlled Cooling - Cooling from elevated temperature in a predetermined
manner to avoid hardening, cracking or internal damage, or to produce
a desired microstructure. Such cooling usually follows the final forming
operation.
Core - The center portion of a piece of steel which may be of different
chemical composition than the outside, as in the case of carburized parts,
or which may have different physical properties than the outside due to the
failure of penetration of heat treatment effect.
Corrosion Embrittlement - The severe loss of ductility of a metal resulting
from corrosive attack, usually intergranular and often not visually apparent.
Corrosion Fatigue - Effect of the application of repeated or fluctuating
stresses in a corrosive environment characterized by shorter life than would
be encountered as a result of either the repeated or fluctuating stresses
alone or the corrosive environment alone.
Corrosion Resistance - The ability of a metal to withstand attack in an
environment that is conducive to chemical or electrochemical reaction.
Covered Electrode - A filler-metal electrode, used in arc welding, consisting
of a metal core wire with a relatively thick covering which provides protection
for the molten metal from the atmosphere, improves the properties of the
weld metal and stabilizes the arc. The covering is usually mineral or metal
powders mixed with cellulose or other binder.
Creep - Plastic deformation or flow of metals held for long period of time
at stresses lower than normal yield strength. Especially important if
temperature of stressing is near recrystalization temperature of the metal.
Creep Limit - (1) The maximum stress that will cause less than a specified
quantity of creep in a given time. (2) The maximum nominal stress under
which the creep strain rate decreases continuously with time under constant
load and at constant temperature. Sometimes used synonymously with
creep strength.
Creep Strength - The maximum stress which can be applied to steel at a
specified temperature without causing more than a specified percentage
increase in length in a specified time.
Creep Test - A number of samples, each loaded to a different stress, are
placed in heating coils and held at a constant predetermined temperature.
Tests are conducted for periods ranging from 1000-2000 hours during
which time the samples stretch. The elongation is measured and recorded
at regular intervals. The results show the amount of elongation which can
be expected when the steel is subjected to a given stress and temperature
within a given time.
Crevice Erosion - A type of concentration-cell corrosion; corrosion of a
metal that is caused by the concentration of dissolved salts, metals ions,
oxygen or other gases, and such, in crevices or pockets remote from the
principal fluid stream, with a resultant building up of differential cells that
ultimately cause deep pitting.
K-150
Glossary of Terms
Critical Cooling Rate - The minimum rate of continuous cooling just

sufficient to prevent undesired transformations. For steel, the slowest rate at
which it can be cooled from above the upper critical temperature to prevent
the decomposition of austenite at any temperature above the M s.
Critical Points or Temperatures - The various temperatures at which
transformations occur in steel as it passes through its critical range - on
either a rising or falling temperature (See Transformation Range.)
Critical Range - A temperature range in passing through which steel
undergoes transformation. The preferred term is transformation range (q.v.)
Crop - The imperfect ends of a rolled of forged product which are removed
and discarded.
Cross Rolling - The rolling of sheet so that the direction of rolling is
changed about 90o from the direction of the previous rolling.
Crown - A contour on a sheet or roll where the thickness or diameter
increases from edge to center.
Cryogenics - Working with materials in environments near absolute zero
( - 459.69o F).
Cup Fracture - A type of fracture - which looks like a cup having the exterior
portion extended with the interior slightly depressed - produced in a tensile
test specimen. Usually an indication of ductility.
Cutting Speed - The linear or peripheral speed of relative motion between
the tool and workpiece in the principal direction of cutting.
Cyaniding - Surface hardening of an iron-base alloy article or portion of it
by heating at suitable temperatures in contact with molten cyanide salt and
then quenching.
DC (Direct Chill) Casting - A continuous method of making ingots or billets
for sheet or extrusion by pouring the metal into a short mold. The base of
the mold is a platform that is gradually lowered while the metal solidifies, the
frozen shell of metal acting as a retainer for the liquid metal below the wall
of the mold. The ingot is usually cooled by the impingement of water directly
on the mold or on the walls of the solid metal as it is lowered. The length
of the ingot is limited by the depth to which the platform can be lowered;
therefore, it is often called semicontinuous casting.
Decalescence - The absorption of heat, due to internal changes, which
occurs when steel is heated through the critical temperature range.
Decarburization - Removal of carbon from the outer surface of iron or
steel, usually by heating in an oxidizing or reducing atmosphere. Water
vapor, oxygen and carbon dioxide are strong decarburizers. Reheating with
adhering scale is also strongly decarburizing in action.
Deep Drawing -The process of cold working or drawing sheet or strip metal
blanks by means of dies on a press into shapes which are usually more or
less cup-like in character involving considerable plastic deformation of the
metal. Deep-drawing quality sheet or strip steel, ordered or sold on the basis
of suitability for deep-drawing.
K-151
Glossary of Terms
Deep Etching - Etching, for examination at low magnification, by a

reagent that attacks the metal to a much greater extent than is normal for
microscopic examination - may bring out such features as abnormal grain
size segregation, cracks or grain flow.
Dendrite - A crystal that has a tree-like branching pattern , being most
evident in cast metals slowly cooled through the solidification range.
Deoxidizing - Removal of oxygen. In steel sheet, strip, and wire technology,
the term refers to heat treatment in a reducing atmosphere, to lessen the
amount of scale.
Deoxidation - A process used during melting and refining of steel to
remove and / or chemically combine oxygen from the molten steel to prevent
porosity in the steel when it is solidified.
Deoxidized Sheets - Hot rolled sheets that have been bright annealed.
Depth of Penetration - The depth to which appreciable hardening occurs
when steel is quenched from its hardening temperature.
Diamond Pyramid Hardness Test - An indentation hardness test
employing a 136o diamond pyramid indenter and variable loads enabling
the use of one hardness scale for all ranges of hardness form soft lead to
tungsten carbide.
Differential Heating - Heating so that various portions of an article reach
different temperatures to produce different properties upon cooling.
Distortion - A change in shape (usually refers to changes of shape caused
by internal stress).
Double Vacuum Melting - Ingots made by the vacuum induction melting
method are re-melted and further refined by the consumable electrode
method.
Drawing - Drawing may refer to the pulling of steel through a die, as in
drawing wire, or deforming steel in dies on a press (deep drawing).
Drawing Back - Reheating after hardening to a temperature below the
critical range for the purpose of improving the ductility and or lowering the
hardness of the steel.
Drawing Quality (DQ) - As compared with sheet of Commercial Quality,
Drawing Quality sheet has a greater degree of ductility and is more
consistent in performance. The greater ductility and uniformity result from
higher standards of production, selection, and processing of the steel .
Drawing Quality - Special Killed (DQSK) - When Drawing Quality will not
provide a sufficient degree of ductility for fabrication of parts or applications
require that the sheet be free from aging Drawing Quality - Special Killed
steel should be used. This quality is made by special steelmaking and
processing practices. Also sometimes known as deep drawing quality.
Drop Forging - A forging made with a drop hammer.
Drop Hammer - A forging hammer that depends on gravity for its force.
K-152
Glossary of Terms
Ductile Crack Propagation - Slow crack propagation that is accompanied

by noticeable plastic deformation and requires energy to be supplied from
outside the body.
Ductility - Ability of steel to undergo permanent changes in shape without
fracture at room temperature.
Duralumin - The trade name applied to the first aluminum-copper-
magnesium type of age-hardenable alloy (17S), which contains nominally
4% Cu, % Mg. The term is sometimes used to include the class of
wrought aluminum-copper-magnesium alloys that harden during aging at
room temperature.
Earing - Wavy projections formed at the opera end of a cup or shell in the
course of deep drawing because of differences in directional properties. Also
termed scallop.
Eccentricity of Tubing - Variation on wall thickness, when the wall is lighter
on one side and heavier at a point of 180o away, resulting in the I.D. of the
tube being not concentric with the O.D.
Eddy-Current Testing - Nondestructive testing method in which eddy-
curent flow is induced in the test object. Changes in the flow caused
by variations in the object are reflected into a nearby coil or coils for
subsequent analysis by suitable instrumentation and techniques.
Edge Condition - Mill Edge: Normal edge produced in rolling, conforms
to no definite contour. Sheared Edge: One cut after rolling. Slit Edge:
Produced when strip or coil is slit into multiple widths.
Elastic Limit - Maximum stress that a material will stand before permanent
deformation occurs.
Elongation - Increase in length which occurs before a metal is fractured,
when subjected to stress. This is usually expressed as a percentage of the
original length and is a measure of the ductility of the metal.
Endurance Limit - Maximum alternating stress, which a given material will
withstand for an indefinite number of times, without causing fatigue failure.
Erichsen Test - Similar to the Olsen Test. Readings are in millimeters.
Etching - In metallography, the process of revealing structural details by the
preferential attack of reagents on a metal surface.
Etch Tests - Etching to detect inclusion in steel. A common test is dipping a
sample into acid which reacts with the inclusion to disclose their presence.
Eutectoid Steel - Steel representing the eutectoid composition of the
iron carbon system, with about 0.80% to 0.83% carbon, the eutectoid
temperature being about 1333F. Such steel in the annealed condition
consists exclusively of pearlite. Steels with less than this quota of carbon are
known as hypo-eutectoid and contain free ferrite in addition to the pearlite.
When more carbon is present, the steel is known as hyper-eutectoid and
contains free cementite. The presence of certain elements, such as nickel or
chromium, lowers the eutectoid carbon content.
K-153
Glossary of Terms
Exfoliation - A type of corrosion that progresses approximately parallel to

