Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 5

,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI,QQRYDWLRQVLQ(QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\ ,-,(7

6WXG\RQ(QJLQHHUHG&HPHQWLWLRXV
&RPSRVLWHVZLWK'LIIHUHQW)LEUHV$&ULWLFDO
5HYLHZ
%'*RKLO
PG Student,
Government Engineering Collage,
Government Engineering Collage, Dahod-389151, India

'U.%3DULNK
Assistant Professor,
Department of Applied Mechanics,
Government Engineering Collage, Dahod-389151, India

$EVWUDFW  %HQGDEOH FRQFUHWH DOVR NQRZQ DV (QJLQHHUHG &HPHQWLWLRXV &RPSRVLWHV DEEUHYLDWHG DV (&& LV FODVV RI
XOWUDGXFWLOHILEHUUHLQIRUFHGFHPHQWLWLRXVFRPSRVLWHVFKDUDFWHUL]HGE\KLJKGXFWLOLW\DQGWLJKWFUDFNZLGWKFRQWURO
&RQYHQWLRQDOFRQFUHWHVDUHDOPRVWXQEHQGDEOHDQGKDYHDVWUDLQFDSDFLW\RIRQO\SHUFHQWPDNLQJWKHPKLJKO\
EULWWOH DQG ULJLG 7KLV SDSHU SUHVHQWV UHYLHZ RI (&& FRPSRVLWHV ZLWK GLIIHUHQW ILEUHV LH 39$ DQG 6WHHO ILEUHV
LQIOXHQFHRIGLIIHUHQWSHUFHQWDJHRIILEUHVWHQVLOHEHKDYLRXUDQGGXUDELOLW\XQGHUYDU\LQJSHUFHQWDJHRIILEUHV

.H\ZRUGV %HQGDEOH FRQFUHWH (&&(QJLQHHUHG &HPHQWLWLRXV FRPSRVLWH &RPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK 7HQVLOH VWUHQJWK
'XUDELOLW\

, ,1752'8&7,21
 %HQGDEOH &RQFUHWH DOVR NQRZQ DV (QJLQHHUHG &HPHQWLWLRXV &RPSRVLWH (&&  LV DQ HDVLO\ PRXOGHG
PRUWDUEDVHGFRPSRVLWHUHLQIRUFHGZLWKVSHFLDOO\VHOHFWHGVKRUWUDQGRPILEUHVXVXDOO\SRO\PHUILEUHV7KHSDVW
VWXG\RQ(&&FRQFOXGHGWKDW&RQYHQWLRQDOFRQFUHWHLVRIORZVWUDLQFDSDFLW\LHDERXWSHUFHQW'XHWRWKDW
FRQYHQWLRQDOFRQFUHWHLVKLJKO\EULWWOHDQGULJLG7KLVODFNRIEHQGDELOLW\LVDPDMRUFDXVHRIIDLOXUHXQGHUVWUDLQ
DQGKDVEHHQDSXVKLQJIDFWRULQWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIDQHOHJDQWPDWHULDONQRZQDV%HQGDEOHFRQFUHWH%HQGDEOH
FRQFUHWH (&&  LV D QHZ FODVV RI +3)5&& PLFURPHFKDQLFDOO\ GHVLJQHG WR DFKLHYH KLJK GDPDJH WROHUDQFH
XQGHUVHYHUHORDGLQJDQGKLJKGXUDELOLW\XQGHUQRUPDOVHUYLFHFRQGLWLRQV

 %HQGDEOHFRQFUHWH (&& LVPDGHIURPWKHVDPHEDVLFLQJUHGLHQWVDVFRQYHQWLRQDOFRQFUHWHEXWZLWK


WKH DGGLWLRQ RI KLJK UDQJH ZDWHU UHGXFLQJ +5:5  DJHQW LV UHTXLUHG WR LPSDUW JRRG ZRUNDELOLW\ 7KH PDLQ
LQJUHGLHQWVLQDQ(&&DUHILQHDJJUHJDWHFHPHQWDQGILEUH&HPHQWLWLRXVPDWHULDOVVXFKDVIO\DVKVLOLFDIXPH
EODVWIXUQDFHVODJVLOLFDIXPHHWFPD\EHXVHGLQDGGLWLRQWRFHPHQWWRLQFUHDVHWKHSDVWHFRQWHQW7KHSRZGHU
FRQWHQW RI (&& LV UHODWLYHO\ KLJK $GGLWLRQDOO\ (&& XVHV ORZ DPRXQWV W\SLFDOO\  E\ YROXPH RI VKRUW
GLVFRQWLQXRXVILEUHV(&&LQFRUSRUDWHVVXSHUILQHVLOLFDVDQGDQGWLQ\3RO\YLQ\O$OFRKROILEUHVFRYHUHGZLWKD
YHU\WKLQ QDQRPHWUHWKLFN VOLFNFRDWLQJ7KLVVXUIDFHFRDWLQJDOORZVWKHILEUHWREHJLQVOLSSLQJZKHQWKH\DUH
RYHU ORDGHG VR WKH\ DUH QRW IUDFWXULQJ 'LIIHUHQW LQJUHGLHQWV RI (&& ZRUN WRJHWKHU WR VKDUH WKH DSSOLHG ORDG
(&&KDVSURYHGWREHWLPHVPRUHIOH[LEOHWKDQWUDGLWLRQDOFRQFUHWHDQGWLPHVOLJKWHUZKLFKFRXOGHYHQ
LQIOXHQFHGHVLJQFKRLFHVLQVN\VFUDSHUV$GGLWLRQDOO\WKHH[FHOOHQWHQHUJ\DEVRUELQJSURSHUWLHVRI(&&PDNHLW
HVSHFLDOO\VXLWDEOHIRUFULWLFDOHOHPHQWVLQVHLVPLF]RQHV