the outer surface of the metal, causing layers of the metal to be elevated by
the formation of corrosion product.
Extensometer - An apparatus for indicating the deformation of metal while it
is subjected to stress.
Extrusion - Shaping metal into a chosen continuous form by forcing it
through a die of appropriate shape.
Fatigue - A condition leading to the eventual fracture of a material due
to constant or repeated stresses that exert less pressure than the tensile
strength of the material.
Fatigue Life - The number of cycle of stress that can be sustained prior to
failure for a stated test condition.
Fatigue Limit - See Endurance Limit.
Fatigue Strength - The maximum stress that can be sustained for a
specified number of cycles without failure, the stress being completely
reversed within each cycle unless otherwise stated.
Fatigue Test - Highly polished samples are subject to stress while bending,
which results in a reversal of stress for every complete revolution. The
stress is reduced on each succeeding sample until the maximum stress
sample will sustain for ten million reversals has been reached. Since
experience justifies the assumption that if steel can withstand ten million
reversals, it can withstand such stress indefinely. This stress is reported as
the fatigue limit.
Ferrite - The room temperature form of alpha iron, one of the two major
constituents of steel (cementite) in which it acts as the solvent to form solid
solutions with such elements as manganese, nickel, silicon and, to a small
degree, carbon.
Ferrite Banding - Parallel bands of free ferrite aligned in the direction of
working. Sometime referred to as ferrite streaks.
Ferro Alloys - A metal product commonly used as a raw material feed
in steelmaking, to aid various stages of the steelmaking process such as
deoxidation, desulfurization, and adding strength. Examples: ferrochrome,
ferromanganese, and ferrosilicon.
Fiber - A characteristic of wrought metal manifested by a fibrous or woody
appearance of fractures and indicating directional properties. Fiber is due
chiefly to the extension in the direction of working on the constituents of the
metal, both metallic and non-metallic.
Fiber Stress - Unit stress at a certain point when overall section stress is
not uniform.
Fin - Protuberances resulting from the improper squeezing of steel during
rolling. Also see Flash.
Finish - The surface appearance of steel after final treatment.
K-154
Glossary of Terms
Finished Steel - Steel that is ready for the market without further work or
treatment. Blooms, billets, slabs, sheet, bars, and wire rods are termed
semi-finished.
Finishing Temperature - The temperature at which hot working is
completed.
Firebox Quality - Quality of plates for use in pressure vesselss which will be
exposed to fire or heat and the resulting thermal and mechanical stresses.
Fish eyes - Areas on a fractured steel surface having a characteristic white
crystalline appearance.
Flakes - Short discontinuous internal fissures in ferrous metals attributed
to stresses produced by localized transformation and decreased solubility
of hydrogen during cooling after hot working. In a fractured surface, flakes
appear as bright silvery areas; on an etched surface they appear as short
discontinuous cracks. Also called shatter cracks and snowflakes.
Flame Annealing - A process of softening a metal by the application of heat
from a high-temperature flame.
Flame Cutting - Oxygen cutting in which the appropriate part of the material
to be cut is raised to ignition temperature by an oxy-fuel gas flame.
Flame Hardening - A hardening process in which the surface is heated by
direct flame impingement and then quenched
Flange Quality - Quality of plates for use in pressure vessels which are not
exposed to fire or radiant heat. Special manufacturing, test and marking are
required.
Flare Test - A test applied to tubing, involving a tapered expansion over a
cone. Similar to pin expansion test.
Flash - (1) In forging, the excess metal forced between the upper and lower
dies.
(2) In resistance butt welding, a fin formed perpendicular to the direction of
applied pressure.
Flash Point - Ignition point - usually applied to oils.
Flash Welding - A resistance butt welding process in which the weld is
produced over the entire abutting surface by pressure and heat, the heat
being produced by electric arc between the members being welded.
Flattening - Standard commercial flatness is obtained by roller leveling.
This consists in passing sheets singly or in packs through a machine having
a series of small diameter rolls.
Foil - Metal in sheet form less than 0.006 in. in thickness.
Forging - A piece of metal which has been shaped or formed, while hot, by
forging with a hammer (hand or power), in a press, or by a drop hammer.
K-155
Glossary of Terms
Forging Quality - Semi-finished steel produced for applications

involving forging require manufacturing control for chemical composition,
deoxidization mold practice, pouring, rolling, discard, cooling surface
preparation, testing and inspection. Purchasers method of fabrication and
end use is a vital consideration in producing steel to this broad definition.
Forging Stresses - Stresses resulting from forging or from cooling from the
forging temperature.
Fractography - Descriptive treatment of fracture, especially in metals,
with specified reference to photographs of the fracture surface.
Macrofractography involves photographs at low magnification;
microfractography, at high magnification.
Fracture - The surface of a break in metal.
Fracture Test - Nicking and breaking a bar by means of sudden impact, to
enable macroscopic study of the fracture.
Free Machining - Pertains to the machining characteristics of an alloy
to which one or more ingredients have been introduced to produce small
broken chips, low power consumption, better surface finish or longer tool life.
Fretting - (Fretting Corrosion) - Action that results in surface damage,
especially in a corrosive environment, when there is relative motion between
solid surfaces in contact under pressure.
Full Annealing - Heating the metal to about 100 (degrees) F. above the
critical temperature range, followed by soaking at this point and slow cooling
below the critical temperature.
Full Hardness - Usually the hardness of heat treated steel after quenching
and before tempering.
Galling - Developing a condition on the rubbing surface of one or both
mating parts where excessive friction between high spots results in localized
welding with substantial spalling and a further roughening of the surface.
Galvanic Corrosion - Accelerated corrosion of a metal because of an
electrical contact with a more noble metal or nonmetallic conductor in a
corrosive electrolyte.
Galvanizing - Coating steel with zinc and tin (principally zinc) for rust
proofing purposes. Formerly for the purpose of galvanizing, cut length steel
sheets were passed singly through a bath of the molten metal. Todays
galvanizing processing method consists of uncoiling and passing the
continuous length of successive coils either through a molten bath of the
metal termed Hot Dipped Galvanizing or by continuously zinc coating the
uncoiled sheet electrolytically- termed Electro-Galvanizing.
Galvannealing - Applying an extra tight coat of zinc to a soft steel
sheet, then passing through an oven at about 1200o F. gives a dull gray
unspangled coat well suited for painting.
K-156
Glossary of Terms
Gas Cutting - Refers to a procedure used for cutting when maximum

shearing limitations for thickness and chemical compositions are exceeded.
Also known as flame cut or special cut edge plates.
Grain Growth - An increase in the average size of the grains in
polycrystalline metal or alloy, usually a result of heating at elevated
temperature.
Grain Refinement - Reducing the crystalline or grain structure by heat
treating, or by a combination of heat treating and mechanical working.
Grain Size - Average diameter of grains in the metal under consideration, or
alternatively, the number of grains per unit area. Since increase in grain size
is paralleled by lower ductility and impact resistance, the question of general
grain size is of great significance. The addition of certain metals affects grain
size, for example vanadium and aluminum ten to give steel a fine grain. The
ASTM has set up a grain size standard for steels, and the McQuaid-Ehn
Test has been developed as a method of measurement.
Grain Structure - The type of crystalline structure as observed by eye or
under the microscope.
Granular Fracture - A type of irregular surface produced when metal
fractures, characterized by a rough, grain like appearance as differentiated
from a smooth silky, or fibrous, type. It can be sub classified into trans-
granular and inter-granular forms.. This type of fracture is frequently called
crystalline fracture, but the implication that the metal has crystallized is
completely misleading.
Graphitizing - Annealing gray cast iron so that most of the carbon is
transformed to the graphitic condition. Controlled by increasing silicon and
by thermal treatment.
Gray Cast Iron - A cast iron that gives a gray fracture due to the presence
of flake graphite. Often called gray iron.
Grinding and Polishing - Cold finishing operations that may be applied
to cold drawn or turned bars. The bars are first ground to close tolerance
in centerless grinders and kept very straight during the operation. They
are then saw cut on both ends to give a square, true cut, and burnished
to a brilliant, bright finish. The results are bars with extremely close size
tolerance, a high degree of straightness and a superior finish. Grinding and
polishing may be preceded by either a cold drawing or turning operation.
The mechanical properties remain comparable to those of the original hot
rolled bar except when preceded by cold drawing.
Grinding Cracks - Shallow cracks formed in the surface of relatively hard
materials because of excessive grinding heat or the high sensitivity of the
material.
Gun Drill - A drill, usually with one or more flutes and with coolant passages
through the drill body, used for deep hole drilling.
Half Rounds - Bars having a cross section that is a half circle.
Hammer Forging - Forging in which the work is deformed by repeated
blows. Compare with press forging.
K-157
Glossary of Terms
Hard Chromium - Chromium deposited for engineering purposes, such