,, /,7(5$785(5(9,(:
 60 *DGKL\D   KDV FDUULHG RXW SDUDPHWULF VWXG\ RQ EHQGDEOH FRQFUHWH WR ILQG RXW FRPSUHVVLYH
VWUHQJWKIOH[XUDOVWUHQJWKDQGGHIOHFWLRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFIRUGLIIHUHQWW\SHVRIILEUHVIRUYDU\LQJGHSWKRIEHDPV
&RPSDULVRQ VWXG\ IRU IUHVK DQG KDUGHQHG SURSHUWLHV RI FRQFUHWH KDV EHHQ FDUULHG RXW IRU GLIIHUHQW ILEHUV DQG
GHIOHFWLRQRIVSHFLPHQZLWKUHVSHFWWRWKHGHSWKRIVSHFLPHQIRXQGRXW7KHUHVXOWVVKRZVWKDWWKHFRPSUHVVLYH
VWUHQJWKRI(&&ZLWKVWHHOILEHUVLVPRUHWKDQ&RQYHQWLRQDOFRQFUHWHZHUHDVIRU39$DQG+\EULGILEHUVLW
LVDQGOHVVWKDQ&RQYHQWLRQDOFRQFUHWH'HQVLW\RI(&&LVORZHUWKDQ&RQYHQWLRQDO&RQFUHWH
)OH[XUDO VWUHQJWK DQG GHIOHFWLRQ LV LQYHUVHO\ UHODWHG ZLWK WKH FURVV VHFWLRQ DUHD RI WKH VSHFLPHQ (&& ZLWK
LQFUHDVLQJ RI )LEHUV LQFUHDVHVDERXW RI(QHUJ\ $EVRUSWLRQ ZKHUHDV E\LQFUHDVLQJ FURVV VHFWLRQ RI WKH
VSHFLPHQRILQFUHPHQWLQ(QHUJ\DEVRUSWLRQLVHYDOXDWHG

9ROXPH,VVXH)HEUXDU\  ,661


,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI,QQRYDWLRQVLQ(QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\ ,-,(7

 -LDQ=KRXHWDO  H[SHULPHQWHGRQLPSURYHGILEUHGLVWULEXWLRQE\DGMXVWLQJWKHPL[LQJVHTXHQFH


:LWK WKH VWDQGDUG PL[LQJ VHTXHQFH ILEUHV DUH DGGHG DIWHU DOO VROLG DQG OLTXLG PDWHULDOV DUH PL[HG 7KH
XQGHVLUDEOH SODVWLF YLVFRVLW\ EHIRUH WKH ILEUH DGGLWLRQ PD\ FDXVH SRRU ILEUH GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG UHVXOWV LQ SRRU
KDUGHQHGSURSHUWLHV:LWKWKHDGMXVWHGPL[LQJVHTXHQFHWKHPL[RIVROLGPDWHULDOVZLWKWKHOLTXLGPDWHULDOLV
GLYLGHGLQWRWZRVWHSVDQGWKHDGGLWLRQRIILEUHVLVEHWZHHQWKHWZRVWHSV,QWKLVSDSHUWKHLQIOXHQFHRIGLIIHUHQW
ZDWHUPL[LQJVHTXHQFHVZDVLQYHVWLJDWHGE\FRPSDULQJWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVRIWKHXQLD[LDOWHQVLOHWHVWDQG
WKHILEUHGLVWULEXWLRQDQDO\VLV7KHUHVXOWZDVFRQFOXGHGWKDWFRPSDUHGZLWKWKHVWDQGDUGPL[LQJVHTXHQFHWKH
DGMXVWHGPL[LQJVHTXHQFHLQFUHDVHVWKHWHQVLOHVWUDLQFDSDFLW\DQGXOWLPDWHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKRI(&&DQGLPSURYHV
WKHILEUHGLVWULEXWLRQ

 0XVWDID6DKPDUDQHWDO  H[SHULPHQWDOO\VWXGLHGWRILQGRXWWKHLQIOXHQFHRIWKHKLJKYROXPHVRI


IO\DVK )$ DQGPLFURSRO\YLQ\ODOFRKRO 39$ ILEHUVRQWKHF\FOLFIUHH]HWKDZUHVLVWDQFHDQGPLFURVWUXFWXUH
RI WKH (QJLQHHUHG &HPHQWLWLRXV &RPSRVLWHV (&&  7KH\ SUHSDUHG (&& PL[WXUHV ZLWK WZR GLIIHUHQW )$
FHPHQW )$& UDWLRV DQGE\ZHLJKW DQGDWFRQVWDQWZDWHUFHPHQWLWLRXVPDWHULDOV IO\DVKDQGFHPHQW 
UDWLRRI([SHULPHQWDOWHVWVFRQVLVWRIPHDVXULQJWKHUHVLGXDOPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV IOH[XUDOVWUHQJWKPLG
VSDQ EHDP GHIOHFWLRQ DQG IOH[XUDO VWUHVVGHIOHFWLRQ FXUYH  XOWUDVRQLF SXOVH YHORFLW\ DQG PDVV ORVV ZHUH
FRQGXFWHG7KHUHVXOWVFRQILUPWKDWERWK(&&PL[WXUHVZLWKKLJKYROXPHVRI)$UHPDLQGXUDEOHDQGVKRZD
WHQVLOHVWUDLQFDSDFLW\RIPRUHWKDQHYHQDIWHUIUHH]LQJDQGWKDZLQJF\FOHV7KHUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKH
DGGLWLRQRIPLFUR39$ILEHUWRWKH(&&PDWUL[LPSURYHGWKHIURVWUHVLVWDQFH7KHUHVXOWVRIIUHH]HWKDZWHVWV
LQGLFDWHG WKDWWKH UHGXFWLRQ RI UHVLGXDO SK\VLFDO DQG PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV ZLWK LQFUHDVLQJ QXPEHU RI IUHH]H
WKDZF\FOHVLVUHODWLYHO\PRUHIRU(&&PL[WXUHZLWK)$&UDWLRRIWKDQIRU(&&PL[WXUHZLWK)$&UDWLRRI


 6DODKXGGLQ4XGDKHWDO  FDUULHGRXWH[SHULPHQWDOVWXG\WRHYDOXDWHWKHIHDVLELOLW\RIXVLQJXOWUD


GXFWLOH(QJLQHHUHG&HPHQWLWLRXV&RPSRVLWHV (&& DVDPHDQVWRHQKDQFHWKHSHUIRUPDQFHRI7\SHLQWHULRU
EHDPFROXPQ FRQQHFWLRQV 7KH\ KDYH WHVWHG LQWHULRU FRQQHFWLRQV DW D ]RQH  DV SHU XQLIRUP EXLOGLQJ FRGH
8%&  RI KLJK VHLVPLFLW\ XQGHU UHYHUVH F\FOLF ORDGLQJ IRU VLPXODWLQJ VHLVPLF H[FLWDWLRQ 7KH WHVW UHVXOWV
LQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHXVHRI(&&PDWHULDOLQWKHFRQQHFWLRQSODVWLF]RQHDVDUHSODFHPHQWRIFRQFUHWHDQGSDUWLDO
UHSODFHPHQWRIWUDQVYHUVHUHLQIRUFHPHQWFDQVLJQLILFDQWO\HQKDQFHWKHMRLQWVKHDUUHVLVWDQFHHQHUJ\DEVRUSWLRQ
FDSDFLW\ DQG FUDFNLQJ UHVSRQVH ZKLFK HQKDQFLQJ WKH MRLQW VHLVPLF UHVLVWDQFH DQG UHGXFLQJ UHLQIRUFHPHQW
FRQJHVWLRQDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQFRPSOH[LW\7KH\IRXQGWKDWDOO(&&HQKDQFHGVSHFLPHQVKDGH[KLELWHGDKLJKHU
FDSDFLW\FRPSDUHGWRWKHFRQWUROVSHFLPHQ7KHDPRXQWRILQFUHDVHLQWKHHQHUJ\GLVVLSDWLRQFDSDFLW\REWDLQHG
IURPWKHXVHRI(&&UDQJHGIURPWR7KHUHVXOWVVKRZVDUHDVRQDEOHVDIHW\IDFWRUDJDLQVWVKHDUVWUHVV
LQGXFHGMRLQWIDLOXUHXQGHUF\FOLFORDGLQJ

 <X =KX HW DO   H[SHULPHQWDO VWXGLHG RQ PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI HQJLQHHUHG FHPHQWLWLRXV
FRPSRVLWHV (&&  SURGXFHG E\ KLJK YROXPH PLQHUDO DGPL[WXUHV ZKLFK DUH IO\ DVK VODJ DQG VLOLFD IXPH 7KH
ZDWHUELQGHU PDWHULDOV UDWLR :%  LV NHSW DW  IRU YDULRXV (&& PL[WXUHV 7KH UHVXOWV LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH
FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK KDV DQ LQYHUVH UHODWLRQVKLS ZLWK GHIOHFWLRQ WRXJKQHVV LQGH[ DQG IUDFWXUH HQHUJ\
UHVSHFWLYHO\ EXW WKH FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK KDYH DQ GLUHFW SURSRUWLRQDO UHODWLRQ ZLWK IOH[XUDO VWUHQJWK ILUVW
FUDFNLQJORDGDQGSHDNLQJORDGUHVSHFWLYHO\7KHGXFWLOLW\RI(&&FDQEHREYLRXVO\LPSURYHGE\LQWURGXFLQJ
KLJK YROXPH IO\ DVK DQG VODJ UHSODFLQJ WKH FHPHQW UHVSHFWLYHO\ +RZHYHU WKH FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK RI (&&
ZLWK IO\ DVK DQGVODJ FDQ UHGXFH DQG  UHVSHFWLYHO\)RUWKH WHUQDU\V\VWHPRI ELQGHUPDWHULDOV ZLWK
UHSODFHPHQW  RI FHPHQW WKH FRPELQDWLRQ RI IO\ DVK DQG VODJ FDQ NHHS QRW RQO\ WKH H[FHOOHQW GXFWLOLW\ RI
(&&EXWDOVRHQRXJKVWURQJHUPDWUL[VWUHQJWK

 0XVWDID6DKPDUDQHWDO  H[SHULPHQWHGRQGLIIHUHQW(&&PL[WXUHVWRHYDOXDWHWKHFRPELQHG


HIIHFWVRIWKHIROORZLQJIDFWRUVRQZRUNDELOLW\DQGUKHRORJLFDOSURSHUWLHVZDWHUELQGHU ZE VDQGELQGHU VE 
VXSHU SODVWLFL]HUELQGHU 63E  UDWLRV DQG PD[LPXP DJJUHJDWH VL]H 'PD[  $ PLQLVOXPS FRQH D 0DUVK FRQH
DQGDURWDWLRQDOYLVFRPHWHU ZDV XVHGWRHYDOXDWHWKHZRUNDELOLW\ DQG UKHRORJLFDOSURSHUWLHVRI (&&PL[WXUHV
([SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDWZEVEDQG63ESDUDPHWHUVDIIHFWWKHUKHRORJLFDODQGZRUNDELOLW\SURSHUWLHV
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGIRUWKHUDQJHRIVWXGLHGDJJUHJDWHVL]HV'PD[LVIRXQGWREHVWDWLVWLFDOO\LQVLJQLILFDQWRQWKH
UKHRORJLFDODQGZRUNDELOLW\SURSHUWLHVRI(&&DOVRLQDGGLWLRQWRWKDWWKHPLGVSDQEHDPGHIOHFWLRQFDSDFLWLHV
ZKLFK UHIOHFW PDWHULDO GXFWLOLW\ RI (&& PL[WXUHV YDULHG QRWLFHDEO\ ZLWK WKH FKDQJH RI VE DQG 'PD[ GHVLJQ
SDUDPHWHUV %RWK RI WKHVH WZR SDUDPHWHUV QHJDWLYHO\ DIIHFW WKHGHIOHFWLRQ FDSDFLW\ RI WKH (&& PL[WXUHV 7KH
RWKHUSDUDPHWHUVKDYHDOPRVWQRHIIHFWRQWKHPLGVSDQEHDPGHIOHFWLRQFDSDFLWLHVRI(&&PL[WXUHV