as increasing the wear resistance of sliding metal surfaces, rather than
as a decorative coating. It is usually applied directly to basis metal and is
customarily thicker than a decorative deposit.
Hardenability - The ability of a metal, usually steel, to harden in depth as
distinguished from the terms hardness.
Hardening - (As applied to heat treatment of steel.) Heating and quenching
to produce increased hardness.
Hardness - Ability of material to resist penetration.
Heat-Affected Zone - That portion of the base metal which was not melted
during brazing, cutting or welding, but whose microstructure and physical
properties were altered by the heat.
Heat (of steel) - A batch of refined steel. A basic oxygen or electric furnace
full of steel. One heat of steel will be used to cast several slabs, blooms or
billets.
Heat Resisting Steels - Those steels which are used for service at
relatively high temperatures because they retain much of their strength and
resist oxidation under such condition.
Heat Tinting - Coloration of a metal surface through oxidation by heating to
reveal details of structure.
Heat Treatment - An operation or combination of operations involving the
heating and cooling of steels in the solid state for the purpose of obtaining
certain desirable mechanical, microstructural or corrosion-resisting
properties.
High Draw - A drawing temperature not very much below the Ac 1 point
of the steel - used to develop high ductility when tempering steel after the
quench.
High Strength Low Alloy (HSLA) - A specific group of steels in which the
strength levels are achieved by the addition of moderate amounts of alloying
elements. The most common are columbium, vanadium or titanium.
Homogenizing - Holding at high temperature to eliminate or decrease
chemical segregation by diffusion.
Honing - Removing stock generally on the internal cylindrical surface of a
workpiece with an abrasive stick mounted in a holder.
Hot Forming - Working operations such as bending and drawing sheet
and plate, forging, pressing, and heading, performed on metal heated to
temperatures above room temperature.
Hot Rolled - This term describes steel products that are brought to
approximate finished size by rolling at elevated temperatures.
HRAR (Hot Rolled as Rolled) - A description of steel products that are
rolled to finished thickness and not subsequently heat treated.
Hot Shortness - Brittleness in metal, at an elevated temperature.
K-158
Glossary of Terms
Hot Top - (1) A reservoir, thermally insulated or heated, to hold molten metal
on top of a mold to feed the ingot or casting as it contracts on solidifying to
avoid having pipe or voids.
Hot Working - Plastic deformation of metal at a temperature sufficiently high
not to create strain hardening. The lower limit of temperature for this process
is the re-crystallization temperature.
H-Steels - Steels produced to end quench hardenability limits.
Hydrogen Embrittlement - (1) Brittleness of metal, resulting from the
occlusion of hydrogen (usually as a by-product of pickling or by
co-deposition in electroplating). (2) A condition of low ductility resulting
from hydrogen absorption and internal pressure developed subsequently.
Electrolytic copper exhibits similar results when exposed to reducing
atmosphere at elevated temperature.
Immersed Scanning - In ultrasonics, a planned, systematic movement
of the beam relative to the object being inspected, the search unit being
coupled to this object through a column of liquid. In most cases the object
and the search unit are submerged in water.
Impact Energy (Impact Value) - The amount of energy required to fracture
a material, usually measured by means of an Izod or Charpy test. The type
of specimen and testing conditions affect the values and therefore should be
specified.
Impact Test - Test designed to determine the resistance of metal to

breakage by impact, usually by concentrating the applied stress to a notched
specimen.
Impact Values - Resistance to shock and ability to distribute localized stress
as measured by impact test - usually expressed in foot-pounds.
Inclusion - A nonmetallic material in a solid metallic material. Slag or other
foreign matter entrapped during welding. The defect is usually more irregular
in shape than a gas pore.
Induction Hardening - A process of hardening a ferrous alloy by heating it
above the transformation range by means of electrical induction, and then
cooling as required. Quench hardening in which the heat is generated by
electrical induction.
Inert-Gas Shielded-Arc Welding - Arc welding in an inert gas such as
argon or helium.
Ingot - A form of semi-finished steel. Liquid steel is teemed (poured) into
molds, where it slowly solidifies. Once the steel is solid, the mold is stripped,
and the 25- to 30-ton ingots are then ready for subsequent rolling or forging.
Ingot Iron - Commercially pure open-hearth iron.
Intergranular Corrosion - Electrochemical corrosion along the grain
boundaries of an alloy, usually caused because the boundary regions
contain material anodic to the center of the grain.
K-159
Glossary of Terms
Interrupted Quenching - Quenching in which the metal object being

quenched is removed from the quenching medium while the object is at a
temperature substantially higher than that of the quenching medium
Investment Casting - (1) Casting metal into a mold produced by
surrounding (investing) an expendable pattern with a refractory slurry that
sets at room temperature after which the wax, plastic, or frozen mercury
pattern is removed through the use of heat. Also called precision casting, or
lost-wax process.
(2) A casting made by the process.
Iron - (Chemical symbol Fe.) Element No. 26 of the periodic system;
Atomic weight 55.85. A magnetic silver white metal of high tensile strength,
ductile and malleable. Melting point of pure iron is about 2795 (degrees) F.
Chemically iron is chiefly base forming. The principal forms of commercial
iron are steel, cast iron and wrought iron.
Isothermal Transformation - A change in phase at any constant
temperature.
Izod Test - A pendulum type of single-blow impact test in which the
specimen, usually notched, is fixed at one end and broken by a falling
pendulum. The energy absorbed, as measured by the subsequent rise of the
pendulum, is a measure of impact strength or notch toughness.
Jominy End-Quench Test - This is a hardenability test in which a steel
sample is heated to its proper quenching temperature and subjected to a
spray of water at one end, a quenching method which provides a very rapid
rate of cooling at the end sprayed, with progressively slower cooling all the
way up to the other end.
Kerf - That part of the material lost through processing. The amount will
vary, depending on the type and thickness of material, and the process
used.
Killed Steel - Steel deoxidized with a strong deoxidizing agent, such as
silicon or aluminium, to reduce the oxygen content to such a level that no
reaction occurs between carbon and oxygen during solidification. The term
killed indicates that the steel has been sufficiently deoxidized to quiet the
molten metal when poured into the ingot mold. The general practice is to use
aluminum ferrosilicon or manganese as deoxidizing agents. A properly killed
steel is more uniform as to analysis and is comparatively free from aging.
However, for the same carbon and manganese content Killed Steel is harder
than Rimmed Steel. In general all steels above 0.25% carbon are killed, also
all forging grades, structural steels from 0.15% to 0.25% carbon and some
special steels in the low carbon range. Most steels below 0.15% carbon are
rimmed steel.
Kip - A unit of load equalling 1000 pounds or 453.59 kilograms.
Ladle Analysis - A term applied to the chemical analysis representative of
a heat of steel as reported by the producer. It is determined by analyzing a
test ingot sample obtained during the pouring of the steel from a ladle.
Lamination - An abnormal structure resulting in a separation or weakness
aligned generally parallel to the worked surface of the metal.
Lap - A surface defect, appearing as a seam, caused by fording over hot
metal, fins, or sharp corners and then rolling or forging them into the surface,
but not welding them.
K-160
Glossary of Terms
Leveling - A mechanical process in which the strip is stretched beyond its