 6XOH\PDQ%DKDGLU.HVNLQHWDO  SXEOLVKHGDFRUUHODWLRQEHWZHHQWKHYLVFRHODVWLFSURSHUWLHVDQG


FUDFNLQJ SRWHQWLDO RI HQJLQHHUHG FHPHQWLWLRXV FRPSRVLWHV $ORQJ ZLWK WKH PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI (&&
YLVFRHODVWLF SURSHUWLHV OLNH DXWRJHQRXV VKULQNDJH GU\LQJ VKULQNDJH DQG WHQVLOH FUHHS ZKLFK ZHUH XVHG WR
FDOFXODWH (&&V FUDFNLQJ SRWHQWLDO ZHUH VWXGLHG 7KH WHQGHQF\ RI (&& PL[WXUHV WR FUDFN XQGHU UHVWUDLQHG

9ROXPH,VVXH)HEUXDU\  ,661


,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI,QQRYDWLRQVLQ(QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\ ,-,(7

VKULQNDJHFRQGLWLRQVZDVDOVRLQYHVWLJDWHGE\KLPXVLQJUHVWUDLQHGVKULQNDJHULQJV7KHUHVXOWVVKRZVWKDW7KH
FRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRIWKHPL[WXUHVFRQWDLQLQJ**%)6ZDVKLJKHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHPL[WXUHVFRQWDLQLQJ)$GXH
WRWKHHDUOLHUUHDFWLRQVHOIFHPHQWLQJSURSHUW\DQGKLJKVSHFLILFVXUIDFHDUHDRIWKH**%)6FRPSDUHGWR)$
:KHQ WKH DPRXQW RI WKH PLQHUDO DGPL[WXUH ZDV LQFUHDVHG WKH GU\LQJ VKULQNDJH RI WKH PL[WXUHV GHFUHDVHG
VLJQLILFDQWO\ /RZ FRPSDWLELOLW\ RI **%)6 LV DWWULEXWHG WR ORZHU GXFWLOLW\ ORZHU WHQVLOH FUHHS DQG KLJKHU
VKULQNDJHZKLFKLQWXUQUHVXOWHGLQKLJKHULQGXFHGWHQVLOHVWUHVVHV0L[WXUHVFRQWDLQLQJ)$KDGKLJKHUWHQVLOH
FUHHSFRPSDUHGWRWKHPL[WXUHVZLWK**%)6

 0XVWDID 6DKPDUDQ HW DO   FDUULHG RXW H[SHULPHQWDO VWXG\ WR ILQG RXW WKH LQIOXHQFH RI WKH KLJK
YROXPHV RI IO\ DVK )$  DQG PLFUR SRO\YLQ\ODOFRKRO 39$  ILEHUV RQ WKH F\FOLF IUHH]HWKDZ UHVLVWDQFH DQG
PLFURVWUXFWXUH RI WKH (QJLQHHUHG &HPHQWLWLRXV &RPSRVLWHV (&&  7KH\ SUHSDUHG (&& PL[WXUHV ZLWK WZR
GLIIHUHQW )$FHPHQW )$&  UDWLRV  DQG  E\ ZHLJKW  DQG DW FRQVWDQW ZDWHUFHPHQWLWLRXV PDWHULDOV IO\
DVK DQG FHPHQW  UDWLR RI  ([SHULPHQWDO WHVWV FRQVLVW RI PHDVXULQJ WKH UHVLGXDO PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV
IOH[XUDOVWUHQJWKPLGVSDQEHDPGHIOHFWLRQDQGIOH[XUDOVWUHVVGHIOHFWLRQFXUYH XOWUDVRQLFSXOVHYHORFLW\DQG
PDVV ORVV ZHUH FRQGXFWHG 7KH UHVXOWV FRQILUP WKDW ERWK (&& PL[WXUHV ZLWK KLJK YROXPHV RI )$ UHPDLQ
GXUDEOH DQG VKRZ D WHQVLOHVWUDLQFDSDFLW\ RIPRUHWKDQHYHQDIWHU  IUHH]LQJ DQGWKDZLQJ F\FOHV7KH
UHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHDGGLWLRQRIPLFUR39$ILEHUWRWKH(&&PDWUL[LPSURYHGWKHIURVWUHVLVWDQFH7KHUHVXOWV
RIIUHH]HWKDZWHVWVLQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHUHGXFWLRQRIUHVLGXDOSK\VLFDODQGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVZLWKLQFUHDVLQJ
QXPEHURIIUHH]HWKDZF\FOHVLVUHODWLYHO\PRUHIRU(&&PL[WXUHZLWK)$&UDWLRRIWKDQIRU(&&PL[WXUH
ZLWK)$&UDWLRRI

 /LOL .DQ HWDO   LQYHVWLJDWHG VHOIKHDOLQJ EHKDYLRXU RI (QJLQHHUHG &HPHQWLWLRXV &RPSRVLWHV
(&&  PDWHULDOV &UDFN FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI 0(&& DQG +)$(&& VSHFLPHQV SUHORDGHG WR VWUDLQ OHYHOV RI
   DQG  ZHUH LQYHVWLJDWHG 7KLV ZDV GRQH DW GLIIHUHQW DJHV UHVRQDQW IUHTXHQF\ DQG
PHFKDQLFDO UHFRYHU\EHKDYLRXU RIUHKHDOHG(&& PDWHULDOV QHZ FUDFNSDWKV DIWHUUHORDGLQJ DQG WKH FKHPLFDO
DQDO\VLVRIKHDOLQJSURGXFWV%DVHGRQWKHH[SHULPHQWDOUHVXOWV(&&ZLWKPXOWLSOHPLFURFUDFNVEHQHILWVVHOI
KHDOLQJ EHKDYLRXU /RQJHU DJHG VDPSOHV DQG KLJK IO\ DVK FRQWULEXWH WR FUHDWH PRUH FUDFNV RI VPDOOHU ZLGWK
8OWLPDWHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKDQGWHQVLOHVWUDLQFDSDFLW\RIWKHPDMRULW\(&&VSHFLPHQVDWUHORDGLQJDUHKLJKHUWKDQ
WKHFRQWUROVSHFLPHQVZLWKRXWFUDFNV

 0* $OEHUWHWDO  H[SHULPHQWHGRQ3RO\ROHILQILEUHUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHHQKDQFHGZLWKVWHHO


KRRNHGILEUHVLQORZSURSRUWLRQV)RXUW\SHVRIFRQYHQWLRQDOILEUHUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHZLWKVWHHODQGSRO\ROHILQ
ILEUHVZHUHSURGXFHGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHVDPHVHOIFRPSDFWLQJFRQFUHWHDOVRPDQXIDFWXUHGDVUHIHUHQFH7KHVH
FRQFUHWHPL[WXUHVZHUHPDQXIDFWXUHGVHSDUDWHO\ZLWKWKHVDPHILEUHFRQWHQWVEHLQJVXEVHTXHQWO\XVHGIRUWZR
PRUH K\EULGPL[WXUHV )UDFWXUHSURSHUWLHV LQ DGGLWLRQ WR IUHVK DQG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV ZHUH DVVHVVHG 7KH
UHVXOW UHYHDOHG WKDW LW LV SRVVLEOH WR SURGXFH D K\EULG ILEUH UHLQIRUFHG VHOIFRPSDFWLQJ FRQFUHWH ZLWK D
FRPELQDWLRQ RI KRRNHG VWHHO ILEUHV DQG PDFUR SRO\ROHILQ ILEUHV SUHVHUYLQJ WKH KLJK SHUIRUPDQFH IUHVK
SURSHUWLHVZLWKLQWKHPRVWFRPPRQVHOIFRPSDFWLQJUHTXLUHPHQWV,WVKRXOGDOVREHQRWHGWKDWWKHDGGLWLRQRI
)LEUHVGLGQRWQRWLFHDEO\FKDQJHWKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKLQGLUHFWWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKRUPRGXOXVRIHODVWLFLW\RI
WKHUHIHUHQFH6&&IRUDQ\RIWKHDPRXQWVW\SHVRUFRPELQDWLRQRIILEUHVXVHG

 -XQ =KDQJ HW DO    SXEOLVKHG D SRWHQWLDO DSSOLFDWLRQV RI WKH ILEUH UHLQIRUFHG HQJLQHHUHG
FHPHQWLWLRXV FRPSRVLWH ZLWK FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI ORZ GU\LQJ VKULQNDJH /6(&&  LQ FRQFUHWH SDYHPHQWV IRU WKH
SXUSRVHRIHOLPLQDWLQJMRLQWVWKDWDUHQRUPDOO\XVHGWRDFFRPPRGDWHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGVKULQNDJHGHIRUPDWLRQ,W
ZDV IRXQG WKDW D FRPSRVLWH VODE FRQWDLQLQJ ERWK SODLQ FRQFUHWH DQG /6(&& ZLWK VWHHO EDUV DW WKH
/6(&&FRQFUHWHLQWHUIDFHDQGGHVLJQHGFRQVWUXFWLRQSURFHGXUHVLWLVSRVVLEOHWRORFDOL]HWKHWHQVLOHFUDFNVLQWR
WKH /6(&& VWULS LQVWHDG RI FUDFNLQJ LQ DGMDFHQW FRQFUHWH VODE 'XH WR WKH VWUDLQKDUGHQLQJ DQG KLJK VWUDLQ
FDSDFLW\RIWKH/6(&&WKHRYHUDOOVWUDLQFDSDFLW\DQGWKHLQWHJULW\RIWKHFRPSRVLWHVODEFDQEHVLJQLILFDQWO\
LPSURYHG 7KH WHPSHUDWXUH DQG VKULQNDJH GHIRUPDWLRQV FDQ EH DFFRPPRGDWHG E\ DGHTXDWH VHOHFWLRQ RQ WKH
OHQJWKUDWLRRI/6(&&VWULSDQGFRQFUHWHVODE

 %HQVDLG %RXOHNEDFKH HWDO   H[SHULPHQWDOO\ VWXGLHG LQIOXHQFH RI WKH SDVWH \LHOG VWUHVV DQG
FRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRQWKHEHKDYLRXURIILEUHUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWH )5& YHUVXVGLUHFWVKHDU7KHSDUDPHWHUV
VWXGLHGDUHWKHVWHHOILEUHFRQWHQWVWKHDVSHFWUDWLRRIILEUHVDQGWKHFRQFUHWHVWUHQJWK7KUHHW\SHVRIFRQFUHWHV
ZLWK YDULRXV FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK DQG \LHOG VWUHVV ZHUH WHVWHG DQ RUGLQDU\ FRQFUHWH 2&  D VHOIFRPSDFWLQJ
FRQFUHWH 6&& DQGDKLJKVWUHQJWKFRQFUHWH +6& 7KHUHVXOWVVKRZWKDWWKHVKHDUVWUHQJWKDQGGXFWLOLW\DUH
DIIHFWHG DQG KDYH EHHQ LPSURYHG YHU\ VLJQLILFDQWO\ E\ WKH ILEUH FRQWHQWV ILEUH DVSHFW UDWLR DQG FRQFUHWH
VWUHQJWK$V WKHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKDQGWKHYROXPHIUDFWLRQRIILEUHV LQFUHDVH WKH VKHDU VWUHQJWK LQFUHDVHV
7KHGXFWLOLW\ZDVPXFKKLJKHUIRURUGLQDU\DQGVHOIFRPSDFWLQJ