yield point by bending over small diameter rolls. The purpose is to improve
the flatness of characteristics of the strip. Flattening rolled metal sheet or
strip.
Light Metals - Metal and alloys that have a low specific gravity, such as
beryllium, magnesium and aluminum.
Lock Forming Quality (LFQ) - Galvanized steel sheet of this quality
is intended primarily for use in fabrication where it is to be subjected to
machine lock forming.
Long Ternes - Flat rolled steel in sheet sizes coated with a mixture of lead
and tin. Coating usually contains 80% to 85% lead and 15% to 20% tin.
Longitudinal Direction - The principal direction of flow in a worked metal.
Low-Hydrogen Electrode - A covered arc-welding electrode that provides
an atmosphere around the arc and molten weld metal which is low in
hydrogen.
Lubricity - Slipperiness. The ability of steel sheet to slide in a forming die.
Machinability - The relative ease of machining a metal.
Machinability Index - A relative measure of the machinability of an
engineering material under specified standard conditions.
Machine Straightening - Straightening metal bars by rolling in a
straightening machine.
Machining - Refers to performing multiple processes to a piece of metal to
produce a customer specified component part.
Macroetch Test - Consists of immersing a carefully prepared section of
the steel in hot acid and of examining the etched surface to evaluate the
soundness and homogeneity of the product being tested.
Macrostructure - The structure of metal as revealed by macroscopic
examination.
Magnaflux Test - A method of detecting cracks, laps, and other defects
by magnetizing the steel and applying fine magnetic particles (dry or
suspended in solution). Presence of a surface or subsurface defect is
indicted by a particle pattern.
Magnetic-Analysis Inspection - A nondestructive method of inspection for
determining the existence and extent of possible defects in ferromagnetic
materials. Finely divided magnetic particles, applied to the magnetized
part, are attracted to and outline the pattern of any magnetic leakage fields
created by discontinuities.
Malleability - The property that determines the ease of deforming a metal
when the metal is subjected to rolling or hammering. The more malleable
metals can be hammered or rolled into thin sheet more easily than others.
Malleabilizing - A process of annealing white cast iron in such a way that
the combined carbon is wholly or partly transformed to graphitic or free
carbon or, in some instances, part of the carbon is removed completely.
K-161
Glossary of Terms
Maraging Steels - A group of high nickel martensitic steels developed by

the International Nickel Co. Their high strength and ductility evolve primarily
from the aging of a martensitic matrix.
Martempering - (1) A hardening procedure in which an austenitized ferrous
material is quenched into an appropriate medium at a temperature just
above the Martensite temperature of the material, held in the medium until
the temperature is uniform throughout - but not long enough for bainite
to form - and then cooled in air. The treatment is frequently followed by
tempering. (2) When the process is applied to carburized material, the
controlling Ms temperature is that of the case. This variation of the process
is frequently called marquenching.
Martensite - A metalstable transition phase with a body-centered-tetragonal
crystal structure formed by diffusionless transformation of austenite
generally during cooling between the Ms and Mf temperatures.
A distinctive needle like structure as a transition stage in the transformation
of austenite. It is the hardest constituent of steel of eutectoid composition.
It is produced by rapid cooling from quenching temperature and is the chief
constituent of hardened carbon tool steels. Martensite is magnetic.
Matrix - The ground mass or principal substance in which a constituent is
embedded.
McQuaid-Ehn Test - A test for revealing grain size of steel by heating above
critical range in a carbonaceous medium. This causes grains to be outlined
sharply when polished, etched and viewed under a microscope. Grain sizes
range from No. 8 (finest) to No. 1 (coarsest).
Mean Dimension - The average of minimum and maximum mill tolerances;
generally used in connection with tubing on O.D., I.D. or wall dimension.
Mechanical Properties - Those properties of a material that reveal
the elastic and inelastic reaction when force is applied, or that involve
the relationship between stress and strain; for example, the modulus of
elasticity, tensile strength and fatigue limit. These properties have often been
designated as physical properties, but the term mechanical properties is
much to be preferred. The mechanical properties of steel are dependent on
its microstructure.
Merchant Bar - A group of commodity steel shapes that consist of rounds,
squares, flats, strips, angles, and channels, which fabricators, steel service
centers and manufacturers cut, bend and shape into products. Merchant
products require more specialized processing than reinforcing bar.
Microscopic - Extremely small - not large enough to be seen with the naked
eye.
Microstructure - The structure of a prepared surface of a metal as revealed
by a microscope at a magnification greater than ten diameters.
Mill Edge - The edge of strip, sheet or plate in the as rolled state.
Unsheared.
Mill Finish - A surface finish produced on sheet and plate. Characteristic of
the ground finish used on the rolls in fabrication.
K-162
Glossary of Terms
Modulus of Elasticity - A measure of the rigidity of metal. Ratio of stress,

within proportional limit, to corresponding strain. Specifically, the modulus
obtained in tension or compression is Youngs modulus, stretch modulus
or modulus of extensibility; the modulus obtained in torsion or shear is
modulus of rigidity, shear modulus or modulus of torsion; the modulus
covering the ratio of the mean normal stress to the change in volume per
unit volume is the bulk modulus. The tangent modulus and secant modulus
are not restricted within the proportional limit; the former is the slope of the
stress-strain curve at a specified point; the latter is the slope of a line from
the origin to a specified point on the stress-strain curve. Also called elastic
modulus and coefficient of elasticity.
Network Structure - A structure in which the crystals of one constituent
are surrounded by envelopes of another constituent which gives a network
appearance to an etched test specimen.
Nickel Steel - Steel containing nickel as an alloying element. Varying
amounts are added to increase the strength in the normalized condition to
enable hardening to be performed in oil or air instead of water.
Nitriding - Introducing nitrogen into a solid ferrous alloy by holding at
a suitable temperature (below Ac1 for ferritic steels) in contact with a
nitrogenous material, usually ammonia of molten cyanide of appropriate
composition. Quenching is not required to produce a hard case. Process of
surface hardening certain types of steel by heating in ammonia gas at about
935-1000 (degrees) F., the increase in hardness being the result of surface
nitride formation. Certain alloying constituents, principal among them being
aluminum, greatly facilitate the hardening reaction. In general, the depth of
the case is less than with carburizing.
Nominal Dimension - OD, ID, or wall thickness of tubing specified by buyer,
regardless of how the tolerances are expressed.
Normalizing - A heat treatment applied to steel, Involves heating above the
critical range followed by cooling in still air. Is performed to refine the crystal
structure and eliminate internal stress.
Notch Brittleness - A measure of the susceptibility of a material to brittle
fracture at locations of stress concentration. For example, in a notch tensile
test a material is said to be notch brittle if its notch strength is less than its
tensile strength; otherwise, it is said to be notch ductile.
Notch (Impact) Toughness - An indication of a steels capacity to absorb
energy when a stress concentrator or notch is present. Examples are
Charpy V-Notch, dynamic tear, drop-weight and drop-weight tear tests.
Oil Quench - A quench from the hardening temperature, in which oil is the
cooling medium.
Oiled - Application of a suitable oil to flat rolled steel to retard rusting. When
surface is a consideration, it is also desirable in reducing friction scratches
that may develop in transit. The oil coating is not intended to serve as a
lubricant for subsequent fabrication.
K-163
Glossary of Terms
Olsen Test - A method of measuring the ductility and drawing properties

of strip or sheet metal which involves determination of the width and depth
of impression. The test simulating a deep drawing operation is made by a
standard steel ball under pressure, continuing until the cup formed from the
metal sample fractures. Readings are in thousandths of an inch. This test is
sometimes used to detect stretcher straining and indicates the surface finish
after drawing, similar to the Erichsen ductility test.
Open Hearth Furnace - A broad, shallow hearth to refine pig iron and scrap
into steel. Heat is supplied from a large, luminous flame over the surface,
and the refining takes seven to nine hours. Open Hearths, at one time the
most abundant steelmaking furnaces among integrated companies, have
been replaced by the basic oxygen furnace.
Orange Peel - A surface roughening (defect) encountered in forming
products from metal stock that has a coarse grain size. It is due to uneven
flow or to the appearance of the overly large grains usually the result of
annealing at too high a temperature. Also referred to as pebbles and
alligator skin.
Out-of-Round - The difference between maximum and minimum diameters
of a bar measured at the same cross section.
Out-of-Square - The difference between two dimensions of a square
bar, each dimension being the distance between opposite sides and both
measured at the same cross section. May also apply to the difference in
diagonal measurements of plate or sheet products.
Overaging - Aging under conditions of time and temperature greater than
those required to obtain maximum change in a certain property, so that the
property is altered in the direction of the initial value See Aging.
Overheating - Heating a metal or alloy to such a high temperature that its
properties are impaired. When the original properties cannot be restored by
further heat treating, by mechanical working, or by combination of working
and heat treating, the overheating is known as burning.
Oxygen-Free Copper - Electrolytic copper free from cuprous oxide,
produced without the use of residual metallic or metalloidal deoxidizers.
Pack Rolling - Rolling two or more pieces of thin sheet at the same time, a
method usually practiced in rolling sheet into thin foil.
Pancake Forging - A rough forged shape which may be obtained quickly
with a minimum of tooling. It usually requires considerable machining to
attain the finish size.
Passivation - Generally refers to a process for the surface treatment of
stainless steels. Material is subjected to the action of an oxidizing solution,
usually nitric acid, which augments and strengthens the normal protective
oxide film enabling the material to resist corrosive attack. The passivating
process also removes foreign substances from the surface which might
cause local corrosion.
Patenting - A heat treatment applied to medium and high-carbon steel prior
to cold drawing to wire. The treatment involves austenitization followed by
isothermal transformation at a temperature that produces a microstructure of
very fine pearlite.The metal is gradually heated to about 1830 (degrees) F.,
with subsequent cooling, usually in air, in a bath of molten lead, or in a fused
salt mixture held between 800 (degrees) F. and 1050 (degrees) F.
K-164
Glossary of Terms
Pearlite - A eutectoid transformation product of ferrite and cementite that