9ROXPH,VVXH)HEUXDU\  ,661


,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI,QQRYDWLRQVLQ(QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\ ,-,(7

 6=4LDQHWDO  LQYHVWLJDWHGWKHVHOIKHDOLQJEHKDYLRXURI(QJLQHHUHG&HPHQWLWLRXV&RPSRVLWHV


(&& ZLWKIRFXVRQWKHLQIOXHQFHRIFXULQJFRQGLWLRQDQGSUHFUDFNLQJWLPH)RXUSRLQWEHQGLQJWHVWVZDVXVHG
WRSUHFUDFN(&&EHDPVDWGLIIHUHQWDJHIROORZHGE\GLIIHUHQWFXULQJFRQGLWLRQVLQFOXGLQJDLUFXULQJ&2
FRQFHQWUDWLRQ FXULQJ F\FOLF ZHWGU\ GU\ XQGHU  &2 FRQFHQWUDWLRQ  FXULQJ DQG ZDWHU FXULQJ $IWHU VHOI
KHDOLQJIOH[XUDOVWLIIQHVVZDVDOVRUHWDLQHGVLJQLILFDQWO\FRPSDUHGZLWKWKDWIURPYLUJLQVDPSOHVHYHQWKRXJK
WKH OHYHO RI UHWDLQLQJ GHFUHDVHV ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVH RI SUHFUDFNLQJ WLPH 7KH IOH[XUDO VWUHQJWK LQFUHDVHV IRU
VDPSOHVSUHFUDFNHGDWWKHDJHRIGD\VDQGGD\VSUHVXPDEO\GXHWRFRQWLQXRXVK\GUDWLRQRIFHPHQWLWLRXV
PDWHULDOVDIWHUZDUGV)XUWKHUPRUHLWZDVSURPLVLQJWRXWLOL]H1DQRFOD\DVGLVWULEXWHGLQWHUQDOZDWHUUHVHUYRLUV
WRSURPRWHVHOIKHDOLQJEHKDYLRXUZLWKLQ(&&ZLWKRXWUHO\LQJRQH[WHUQDOZDWHUVXSSO\

 -LQ.HXQ .LP HW DO   KDV HYDOXDWHG WHQVLOH DQG GLVSHUVLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH RI (&& SURGXFHG ZLWK
JURXQGJUDQXODWHGEODVWIXUQDFHVODJ7KH\XVHGZDWHUELQGHUUDWLRV :% RIDQG
WR PHDVXUH WKH ILEHUPDWUL[ LQWHUIDFLDO SURSHUWLHV DQG WKH IUDFWXUH WRXJKQHVV RI WKH PRUWDU PDWUL[ 7KH UHVXOWV
VKRZ WKDW ERWK GXFWLOLW\ DQG WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK RI WKH 6ODJ(&& ZHUH PHDVXUHG WR EH VLJQLILFDQWO\ KLJKHU WKDQ
WKHVHYDOXHVIRUWKH(&&ZLWKRXWVODJ7KHXVHRIVODJSDUWLFOHVVKRXOGEHKHOSIXOIRUDFKLHYLQJVWUDLQKDUGHQLQJ
EHKDYLRXU$OWKRXJKWKHWRXJKQHVVUDWLRGHFUHDVHVZLWKWKHDGGLWLRQRIVODJSDUWLFOHVDWDQLGHQWLFDO:&  
WKH WHQVLOH VWUDLQ FDSDFLW\ RI 6ODJ(&& LV DSSUR[LPDWHO\  KLJKHU WKDQ WKDW RI (&& ZLWKRXW VODJ 7KH
FRQWULEXWLRQRIVODJSDUWLFOHVLQ(&&LPSURYHVZRUNDELOLW\

 *DEULHO -HQ HWDO   FDUULHG RXW H[SHULPHQWDO VWXG\ IRU REVHUYDWLRQV RI VHOIFRQVROLGDWHG K\EULG
ILEHUUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHRQFRUURVLRQGDPDJHUHGXFWLRQ&RUUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHUDWHRIFRUURVLRQGDPDJHLQ
UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH DQG REVHUYDEOH FUDFNLQJ KDYH EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG E\ D PXOWLWXGH RI GHVLJQ FRGHV $ VHOI
FRQVROLGDWHGK\EULGILEHUUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWHPL[WXUHLVWHVWHGXQGHUDFKORULGHLQGXFHGFRUURVLYHHQYLURQPHQW
WRGHWHUPLQHWKHUROHRIFUDFNVXSSUHVVLRQLQERWKWKHLQLWLDWLRQDQGWKHSURSDJDWLRQSKDVHVRIFRUURVLRQGDPDJH
,WLVREVHUYHGWKDWLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHK\EULGILEHUUHLQIRUFHPHQWFKORULGHPLJUDWLRQUDWHVDUHQRWVLJQLILFDQWO\
DOWHUHG E\ WKH LQWURGXFWLRQ RI PRGHUDWH F\FOLFDO PHFKDQLFDO ORDGLQJ LQ FRQWUDVW WR FRQYHQWLRQDO FRQFUHWH
VDPSOHV+\EULGILEHUUHLQIRUFHPHQWLVSURYLGLQJDQLQFUHDVHGPHDVXUHRIGXUDELOLW\