ideally has a lamellar structure but that is always degenerate to some extent.
Lamellar structure resembling mother of pearl. A compound of iron and
carbon occurring in steel as a result of the transformation of austenite into
aggregations of ferrite and iron carbide.
Peening - Mechanical working of metal by hammer blows or shot
impingement.
Penetrant Inspection - A method of non-destructive testing for determining
the existence and extent of discontinuities that are open to the surface in
the part being inspected. The indications are made visible through the use
of a dye or fluorescent chemical in the liquid employed as the inspection
medium.
Permanent Set - Non-elastic or plastic, deformation of metal under stress,
after passing the elastic limit.
Phosphorus Banding - A visible band occurring in metals caused by
localized phosphide segregations.
Photomicrograph - A photographic reproduction of any object magnified
more than ten diameters. The term micrograph may be used.
Physical Properties - Those properties familiarly discussed in physics,
exclusive of those described under mechanical properties; for example,
density, electrical conductivity, co-efficient of thermal expansion. This term
often has been used to describe mechanical properties, but this usage is not
recommended.
Pickling - Immersion of steel in a dilute solution of acid for the purpose of
removing the scale.
Piercing - Process of spinning and rolling a billet over a mandrel in such a
way that a hole is opened in the center.
Pig Iron - The name for the melted iron produced in a blast furnace,
containing a large quantity of carbon (above 1.5%). Named long ago when
molten iron was poured through a trench in the ground to flow into shallow
earthen holes, the arrangement looked like newborn pigs suckling. The
central channel became known as the sow, and the molds were pigs.
Pin Expansion Test - A test for determining the ability of tubes to be
expanded or for revealing the presence of cracks or other longitudinal
weaknesses, made by forcing a tapered pin into the open end of a tube.
Pipe (Imperfection) - The center void in wrought products resulting from
the central cavity formed by contraction in metal, especially ingots, during
solidification.
Pit - A sharp depression in the surface of the metal.
Planishing - Producing a smooth surface finish on metal by rapid
succession of blows delivered by highly polished dies or by a hammer
designed for the purpose, or by rolling in a planishing mill.
Plate - Sheet steel with a width of more than eight inches, with a thickness
ranging from one quarter of an inch to more than one foot (see Sheet Steel).
K-165
Glossary of Terms
Porosity - A group of gas pores.

Postheating - Heating weldments immediately after welding, for tempering,
for stress relieving, or for providing a controlled rate of cooling to prevent
formation of a hard or brittle structure.
Precipitation Hardening (PH) - Hardening caused by the precipitation of a
constituent form a supersaturated solid solution. A small group of stainless
steels with high chromium and nickel content, with the most common types
having characteristics close to those of martensitic (plain chromium stainless
class with exceptional strength) steels. Heat treatment provides this class
with its very high strength and hardness. Applications for PH stainless steels
include shafts for pumps and valves as well as aircraft parts.
Preheating - Heating before some further thermal or mechanical treatment.
For tool steel, heating to an intermediate temperature immediately before
austenitizing. For some nonferrous alloys, heating to a high temperature for
a long time, in order to homogenize the structure before working.
Press Forging - Forging metal, usually hot, between dies in a press.
Pressure Vessel Quality - Sheets and plate suitable for applications in
pressure vessels and similar purposes. Pressure vessel requirements
replace the previously used flange and firebox qualities.
Primes - Metal products, such as sheet and plate, of the highest quality and
free from visible surface defects.
Process Annealing - In the sheet and wire industries, a process by which
a ferrous alloy is heated to a temperature close to, but below, the lower limit
of the transformation range and is subsequently cooled. This process is
applied in order to soften the alloy for further cold working.
Proof Stress - (1) The stress that will cause a specified small permanent set
in a material. (2) A specified stress to be applied to a member or structure to
indicate its ability to withstand service loads.
Proportional Limit - The greatest stress that the material is capable of
sustaining without a deviation from the law of proportionality of stress to
strain.
Pulse-Echo Method - A nondestructive test in which pulses of energy are
directed onto a part, and the time for the echo to return from one or more
reflecting surfaces is measured.
Pyrometer - An instrument of various types used for measuring
temperatures.
Quench & Temper - The steel is rapidly cooled from above its critical
temperature range (austenitizing) to a temperature far below this range.
Water or oil is used to accelerate the cooling. In the as-quenched condition,
the product is not suitable for more commercial applications because of its
poor ductility and high hardness. The steel must, therefore, be tempered
in order to soften it somewhere to improve its ductility and toughness
and relieve internal stresses. Tempering is a reheating treatment done at
temperatures usually in the range between 800oF and 1200oF.
K-166
Glossary of Terms
Quench Cracking - The development of fractures in the surface of steel

parts as a result of heat treatment that involves rapid cooling.
Quench Hardening - Hardening a ferrous alloy by austenitizing and then
cooling rapidly enough so that some or all of the austenite transforms to
martensite. The austenitizing temperature for hypoeutectoid steels is usually
above Ac3 and for hypereutectoid steels usually between Ac1 and Ac (cm).
Quenching - In the heat treating of metals, the step of cooling metals rapidly
in order to obtain desired properties; most commonly accomplished by
immersing the metal in oil or water. In the case of most copper base alloys,
quenching has no effect other than to hasten cooling.
Quenching Medium - The medium used for cooling steel during heat
treatment - usually oil, water, air, or salts.
Quenching Temperature - The temperature from which steel is quenched
during a heat treating process.
Radiography - A nondestructive method of internal examination in which
metal objects are exposed to a beam of X-ray or gamma radiation.
Differences in thickness, density or absorption, caused by internal defects or
inclusions, are apparent in the shadow image either on a fluorescent screen
or on photographic film placed behind the object.
Random Lengths - A term indicating no specified minimum or maximum
length with lengths falling within the range indicated.
Recalescence - The liberation of heat due to internal changes, which occurs
when steel is cooled through the critical temperature range.
Re-crystallization - (1) The change from one crystal structure to another,
as occurs on heating or cooling through a critical temperature. (2) The
formation of a new, strain-free grain structure from that existing in cold
worked metal, usually accomplished by heating.
Recrystallization Temperature - The approximate minimum temperature
at which complete recrystallization of a cold worked metal occurs within a
specified time.
Red Shortness - Brittleness in steel when it is red hot.
Reduction - Reducing thickness of sheet or strip by hot or cold rolling.
Reduction of Area - The difference between the original cross-sectional
area of a tensile specimen and that of the smallest area at the point of
rupture. It is usually stated as a percentage of the original area; also called
contraction of area.
Refinement of Structure - See Grain Refinement.
Refining Temperature - A temperature, usually just higher than the
transformation range, employed in the heat treatment of steel to refine the
structure -- in particular, the grain size.
Refractory Metal - A metal having an extremely high melting point. In the
broad sense, it refers to metals having melting points above the range of
iron, cobalt, and nickel.
K-167
Glossary of Terms
Regenerative Quenching - Quenching carburized parts from two different

temperatures to refine case and core (Often called double quenching).
Rephosphorizing (Steel) - A Ladle-chemical treatment consisting of the
addition of phosphorus as a work hardening agent when temper rolling black
plate or sheet steel resulting in greater hardness and stiffness and with a
corresponding loss in ductility. . NOTE: Black Plate in tempers T5 and T6
(R/B range 68/84) are temper rolled from Rephosphorized steel.
Residual Stress - Macroscopic stresses that are set up within a metal
as the result of non-uniform plastic deformation. This deformation may
be caused by cold working or by drastic gradients of temperature from
quenching or welding.
Stress remaining in a metal part or structure as a result of welding.
Resquaring - A method of shearing to meet closer-than-standard width,
length, and out-of-square tolerances.
Resulfurized Steel - Steel to which sulfur has been added in controlled
amounts after refining. The sulfur is added to improve machinability.
Rimmed Steel - Low-carbon steel containing sufficient iron oxide to produce
continuous evolution of carbon monoxide during ingot solidification, resulting
in a case or rim of metal virtually free of voids.The rim is of somewhat purer
composition than the original metal poured. If the rimming action is stopped
shortly after pouring of the ingot is completed, the metal is known as capped
steel. Most steels below 0.15% carbon are rimmed steels. For the same
carbon and manganese content rimmed steel is softer than killed steel.
RMS - A means of measuring surfaces roughness - Root Mean Square. A
surface with a theoretical zero value has no surface deviations. As the value
increases, the roughness increases.
Rockwell Hardness (Test) - A standard method for measuring the hardness
of metals. The hardness is expressed as a number related to the depth of
residual penetration of a steel ball or diamond cone (brale) after a minor
load of 10 kilograms has been applied to hold the penetrator in position. This
residual penetration is automatically registered on a dial when the major
load is removed from the penetrator. Various dial readings combined with
different major loads, five scales designated by letters varying from A to H;
the B and C scales are most commonly in use.
Roll Forming - (1) An operation used in forming sheet. Strips of sheet are
passed between rolls of definite settings that bend the sheet progressively
into structural members of various contours, sometimes called molded
sections. (2) The process of coiling sheet into open cylinders.
Rolled Edge - The edge on a universal plate when rolled by both vertical
and horizontal rolls. Edge shearing is not necessary.
Roller Leveler - A rolling device used for eliminating buckles and waves
in steel sheets and strip and for producing sheets of commercial flatness.
The roller leveler has sets of rolls that are staggered to flex the sheet
as it passes between them. Besides its use in leveling, it has extensive
application for minimizing or temporarily eliminating the tendency to develop
stretcher strains.
K-168
Glossary of Terms
Roll Threading - Threading a a bold or screw by rolling it between two

grooved die plates, one of which is in motion, or between grooved circular
rolls.
Rough Machining - Machining without regard to finish, usually to be
followed by a subsequent operation.
Rounds - Bars having a circular or round cross section.
SAE - Abbreviation for Society of Automotive Engineers. This organization
has specified common and alloy steels and copper base alloys in
accordance with a numerical index system allowing approximation of the
composition of the metal. The last two digits always indicate the carbon
content, usually within 0.05%.
Scab - A blemish caused on a casting by eruption of gas from the mold face
or by uneven mold surface or occurring where the skin from a blowhole has
partly burned away and is not welded.
Scale - The oxide of iron that forms on the surface of steel after heating.
Scaling - Forming a thick layer of oxidation products on metals at high
temperatures.
Scalped Extrusion Ingot - A cast, solid or hollow extrusion ingot which has
been machined on the outside surface.
Scarfing - Cutting surface areas of metal objects, ordinarily by using a gas
torch. The operation permits surface defects to be cut from ingots, billets, or
the edges of plate that is to be beveled for butt welding.
Scleroscope Hardness Test - A method for measuring the hardness of
metals; a diamond-pointed hammer drops from a fixed distance through
a tube onto the smoothed metal surface and the rebound measured. The
scleroscope hardness value is empirically taken from the rebound distance,
with specified high-carbon steel as 100.
Screw Stock - Metal in the form or a wire or rod, ordinarily a free-machining
type, used for making screw machine products.
Seam - On the surface of metal a crack that has been closed but not
welded; usually produced by some defect either in casting or in working,
such as blowholes that have become oxidized or folds and laps that have
been formed during working. Similar to cold shut and laminations.
Secondary Hardening - Tempering certain alloy steels at certain
temperatures so that the resulting hardness is greater than that obtained by
tempering the same steel at some lower temperature for the same time.
Segregation - Non-uniform distribution of alloying elements, impurities or
phases. In an alloy, concentration of alloying elements at specific regions,
usually as a result of the primary crystallization of one phase with the
subsequent concentration of other elements in the remaining liquid.
Semi-finished Steel - Steel shapesfor example, blooms, billets or slabs
that later are rolled into finished products such as beams, bars or sheet.
K-169
Glossary of Terms
Semikilled Steel - Steel that is incompletely deoxidized and contains

sufficient dissolved oxygen to react with the carbon to form carbon monoxide
and thus offset solidification shrinkage.
Sendzimir Mill - A mill having two work rolls of 1 to 2-1/2 in. diam. each,
backed up by two rolls twice that diameter and each of these backed up by
bearings on a shaft mounted eccentrically so that rotating it increases the
pressure between bearings and backup rolls.
Shear Strength - The stress required to produce fracture in the plane of
a cross section, the conditions of loading being such that the directions of
force and of resistance are parallel and opposite although their paths are
offset a specified minimum amount.
Sheared Edge - These plates have an edge produced by shearing (or gas
cutting when plates are too thick to shear). Sheared plates or sheared
mill plates are trimmed on all four edges.
Sheet Steel - Thin, flat-rolled steel. Coiled sheet steel accounts for nearly
one-half of all steel shipped domestically and is created in a hot-strip mill by
rolling a cast slab flat while maintaining the side dimensions. The malleable
steel lengthens to several hundred feet as it is squeezed by the rolling mill.
The most common differences among steel bars, strip, plate, and sheet are
merely their physical dimensions of width and gauge (thickness).
Shell Molding - Forming a mold from thermosetting resin-bonded sand
mixtures brought in contact with preheated (300 to 500 degrees F) metal
patterns, resulting in a firm shell with a cavity corresponding to the outline of
the pattern. Also called Croning process.
Sherardizing - A cementation process used to give small steel articles, such
as bolts, a corrosion resistant surface of zinc-rich alloy. The articles are
packed with zinc dust in drums which are heated for several hours while
slowly rotating.
Shielded-Arc Welding - Arc welding in which the arc and the weld metal
are protected by a gaseous atmosphere, the products of decomposition of
the electrode covering, or a blanket of fusible flux.
Shortness - A form of brittleness in metal. It is designated as cold, hot, and
red, to indicate the temperature range in which the brittleness occurs.
Siliconizing - Diffusing silicon into solid metal, usually steel, at an elevated
temperature.
Silky Fracture - A steel fracture that has a very smooth fine grain or silky
appearance.
Skelp - Steel that is the entry material to a pipe mill. It resembles hot-rolled
strip, but its properties allow for the severe forming and welding operations
required for pipe production.
Sketch Plates - Plates cut to shapes other than rectangular.
Skull - A layer of solidified metal or dross on the walls of a pouring vessel
after the metal has been poured.
K-170
Glossary of Terms
Slab - The most common type of semi-finished steel. Traditional slabs

measure 10 inches thick and 30-85 inches wide (and average about 20
feet long), while the output of the recently developed thin slab casters is
approximately two inches thick. Subsequent to casting, slabs are sent to the
hot-strip mill to be rolled into coiled sheet and plate products.
Slabbing Mill - A mill for rolling slabs from ingots.
Slack Quenching - The process of hardening steel by quenching from the
austenitizing temperature at a rate slower than the critical cooling rate for
the particular steel, resulting in incomplete hardening and the formation of
one or more transformation products in addition to or instead of martensite.
Slag - The impurities in a molten pool of iron. Flux such as limestone may
be added to foster the congregation of undesired elements into a slag.
Because slag is lighter than iron, it will float on top of the pool, where it can
be skimmed.
Slip Bands - A series of parallel lines running across a crystalline grain. Slip
bands are formed when the elastic limit is passed by one layer or portion
of the crystal slipping over another portion along a plane, known as the slip
plane.
Slitting - Cutting a sheet of steel into narrower strips to match customer
needs. Because steel mills have limited flexibility as to the widths of the
sheet that they produce, service centers normally will cut the sheet for the
customer.
Soaking - Prolonged heating of a metal at selected temperature.
Soldering - Joining metals by fusion of alloys that have relatively low
melting points -- most commonly, lead-base or tin-base alloys, which are the
soft solders. Hard solders are alloys that have silver, copper, or nickel bases
and use of these alloys with melting points higher than 800 (degrees) F. is
generally termed brazing.
Solidification Range - The temperature range through which metal freezes
or solidifies.
Solid Solution - A solid crystalline phase containing two or more chemical
species in concentrations that may vary between limits imposed by phase
equilibrium.
Solution Heat Treatment - A heat treatment in which an alloy is heated to
a suitable temperature, held at that temperature long enough to cause one
or more constituents to enter into solid solution, and then cooled rapidly
enough to hold these constituents in solution.
Sonims - Sold non-metallic inclusions in metal.
Sorbite - Structure of steel, resulting from the tempering of martensite. In a
truly sorbitic structure, the cementite is completely dispersed in the matrix.
The trend is to call this structure tempered martensite. It is a fine mixture
of ferrite and cementite produced either by regulating the rate of cooling of
steel or tempering steel after hardening. The first type is very fine pearlite
difficult to resolve under the microscope; the second type is tempered
martensite.
Spalling - The cracking and flaking of particles out of a surface.
K-171
Glossary of Terms
Spangle - The spangle of a hot-dip coated sheet surface is the visual