,,, &5,7,&$/5(0$5.6
)ROORZLQJUHPDUNVDUHFDUULHGRXWIURPDERYHOLWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ

 7KHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWKRI(&&ZLWKVWHHOILEUHVLVPRUHWKDQ&RQYHQWLRQDOFRQFUHWHZHUHDVIRU
39$DQG+\EULGILEUHVLWLVDQGOHVVWKDQ&RQYHQWLRQDOFRQFUHWH>@

 (&&ZLWKLQFUHDVLQJSHUFHQWDJHRI)LEUHVLQFUHDVHVDERXWRI(QHUJ\$EVRUSWLRQ>@

 &RPSDUHGZLWKWKHVWDQGDUGPL[LQJVHTXHQFHE\DGMXVWLQJPL[LQJVHTXHQFHLQFUHDVHVWKHWHQVLOHVWUDLQ
FDSDFLW\DQGXOWLPDWHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKRI(&&DQGLPSURYHVWKHILEUHGLVWULEXWLRQ>@

 7KHZDWHUWRFHPHQWLWLRXVPDWHULDO ZF UDWLRJLYHVWKHEHVWUHVXOW>@

 +LJKYROXPHIO\DVK(&&PDLQWDLQHGLWVXQLTXHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIPXOWLSOHFUDFNLQJVWUDLQKDUGHQLQJ
DQGWLJKWFUDFNZLGWKFRQWUROLQH[WUHPHWHPSHUDWXUHFRQGLWLRQ>@

 (&&HQKDQFHGVSHFLPHQH[KLELWVDKLJKHUFDSDFLW\FRPSDUHGWRWKHFRQYHQWLRQDOFRQFUHWH>@

 7KH WHQVLOH VWUDLQ FDSDFLW\ RI VWUDLQKDUGHQLQJ FHPHQW EDVHG FRPSRVLWHV LV DIIHFWHG E\ IUHH]LQJ DQG
WKDZLQJF\FOHV>@

 )$&UDWLRRIJLYHVJRRGUHVLGXDOWHQVLOHGXFWLOLW\DIWHUWKHVXEHOHYDWHGWHPSHUDWXUHH[SRVXUHV>@

 7KH 3RO\FDUER[\ODWH EDVHG VXSHU SODVWLFL]HU PRUWDU PL[HV JLYH PRUH ZRUNDELOLW\ DQG KLJKHU
FRPSUHVVLYHDQGWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKDWDOODJHVFRPSDUHZLWKVXOSKRQDWHGPHODPLQHIRUPDOGHK\GHEDVHG
63>@

 :DWHUELQGHU ZE VDQGELQGHU VE VXSHUSODVWLFL]HUELQGHU 63E UDWLRVDIIHFWWKHUKHRORJLFDODQG


ZRUNDELOLW\SURSHUWLHV>@

9ROXPH,VVXH)HEUXDU\  ,661


,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI,QQRYDWLRQVLQ(QJLQHHULQJDQG7HFKQRORJ\ ,-,(7

 (&& PL[WXUHV ZLWK KLJK YROXPHV RI )$ UHPDLQ GXUDEOH DQG VKRZ D WHQVLOH VWUDLQ FDSDFLW\ RI PRUH
WKDQHYHQDIWHUIUHH]LQJDQGWKDZLQJF\FOHV>@

 8OWLPDWH WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK DQG WHQVLOH VWUDLQ FDSDFLW\ RI (&& LV KLJKHU WKDQ FRQYHQWLRQDO FRQFUHWH
ZLWKRXWFUDFNV7KHPD[LPXPFUDFNZLGWKLVEHORZPIRU0(&&PIRU+)$(&&DW
WHQVLOHVWUDLQGDPDJH>@

 $GGLWLRQ RI )LEUHV GLG QRW QRWLFHDEO\ FKDQJH WKH FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK LQGLUHFW WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK RU
PRGXOXVRIHODVWLFLW\RIWKHUHIHUHQFH6&&IRUDQ\RIWKHDPRXQWVW\SHVRUFRPELQDWLRQRIILEUHVXVHG
>@

 $V WKH FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK DQG WKH YROXPH IUDFWLRQ RI ILEUHV LQFUHDVH WKH VKHDU VWUHQJWK DOVR
LQFUHDVHV7KHGXFWLOLW\ZDVPXFKKLJKHUIRURUGLQDU\DQGVHOIFRPSDFWLQJ>@

 ,W ZDV SURPLVLQJ WR XWLOL]H 1DQR FOD\ DV GLVWULEXWHG LQWHUQDO ZDWHU UHVHUYRLUV WR SURPRWH VHOIKHDOLQJ
EHKDYLRXUZLWKLQ(&&ZLWKRXWUHO\LQJRQH[WHUQDOZDWHUVXSSO\>@

 +\EULGILEHUUHLQIRUFHPHQWLVSURYLGLQJDQLQFUHDVHGPHDVXUHRIGXUDELOLW\>@

5()(5(1&(6

>@ 60*DGKL\D3DUDPHWULFVWXG\RQ%HQGDEOHFRQFUHWH-RXUQDORILQWHUQDWLRQDOMRXUQDOIRUVFLHQWLILFUHVHDUFKDQGGHYHORSPHQWYRO
 SS
>@ -LDQ =KRX 6KXQ]KL 4LDQ *XDQJ <H 2JX]KDQ &RSXURJOX .ODDV YDQ %UHXJHO  9LFWRU & /L ,PSURYHG ILEUH GLVWULEXWLRQ DQG
PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUWLHV RI HQJLQHHUHG FHPHQWLWLRXV FRPSRVLWHV E\ DGMXVWLQJ WKH PL[LQJ VHTXHQFH -RXUQDO RI &HPHQW  &RQFUHWH
&RPSRVLWHV  SS
>@ 0XVWDIDDKPDUDQD9LFWRU&/'XUDELOLW\SURSHUWLHVRIPLFURFUDFNHG(&&FRQWDLQLQJKLJKYROXPHVIO\DVKMRXUQDORI&HPHQW
DQG&RQFUHWH5HVHDUFK  SS
>@ 6DODKXGGLQ 4XGDK 0RKDPHG 0DDOHM $SSOLFDWLRQ RI (QJLQHHUHG &HPHQWLWLRXV &RPSRVLWHV (&&  LQ LQWHULRU EHDPFROXPQ
FRQQHFWLRQVIRUHQKDQFHGVHLVPLFUHVLVWDQFHMRXUQDORI(QJLQHHULQJ6WUXFWXUHV  SS
>@ <X=KX<LQJ]L<DQJ<DQ<DR8VHRIVODJWRLPSURYHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIHQJLQHHUHGFHPHQWLWLRXVFRPSRVLWHV (&&V ZLWK
KLJKYROXPHVRIIO\DVK&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG%XLOGLQJ0DWHULDOV  SS
>@ 0XVWDID6DKPDUDQ=DIHU%LOLFL(UGRJDQ2]ED\7DKLU.(UGHP+DVDQ(<XFHO0RKDPHG/DFKHPL,PSURYLQJWKHZRUNDELOLW\
DQGUKHRORJLFDOSURSHUWLHVRI(QJLQHHUHG&HPHQWLWLRXV&RPSRVLWHVXVLQJIDFWRULDOH[SHULPHQWDOGHVLJQ-RXUQDORI&RPSRVLWHV3DUW
%  SS
>@ 6XOH\PDQ %DKDGLU .HVNLQ 0XVWDID 6DKPDUDQ ,VPDLO 2]JXU <DPDQ  0RKDPHG /DFKHPL &RUUHODWLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH YLVFRHODVWLF
SURSHUWLHVDQGFUDFNLQJSRWHQWLDORIHQJLQHHUHG FHPHQWLWLRXVFRPSRVLWHVMRXUQDORI&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG%XLOGLQJ0DWHULDOV  

>@ 0XVWDID 6DKPDUDQ  (UGRJDQ g]ED\  +DVDQ ( <FHO  0RKDPHG /DFKHPL  9LFWRU & /L )URVW UHVLVWDQFH DQG PLFURVWUXFWXUH RI
(QJLQHHUHG &HPHQWLWLRXV &RPSRVLWHV ,QIOXHQFH RI IO\ DVK DQG PLFUR SRO\YLQ\ODOFRKRO ILEHU MRXUQDO RI &HPHQW  &RQFUHWH
&RPSRVLWHV  SS
>@ /LOL.DQ+XLVKHQJ6KL,QYHVWLJDWLRQRIVHOIKHDOLQJEHKDYLRXURI(QJLQHHUHG&HPHQWLWLRXV&RPSRVLWHV (&& PDWHULDOVMRXUQDO
RI&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG%XLOGLQJ0DWHULDOV  SS
>@ 0* $OEHUWL $ (QIHGDTXH -& *DOYH] 0) &DQRYDV ,5 2VRULR  3RO\ROHILQ ILEUHUHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH HQKDQFHG ZLWK VWHHO
KRRNHGILEUHVLQORZSURSRUWLRQV-RXUQDORI0DWHULDOVDQG'HVLJQ  SS
>@ -XQ =KDQJ =KHQER :DQJ ;LDQFXQ -X $SSOLFDWLRQ RI GXFWLOH ILEUH UHLQIRUFHG FHPHQWLWLRXV FRPSRVLWH LQ MRLQW OHVV FRQFUHWH
SDYHPHQWV-RXUQDORI&RPSRVLWHV3DUW%  SS
>@ %HQVDLG%RXOHNEDFKH0RVWHID+DPUDW0RKDPHG&KHPURXN6RILDQH$P]LDQH,QIOXHQFHRI\LHOGVWUHVVDQGFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHQJWK
RQGLUHFWVKHDUEHKDYLRURIVWHHOILEUHUHLQIRUFHGFRQFUHWH-RXUQDORI&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG%XLOGLQJ0DWHULDOV  SS
>@ 6= 4LDQ - =KRX ( 6FKODQJHQ ,QIOXHQFH RI FXULQJ FRQGLWLRQ DQG SUHFUDFNLQJ WLPH RQ WKH VHOIKHDOLQJ EHKDYLRXU RI (QJLQHHUHG
&HPHQWLWLRXV&RPSRVLWHV-RXUQDORI&HPHQW &RQFUHWH&RPSRVLWHV  SS
>@ -LQ.HXQ .LP  -HRQJ6X .LP  *HH -RR +D  <XQ <RQJ .LP 7HQVLOH DQG ILEHU GLVSHUVLRQ SHUIRUPDQFH RI (&& HQJLQHHUHG
FHPHQWLWLRXVFRPSRVLWHV SURGXFHGZLWKJURXQGJUDQXODWHGEODVWIXUQDFHVODJMRXUQDORI&HPHQWDQG&RQFUHWH5HVHDUFK  
SS
>@ *DEULHO -HQ &ODXGLD 3 2VWHUWDJ ([SHULPHQWDO REVHUYDWLRQV RI VHOIFRQVROLGDWHG K\EULG ILEHU UHLQIRUFHG FRQFUHWH 6&+\)5&  RQ
FRUURVLRQGDPDJHUHGXFWLRQMRXUQDORI&RQVWUXFWLRQDQG%XLOGLQJ0DWHULDOV  SS

9ROXPH,VVXH)HEUXDU\  ,661

Вам также может понравиться