manifestation of the grains that form within the coating when it solidifies as
the sheet emerges from the pot of molten coating metal. The spangle or
grain varies in size, brightness and surface relief, depending upon a number
of factors, most of which are related to the composition of the coating and
cooling practices.
Special Killed Steels - Low-carbon aluminum-killed steels mainly used for
extra deep drawing sheet and strip.
Special Quality - Produced for applications involving forging, heat treating,
cold drawing, machining, etc. Special quality bars are furnished in standard,
other than standard, or restricted chemical grades, or to mechanical property
specifications. This quality is subject to variations in check analysis.
Special Straightness - Material furnished to closer-than-standard
straightness tolerances as set forth in the AISI manual.
Specified Grain Size - Grain size can only be specified coarse (1 to 5) or
fine (5 to 8) except in alloy steels which allow a more restrictive requirement.
(Also see McQuid-Ehn Test)
Spherodizing - Heating and cooling to produce a spherical or globular form
of carbide in steel.
Spiegel - High-manganese pig iron, containing 15-30% manganese,
approximately 5% carbon, and less than 1% silicon used in the manufacture
of steel by the Bessemer, or basic open-hearth process.
Spot Welding - Welding of lapped parts in which fusion is confined to a
relatively small circular area. It is generally resistance welding, but may
also be gas-shielded tungsten-arc, gas-shielded metal-arc, or submerged-
arc welding. It is an electric-resistance welding process in which the fusion
is limited to a small area. The pieces being welded are pressed together
between a pair of water-cooled electrodes through which an electrical
current is passed during a very short interval so that fusion occurs over a
small area at the interface between the pieces.
Stabilizing Treatment - Any treatment intended to stabilize the structure of
an alloy or the dimensions of a part. (1) Heating austenitic stainless steels
that contain titanium, columbium, or tantalum to a suitable temperature
below that of a full anneal in order to inactivate the maximum amount of
carbon by precipitation as a carbide of titanium, columbium, or tantalum.
(2) Transforming retained austenite in parts made from tool steel. (3)
Precipitating a constituent from a nonferrous solid solution to improve the
workability, to decrease the tendency of certain alloys to age harden at room
temperature, or to obtain dimensional stability.
Standard Gold - A legally adopted alloy for coinage of gold. In the United
States the alloy contains 10% Cu.
Static Load - A load which is sustained without motion - such as weight
hanging on a string.
K-172
Glossary of Terms
Steel - An iron-base alloy, malleable in some temperature range as initially

cast, containing manganese, usually carbon, and often other alloying
elements. In carbon steel and low-alloy steel, the maximum carbon is about
2.0%; in high-alloy steel, about 2.5%. The dividing line between low-alloy
and high-alloy steels is generally regarded as being at about 5% metallic
alloying elements. Steel is to be differentiated from two general classes of
irons: the cast irons, on the high-carbon side, and the relatively pure irons
such as ingot iron, carbonyl iron, and electrolytic iron, on the low-carbon
side. In some steels containing extremely low carbon, the manganese
content is the principal differentiating factor, steel usually containing at least
0.25%; ingot iron contains considerably less.
Step Down Test - A sample of steel is machined down to different diameters
and inspected at different distances from the surface.
Sterling Silver - A silver alloy containing at least 95.2% Ag, the remainder
being unspecified but usually copper.
Strain - A measure of the change in the size or shape of a body, referred
to its original size or shape. Linear strain is the change per unit length of
a linear dimension. True strain (or natural strain) is the natural logarithm
of the ratio of the length at the moment of observation to the original gauge
length. Conventional strain is the linear strain referred to the original
gauge length. Shearing strain (or shear strain) is the change in angle
(expressed in radians) between two lines originally at right angles. When the
term strain is used alone it usually refers to the linear strain in the direction
of the applied stress.
Strain Hardening - An increase in hardness and strength caused by plastic
deformation at temperatures below the recrystallization range.
Strength Properties - They are related to the steels ability to resist applied
forces. Strength properties are measured by the tension test. (Tensile
strength, yield point, or yield strength).
Stress - Deforming force to which a body is subjected or the resistance
which the body offers to deformation by the force.
Stress-Corrosion Cracking - Failure by cracking under the combined
action of corrosion and stress, either external (applied) or internal (residual).
Cracking may be either intergranular or transgranular, depending on the
metal and the corrosive medium.
Stress Relieving - Heating to a suitable temperature, holding long enough
to reduce residual stresses and then cooling slowly enough to minimize the
development of new residual stresses.
Stress-Rupture Test - A tension test performed at constant temperature,
the load being held at such a level as to cause rupture. Also known as
creep-rupture test.
Stretcher Flattening - A process for removing bow and warpage from sheet
by applying a uniform tension between the ends so that the piece is elongate
to a definite amount of permanent set.
Stretcher Leveled Standard - A standard of flatness associated with
sheet; more stringent than commercial standard of flatness; not necessarily
obtained by performing stretcher leveling operations.
K-173
Glossary of Terms
Stretcher Strains - Elongated markings that appear on the surface of

some materials when deformed just past the yield point. These markings lie
approximately parallel to the direction of maximum shear stress and are the
result of localized yielding. Same as Luders lines.
Structural Quality - Material suitable for load-bearing applications and
typically represents the quality of steel produced under regular or normal
manufacturing conditions.
Superalloy - An alloy developed for very high temperature service
where relatively high stresses (tensile, thermal, vibratory, and shock) are
encountered and where oxidation resistance is frequently required.
Superficial Rockwell Hardness Test - Form of Rockwell hardness test
using relatively light loads which produce minimum penetration. Used for
determining surface hardness or hardness of thin sections or small parts, or
where large hardness impression might be harmful.
Swaging - Shaping metal by causing it to flow in a swage by pressing,
rolling or hammering (also called swedging).
Sweep - The greatest deviation of a structural shape from a straight line in
the direction of length parallel with its web. In reference to wide flange (W)
shapes, standard (S) beams, miscellaneous (M) shapes, and channels (C,
MC), sweep denotes the curvature from the plane of the web in the length of
these shapes.
Tack Welds - Small scattered welds made to hold parts of a weldment in
proper alignment while the final welds are being made.
Tapping - Transferring molten metal from melting furnace to ladle.
Teeming - Pouring molten metal from a ladle into ingot molds. The term
applies particularly to the specific operation of pouring either iron or steel
into ingot molds.
Temper - (1) In heat treatment, reheating hardened steel or hardened cast
iron to some temperature below the eutectoid temperature for the purpose
of decreasing the hardness and increasing the toughness. The process
also is sometimes applied to normalized steel. (2) In tool steels, temper
is sometimes used, but unadvisedly, to denote the carbon content. (3) In
nonferrous alloys and in some ferrous alloys (steels that cannot be hardened
by heat treatment), the hardness and strength produced by mechanical
or thermal treatment, or both, and characterized by a certain structure,
mechanical properties, or reduction in area during cold working. It is the
state of or condition of a metal as to its hardness or toughness produced by
either thermal treatment or heat treatment and quench or cold working or a
combination of same in order to bring the metal to its specified consistency.
Each branch of the metal producing industry has developed its own system
of temper designates. In flat rolled products including sheet and strip steel,
tin mill products, stainless strip, aluminum sheet and copper base alloy strip.
K-174
Glossary of Terms
Temper Brittleness - Brittleness that results when certain steels are held
within, or are cooled slowly through, a certain range of temperature below
the transformation range. The brittleness is revealed by notched-bar impact
tests at or below room temperature.
Temper Carbon - A form of graphite in iron-base alloys produced by heating
below the melting point.
Tempering - A process of reheating quench-hardened or normalized steel to
a temperature below the transformation range and then cooling at any rate
desired. The primary purpose of tempering is to impart a degree of plasticity
or toughness to the steel to alleviate the brittleness of its martensite.
Tension Leveling - A process for improving flatness in coils by pulling in
tension.
Tensile Strength - The maximum load per unit of original cross-sectional
area obtained before rupture of a tensile specimen.
Thermal Stresses - Stresses in metal most often resulting from non-uniform
or localized heating and cooling.
Through-Hardened - Description of a steel part that has been quenched to
substantially the same hardness over its entire cross section.
Tin Plate - Thin sheet steel with a very thin coating of metallic tin. Tin plate
is used primarily in can making.
TMW Pricing (Theoretical Minimum Weight) - A method of billing sheet
and strip products at the theoretical weight calculated on the basis of the
minimum specific thickness, width, and length.
Tolerance - Specified limits of deviation from a dimension.
Tong Hold - The portion of a forging billet, usually on one end, that is
gripped by the operators tongs. It is removed from the part at the end of the
forging operation. Common to drop-hammer and press-type forging.
Torsion - A twisting action resulting in shear stresses and strains.
Toughness - An indication of a steels capacity to absorb energy, particularly
in the presence of a notch or a crack.
Transformation Ranges (Transformation Temperature Ranges) -
Those ranges of temperature within which austenite forms during heating
and transforms during cooling. The two ranges are distinct, sometimes
overlapping but never coinciding. The limiting temperatures of the ranges
depend on the composition of the alloy and on the rate of change of
temperature, particularly during cooling.
K-175
Glossary of Terms
Transformation Temperature - The temperature at which a change

in phase occurs. The term is sometimes used to denote the limiting
temperature of a transformation range. The following symbols are used for
iron and steels: . Ac(cm) In hypereutectoid steel, the temperature at which
the solution of cementite in austenite is completed during heating. . Ac1
The temperature at which austenite begins to form during heating. . Ac3
The temperature at which transformation of ferrite to austenite is completed
during heating. . Ac4 The temperature at which austenite transforms to delta
ferrite during heating. . Ae(cm) Ae1 Ae3 Ae4 The temperatures of phase
changes at equilibrium. . Ar(cm) In hypereutectoid steel, the temperature at
which precipitation of cementite starts during cooling. . Ar1 The temperature
at which transformation of austenite to ferrite or to ferrite plus cementite is
completed during cooling. . Ar3 The temperature at which austenite begins
to transform to ferrite during cooling. . Ar4 The temperature at which delta
ferrite transforms to austenite during cooling. . M(5) (or Ar) The temperature
at which transformation of austenite to martensite starts during cooling. .
M(f) The temperature at which martensite formation finishes during cooling.
. NOTE: All these changes except the formation of martensite occur at lower
temperatures during cooling than during heating, and depend on the rate of
change of temperature.
Transition Temperature - (1) An arbitrarily defined temperature within the
temperature range in which metal fracture characteristics determined usually
by notched tests are changing rapidly such as from primarily fibrous (shear)
to primarily crystalline (cleavage) fracture. Commonly used definitions
are transition temperature for 50% cleavage fracture, 10-ft-lb transition
temperature, and transition temperature for half maximum energy. (2)
Sometimes also used to denote the arbitrarily defined temperature in a
range in which the ductility changes rapidly with temperature.
Transverse - Literally, across, usually signifying a direction or plane
perpendicular to the direction of working.
Trepanning - A type of boring where an annual cut is made into a solid
material with the coincidental formation of a plug or solid cylinder.
Troosite - A previously unresolvable rapidly etching fine aggregate
of carbide and ferrite produced either by tempering martensite at low
temperature or by quenching a steel at a rate slower than the critical cooling
rate. Preferred terminology for the first product is tempered martensite; for
the latter, fine pearlite.
Turning & Polishing - The process of cold finishing hot rolled bars by
machining to the desired size on a lathe or turning machine, then polishing
by rotating them through hardened steel rolls. Turning completely removes
the bar surface and with it, decarburization, seams, slivers and other surface
imperfections. Polishing produces a finer, brighter, smoother finish than is
obtained by cold drawing. In some cases turned bars may subsequently be
subjected to grinding and polishing operations.
Ultimate Strength - The maximum conventional stress, tensile,
compressive, or shear, that a material can withstand.
Ultrasonic Frequency - A frequency, associated with elastic waves, that
is greater than the highest audible frequency, generally regarded as being
higher than 15 kc per sec.
K-176
Glossary of Terms
Ultrasonic Waves - Waves of ultrasonic frequency. They include

longitudinal, transverse, surface and standing waves.
Universal Mill - A rolling mill in which rolls with a vertical axis roll the edges
of the metal stock between some of the passes through the horizontal rolls.
U.M. Plate - Universal Mill Plate or plate rolled to width by vertical rolls as
well as to thickness by horizontal rolls. Edge shearing is not necessary.
Upsetting - (1) A metal working operation similar to forging. (2) The process
of axial flow under axial compression of metal, as in forming heads on rivets
by flattening the end of wire.
Vacuum Degassing - A steel making process which permits cyclic
degassing - plus the addition of alloying materials to molten steel in the
absence of air prior to teeming. Undesirable oxide content is reduced.
Vacuum Induction Melting - Steel is melted in an induction electric furnace
in vacuum chambers which also contain the ingot molds into which the
melted steel is cast. Charging, melting and casting are all performed under
vacuum, reducing undesirable oxide content.
Vickers Hardness (Test) - Standard method for measuring the hardness
of metals, particularly those with extremely hard surfaces: the surface is
subjected to a standard pressure for a standard length of time by means
of a pyramid-shaped diamond. The diagonal of the resulting indention is
measured under a microscope and the Vickers Hardness value read from a
conversion table.
Water Quench - (In steel heat treatment). Cooling steel from its quenching
temperature with water.
Wear Resistance - The ability to withstand impairment or loss of material
due to rubbing or other frictional action.
Welding - A process used to join metals by the application of heat. Fusion
welding, which includes gas, arc, and resistance welding, requires that the
parent metals be melted. This distinguishes fusion welding from brazing. In
pressure welding joining is accomplished by the use of heat and pressure
without melting. The parts that are being welded are pressed together and
heated simultaneously, so that re-crystallization occurs across the interface.
Wetting - A phenomenon involving a solid and a liquid in such intimate
contact that the adhesive force between the two phases is greater than
the cohesive force within the liquid. Thus a solid that is wetted, on being
removed from the liquid bath, will have a thing continuous layer of liquid
adhering to it. Foreign substances such as grease may prevent wetting.
Addition agents, such as detergents, may induce wetting by lowering the
surface tension of the liquid.
Widmanstatten Structure - A structure characterized by a geometrical
pattern resulting from the formation of a new phase along certain
crystallographic planes of the parent solid solution. The orientation of the
lattice in the new phase is related crystallographically to the orientation of
the lattice in the parent phase. The structure was originally observed in
meteorites but is readily produced in many other alloys with certain heat
treatment.
K-177
Glossary of Terms
Workability - The characteristic or group of characteristic that determines

the ease of forming a metal into desired shapes.
Work Hardness - Hardness resulting from mechanical working.
Wrought Iron - Iron containing only a very small amount of other elements,
but containing 1-3% by weight of slag in the form of particles elongated in
one direction, giving the iron a characteristic grain. Is more rust-resistant
than steel and welds more easily.
Yield Point - The load per unit of original cross section at which, in soft
steel, a marked increase in deformation occurs without increase in load.
Yield Strength (YS) - The stress at which a material exhibits a specified
limiting deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain. The deviation is
expressed in terms of strain. Also known as proof stress.
Youngs Modulus - The coefficient of elasticity of stretching. For a stretched
wire, Youngs Modulus is the ratio of the stretching force per unit cross-
sectional area to the elongation per unit length. The values of Youngs
Modulus for metals are of the order 10(12) dynes per square cm.
Zyglo Inspection - Metals are treated with a special dye containing water
washable oil which has the power to penetrate extremely small surface
cracks. The part is then illuminated with short wave-length light called black
light, causing the dye to glow with fluorescence - thus indicating the size
and location of cracks or other defects.
K-178
Boyd Metals is totally committed to providing
our customers with the best overall service and
value in the metals service center industry.
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Little Rock, AR 72203
TYLER
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Structural Shapes Page

Processing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1

Standard "I" Beam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2

Junior Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2

Wide Flange Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3

Channels - Bar Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9

Channels - Structural Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-10

Channels - MC (Ship & Car) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11

Channels - Junior Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-12

Angles - Bar Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-12

Angles - Structural Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-13

Tees - Bar Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-14

Rail - ASCE Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-14

S6 x 12.50 6.00 3.332 .359 .232

W14 x 22 13.74 5.000 .335 .230

W16 x 26 15.69 5.500 .345 250

W18 x 35 17.70 6.000 .425 .300

W21 x 44 20.66 6.500 .450 .350

W27 x 84 26.71 9.960 .640 .460

W33 x 118 32.86 11.480 .740 .550

W36 x 135 35.55 11.950 .790 .600

W40 x 149 38.20 11.810 .830 .630

HP10 x 42 9.70 10.075 .420 .415

HP12 x 53 11.78 12.045 .435 .435

HP14 x 73 13.61 14.585 .505 .505

1x 3/8 x 1/8 .68

C4 x 4.5 1.584 .125

C5 x 6.7 1.750 .190

C6 x 8.2 1.920 .200

C7 x 9.8 2.090 .210

C8 x 11.5 2.260 .220

C9 x 13.4 2.433 .233

C10 x 15.3 2.600 .240

C12 x 20.7 2.942 .282

C15 x 33.9 3.400 .400

MC4 x 13.8 2.500 .500

MC6 x 12.0 2.497 .310

MC7 x 19.1 3.452 .352

18.7 2.978 .353

MC9 x 23.9 3.450 .400

MC10 x 22.0 3.315 .290

MC12 x 31.0 3.670 .370

MC13 x 31.8 4.000 .375

MC18 x 42.7 3.950 .450

Angles - Bar Sizes

Size in Inches Wt. Per Size in Inches Wt. Per

3/4 x 3/4 x 1/8 .59 2 x 1-1/4 x 3/16 1.96

Rails - ASCE Sections c

Pounds Section Height Width Width Length

Processing Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

Hot Rolled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2

Cold Finished . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3

Hot Rolled Flats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-6

Hot Rolled Squares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-9

Hot Rolled Rounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-10

Cold Finished Flats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-11